Kin Thc C Bn V Phn Bn A.

Khi Nim V Phn Bn Phn bn l thc n ca cy trng, thiu phn cy khng th sinh trng v cho nng sut, phm cht cao. Phn bn c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thm canh tng nng sut, bo v cy trng v nng cao ph nhiu ca t. I- Cy Ht Thc n Nh G ? 1- Nh b r: Khng phi ton b cc phn ca r u ht dinh dng m l nh min lng ht rt nh trn r t. T mt r ci, b r c phn nhnh rt nhiu cp, nh vy tng cng din tch ht dinh dng t t ca cy rt ln. R ht nc trong t v mt s nguyn t ha tan trong dung dch t nh: m, ln, kali, lu hunh, manh, canxi v cc nguyn t vi lng khc, b r l c quan chnh ly thc n cho cy. 2- Nh b l: B l v cc b phn khc trn mt t, k c v cy cng c th hp thu trc tip cc dng cht. trn l c rt nhiu l nh(kh khng). Kh khng l ni hp th cc cht dinh dng bng con ng phun qua l. Trn cy mt l mm(n t dip)kh khng thng phn b c 2 mt l, thm ch mt trn l nhiu hn mt di l nh: la , la m;trn cy n tri(cy thn g)kh khng thng tp trung nhiu mt di l. Khi dng phn bn l phi theo c im cy trng v ng hng dn th l cy mi hp th cao c. II Cc Cht Dinh Dng Cn Thit Cho Cy -a lng: m(N), Ln(P), Kali(K). -Trung lng: Canxi(Ca), Lu Hunh(S), Ma-nh(Mg) -Vi Lng: St(Fe), Km(Zn), Mangan(Mn), Bo(B), ng(Cu), Molypden(Mo), Clo(Cl) 1- Cht m(N) -Khi thiu: cnh l sinh trng km, l non nh, l gi d b rng, b r t php trin, nng sut km

-Khi d: cy sinh trng rt mnh, l to, tn l rm r, mm yu, d ng, su bnh d ph hi 2- Cht Ln (P) -Khi thiu: r pht trin km, l mng c th chuyn mu tm , nh hng ti vic ra hoa ca cy;tri thng c v dy, xp v d h -Nu d rt kh pht hin, tuy nhin d lm cho cy thiu km v ng. . 3- Cht Kali: (K) -Khi thiu, ban u nh l gi b chy;thiu nng, phn ln l b chy v rng i. - Nu d cng kh nhn din, tuy nhin trn cam khi bn kali nhiu qu tri tr nn sn si. 4- Cht Canxi(Ca): -Khi thiu: L v t non d b cong queo v nh, mp l khng u, hay c hin tng chi cht ngn, r nh tr sinh trng v thng b thi -Khng c triu chng d, tuy nhin khi lng canxi cao thng gy thiu: B, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu 5- Cht lu hunh(S);Khi thiu, triu chng th hin ging nh thiu cht m;l nh, vng u, rng sm, chi ngn cht(thiu lu hunh l vng t ngn xung cn thiu m th vng t l gi ln) 6-Cht Ma-nh (Mg): -Nu thiu: l tr nn nh, xut hin nhng vng sng gia nhng gn l, l b rng sm, hoa ra t, r km pht trin -Nu tha: l b i dng thng cun theo hnh xon c v rng

7- Cht Bo(B): ng vai tr quan trng trong vic hnh thnh phn hoa, thiu Bo hoa d b rng hoc ht b lp. i vi mt s cy nh c cao thiu Bo rut s b rng. Cy trng ni chung thiu Bo d b su bnh ph hi, kh nng chng chu iu kin bt li km. 8- Cht ng(Cu): nh hng n s tng hp nhiu cht dinh dng ca cy trng, c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy;gip cy tng kh nng chu hn, chu nng, chu lnh 9- Cht Km (Zn): Vai tr quan trng trong vic tng hp cht m ngoi ra cn lin quan mt thit n vic hnh thnh cc cht iu ha sinh trng trong cyThiu km nng sut, phm cht cy trng gim. 10- Molipden(Mo): Tham gia cc qu trnh trao i cht, tng hp cht dip lcc bit i vi cy h u nu thiu Mo;cy pht trin km, nt sn gim, hn ch s c nh m t do

B. Phn Hu C L phn cha nhng cht dinh dng dng nhng hp cht hu c nh: phn chung, phn xanh, phn than bn, ph ph phm nng nghip, phn rc I. Phn Chung: 1. c dim: Phn chung l hn hp ch yu ca: phn, nc tiu gia sc v cht n. N khng nhng cung cp thc n cho cy trng m cn b sung cht hu c cho t gip cho t c ti xp, tng ph nhiu, tng hiu qu s dng phn ha hc 2. Ch bin phn chung: C 3 phng php 2. 1. nng ( xp): Ly phn ra khi chung, cht thnh lp, khng c nn, ti nc, gi m 60-70%, c th trn thm 1% vi bt v 1-2% Super Ln, sau trt bn che ph cho kn hng ngy ti nc, thi gian ngn 30-40 ngy, xong l s dng c.

2. 2. ngui ( cht): Ly phn ra khi chung xp thnh lp, mi lp rc khong (2%) ln, nn cht. ng phn rng khong 2-3m, cao 1, 5-2m, trt bn bn ngoi trnh ma. Thi gian lu, 5-6 thng mi xong. 2. 3. nng trc ngui sau: nng 5-6 ngy, khi nhit 50-60c nn cht tip lp khc ln trn, trt bn kn, c th cho thm vo ng phn cc loi phn khc nh: phn th, g, vt lm phn men tng cht lng phn.

II. Phn Rc 1- c im ; L phn hu c c ch bin t: c di, rc, thn l cy xanh, rm r vi mt s phn men nh phn chung, ln, vin khi mc thnh phn(thnh phn dinh dng thp hn phn chung). 2- Cch : Nguyn liu chnh l phn rc 70%, cung cp thm m v Kali 2%, cn li phn men(phn chung, ln, vi). Nguyn liu c cht ra thnh on ngn 20-30cm xp thnh lp c 30cm rc mt lp vi;trt bn; khong 20 ngy o li rc thm phn men, xp cao trt bn li, h l ti nc thng xuyn; khong 60 ngy dng bn lt, lu hn khi phn hoai c th dng bn thc. III. Phn Xanh 1-c dim: Phn xanh l phn hu c s dng cc loi cy l ti bn ngay vo t khng qua qu trnh do ch dng bn lt. Cy phn xanh thng c dng l cy h u: in thanh, mung, keo du, c Stylo, in in 2-Cch s dng: Vi cy phn xanh vo t khi cy ra hoa, bn lt lc lm t. IV. Phn Vi Sinh 1-c im: L ch phm phn bn c sn xut bng cch dng cc loi vi sinh vt hu ch cy vo mi trng l cht hu c(nh bt than bn). Khi bn cho t cc chng loi vi sinhy vt s pht huy vai tr ca n nh phn gii cht dinh dng kh tiu thnh d tiu cho cy hp th, hoc ht m kh tri b sung cho t v cy.

2- Cc loi phn trn th trng: 2. 1. Phn vi sinh c nh m: -Phn vi sinh c nh m, sng cng sinh vi cy h u: Nitragin, Rhidafo -Phn vi sinh c nh m, sng t do: Azotobacterin 2. 2. Phn vi sinh phn gii ln: Phn ln hu c vi sinh Komix v nhiu loi phn vi sinh phn gii ln khc c tnh nng tc dng ging nh nhau. 2. 3. Phn vi sinh phn gii cht x: cha cc chng vi sinh vt gip tng cng phn gii xc b thc vt * Ngoi ra trn th trng cn c nhng loi phn khc vi tn thng phm khc nhau nhng tnh nng tc dng th cng ging nh cc loi phn k trn. 3- Cch s dng phn hu c vi sinh: Thi gian s dng phn c hn, ty loi thng t 1-6 thng(ch xem thi hn s dng). Phn vi sinh pht huy hiu lc : vng t mi, t phn, nhng vng t b thoi ha mt kt cu do bn phn ha hc lu ngy, vng cha trng cc cy c vi khun cng sinh th mi c hiu qu cao.

V . Phn Sinh Hc Hu C. 1- c im: L loi phn c ngun gc hu c c sn xut bng cng ngh sinh hc(nh ln men vi sinh) v phi trn thm mt s hot cht khc lm tng hu hiu ca phn, hoc khi bn vo t s to mi trng cho cc qu trnh sinh hc trong t din ra thun li gp phn lm tng nng sut cy trng, ph bin nh: Phn bn Komix nn

2- S dng: Phn sinh ha hu c c sn xut dng bt hoc dng lng;c th phun ln l hoc bn gc. Cc loi phn sinh ha hu c hin nay c sn xut theo hng chuyn dng nh phn sinh ha hu c Komix chuyn dng cho: cy n tri , la, ma C. Phn V C Phn v c hay phn ha hc l cc loi phn c cha yu t dinh dng di dng mui khong(v c) thu c nh cc qu trnh vt l, ha hc. Mt S Phn Bn V C Thng dng Hin Nay I Phn n: L loi phn ch cha 1 trong 3 nguyn t dinh dng ch yu l N, P hoc K 1- Phn m v c gm c: 1. 1- Phn Urea [CO(NH2)2] c 46%N 1. 2- Phn m Sunphat cn gi l m SA [(NH4)2SO4] cha 21%N 1. 3- Phn Clorua Amon [NH4Cl] c cha 24-25% N 1. 4- Phn Nitrat Amon [NH4NO3] c cha khong 35% N 1. 5- Phn Nitrat Canxi [Ca(NO3)2] c cha 13-15% N 1. 6- Phn Nitrat Natri [NaNO3] c cha 15-16% N 1. 7- Phn Cyanamit Canxi [CaCN2] c cha 20-21% N

2-Phn Ln: 2. 1- Phn Super Ln[Ca(H2PO4)2] c cha 16-20% P2O5] 2. 2- Phn Ln nung chy(Thermophotphat, Ln vn in) c cha 16% P2O5

3- Phn Kali 3. 1- Phn Clorua Kali (KCl) c cha 60% K2O. 3. 2- Phn Sunphat Kali (K2SO4) c cha 48-50% K2O II. Phn Hn Hp: L nhng loi phn c cha t nht l 2 dng cht. Chng bao gm phn trn v phn phc hp. Hm lng dinh dng trong phn theo th t l N, P, K c tnh theo nng phn trm. V d: Phn NPK 16-16-8 tc l trong 100kg phn trn c 16kg m nguyn cht, 16kg P2O5 v 8kg K2ONgoi cc cht a lng N, P, K hin nay mt s chng loi phn cn c c cc cht trung v vi lng. V d: Phn NPK Vit-Nht 16. 16. 8+13S (S l lu hunh)Thng thng phn hn hp c 2 loi: 1. -Phn trn: L phn c to thnh do s trn u cc loi phn N. P. K m khng c s t hp ha hc gia nhng cht . Loi phn ny thng c nhiu mu. 2. - Phn phc hp: L loi phn c c do con ng phn ng ha hc t nhng nguyn liu cn bn to ra. 3. -Cc dng phn hn hp: 3. 1-Cc dng phn i: L loi phn hn hp c 2 dng cht quan trng -MAP ( Monoamonium Phosphate) hm lng ph bin l 12-61-0 -MKP ( Mono potassium Phosphate) hm lng ph bin l 0-52-34 -DAP Diamon Phosphate ) hm lng ph bin l 18-46-0 3. 2. Cc dng phn ba NPK thng l: 16-16-8, 20-20-15, 24-24-20 3. 3. Phn chuyn dng: L dng phn bn hn hp c cha cc yu t a, trung, vi lng ph hp vi tng loi cy trng, tng thi k sinh trng v pht trin ca cy.

-u im ca phn chuyn dng: rt tin li khi s dng , gp phn lm gim chi ph sn xut;do c tnh ton liu lng phn ty theo tng loi cy, ty theo giai on sinh trng-pht trin ca cy trng nn m bo c nng sut, cht lng cy trng.

-Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu chng loi phn chuyn dng, khi s dng nn ch theo hng dn ca nh sn xut. . V d: Phn chuyn dng ca cng ty phn bn Vit Nht JF1, JF2, JF3 chuyn dng cho la. JT1, JT2JT3 chuyn dng cho cy n tri.

III. Vi 1. -Vai tr tc dng ca phn vi: Cung cp Canxi (Ca) cho cy trng, Ca l mt nguyn t dinh dng rt cn cho cy v Ca chim ti 30% trong s cc cht khong ca cy. Ci to t chua, mn. To iu kin cho vi sinh vt hot ng tt, phn gii cc cht hu c trong t, tng ha tan cc cht dinh dng v tng kh nng hp thu cc cht dinh dng ca cy, dit c mt s bnh hi cy trng, kh c cho t do tha nhm(Al), St(Fe), H2S

2. -Mt s dng vi bn cho cy * Vi nghin: Cc loi: vi, v c, v snghin nt. C tc dng chm nn bn lt lc lm t, thng bn t 1-3 tn/ha. t st bn 1 ln vi lng ln, sau vi nm bn li. t ct bn hng nm lng t hn. Khi bn vi nn kt hp vi phn hu c tng hiu qu ca phn , khng bn cng m v s lm mt phn m.

* Vi nung ( vi cn long): Do nung CaCO3 thnh CaO, ri s dng. Tc dng nhanh hn vi nghin, dng x l t v phng tr su bnh. Tuy nhin do c hot tnh mnh khi s dng nn lu trnh nh hng ti cy trng.

* Thch cao: L dng vi c bit, tc dng nhanh, s dng rt tt cho cy khi to tri

Cch Tnh Cng Thc Phn Pha Trn. Hin nay, nhiu ni sn xut rt nhiu loi phn hn hp vi nhiu t l NPK khc nhau nn b con nng dn ty gi c tng lc v kh nng thanh ton c th t chn la mua, tuy nhin nu mun pha trn s dng hp l th ta c th thc hin c,

* Cch tnh t phn n ra phn hn hp V d: Mun pha trn mt loi phn c cng thc l 5-10-10 t phn SA, Super Ln v KCl th ta pha nh sau: -SA c 21%N, cn cung cp 5kg th ta phi c lng SA l: 5X100 = 23. 8kg 2 - Super Ln c 20% P2O5, mun c 10kgP2O5 th lng Super Ln s l: 10X100 =50 kg 20 - KCl c 60% K2O, mun c 10 kg K2O th lng KCl s l: 10X100 = 16, 6 kg 60

* Tng s phn cc loi l 23, 8+50+16, 6=90, 4kg cn li 9, 6 kg phi dng cht n(t, ct hoc thch cao), trn v cho 100kg.

* Cch tnh t phn hn hp ra phn n V d: Theo khuyn co cn dng 100kg Ur, 200kg Super Ln, 50kg Clorua Kali bn cho cy, nhng nh vn bn 100kg NPK(20-20-15), nh vy lng NPK tha hay thiu, cch tnh nh sau:

-Lng Ur c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15 100X20 = 43kg 46 - Lng Super Ln c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15 100X20 = 100kg 20 - Lng Clorua Kali c trong 100kg NPK 20-20-15 100X15 = 25Kg 60

* Vy phi thm 57kg Ur + 100kg Super Ln + 25kg Clorua Kali th mi lng phn nh khuyn co.

D. Phn Bn L 1. c im: Phn bn l l cc hp cht dinh dng ha tan trong nc c phun ln l cy hp th.

2. Cc ch phm phn bn l trn th trng: Hin nay cc ch phm phn bn l rt phong ph v a dng, phn sn xut trong nc nh: HVP, HUMIX, HQ 201, BIOTED, KOMIX

3. Lu khi s dng phn bn l: Bn qua l tt nht khi bn b sung hoc bn thc nhm p ng nhanh yu cu dinh dng ca cy, ha long phn theo ng t l trn bao b;nhit qu cao, t b kh hn nng khng nn dng phn bn l v d lm rng l. Khng s dng phn bn l lc cy ang ra hoa, lc tri nng v s lm rng hoa tri v lm gim hiu lc phn

Khng nn nhm ln gia phn bn l v cht kch thch sinh trng, nu trong phn bn l c cht kch thch sinh trng th trong phn ny c cht dinh dng, nu ch dng kch thch sinh trng th phi b sung thm dinh dng cy tng trng tng ng vi s kch thch .

* Hng Dn S Dng NPK Vit Nht

Cy n Tri

Giai on bn phn Sau khi thu hoch

Loi phn bn JT1 16-10-6 =13S

Liu lng(kg/cy) 1Kg ~1, 5 kg

+2, 5(Cao+MgO) Trc khi ra hoa 1 ~ 2 thng JT2 10-10-15+5S +2, 0 (CaO+MgO) Sau khi u tri JT3 16-8-14+12S Trc khi thu hoch 1 ~ 2 thng JT3 16-8-14+12S 0, 5kg~ 1kg 0, 5kg ~ 1kg 0, 5Kg ~ 1kg

http://apromaco.vn/thongtin/ttk/204-ktcb.html PHN HU C V HIU QU S DNG

PHN HU C L G? Theo GS.TS Mai Vn Quyn, khi loi ngi cn canh tc theo kiu chn l tra ht th cha c khi nim g v phn bn nhng vi s thun ho ng vt hnh thnh ngnh chn nui th ngi xa thy cy trng s tt hn nu c bn cc cht thi ng vt, k c cht thi ca ngi. T phn cho n tn hn nay vn hm ngha bn thu l do c hnh thnh nh vy. Gi l phn hu c v trong phn c thnh phn hu c l c bn nht. Vn bn hin hnh ca nh nc chia phn hu c ra lm 4 loi: 1. Phn hu c truyn thng: chng c to ra t ngun nguyn liu v cch x l truyn thng. Ngun nguyn liu y c th l cht thi ca vt nui, l ph phm trong nng nghip, l phn xanh (bo hoa du, thn cy h u...c nh nng gom li ch hoi mc). 2. Phn hu c sinh hc: C ngun nguyn liu hu c (c th c thm than bn) c x l v ln men theo mt quy trnh cng nghip vi s tham gia ca mt hay nhiu chng vi sinh vt.

3. Phn hu c vi sinh: C ngun nguyn liu v quy trnh cng nghip nh phn hu c sinh hc nhng c mt hoc nhiu chng vi sinh vt vn cn sng v s hot ng khi c bn vo t. 4. Phn hu c khong: L phn hu c sinh hc c trn thm phn v c. qun l, B Nng nghip-PTNT quy nh thnh phn cht hu c trong phn hu c phi t 22% tr ln, trong phn hu c khong phi t 15% tr ln. Th k 19, Libic pht hin ra phn v c y nng sut tng vt v nh n m loi ngi trnh c nn i e da khi dn s qu ln. Vi s tin dng v hiu qu ca phn v c, con ngi dn qun phn hu c, khin cho cht lng v nng sut cy trng gim xung, dch bnh lan trn, hiu qu ca phn v c b gim st, t b ph v kt cu, tr nn chua... T thc t trn, con ngi mi nhn nhn li vai tr ca phn hu c v a ra nguyn tc bn phn cho cy trng. S dng hi ha phn hu c v phn v c. VAI TR CA PHN HU C Hu c l ch tiu nh gi ph nhiu ca t, quyt nh kt cu ca t, ti xp thong kh ca t, quyt nh thm nc v gi nc ca t, quyt nh h m ca t, quyt nh ti s lng v kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong t. Tuy c vai tr quan trng nh vy nhng s hiu bit v s dng ca nng dn v phn hu c li rt khc nhau, trong nng dn trng la gn nh khng bit, khng dng n phn hu c, ngc li cc nh vn li bit cch bn lt phn hu c kt hp bi lip hng nm tng nng sut v cht lng rau qu. Theo Th.s Bi Thanh Lim, Trng phng NN-PTNT huyn Ch Lch, ni ni ting cung cp ging v k thut cy n tri cho c nc, trnh v mc s dng phn hu c ca cc nh vn trong huyn vn khc xa nhau m biu hin ch c nhng vn cy c tui th ln n 30 nm nhng cy vn xanh tt, nng sut cao trong lc c nhng vn cy mi cho tri 3-4 v suy. Tuy nhin cc nh vn trng cy c gi tr cao nh su ring, bi...th u phi bit s dng phn hu c v nu khng s dng th cy b bnh chu khng ni. Ngoi cc tc dng c bn trn, vic bn phn hu c cn lm tng hiu qu s dng ca phn v c, dinh dng v c tm thi c gi li cung cp t t cho cy trng, hn ch ra tri. T y m lm gim s lng s dng phn v c to nn nn nng nghip bn vng v hiu qu. CHN PHN HU C NO? Theo Cc Trng trt, s lng cc nh sn xut v sn lng phn hu c cc loi cung ng ra th trng ang tng mnh hng nm. Tuy nhin vic tng y cng bao gm vic

tng phn km cht lng, phn gi. Bo co ca Cc ny cho thy c n gn mt na s phn c ly mu kim tra l phn km cht lng. Bi vy rt kh cho nng dn l chn phn hu c no mua? Theo Th.s Bi Thanh Lim, cch tt nht l phi bit ngun nguyn liu u vo v quy trnh cng ngh ca nh sn xut. Nguyn liu u vo rt quan trng, ngoi than bn ra nhiu nh my cn s dng phn g, bt c, b c ph...c hm lng dinh dng rt cao lm phn bn; quan st xem than bn c cht lng khng (nu c cht lng th mu rt en, xp ti v nh hn t nhiu) c c men hot ho khng. Nh my c quy m cng nghip nh th no, c sn bi khng, c phng phn tch nui cy vi sinh vt khng?...Vic tham quan c s sn xut c th khng nh c 80-90% cht lng sn phm. Ngoi ra, phn c cht lng s c ng nht c v c ht ln mu sc. Dung trng v m phn cng l mt ch s quan trng, ly mt t phn b vo nc nu thy ni nhiu l dng hu c th, dinh dng km. Bp trong tay tht cht ri m ra m nm phn khng ti tr li l m qu cao. NN T LY PHN Vic nhiu nng dn bn trc tip phn b, tru kh cho cy trng l vic lm sai v dinh dng trong y b mt mt cn ngun bnh nh vi thun t, thng hn, trng giun sn vn li. T phn chung chng nhng c cht lng m bo m cn tit kim c nhiu chi ph. Nu c th phm nng nghip (rm r, cy bp, cy h u, rm lm nm...) c th trn chung vi phn chung theo t l 1:1, nu c iu kin thm ln nung chy v vi cng tt. C ln lt lp n chng lp kia, xong ti dung dch c cha nm trichoderma lm sao ng c m khong 60% (bp thy c nc rn ra) nn hn d, 1 tun sao o li khong 1-1,5 thng l ng hoai v c th s dng. ng cn c che chn v o rnh thot nc xung quanh SN PHM PHN HU C U TRU

SN PHM Phn hu c

HM LNG HC>15%, NPK: 7-7-7

LIU BN CHO CY N TRI 3-5 kg/gc/ln, 400-

khong u tru 777 HC>25%, Axt Humc: 2%, NPK: 2-2-2; Trung Phn hu c BI-ORGANIC No 1 vi lng: Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn...Hot cht sinh hc Penac (nhp khu t c), nm Trichoderma 10 triu bao t/gr

600 kg/ha (cho la)

1-3 kg/gc

Ln men vi khun ( Microbial Fermentation )? Nhiu nm qua, con ngi tn dng c hot ng ca hng triu vi sinh vt tm thy trong t ci thin nng sut nng nghip. Nui trng vi khun v t bo n trn din rng trong hoc khng trong khng kh gi l ln men vi khun, thng xy ra mt cch t nhin vi cc sinh vt lm phn vi sinh hoc thuc tr su sinh hc h tr cy trng pht trin v ngn nga c di, su b v dch bnh. Rt nhiu loi vi sinh vt sng trong t thc s gip cy trng hp th cc cht dinh dng nhiu hn khi t chng thc hin. Thc vt v cc loi vi khun thn thin tham gia vo chu k dinh dng. Vi khun gip cy trng hp th nhng ngun nhin liu cn thit. i ngc li, cy trng dnh cc sn phm ph sinh hc ca mnh cho vi khun lm ngun thc n. Bi vi khun gip cy trng tiu th nhiu cht dinh dng hn, nn cy trng pht trin h r to hn v khe hn. R cy cng ln, cng c nhiu khng gian sng v thc n cho vi khun. Cc nh khoa hc s dng cc sinh vt thn thin sn xut phn bn vi sinh. Phn bn vi sinh (Biofertilizers) Pht pho v nit l cc cht rt cn thit cho cy trng pht trin. Nhng hn hp ny tn ti t nhin trong mi trng, nhng thc vt b gii hn kh nng hp th chng. Cht pht pho c sn trong t nhng phn ln dng rn, cn nit th c nhiu trong khng kh. Pht pho ng vai tr quan trng i vi sc chu ng ca cy trng, trong qu trnh trng thnh, cht lng, v trc tip hoc ging tip trong ngng t kh ni t. Nu cy trng khng s dng nhanh pht pho, pht pho s b mc li trong t qua cc phn ng ha hc. Nh vy s ch c mt lng nh dinh dng quan trng cn li cho cy trng hp th. Cy trng khng th t phn gii pht pho. Mt loi nm c tn gi l Penicillum Bilaii l cha kha r phn gii pht pho trong t. N to ra mt loi axit hu c r c th s dng phn gii pht pho trong t. Mt loi phn vi sinh c sn xut t loi vi sinh vt ny vi nhiu cch ng dng nh: bao ht bng mt loi nm (gi l ghp cy), hoc bn thng trc tip vo r cy.

Loi nm ny qun quanh r cy v ngn khng cc sinh vt c hi khc sng xung quanh. ng thi n cng c s dng cc sn phm ph t cy u tin. Nh vy s gip cho vi khun khe hn v c th chuyn i nhiu cht pht pht hn na cho cy s dng. Vi lng pht pht thm ny, cy trng s tr nn khe hn v nng sut hn. Mt loi vi khun khc cng c s dng to phn vi sinh l vi khun Rbizobium. Loi vi khun ny sng bm vo r cy trong tp hp t bo gi l mun. Mun c th v nh nh my sinh hc, ly kh nit trong khng kh, v chuyn thnh mt dng hu c cy trng c th s dng. Bi v vi khun sng trong r cy nn chuyn dinh dng trc tip vo trong cy. y l cch sn xut phn bn t nhin. Vi lng ln vi khun c ch sng trong r cy, cy u c th s dng nit trong t nhin thay cho phn bn nit truyn thng gi t. Phn bn vi sinh gip cy trng s dng c ht cc loi thc n c sn trong t v khng kh, gip ngi nng dn gim dng phn bn ha hc. Phng php ny ng thi gip bo v mi trng cho cc th h sau. NitroPlus, Bio-N v Bio-Fix l mt loi phn vi sinh ngi Philipin s dng tn dng kh nng ca mt s loi sinh vt nh Rhziobia sn xut ngun nit t nhin sn c. Cc sn phm khc nh Mycogroe v Mykovam gip cy trng hp th nc v pht pho trong t. Mt s loi nm tng h sinh sng trong r cy ngn chn s ly lan ca mm bnh v gip cy trng chu hn v kim loi cng tt hn. BIO-QUICK, mt loi cht chng phn trn gip qu trnh phn ra cht thi trang tri v nng lm nghip ti 80%. Thuc tr su vi sinh (Biopesticides) Nh ta bit c mt s loi vi sinh vt sng trong t khng c li vi cy trng. Cc loi mm bnh ny c th gy bnh v ph hoi cy trng. Cng ging nh vi vi sinh vt c ch, cc nh khoa hc cng pht trin cc cng c sinh hc s dng cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh ny ngn nga c di v su bnh mt cch t nhin. Thuc tr c sinh hc ( Bioberbicides) C di lun l vn khn cp ca b con nng dn. C di khng ch ginh nc, cht dinh dng, nng tri, khng gian m cn l ni tr ng ca su bnh, lm tr ngi h thng ti tiu, lm gim cht lng cy trng, lm c di ln vo cy trng khi thu hoch B con nng dn vn lm t tr c, hoc nh c bng tay, dng thuc tr c tng hp, hoc kt hp tt c cc bin php. Tuy nhin, bin php lm t khin t tt b nng gi lm kh cn, tr thnh hu qu mang tnh lu di vi mi trng. V l do ny, ngy cng nhiu b con nng dn b s dng phng php ny Tng t, c nhiu tran h ci xung quanh vic s dng thuc tr c tng hp v khin ngun nc ngm b nhim, git cht nhiu loi ng vt hoang d, nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu loi bnh ngi v ng vt.

S dng thuc tr c sinh hc l mt bin php ngn nga c di m khng gy hi cho mi trng nh khi dng thuc tr c tng hp. Thuc tr c tng hp l cc loi vi sinh vt (nh vi khun, vi rt v nm) v mt s loi su b (cn trng k sinh, bm hoa) dng tr mt s loi c nht nh.Mt s loi vi khun c gen xm nhp c th tn cng cc gen bo v ca c di, nh tiu dit chng. Hiu bit k v gen ca vi sinh vt v cy trng gip cc nh khoa hc cch ly cc loi vi khun (vi sinh vt) c loi gen hp vi gen ca c di v rt hiu qu gy ra cc bnh tiu dit c di. Thuc tr c sinh hc mang nhiu mm bnh loi ny ti ng t. Chng c mt khi c di d b mc bnh. Gen gy bnh ca mm bnh rt c trng. Gen ca vi khun c mt s cch vt qua gen c trng bo v ca thc vt. Chng hng dn vi khun tn cng mt loi cy trng nht nh. Gen xm nhp ca mm bnh phi hp vi gene bo v ca cy trng. Nh vy, vi khun bit c th ly nhim thnh cng loi cy trng . Yu cu c gen kt hp ngha l mt loi mm bnh c th v hi vi mi loi cy trng tr mt loi c di c nhn dng bng m gen ca sinh vt. Phn ng la chn ny gip thuc tr c sinh hc tr nn rt hu dng bi chng ch tiu dit nhng loi c di nht nh nh hng ti nng sut cy trng nhng li khng lm hi ti cy trng. Thuc tr c sinh hc c th ch nhm vo mt loi c di, v v hi vi mi trng xung quanh. ch li ca s dng thuc tr c sinh hc l n c th tn ti trong mi trng kh lu, ti tn v ma sau khu vc c nhiu c di ly lan. ng thi thuc tr c sinh hc r hn rt nhiu so vi thuc tr c tng hp, c th gip tit kim chi ph nu bit qun l hp l. Thuc tr c sinh hc khng c hi ti mi trng so vi cc loi thuc tr c thng thng v khng nh hng ti cc loi sinh vt khng phi mc tiu. Vi nhng tin b ca k thut di truyn, nhiu loi thuc tr c th h mi ang c pht trin v t ra rt hiu qu. Vi sinh vt c cu trc c th vt qua hng ro bo v ca c di mt cch hiu qu. C di c lp t bo sp bao ph l v th cc vi sinh vt phi thm qua t bo nu mun xm nhp su. Nh cng ngh sinh hc, cc loi vi sinh vt ny c kh nng to ra lng ca mt loi enzim ph hp vt qua lp bo v bn ngoi. T chc hp l nhng loi vi sinh vt thc vt ch cht c trng ca vi khun s m bo ch c c di b tiu dit, khng nh hng ti cy trng. Mt khc, c th to ra vi khun c kh nng tiu dit hiu qu mt vi loi c di chnh, ch khng ch vi mt loi, nu khng s thnh qu t khi sn xut ra th trng. Thuc tr su sinh hc ( Biosecticides) Khoa hc v cng ngh sinh hc cng c th pht trin c mt s bin php ngn nga su bnh thay th cho thuc tr su tng hp. Cc nghin cu tm thy mt s loi sinh vt trong t c kh nng tn cng nm, vi rt v vi khun gy bnh. C th xy dng cng thc ca lp mng bao ph ht (cht chng) mang theo cc vi sinh vt c li bo v cy trng trong thi k ht ny mm.

Thuc tr su tng hp tuy l mt cng c hu hiu tng nng sut nng nghip, nhng mt s loi cng tn ti nhng nhc im sau: gi t, khng d s dng, c th tch t trong mi trng v lm nhim ngun nc, khng phn bit c cc loi cn dit. Cn thuc tr su sinh hc li khng lu trong mi trng, c tui i ngn, s lng nh nhng hiu qu cao an ton hn cho con ngi v ng vt khi so snh vi thuc tr su tng hp; chng c phm vi nh hng rt c th, ch nh hng mt loi su b v cch thc hin c th c trng, nh hng t t v thi gian thc hin cng l mt u im tng i khc. Tuy nhin, mt s nhng c im ny li b coi l nhc im. V d, phn ln thnh phn ca thuc tr su sinh hc l cc vi sinh vt sng, v th thnh cng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh nhit , m, PH, UV, iu kin t, v cc loi vi khun i nghch hin din trong mi trng. Thc hin chm c ngha cn nhiu thi gian loi tr mm bnh so snh vi thuc tr su tng hp. Thuc tr su sinh hc da vo vi khun Mt trong nhng loi thuc tr su sinh hc c s dng rng ri nht l mt loi vi khun t nhin c sn trong t, tn gi l Bacillus Thuringengis hay Bt.Bt c kh nng ch ra mt loi prtin rt c vi cn trng. Thng thng 15 pht sau khi n, c t bt u lm lot thnh d dy ca cn trng. Cn trng ngng n v cui cng b git cht. Cc nh nghin cu pht hin ra khong 500-600 dng ca loi vi khun Bacillus Thuringengis. Bt c tnh chn lc rt cao, n ch c tc dng trn nhng loi su b, cn trng nht nh v v hi i vi con ngi, chim, c v cc loi cn trng c li. Nm 1983, mt dng Bt c s dng Ty Phi tiu dit rui en mang bnh. Thuc tr su sinh hc da vo nm Nm gy ra bnh khong 200 loi cn trng khc nhau ang c coi l mt trong cc loi thuc tr su sinh hc. Mt trong nhng loi c pht hin sm nht vo nhng nm thp nin 80, c tn l Beauveria Bassiana (Bb), mt loi nm ph bin trong t v thc vt. Su loi nm khc cng c bit n nh cc loi thuc tr su sinh hc hiu qu. Trung Quc, 2 triu hcta hng nm c phun Bb ngn nga cc loi cn trng t rng. T nm 1993, su loi loi thuc tr su sinh hc mi tr nn ph bin Bc M v chu u. Cng ngh ln men r tin c s dng sn xut nm hng lot. Mm c thu hoch v ng gi c th s dng trn cc cnh ng c su b. Khi mm c s dng, chng s dng enzim ph v mt ngoi ca c th su b. Khi vo trong, chng bt u pht trin v cui cng tiu dit su b. Thuc tr su sinh hc da trn Bb c rt nhiu u im. Nm khng pht trin trong c th sinh vt mu nng (nh con ngi), cng khng tn ti lu sng v ging nc. Tuy nhin mm nm c th tn ti lu trong iu kin kh hn khc nghit. n nay cc

nghin cu cho thy nm khng nguy hi ti thc vt v khng hot ng di nh nng mt tri t 1-8 tun. Cc nh khoa hc quan st thy cc cht trong nm c tim nng ngn nga cn trng, su b trong mt thi gian di. Bi v rt nhiu loi nm cng tn cng cn trng, su b theo nhiu cch khc nhau ti cng mt thi im v th su b, cn trng khng kp pht trin h khng. Thuc tr su sinh hc da vo vi rt Mt nhm cc loi thuc tr su sinh hc da vo vi rt m cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu c dng hnh que l Baculoviruses. Baculoviruses nh hng cc loi cn trng nh su bo ng, b khoai ty, b cht cnh cng v rp vng. Mt dng c trng ang c s dng lm thuc dit su rm, loi tn cng canola, lanh v hoa mu. Trong sut nhng nm thp nin 80, nhng nm Canada b cn trng quy ph nng n nht, hn mt triu hecta hoa mu b pht quang. Trong qu kh, ngi nng dn s dng thuc tr su ha hc ngn nga su bnh. Nhng su rm li tn cng cy trng giai on u trng. Cc loi thuc tr su truyn thng khng c tc dng cho n sau giai on ny, n lc cy trng b tn ph kh nhiu. Cht ngn nga Hnh thc hot ng V d Cht khng Vi khun Ch ra c t gy hi cho mt s loi cn trng nht nh khi n phi Bacillus Thuringiensis Bacillus Popilliea Agobacterium Radiobacter Ladidopterans B cnh cng Nht Bnh mn l Vi rt Tiu dit su b khi su b n phi Baculoviruses Vi rt nhiu mt c nhn Baculoviruses: vi rt granulosis Baculoviruses: Nhm Entompox C Ladidopteran v Hymenopopteran Ladidopteran Anthropods Nm Ngn chn cn trng bng cch pht trin trn c th cn trng v tit ra loi enzim b mt lm yu lp v ngoi ca cn trng, sau thm nhp vo bn trong cn trng, tip tc pht trin cho n khi tiu dit c cn trng ly bnh. Entomophaga Praxibulli Zoopthora Radicans Neozygites Floridana Chu chu Rp vng Su xanh n bt sn ng vt nguyn sinh Git cn trng khi b tiu ha. Thi quen n ung ca cn trng b ph v cho n khi cht i. Nosema Vairimorpha

Malamoeba Chu chu Bm Giun trn Git sinh vt mc tiu bng cch thm nhp vo c th theo con ng t nhin hoc vo biu b ca cn trng mt cch trc tip Heterorbaditis Bacteriophora Phasmarbaditis Hermaphrodita Steinernema carpocapse Mt ng cc nho en B cnh cng Nht Bn Cc loi sn c v v khng c v Mt ng cc nho en, mt ng cc r du.