And gas pressure gradlenLs Powever Lhls ls of no real concern Lhe coordlnaLes of Lhe

proposed correlaLlon are glve ln Lable 1

CorrelaLlon no2 (dlspersed bubble flow)
1hls ls anoLher slmple modlflcaLlon of Lhe famlllar lockharL and MarLlelll correlaLlon lL ls ln Lhe
form of a loglog

Whlch ls ldenLlcal Lo Lhe deflnlLlon glven by LockharL and MarLlnelll expressed by Lhe relaLlon

Lrror parameLers
1he comparlsons of Lhe varlous pressuredrop predlcLlon meLhods consldered ln Lhls sLudy
have been on Lhe calculaLed values of flve error parameLers slmllar Lo Lhose used ln Lhe sLudy
of llquld holdup predlcLlon meLhods reporLed ln a prevlous paper ln Lhls case Lhe error e[ ls
deflned as Lhe dlfference beLween Lhe predlcLed and Lhe experlmenLally observed values of
Lhe pressure gradlenL for Lhe [Lh observaLlon or


Where n ls Lhe LoLal number of observaLlos ln a glven daLa grouplng 1he varlous error
parameLers are deflned ln Lerms of e[ as follows








ln each case Lhe mulLlplylng facLor of Lhe brackeLed expresslon on Lhe rlghLhand slde of Lhe
equaLlon has been lnLroduced Lo glve convenlenL numerlcal values See ref 2 for a deLalled
dlscusslon of Lhe relaLlve merlLs and slgnlflcances of Lhese error parameLers

LvaluaLlon of frlcLlon pressuredro correlaLlons based on Lhe mandhane llow paLLern map
A LoLal of 10383 observaLlons of frlcLlon pressure losses was used ln Lhls sLudy 1hese daLe
were grouped accordlng Lo Lhe flow paLLern predlcLed from Lhe known flow condlLlons by Lhe
meLhod of Mandhane eL al Lhe ranges of Lhe measured pressure drops and physlcal properLles
for Lhe daLa conLalned ln Lhe resulLlng goups are shown ln Lhe form of hlsLograms ln flg 2
Lach general predlcLlon meLhod Lhen was LesLed agalnsL Lhe daLa ln each flow reglme
grouplng 1he speclflc meLhods were LesLed only for Lhose flow reglmes clalmed by Lhe orlglnal
AuLhors Lo be appllcable 1he values of Lhe flve error parameLers calculaLed ln each case are
glven ln Lable 2 lL should be noLed LhaL t1 t2 and t3 all have Lhe unlLs psl per 1000 fL of plpe
whlle t4 and t3 belng 10x percenLage quanLlLles are dlmenslonless
A LoLal off 1631 observaLlons was obLalned for Lhe bubble and elongaLed bubble flow reglmes
lL can be seen from flg2a LhaL mosL of Lhe observed pressure gradlenLs ranged from 01 Lo 100
lb/cu fL noLe LhaL Lhe lowesL values of t1 t2 and t3 are obLalned wlLh Lhe ChenoweLh and
marLln correlaLlon whlle Lhe values of t4 and t3 for LhaL correlaLlon are comparable wlLh Lhe
lowesL obLalned wlLh any of Lhe oLher correlaLlons 1he error parameLers of Lhe uukler eL al
and 8eggs and 8rlll correlaLlons are very slmllar Lhese meLhods may be regarded as second and
Lhlrd cholces respecLlvely A log log ploL of Lhe ChenoweLh and MarLln predlcLlons vs Lhe
experlmenLal daLa ls shown ln flg 3 1he largue errors assoclaLed wlLh low pressure gradlenLs
llkely are caused aL leasL ln parL by Lhe dlfflculLy of obLalnlng accuraLe measuremenLs ln Lhls
range CerLalnly all Lhe correlaLlons LesLed exhlblL generally large values of t1 and t3 Lhe
percenLage error parameLers