HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

A. THUT GII VNG HO

a)

tng
p dng chin lc chia tr nhm tch bi ton xut pht thnh cc
bi ton con dng v n gin hn. Bi ton ban u s c chng
minh khi v ch khi mi bi ton con s cp c chng minh.

b)

Cc bc chng minh bi ton bng thut gii Vng Ho.

Bc 1: Ta a VT v VP ca bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun
bng cch:
Thay cc php ton (tng ng) bng php ton (ko
theo) tng ng.
Thay cc php ton (ko theo) bng cc php ton (ph
nh), (php tuyn) tng ng.
-T cc php ton (ph nh), (php tuyn), (php hi) ta c dng
chun GT VT v KL VP ca bi ton cn chng minh dng:
GT1, GT2, GT3,, GTn KL1, KL2, KL3,., KLm
Bc 2: Chuyn v ny sang v kia cc GTi, KLj c dng ph nh.
Ch nhng mnh ph nh ng c lp th mi chuyn v
GT1, GT2, GT3,.., GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2, KL3,., KLm-1,
KLm.
Chuyn v ta c:
GT1, GT2, KL2,.., GTn-1, GTn KL1, GT3, KL3,., KLm-1, KLm

Bc 3: Thay php ton GTi v php ton KLj bng du ,.

GT1, GT2, a b, GT3,.,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, c d, KL2,,
KLm-1, KLm.
Bi ton chuyn v dng:

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GT1, GT2, a , b, GT3,.,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, c , d , KL2,, KLm1, KLm.

Bc 4: Nu dng hin hnh c mt trong hai dng sau:

Dng 1:
GT1, GT2,,a b,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2,., KLm-1, KLm
Th thay bng hai dng:
GT1, GT2,, a,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2,., KLm-1, KLm
GT1, GT2,, b,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2,., KLm-1, KLm
Dng 2:
GT1, GT2,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2,,a b,, KLm-1, KLm
Th thay bng hai dng:
GT1, GT2,., GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2,,a,, KLm-1, KLm
GT1, GT2,., GTn-1, GTn KL1, KL2,,b,, KLm-1, KLm
- Chng ta c th tch cng lc nhiu nhm mnh vi nhau, nhng
cch hay nht l nn chn mt nhm mnh m thy khi tch dng c
mnh trong nhm mnh gt ging mnh kl. Nh vy ta s
gim c s dng tch tit kim thi gian.

Bc 5: Mt dng c chng minh nu tn ti chung mt mnh

c hai v.
V d: a b, c c (c chng minh)
Bc 6:
6.a. Mt vn c gii quyt trn vn nu mi dng dn xut
biu din dng chun c chng minh.
6.b. Nu mt dng khng cn du lin kt , v c hai v khng
c chung mnh no th dng khng c chng minh.
V d: a b, c d.
Ch : T bc 2 - 4 khng cn lm theo th t.

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Thut ton Vng Ho s dng li sau hu hn bc v a ra

thng bo thnh cng nu t GT tm ra c KL. Nu bi ton c qu
nhiu php ton lin kt trong Gti v trong KLj th bi ton c th sinh
ra t M n 2M dng.
-

p dng lut De Morgan b du (ph nh) ca nguyn

mt nhm mnh :

V d: (p

q ) p

q.

(p

q ) p

q.

C th s dng mnh ny bt k bc no (t 1-4).

p dung lut phn phi (nu cha gp dng chun cn tm) php tuyn i
vi php hi (hay php hi i vi php tuyn).

I.

V d: p

(q

u) (p

q)

(p

u).

(q

u) (p

q)

(p

u).

BI TP THUT GII VNG HO.

Bi 1: Cho {(AB) C, (BC) D, (AB)}. Hi D ?

Bc 1) Ta a VT v VP ca bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun bng cch:
Thay cc php ton (tng ng) bng php ton (ko
theo) tng ng. (Khng c php ton nn ta b qua).
Thay cc php ton (ko theo) bng cc php ton (ph
nh), (php tuyn) tng ng.
(AB) C (A B) C.
(BC) D (B C) D.

Ta c dng chun ca bi ton l:

{(A B) C, (B C) D, (A B)} D.
Bc 2) Chuyn v ny sang v kia cc GTi, KLj c dng ph nh.(Do khng c
mnh ph nh ng c lp nn chuyn sang bc 3).

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Bc 3) Thay php ton GTi v php ton KLj bng du ,.

y ta p dng lut De Morgan b du (ph nh) ca nguyn mt nhm
mnh :
{(A B C, B C D, A, B) D}.
Bc 4) Ta p dng dng 1 tch dng: l tch nhm (tuyn) chnh GTi.
Ty theo bi ton n gin hay phc tp m bn c th ng thi thnh 2 hay
nhiu hn 2 dng con.
Ta c:
{A, BCD, A, B } D (1)
{B, BCD, A, B} D (2)
{C, BCD, A, B } D (3)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con. Chng ta cng p dng cc bc nh i
vi bi ton ban u.
CM (1).
B2) Chuyn v ny sang v kia mnh ph nh.
{BCD, A, B } D, A (CM)
CM (2).
B2) Chuyn v ny sang v kia mnh ph nh.
{BCD, A, B} D, B (CM)_
CM (3).
B4) Tch dng dng 1:
{C, B, A, B} D (3.1)
{C, C, A, B } D (3.2)
{C, D, A, B } D

(3.3)(CM)

Tip tc chng minh cc bi ton con ca (3).

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CM (3.1)
B2) Chuyn v
{C, A, B} D, B

(CM)

CM(3.2)
B2) chuyn v
{C, A, B } D, C (CM)
Bc 6) Kt lun : tt c cc bi ton con (1), (2), (3) u c chng minh.Vy
bi ton ban u c chng minh l ng.
Bi 2. Cho {ABD, DE F, E AB}. Hi AD
Bc 1) a GT, KL ca bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun:
Thay du (ko theo) bng cc php ton (ph nh), (hay).
ABD ABD
DE F D(EF)
E AB (E A) B
AD AD
Dng chun:
{(ABD, D(E F), (E A) B) AD}
Bc 2) Chuyn v (khng c mnh ph nh ng c lp ) chuyn sang Bc
3.
Bc 3) Thay php ton GTi v php ton KLj bng du ,.
{(ABD, D(EF), E A B) A, D}
Bc 2) Chuyn v:
{(ABD, D(E F), E A B, A) D}
Bc 4)
Tch dng theo dng 1:
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{(A, D(EF), E A B, A) D} (1)

{(B, D(EF), E A B, A) D} (2)
{(D, D(EF), E A B, A) D} (3) (CM)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con 1, 2. Chng ta cng chng minh qua cc
bc ging nh bi ton ban u.
CM (1).
B2) Chuyn v
{( D(EF), E A B, A) D, A } (CM)
CM (2)
B4) Tch dng dng 1
{(B, D, E A B, A) D} (2.1)
{(B, ( EF), E A B, A) D} (2.2)
B5) Tip tc chng minh cc bi ton con 2.1, 2.2.
Cm (2.1)
B2) Chuyn v
{(B, E A B, A) D, D} (2.1)
B4) Tch dng theo dng 1
{(B, E, A) D} (2.1.1) (Khng cm c)
{(B, A, A) D} (2.1.2) (CM)
{(B, B, A) D} (2.1.3) (Khng cm c)
B5) Ti y cc bi ton con ca bi ton con 2.1 khng chng minh c
nn khng phi chng minh tip cc bi ton con ca bi ton con 2.2 na, chng ta i
n kt lun:
Bc 6) kt lun theo 6b: Bi ton ban u xut pht khng ng.
Bi 3. Cho {(ab)c, (bc)d, d}. Cm ab?

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Bc 1) a bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun:

Ta c: {((ab) c, (bc) d, d) ab}
Bc 2) Chuyn v
{((ab) c, (bc) d) ab, d}
Bc 3) Thay du
{(ab c, bc d) a, b, d}
Bc 2) Chuyn v
{(ab c, bc d, a) b, d}
Bc 4) Tch dng theo dng 1
{(a, bc d, a) b, d} (1)
{(b , bc d, a) b, d} (2)
{(c, bc d, a) b, d} (3)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con 1, 2 ,3.
CM (1).
B2) Chuyn v
{( bc d, a) b, d, a}

(CM)

Cm (2).
B2) Chuyn v
{( bc d, a) b, d, b}
B4) Tch dng theo dng 1
{( b, a) b, d}

(2.1)(Khng chng minh c)

{( c, a) b, d }

(2.2)(Khng chng minh c)

{( d, a) b, d } (2.3)(CM)

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B5)Do bi ton con (2.1) khng chng minh c nn bi ton con 2 cng
khng chng minh c. Vy nn khng cn chng minh tip bi ton con 3 na m i
ti b6.
Bc 6) Kt lun dng 6b : do cc bi ton con sai nn bi ton xut pht ban u
cng sai.
Bi 4. Cho {(pq)r, (pr) s, p, q}. Hi r ?...
Bc 1) a bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun:
{((pq) r, (pr) s, p, q) r}
Bc 2) Chuyn v. Khng c mnh ph nh c lp chuyn qua b3.
Bc 3) Thay du ng thi s dng mnh De Morgan b i ph nh ca
nhm mnh (nu khng lm bc ny cng khng sao, khng bt buc).
{(p q r, p r s, p, q) r}
Bc 4) Tch dng theo dng 1
{(p, p r s, p, q) r} (1)
{(q, p r s, p, q) r} (2)
{(r, p r s, p, q) r} (3) (CM)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con 1, 2, 3.
Cm (1)
B2) Chuyn v:

{( p r s, p, q) r, p} (CM)

Cm (2)
B2) Chuyn v: {( p r s, p, q) r, q} (CM)
Bc 6) Kt lun 6a: Tt c cc bi ton con 1, 2,3 u chng minh c. Vy bi
ton ban u c chng minh l ng.
Bi 5. Cho {(p q )r, (q r)s, s}. Hi p q?
Bc 1) a bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun:
{( (p q ) r, (q r) s, s) p q }

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Bc 2) Chuyn v:
{( p q r, q r s) p q, s}
Bc 3) Thay du:
{( p q r, q r s) p , q, s}
Bc 2) Chuyn v:
{( p q r, q r s, p, q) s}
Bc 4) Tch dng theo dng 1
{(p, q r s, p, q) s} (1)
{(q , q r s, p, q) s} (2)
{(r, q r s, p, q) s} (3)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con 1, 2, 3:
Cm (1):
B2) Chuyn v : {(q r s, p, q) s, p} (CM)
Cm (2):
B2) Chuyn v: {(q r s, p, q) s, q} (CM)
Cm (3):
B4) Tch dng theo dng 1:
{(r, q, p, q) s} (3.1)
{(r, r , p, q) s} (3.2)
{(r, s, p, q) s} (3.3) (CM)
B5) Chng minh cc bi ton con 3.1, 3.2:
Cm (3.1):
B2) Chuyn v: {(r, p, q) s, q} (CM)
Cm (3.2):

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B2) Chuyn v:

{(r, p, q) s, r } (CM)

Bc 6) Kt lun theo 6a: Tt c cc bi ton con 1, 2, 3 u chng minh c.

Vy nn bi ton ban u c chng minh.
Bi 6. CM [((a b c d) (ce) a)][(d c) b]?
Bc 1) Dng chun:
[(((a b) (c d)) (c e) a)] [(d c) b]
Dng lut phn phi cho mnh [(d c) b] [(b d) (b
c)]
Bc 2) Khng c chuyn sang bc 3.
Bc 3) Thay du GT v du KL =,.
[(a b) (c d), c e, a] [(b d) (b c)]
Bc 4) Tch dng theo dng 1
[(a b), c e,a] [(b d) (b c)] (1)
[(c d), c e, a] [(b d) (b c)] (2)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con
CM (1).
B3) Thay du: [a, b, c e, a] [(b d) (b c)]
B2) Chuyn v : [c e, a] [((b d) (b c)), a, b] (CM)
CM (2)
B3) Thay du: [c, d, c e, a] [(b d) (b c)]
B4) Tch dng dng 1
[c, d, c, a] [(b d) (b c)] (2.1)
[c, d, e, a] [(b d) (b c)] (2.2)
B5) Chng minh cc bi ton con
Cm (2.1)

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B2) Chuyn v mnh d ph nh t v ny qua v kia.

[c, d, a] [((b d) (b c)), c] (CM)
Cm (2.2)
B4) Tch thnh dng con theo dng 2
[c, d, e, a] [(b d)] (2.2.1)
[c, d, e, a] [(b c)]

(2.2.2)

B5) Cm cc bi ton con

Cm(2.2.1)
B3) Thay du
[c, d, e, a] [b, d] (CM)
Cm (2.2.2)
B3) Thay du
[c, d, e, a] [b, c] (CM)
Bc 6) Kt lun 6a: Cc bi ton con u c chng minh. Vy bi ton ban
u c chng minh.
Bi 7. CM { A B, A C E , B C D, E F, F D G, A} hi G?
Bc 1) Dng chun:
{ A B, A C E, B C D, E F, F D G, A
G}
Bc 2) Khng c, chuyn sang bc 3.
Bc 3) Thay du GT v du KL =,.
{ A B, A C E , B C D, E F, F , D G, A
G}
Bc 2) Chuyn v.
A B, A C E, B C D, E F, D G, A G, F
Bc 4) Tch dng theo dng 1

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A B, A C E, B C D, E F, G, A G, F (1)
A B, A C E, B C D, E F, D, A G , F (2)
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con
(1)A B, A C E, B C D, E F, G, A G, F (1)
(CM)
(2) A B, A C E, B C D, E F, D, A G, F
Bc 2 : Chuyn v
A B, A C E, B C D, E F, A G, D, F
Bc 4 : Tch dng
(2.1) A B, A C E, B C D, F, A G, D, F
(2.2) A B, A C E, B C D, E , A G, D, F
Bc 5 : chng minh cc bi ton con
(2.1) A B, A C E, B C D, F, A G, D, F
(CM)
(2.2) A B, A C E, B C D, E , A G, D, F
Bc 2 : Chuyn v
(2.2) A B, A C E, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 4: Tch dng
(2.2.1) A B, E, B C D, A G, D, F, E
(2.2.2) A B, A, B C D, A G, D, F, E
(2.2.3) A B, C, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 5: Chng minh cc bi ton con
(2.2.1) A B, E, B C D, A G, D, F, E (CM)
(2.2.2) A B, A, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 2: chuyn v

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(2.2.2) A B, B C D, A G, D, F, E, A (CM)
(2.2.3) A B, C, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 4: Tch dng
(2.2.3.1) A, C, B C D, A G, D, F, E
(2.2.3.2) B, C, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 5: Chng minh cc bi ton con
(2.2.3.1) A, C, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 2: chuyn v
(2.2.3.1) C, B C D, A G, D, F, E , A (CM)
(2.2.3.2) B, C, B C D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 4: tch dng
(2.2.3.2.1) B, C, B, A G, D, F, E
(2.2.3.2.2) B, C,C, A G, D, F, E
(2.2.3.2.3) B, C, D, A G, D, F, E
Bc 5: chng minh cc bi ton con
(2.2.3.2.1) B, C, B, A G, D, F, E
Bc 2: chuyn v
(2.2.3.2.1) B, C, A G, D, F, E, B (CM)
(2.2.3.2.2) B, C,C, A G, D, F, E
Bc 2: chuyn v
(2.2.3.2.2) B, C, A G, D, F, E, C (CM)
(2.2.3.2.3) B, C, D, A G, D, F, E (CM)
Bc 6) Kt lun 6a: Cc bi ton con u c chng minh. Vy bi ton ban
u c chng minh

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Bi 8. t C(x): x l c heo; T(x): x thng minh; D(x): x bit c. Biu din cc

cu sau:
a. C heo th thng minh.
b. C heo th khng bit c.
c. Nhng ai bit c th thng minh.
d. Willy l c heo
Hy : 1. Dng logic v t m t cc mnh trn.
2. T cc cu trn, chng minh c 1 ngi thng minh nhng khng bit c.
Pht biu cc mnh trn di dng logic bc nht:
a. x, C(x) T(x)
b. x, C(x) D(x)
c. x, D(x) T(x)
d. a, C(f(a))
KL :, T(x) D(x)
+ Pht biu cc cu v dng mnh (khng c lng t) :
a. x, C(x) T(x) C(x) T(x)
b. x, C(x) D(x) C(x) D(x) ( C(x) D(x) )
c. x, D(x) T(x) D(x) T(x)
d. a, C(f(a)) C(f(A))
KL : x, T(x) D(x) T(A) D(A)
Bc 1) Dng chun:
{ C(x) T(x) , ( C(x) D(x) ), D(x) T(x) , C(f(A)) T(A) D(A) }
Bc 2) Chuyn v.
{ C(x) T(x) , D(x) T(x) , C(f(A)) T(A) D(A), C(x) D(x) }
Bc 3) Khng c.
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Bc 4) Tch dng
Bc 5) Chng minh cc bi ton con

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HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

B. THUT GII ROBINSON

a) tng: S dng:

Phng php chng minh phn chng:

[ab ng] [a b sai hay mu thun]

- Nguyn l hp gii:
a b c, a d a b c a d b c d.
a b, a d a b a d b d.
- Ta thng gp cc trng hp ring ca nguyn l ny:
a. Nguyn l Modus Ponens: P ng, P Q ng, suy ra

Q ng.
b. Nguyn l Modus Tollens: Q sai, P ng Q, suy ra P

sai.
- chng minh t cc Gti suy ra mt trong cc KLj ta ch cn ly
ph nh ca KLj a v cng vi tc gi ca GTi.
- suy ra c mu thun, Robinson a ra nguyn l hp gii
trn b sung thm ngy cng nhiu cc biu thc mnh trung gian
mi cho n khi no trong danh sch mnh c 2 mnh n ng
c lp l ph nh ca nhau th mu thun xy ra.
- Nu suy ra c mu thun t tp cc mnh GTi v KLj th qu
trnh chng minh kt thc v kt lun bi ton c chng minh.
b)

Cc bc chng minh bi ton bng thut gii Robinson.

Bc 1: Ta a VT v VP ca bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun
bng cch:
Thay cc php ton (tng ng) bng php ton (ko
theo) tng ng.
Thay cc php ton (ko theo) bng cc php ton (ph
nh), (php tuyn) tng ng.

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-T cc php ton (ph nh), (php tuyn), (php hi) ta c dng

chun GT VT v KL VP ca bi ton cn chng minh dng:
GT1, GT2, GT3,, GTn KL1, KL2, KL3,., KLm

Bc 2: Thay php ton GTi v php ton KLj bng du ,.

Ch nhng mnh ph nh ng c lp th mi chuyn v
GT1, GT2, a b, GT3,.,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, c d, KL2,,
KLm-1, KLm.
Bi ton chuyn v dng:

GT1, GT2, a , b, GT3,.,, GTn-1, GTn KL1, c , d , KL2,, KLm1, KLm.

Bc 3: Bin i dng trn thnh danh sch cc mnh

{GT1, GT2, a, b, , , GTn , KL1, KL2, c, d , KLm}
Bc 4 : Nu trong danh sch mnh bc 2 c 2 mnh i ngu
nhau th bi ton c chng minh. Ngc li th chuyn sang B5.
(a v a gi l hai mnh i ngu nhau).
Bc 5 : Xy dng mt mnh mi bng cch tuyn mt cp mnh
trong danh sch mnh bc 2. Nu mnh mi c cc bin
mnh i ngu nhau th cc bin i ngu c loi b.
V d : p qr s q
Hai mnh q, q l i ngu nn s c loi b
p r s .
Bc 6 : Thay th hai mnh va tuyn trong danh sch mnh bng
mnh mi. p dng heuristic cho thut ton ny p dng hp
gii sau khi thu c mnh mi {p r s} c th b 2 mnh
c {p q } v { r s q}. Nu mnh l mnh nguyn t
th khng rt gn m chuyn v cui danh sch. C th hp gii
nhiu th t mnh c bin i ngu vi nhau, nhng cch hay
hp gii mnh no ra c mu thun nhanh th nn chn.
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V d :
{ p q , r s q , w r, s q }
{ p r s , w r, s q }.
{p u, p, q t, p, r s} {u, q t, p, r s, p }.
(p l 1 mnh nguyn t).
Bc 7 : Nu khng xy dng c thm mt mnh mi no v trong
danh sch mnh khng c 2 mnh no i ngu nhau th vn
khng c chng minh.
Lu : - t bc 2 5 khng theo th t.
-

Thut gii Robinson s dng sau mt s hu hn bc v a ra

thng bo thnh cng nu t GT tm ra c KL.

chng minh bi ton xut pht khng ng ta phi hp gii ht tt

c cc kh nng cho n khi khng th sinh ra thm biu thc mnh
no mi trong bi ton.

Cng nh thut gii Vng Ho, thut ton Robinson c nhc im

l ty theo th t ly cc cp mnh hp gii c th xy ra hin
tng trn b nh(do bng n t hp) i vi cc bi ton c kch
thc ln.

Bi ton chng minh c nhng c th kt lun khng chng minh

c nu p dng Heuristic sai.
o

V d: [(p q)r),(p

r)s), pq]r

o B1) a v dng chun ta c:

(p q) r), (p

r) s), pq]r

B2) Khng c.

B3)

pq r, p r s, pq], r

b4) Cha c mnh i ngu nn chuyn sang B5.

b5) Hp gii 2 mnh u ta c:

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

{pq s}.
a vo danh sch mnh ta c :
{pq s, pq, r }.
Tip tc hp gii 2 mnh u ta c: {s , r}. Khng c mu thun
khng th hp gii c na. Bi ton sai chng? Cu tr li y l
bi ton khng h sai nu chng ta hp gii trc 2 mnh 1, 3 ta c:
{pq r pq} r.
a vo danh sch mnh ta c: {r, p r s, r}. Khi c mu
thun r, r . Vy bi ton c chng minh.
-

I.

p dng lut De Morgan b du (ph nh) ca nguyn mt

nhm mnh :
V d: (p

q ) p

q.

(p

q ) p

q.

p dung lut phn phi (nu cha gp dng chun cn tm) php
tuyn i vi php hi (hay php hi i vi php tuyn).
V d: p

(q

(q

u) (p
u) (p

q)

(p

u).

q)

(p

u).

BI TP THUT GII ROBINSON

Bi 1: Cho {(AB) C, (BC) D, (AB)}. Hi D ?
Bc 1) Ta a VT v VP ca bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun bng

cch:
Thay cc php ton (tng ng) bng php ton (ko
theo) tng ng. (Khng c php ton nn ta b qua).
Thay cc php ton (ko theo) bng cc php ton (ph
nh), (php tuyn) tng ng.

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

(AB) C (A B) C.
(BC) D (B C) D.

Ta c dng chun ca bi ton l:

{((A B) C, (B C) D, (A B) ) D}.

Bc 2) Thay php ton GTi v php ton KLj bng du ,.

{(A B C, B C D, A, B ) D}.
Bc 3) B php ton (ko theo) v ph nh mnh kt lun a sang
GT:
{A B C, B C D, A, B , D}.
Bc 4) C tt c 5 mnh nhng cha c 1 cp mnh i ngu. Nn
chng ta chuyn qua B5.
Bc 5) Tuyn mt cp mnh (chn 2 mnh c bin i ngu). C
th chn th t cp mnh hp gii ty thch min l cp mnh c chn c 2
mnh i ngu hp gii. y chng ta chn mnh 1, 2 hp gii:
{A B C B C D} {A B B D } (b mnh i
ngu C, C)
Bc 6) Thay th 2 mnh c bng mnh mi. Ta c danh sch mnh
mi nh sau:
{A B D, A, B , D }
Cha xut hin cp mnh mu thun.
Bc 5) Tip tc tuyn mnh 1, 2 (hay hp gii mnh 1, 2):
{A B D, A} {B D}(B 2 mnh i
ngu A, A. C th khng b mnh A cng c v n l mnh nguyn t,
c th a vo cui danh sch mnh ).
Bc 6) Thay th 2 mnh c bng mnh mi. Ta c danh sch mnh
mi nh sau:
{B D , B , D }
Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Vn cha xut hin cp mnh mu thun. Chuyn sang B5

Bc 5) Hp gii 2 mnh u tin ta c:
{B D B } {D}
Bc 6) Thay th 2 mnh c bng mnh mi, ta c:
Danh sch mnh tr thnh

{D, D }

Bc 7) tm c 2 mnh i ngu nn bi ton ban u c

chng minh.
Bi 2. Cho {ABD, DE F, E AB}. Hi AD
Bc 1) a GT, KL ca bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun:
Thay du (ko theo) bng cc php ton (ph nh), (hay)
ABD ABD
DE F D(EF)
E AB (E A) B
AD AD
Dng chun:
{(ABD, D(EF), (E A) B) AD}
Bc 2) Thay php ton GTi v php ton KLj bng du ,.
p dng lut phn phi cho mnh
{D(EF) } {(DE) ( DF)}
{(ABD, (DE) ( DF), E A B) A, D}
Bc 3) Bin i dng trn thnh danh sch cc mnh , b php ton ko theo
ng thi ph nh mnh a v GT:
{ABD, (DE) , ( DF), E A B, A, D}
Bc 4) C tt c 6 mnh nhng cha c mnh i ngu nn ta chuyn
sang B5.

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bc 5) Tuyn cp mnh (cp mnh c 2 mnh i ngu nhau). Chn

mnh 1, 2 :
{A B D DE} {A B E} (B mnh i ngu D, D)
Bc 6) Th 2 mnh c bng mnh mi ta c danh sch mnh :
{A B E, DF, E A B, A, D }
Cha c mnh i ngu chng ta tip tc tuyn cc cp mnh cn li
Tuyn cp mnh 1, 3 :
{A B E E A B} {A B A B}
i ngu E, E)

(B mnh

Danh sch mnh mi:

{ A B,DF, A, D }
Vn cha xut hin mnh i ngu.
Tuyn mnh 1, 2 trong danh sch mnh mi:
{ A BD F A} { B D F } (B mnh i ngu A,
A. C th khng b mnh A).
Danh sch mnh mi: { B D F , D}.
Bc 7) Ti y khng cn cch no hp gii sinh ra mnh mi c. Vy
bi ton khng c chng minh.
Bi 3. Cho {(ab)c, (bc)d, d}. Cm ab?
Bc 1) a bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun:
Thay du (ko theo) bng cc php ton ,
(ab)c (ab) c
(bc)d (bc) d
ab ab

Ta c: {((ab) c, (bc) d, d) ab}

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bc 2) Thay php ton GT v php ton KL bng du ,:

p dng lut De MorGan: (ab) c ab c
(bc) d bc d
Ta c danh sch mnh c thay:
{(ab c, bc d, d) a, b}
Bc 3) Bin i cc dng trn thnh danh sch mnh bng cch b du ,
a KL sang GT ng thi KL:
{ab c, bc d, d, a, b}
Bc 4) C c thy 5 mnh nhng cha c cp mnh i ngu nn chng ta
chuyn sang B5.
Bc 5) Tuyn cp mnh 1,2 :
{ab c b c d} {ab b d } (B 2 mnh i
ngu c, c).
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi:
{ab d, d, a, b }
Vn cha c cp mnh i ngu nn ta tip tc hp gii.
Tuyn mnh 1, 2 trong danh sch mnh mi:
{ab d d} {a b}
Danh sch mnh mi : {a b, a, b }
Vn cha c cp mnh mu thun ta tip tc hp gii.
Tuyn mnh 1, 2 trong danh sch mnh mi ta c:
{a b a} {b}
Danh sch mnh mi: {b, b}
Bc 7) Khng tm ra c mnh i ngu nn bi ton ban u khng c
chng minh.
Bi 4. Cho {(pq)r, (pr) s, p, q}. Hi r ?...

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bc 1) a bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun bng cch :

Thay cc php ton bng cc php ton ,
(pq)r (pq) r
(pr) s (pr) s
Dng chun ca bi ton:

{((pq) r, (pr) s, p, q) r}

Bc 2) Khng c chuyn sang bc 3.

Bc 3) Bin i cc dng trn thnh danh sch mnh bng cch b du ,
a KL sang GT ng thi KL:
ng thi s dng lut De MorGan i vi mnh 1, 2
{p q r, p r s, p, q, r}
Bc 4) C 5 mnh nhng cha c mnh i ngu nn ta chuyn sang b5.
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 3:
{p q r p} {q r} (b 2 mnh i ngu p, p)
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi : {q r, p r s, p, q, r }
Cha c mnh i ngu nn tip tc lp li b5, b6 xy dng mnh mi.
Tuyn mnh 1, 4 :
{p r q} {r} (B mnh i ngu q, q)
Danh sch mnh mi : {r, p r s, p, q, r }
Bc 7) Tm c cp mnh i ngu {r, r} trong danh sch mnh mi.
Vy bi ton ban u c chng minh.
Bi 5. Cho {(p q )r, (q r)s, s}. Hi p q?
Bc 1) a bi ton cn chng minh v dng chun bng cch thay php ton
bng php ton , :
(p q )r (p q ) r
(q r)s (q r) s

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

p q p q
{( (p q ) r, (q r) s, s) p q }

dng chun :

Bc 2) Thay php ton GT v php ton KL bng du ,:

p dng lut De MorGan cho mnh 1, 2:
{(p q r, q r s, s) (p , q) }
Bc 3) Bin i cc dng trn thnh danh sch mnh bng cch b du ,
a KL sang GT ng thi KL:
{p q r, q r s, s, p, q }
Bc 4) C 5 mnh m cha c mnh i ngu nn chuyn sang b5.
Bc 5) tuyn mnh 1, 4:
{p q r p} {q r} (b mnh i ngu p, p)
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi: {q r, q r s, s, q }
Cha c mnh i ngu nn tip tc hp gii
Tuyn mnh 1, 4:
{q r q} {r}
Danh sch mnh mi : {r, q r s, s, q }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Tuyn mnh 1, 2 trong danh sch mnh mi:
{r q r s} {q s}
Danh sch mnh mi : {q s, s, q }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn.
Tuyn mnh 1, 3 trong danh sch mnh mi: {q s q } {s}
Danh sch mnh mi : {s, s}
Bc 7) Tm c cp mnh i ngu {s, s}. Vy nn bi ton xut pht
ng.
Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bi 6. Cho {p q, q r, r s, u s}. Hi p, u.
Bc 1) a v dng chun:
{(p q, q r, r s, u s) (p, u)}
Bc 2) Khng c chuyn sang bc 3.
Bc 3) a cc dng trn v dng:
{p q, q r, r s, u s, p, u}
Bc 4) C 6 mnh nhng cha c mnh no i ngu nn chuyn sang
bc 5.
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 2 ta c:
{p q q r} {p r}
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi : {p r, r s, u s, p, u}
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 4 trong danh sch mnh mi:
{p r p } {r}
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi : { r, r s, u s, u}
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 2 trong danh sch mnh mi:
{ r r s } {s}
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi : { s, u s, u}
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 2 trong danh sch mnh mi:
{s u s } {u}
6) Danh sch mnh mi : { u, u}
Bc 7) Tm c cp mnh i ngu { u, u}.Vy nn bi ton xut pht
ng.

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bi 7. CM { A B, A C E , B C D, E F, F D G, A} hi G?
Bc 1) a v dng chun:
{ A B, A C E, B C D, E F, F D G, A
G}
Bc 2) Thay du , nu GTi c v KLj c .
{ A B, A C E, B C D, E F, F , D G, A G }
Bc 3) a cc dng trn v dng:
{ A B, A C E, B C D, E F, F , D G, A , G }
Bc 4) Cha c mnh no i ngu nn chuyn sang bc 5.
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 7 ta c:
{A B A} { B ,A}
A l mnh nguyn t nn khng c b
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ B , A C E ,B C D, E F, F , D G, A , G }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 2, 7 ta c:
{A C E A } { C E }
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ B , C E ,B C D, E F, F , D G , G }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 2, 4 ta c:
{ C E E F } { C F }
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ B , C F ,B C D, F , D G , G }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 3 ta c:
{ B B C D } { C D }
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ C F , C D, F , D G , G }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 3 ta c:
{ C F F} { C }
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ C, C D, D G , G }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 2 ta c:
{ C C D } { D }
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ D, D G , G }
Vn cha c mnh i ngu, tip tc tuyn
Bc 5) Tuyn mnh 1, 2 ta c:
{D, D G } { G }
Bc 6) Danh sch mnh mi :
{ G , G }
Bc 7) Tm c cp mnh i ngu { G, G}.Vy nn bi ton xut pht
ng.
Bi 8. t C(x): x l c heo; T(x): x thng minh; D(x): x bit c. Biu din cc
cu sau:
e. C heo th thng minh.
f. C heo th khng bit c.

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

g. Nhng ai bit c th thng minh.

h. Willy l c heo
Hy : 1. Dng logic v t m t cc mnh trn.
2. T cc cu trn, chng minh c 1 ngi thng minh nhng khng bit c.

Bi 9.
Cho tp quan h (hm) trong tam gic:
a. a/sin = b/sin
b. c/sin = b/sin
c. S = p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)

d. + + =
e. S = hc*c

Hy 1. Dng mng ng ngha m t cc mi quan h gia bin v hm.

2. Ci t thut gii cho bi ton.
1) Cch xy dng:
- nh ca th: bao gm 2 loi:
o Hnh ch nht cha cng thc ca tam gic.
o Hnh trn biu din cc bin ca tam gic.
2) M hnh:
a) a/sin = b/sin
c) c/sin = b/sin

c) S = p(p-a)(p-b)(p-c)
d) + + =
e) S = hc*c.

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

1. M t mi quan h gia bin v hm.

3) Ci t thut gii:
- Ci t mng ng ngha gii bi ton tam gic bng 1 mng 2 chiu trong :
o Ct: ng vi cng thc (hnh ch nht)
o Dng: ng vi cc bin (hnh trn)
o

Xi l cc bin, Rj l cc cng thc.

Rij = -1 (Nu Xi cha kch hot)

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

- Nu Xi Rj

Rij = 1 (Nu Xi c kch hot)

- Nu Xi Rj Rij = 0.
- Kch hot cc nh hnh trn (bin) cho trc: khi nhng cng thc c cha bin
ny th cho gi tr =1.
- Xt tng ct Rj: nu tng cc c gi tr 0 l m v tng cc c gi tr = 1 l m-1 th
cng thc c kch hot. Khi cc bin lin h vi cng thc ny (duyt theo ct)
s c kch hot t -1 sang 1. Tip tc duyt xc nh cc cng thc lin quan.
- Nu duyt ht tng ct Rj m cng thc khng th kch hot bt k nh no na hay
tm ra c cng thc lin quan th dng.
4) V d cho bi ton:
Cho bit , , a tnh hc.
a. Cha kch hot cng thc v bin no

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

hc

-1

b. Bt u , , a c kch hot.

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

-1

-1

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

hc

-1

Trn ct R1 ta c: tng cc c gi tr 0 l 4 v tng cc c gi tr = 1 l 3 nn

R1 c kch hot bin b c kch hot. Trn ct R4 ta c: tng cc c gi tr 0 l 3
v tng cc c gi tr = 1 l 2 nn R4 c kch hot bin c kch hot. Bng trn
c v li
c.

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

hc

-1

Trn ct R2 ta c: tng cc c gi tr 0 l 3 v tng cc c gi tr = 1 l 2 nn

cng thc R2 c kch hot dng c c kch hot.
V li bng

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

-1

-1

hc

-1

Trn ct R3 ta c: tng cc c gi tr 0 l 4 v tng cc c gi tr = 1 l 3 nn cng

thc R3 c kch hot dng S c kch hot.
V li bng

R1

R2

R3

R4

R5

hc

-1

Trn ct R5 ta c : tng cc c gi tr 0 l 3 v tng cc c gi tr = 1 l 2 nn cng

thc R5 c kch hot dng hc c kch hot.
R1

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To

R2

R3

R4

R5

HUI_H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

hc

Tnh c hc thut ton kt thc.

Mn: Tr Tu Nhn To