Giao Trinh TCTC

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG
1/100
PHN I
LP K HOCH, T CHC & IU KHIN THI CNG XY DNG

CHNG I
KHI NIM CHUNG V THIT K T CHC XY DNG

1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG nc ta, thit k t chc thi cng cha c ch ng mc. Nhng cng trnh c chun b cng c tin thi cng v mt s bn v trnh by mt vi bin php thi cng nhng rt s si v ch c tc dng tng trng, trong qu trnh thi cng hu nh khng s dng n. Cc quyt nh v cng ngh hu nh ph mt cho cn b thi cng ph trch cng trnh, cn b thi cng ny cng lc lm hai nhim v va l ngi thit k cng ngh, va l ngi t chc sn xut. i vi nhng cng trnh quy m ln v phc tp th ngay c nhng cn b giu kinh nghim v nng lc cng khng th lm trn c hai nhim v , cng vic xy dng s tin hnh mt cch t pht khng c ton cc, do d xy ra nhng lng ph ln v sc lao ng, v hiu sut s dng thit b, ko di thi gian thi cng, tng chi ph mt cch v l. Vic thit k t chc thi cng m iu quan trng l thit k phng thc, cch thc tin hnh tng cng trnh, hng mc hay t hp cng trnh, c mt vai tr rt ln trong vic a ra cng trnh thc t h s thit k k thut ban u v cc iu kin v cc ngun ti nguyn. N l ti liu ch yu chun b v mt t chc v cng ngh, l cng c ngi ch huy iu hnh sn xut, trong ngi thit k a vo cc gii php hp l ha sn xut tit kim vt liu, lao ng, cng sut thit b, gim thi gian xy dng v hp l v mt gi thnh. p ng cc yu cu , ni dung mn hc t chc thi cng bao gm cc vn sau: Nhng vn l lun c bn v thit k v t chc thi cng xy dng. Cc phng php lp m hnh k hoch tin v t chc thi cng xy dng. Thit k v t chc cc c s vt cht k thut cng trng. T chc v iu khin tin thi cng xy dng. nm vng v vn dng tt nhng kin thc m mn hc t chc thi cng trang b vo thc tin, ngi cn b ch o thi cng cn cn phi trang b cho mnh cc hiu bit nht nh v k thut, kinh t, x hi c lin quan nhm gip cho vic t chc v ch o thi cng cng trnh mt cch ng n, sng to v c hiu qu cao. Mt kh khn t ra l cng tc qun l xy dng ca t nc ta hin nay ang trong qu trnh i mi v hon thin nn cc quy nh, th l, quy chun, quy phmhoc l cha n nh, hoc l cha c nn khi p dng vo thc t cn theo st nhng quy nh, tiu chun v s ban hnh. 1.2 CC BC THIT K, PHN LOI THIT K TRONG XY DNG
moitruongnuoc.com
2/100
C BN Theo quan im v m ca ngi qun l u t, cng trnh xy dng lun gn lin vi mt d n, n thng tri qua ba giai on chun b u t, thc hin u t v a cng trnh vo hot ng (hnh 1-1).
Nhu cu ca th trng nh nc, x hi Hnh thnh d n u t Kh nng u t ca doanh nghip nh nc, x hi
Chun b u t
Thc hin u t (Xy dng cng trnh)
Khai thc (S dng cng trnh)
Hnh 1-1. Qu trnh hnh thnh cng trnh theo quan im v m. Nh vy mun hnh thnh mt d n phi l kt qu ca nguyn nhn ch quan (kh nng u t) v nguyn nhn khch quan (nhu cu ca th trng). Theo quan im vi m ca ngi qun l xy dng, mt cng trnh c hnh thnh thng qua su bc nh sau. Trn hnh 1-2 trnh by y cc bc tin hnh thc hin mt d n xy dng thuc nh nc qun l. Nhng n cng bao hm c vi cc cng trnh ch u t l t nhn. Tuy nhin ty theo quy m cng trnh cc bc c th n gin ho hoc st nhp li ch gi nhng bc c bn.
Thm nh Thm nh Thm k
D n tin kh thi
D n kh thi
Thit k
tng
Kho st Bo co s b d n TKT
Kho Bo co st k d n thut kh thi
Kho st b sung
u thu
Thi cng
Khai thc
CH U T THC HIN C QUAN T VN THC HIN
NH THU
CH U T
Hnh 1-2. Qu trnh hnh thnh cng trnh theo quan im vi m. tng ca d n l kin xut u tin d n hnh thnh. tng thng c ch u t xut do tc ng ca cc nguyn nhn ch quan v khch quan, cng c khi ch l s nhy cm ngh nghip ca ch u t trong mt tnh hung c th. tng hnh thnh t t, t lc s khai n giai on chn mui s c a ra bn lun nghim tc v c cp c ch quyn ghi vo chng trnh ngh s. y l tin cho cc bc tip theo.
moitruongnuoc.com
3/100
1.2.1 Thm d v lp d n tin kh thi. L bc tip theo ca tng c ch u t thu c quan t vn lm, cng c th l ch u t trc tip thc hin. Ni dung ca bc ny l thm d cc s liu ban u ch u t khng nh tng c c s khng, nu c trin vng tip tc nghin cu tip bng khng th dng li. Trong bc ny cng tc thm d l ch yu, da trn nhng s liu sn c thu thp c, ngi ta lm d n tin kh thi. Sau lm nhng bi ton ch yu l phn tch kinh t s b kt lun. Lp d n tin kh thi cn lm nhng vic sau: Tm hiu nhu cu ca x hi trong khu vc d n hot ng. Tm hiu ch trng ng li pht trin kinh t ca quc gia trong thi gian kh di (10 - 50 nm). nh gi tnh hnh hin trng ngnh v chuyn ngnh kinh t ca d n, trong ch trng n trnh cng ngh, nng sut hin c v kh nng pht trin ca cc c s hin din trong thi gian ti (ci to, m rng, nng cp cng ngh, hin i ho cng ngh). Trnh cng ngh sn xut ca khu vc v th gii. Mc sng ca x hi, kh nng tiu th sn phm ti a phng v khu vc xut khu. Kh nng ca ch u t, cc ngun vn c th huy ng, m hnh u t. Ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu, cng ngh sn xut. a bn xy dng cng trnh s trin khai d n vi s liu v a hnh, kh hu, dn c, mi trng trc v sau khi xy dng cng trnh. C s h tng sn c v trin vng trong tng lai. Trn c s cc s liu phn tch tnh ton rt ra kt lun c u t khng v quy m u t l bao nhiu (nhm cng trnh). Trong thi gian lp d n tin kh thi c th thc hin kho st s b b sung c s liu vit bo co. D n tin kh thi vit di dng bo co phi c thm nh v ph duyt, theo quy nh hin hnh tu thuc quy m v ngun vn ca d n. 1.2.2 Lp d n kh thi. y l bc quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh d n, n khng nh tnh hin thc ca d n. Trong bc ny gm c hai phn kho st v vit bo co kinh t k thut. Lp d n kh thi thng c c quan t vn thit k thc hin. Trong d n kh thi phi chng minh c tnh kh thi k thut v tnh hiu qu kinh t ca cng trnh (sa cha, m rng, hin i ha, xy mi). Cng trnh cng ln, cng phc tp, a bn xy dng cng rng th vic kho st cng phi ton din v y . i vi nhng khu vc c cng trnh xy dng th s liu c th tn dng nhng kt qu ca ln kho st trc. Trong kho st chia ra lm hai loi kinh t v k thut. Kho st v kinh t thng c thc hin trc, n cung cp s liu lm c s xc nh v tr cng vi ngun nguyn liu, mng li k thut h tng c s (giao thng, nng lng) ngun nc, dn c, phong tc, vn ha, mi trng thin nhin, nhn lc v.v... i tng ca kho st k thut l iu kin thin nhin trong khu vc trin khai d n, mc ch trin khai d n c li nht. Kt qu kho st k thut gip la
moitruongnuoc.com
4/100
chn mt bng xy dng, quy hoch nh ca, cng trnh, nhng gii php k thut cn trin khai. Kt lun cui cng ca d n da trn s nh gi ton din kinh t - k thut cc phng n t ra. i vi cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip kho st bao gm nhng vn . Lm r iu kin kinh t khu vc xy dng vi s quan tm cho hot ng ca cng trnh bao gm: nguyn vt liu, kh nng cung cp in, nc, mng li giao thng, lao ng cng nh cc ti nguyn khc, nhng kho st gip vic xc nh v tr xy dng cng trnh. Kho st nhng cng trnh ang hot ng trong khu vc s xy dng cng trnh, lm r cng sut, trnh cng ngh, kh nng lin kt gia chng v vi cng trnh s xy. y l c s xc nh quy m v li ch ca cng trnh s xy dng. Kho st ton din a hnh, a vt khu vc trin khai d n thit k v quy hoch cc nh, cng trnh cng nh cc mng k thut, h tng c s. Vic ny c thc hin trn bn a hnh (c sn hoc phi t o v). Kho st a cht cng trnh, a cht thy vn ca mt bng xy dng xc nh tnh c l ca a tng, nc ngm, ma gi, h ao, sng suiS liu kho st phi xc nh c gii php kt cu, mng, h thng mng li nc ngm... Kho st iu kin thi tit (ma nng, nhit , sm st...) khu vc xy dng cng trnh. i vi cc cng trnh c bit cn kho st thm nhng yu t ca kh quyn ( m, trong sch ca khng kh, phng x , ion...). Kho st iu kin lin quan n xy dng vn dng kh nng ti ch gim gi thnh cng trnh, bao gm ngun vt liu xy dng ti ch (my mc, thit b, giao thng, kh nng khai thc cc x nghip ph tr) ngun nhn cng a phng; mng li in, nc sn c. Kho st nhng yu t nh hng n gi thnh cng trnh, thi hn c th hon thnh xy dng tng phn v ton b cng nh k hoch a cng trnh vo khai thc. Kho st quang cnh kin trc, quy hoch khu vc cng trnh c gii php thit k ha nhp vi cnh quan kin trc sn c. Tt c cc s hiu c lin quan n thit k, xy dng v khai thc cng trnh u phi thu thp y v vit thnh bo co kinh t k thut khng nh v tr xy dng cng trnh. Bo co phi a ra t nht l hai phng n so snh la chn. Bo co kinh t k thut ca d n kh thi c thc hin bi c quan t vn thit k da trn nhng bo co kho st kinh t - k thut. Bo co phi a ra li gii ca bi ton t ra t nht c hai phng n. Trong chng minh tnh hiu qu kinh t ca li gii bao gm nhng phn chnh sau. 1) Cng sut ca cng trnh. 2) Gi tr, hiu qu kinh t, thi hn thu hi vn u t c bn ca cng trnh. 3) Thi gian t cng sut thit k v cc ch tiu kinh t k thut thit k. 4) Mc c gii ho, t ng ha cc qu trnh sn xut, trnh cng ngh so vi trong nc v th gii. Trnh tiu chun ho, thng nht ha cc chi tit trong sn phm lm ra. H thng qun l cht lng p dng.
moitruongnuoc.com
5/100
5) H s xy dng (s dng mt bng) so vi tiu chun quy nh. 6) S thay i mi trng sinh thi (cy ci, dng chy, gi t ai) do cng trnh mang li. 7) nh hng n i sng x hi ca nhn vin v gia nh cng nhn, cn b trong qu trnh xy dng v khai thc cng trnh. H s ca bo co d n kh thi bao gm: Thuyt minh trnh by tm tt ni dung cc phng n a ra la chn, so snh cc phng n , tnh ton khi qut nhng quyt nh trong phng n, trnh by bin php an ton lao ng v tnh ton cc ch tiu kinh t k thut, trong gii thch v cch xc nh cc ch tiu . Tng mt bng th hin y mi lin h gia cc to nh, cc cng trnh xy dng. Cc bn v cng ngh, giao thng ni b, gii php kin trc, kt cu, h thng thit b v cc gii php thit k khc c lin quan. Danh mc cc loi my mc, thit b ca cc hng mc cng trnh. c tnh mc u t xy dng cng trnh (khi ton). c tnh gi mua sm thit b, my mc theo gi kho st. Tng mc u t ca d n (tng khi ton) Bng thng k cc loi cng tc xy lp chnh. Thit k t chc (hoc thi cng) xy dng vi tng tin (th hin bng biu ngang hoc mng). Cc gii php k thut chng nhim mi trng hay thay i cnh quan... D n kh thi phi c thm nh v c quan ch u t cp tng ng ph duyt tu theo ngun vn v cng trnh thuc nhm no ? 1.3 THIT K CNG TRNH XY DNG DN DNG & CNG NGHIP Bao gm hai phn chnh l thit k v tnh d ton. Ty theo quy m, phc tp, tnh quan trng ca cng trnh thit k c th thc hin theo hai giai on (cng trnh nhm A v nhng cng trnh quan trng ca nhm B) hay thit k mt giai on. Mi thit k biu hin mt giai on hon chnh thit k vi cht lng v chnh xc nht nh. Thit k giai on sau da trn kt qu ca giai on trc hon thin v c th ho cc gii php la chn. Nu thit k mt giai on l thit k thi cng. Khi thit k hai giai on th giai on u l thit k k thut cn giai on sau l thit k thi cng (hnh 1-2). Thit k do c quan t vn thc hin theo hp ng k kt vi ch u t. Thit k mt hay hai giai on tu quy m v tnh cht quan trng do c quan c ch quyn quyt nh. Nhim v chnh ca c quan thit k l khng ngng nng cao cht lng ca d n, gim gi thnh cng trnh, rt ngn thi gian tng nng sut cng tc thit k. 1.3.1 Nguyn tc thit k cng trnh xy dng. t c mc ch trn khi thit k cn tho mn nhng yu cu sau: Thit k ng b cng trnh xy dng, ngha l song song vi thit k cng ngh cn tin hnh thit k kin trc, kt cu xy dng cng trnh. Nh vy s
moitruongnuoc.com
6/100
bo m s n khp gia cc phn thit k c th t mua sm thit b my mc kp thi. m bo tnh kh thi khi thit k phi hnh thnh cc bin php xy dng cng trnh (th t, phng tin, thi gian thi cng). V mc ch trong thit k phi c thit k t chc (hoc thi cng) xy dng i km vi thit k cng ngh, kin trc v kt cu m bo tnh kh thi ca n. Hiu qu kinh t v hon thin k thut trong cc gii php thit k phi ph hp vi quy hoch, tun th cc quy nh trong quy chun xy dng ca nh nc Vit Nam (TCVN) hay nhng tiu chun c quy nh trong hp ng thit k. p dng rng ri nhng thit k mu c cht lng; nhng chi tit kt cu ph bin trong cng trnh. y l bin php gim chi ph thit k, nng cao cng nghip ha, rt ngn thi gian xy dng cng trnh. S dng ti a vt liu a phng gim ti mc thp nht vt liu nhp p dng cng ngh tin tin trong cng tc xy lp lm c s c gii ho ng b, vn dng hnh thc t chc v qun l xy dng tin tin. Tin hnh kho st b sung i vi nhng gii php k thut m nhng kho st giai on d n cung cp cha y , hoc pht hin, pht sinh nhng s liu mi. 1.3.2 Thit k k thut (TKKT). Thit k k thut l giai on u trong thit k hai giai on. Thit k k thut da trn c s kho st v bo co d n kh thi cng vi kho st trong giai on thit k (nu c). Thit k k thut gii quyt tt c cc vn k thut bo m cho cng trnh c tnh kh thi, phng php tnh ton ng c tnh tin tin, s liu a ra chnh xc nhng cn giai on m ( b sung) cha chi tit tin hnh thi cng, c bit l cc chi tit do thi cng t ra. Thit k k thut c trin khai tt c cc phn ca thit k (cng ngh, kin trc, kt cu, vt liu...) sn sng trin khai thit k thi cng. H s thit k k thut bao gm : Thuyt minh trnh by cch tnh ton, khi qut nhng gii php thit k ca ton b cng trnh. Cc bn v cng ngh, dy chuyn sn xut, gii php kin trc (mt bng, ct, ng) gii php kt cu, gii php trang thit bm cng ngh thi cng s p dng. D ton s b gi thnh cng trnh. Thit k k thut phi c thm nh v ph duyt cp c thm quyn thuc nh nc hoc ch u t. 1.3.3 Thit k thi cng (TKTC) Thit k thi cng l thit k cng trnh theo mt giai on hay giai on hai ca thit k cng trnh hai giai on gm thit k v d ton. Thit k thi cng c nhim v trc tip phc v thi cng cng trnh. Thit k thi cng da trn bo co d n kh thi (thit k mt giai on) hoc thit k k thut (thit k hai giai on). Nhng sai lch vi d n kh thi hay thit k k thut ch
moitruongnuoc.com
7/100
c php khi nng cao cht lng thit k v c ch u t v ngi thit k trc ng . Khi thit k mt giai on TKTC phi gii quyt ton b v dt im nhng gii php thit k, cung cp s liu cn thit nh lao ng, ti nguyn, vt t, k thut, gi thnh xy dng (d ton) cng vi y cc bn v thi cng cc cng tc xy lp cho ngi xy dng. Trong thit k hai giai on TKTC phi c th ho, chi tit ho cc gii php cng ngh, kin trc, kt cu, thi cng c khng nh trong thit k k thut. D ton trong TKTC phi c thuyt trnh cch tnh khi lng cng vic, n gi p dng, ch dn hoc thng t ca c quan nh nc v hch ton cng trnh. Bn v thit k thi cng phi cung cp y chnh xc, r rng cc chi tit cn thit ca cng trnh thit k tin hnh cc cng tc xy lp. Thit k phi trnh by t tng th n chi tit, phn tch ch dn (gm mt bng, ct, chi tit phng to, trin khai b phn). Bn v phi ch c v tr, mi quan h gia cc cng trnh vi mng li k thut, giao thng. Bn v chi tit cung cp hnh dng, kch thc tng b phn, s lin kt gia chng. Bn v thi cng phi bo m ngi thc hin lm ng thit k mt cch chnh xc n gin nht, tit kim nht. D ton thit k c tnh ton da trn khng nh ca d n kh thi v trin khai y thit k thi cng (k c nhng bin php thi cng c bit cha c trong nh mc n gi n thi im tnh ton). Thit k thi cng v d ton km theo phi c cp qun l c thm quyn ph duyt n lm ti liu phc v thi cng va l c s quyt ton cng trnh. 1.4. THIT K T CHC XY DNG 1.4.1 Nhim v v nguyn tc thit k t chc, thi cng xy dng. Trong thit k cng trnh xy dng lun lun phi bao gm thit k t chc hoc thi cng xy dng. N l b phn khng th tch ri khi thit k k thut v thit k thi cng. Nhim v ca thit k t chc v thi cng l tm kim bin php t chc hp l xy dng cng trnh trong thi hn ngn nht c th, vi gi thnh nh nht, cht lng tt nht theo yu cu thit k. Trong thit k t chc v thi cng xy dng phi trnh by phng php, phng tin, thi hn thc hin tng loi cng tc xy lp cng nh ton b cng trnh. l c s lp k hoch u t vn, cung ng vt t k thut, c s sn xut ph tr N l c s lp k hoch thc hin kim tra, bo co sn xut. thit k t chc v thi cng xy dng t c nhim v ra (nhanh, cht lng, gi h) khi thit k phi tun th theo cc nguyn tc sau: Vic thc hin cc cng tc xy lp bt buc phi tun th theo quy trnh quy phm c ph duyt lm chnh xc, kt hp nhp nhng, n khp gia cc qu trnh sn xut v gia cc n v tham gia xy dng. a phng php sn xut dy chuyn v t chc thc hin cng nhiu cng tt. y l phng php tin tin n s nng cao nng sut lao ng, cht lng cng vic; sn xut iu ha, lin tc, gim nh cng tc ch o v kim tra cht lng, d dng p dng cc phng php qun l h thng.
moitruongnuoc.com
8/100
a h thng qun l cht lng tin tin vo trong sn xut, thay KCS bng ISO-9000 nng cao tnh cnh tranh trong c ch th trng. Bo m sn xut quanh nm, nh vy s khai thc ht nng lc thit b, bo m cng n vic lm cho cn b cng nhn, to s pht trin n nh cho n v xy lp trong thi gian di. S dng c gii ha ng b v t ng ho trong cc qu trnh xy lp. Chn nhng my mc, c gii c cng sut mnh v gi thnh h, s dng ht cng sut v h s thi gian cao. S dng cc kt cu lp ghp v cu kin sn xut ti nh my rt ngn thi gian thi cng, gim ph ph (cp pha, hao ht vt liu..). Gim khi lng xy dng ln tri, nh tm. Tng cng s dng nhng loi nh tho lp, di ng, s dng nhiu ln vo mc ch tm trn cng trng gim gi thnh cng trnh. Thc hin php lnh phng h lao ng, k thut an ton lao ng cng nh php lnh phng chng chy n ti cng trng. p dng cc nh mc tin tin trong lp k hoch, t chc, ch o xy dng vi vic s dng s mng v my tnh. Thc hin ch khon sn phm trong qun l lao ng tin lng cho cn b cng nhn i i vi p dng h thng qun l cht lng tng tnh ch ng, trch nhim ca cc c nhn cng nh tp th vi cng vic. Bo m thi hn xy dng cng trnh theo php lnh (hp ng k kt). 1.4.2 Thit k t chc xy dng (TKTCXD). Thit k t chc xy dng c tin hnh cng vi thit k k thut hoc thit k thi cng trong thit k mt giai on. Thit k t chc xy dng c c quan t vn thit k thc hin trn c s bo co d n kh thi v kt qu kho st k thut v kho st b sung trong khi thit k. Nhng nhim v cn gii quyt trong TKTCXD: Xc nh thi hn xy dng cng trnh cng nh cc giai on chnh, thi im tip nhn thit b. Nhng gii php c bn v t chc xy dng ton cng trng cng nh tng nh mt. Xc nh khi lng u t tin vn cho tng nm, qu. Thnh phn, khi lng, th t, thi hn thc hin cc cng vic trong giai on chun b khi cng cng trng. Nhu cu v ti nguyn vt cht k thut chnh, ngun cung cp v tch thc tip nhn trong tng giai on c th. Nhu cu sinh hot ca cng nhn, cn b k thut, nhu cu nh ca, sinh hot ca cng trng v gii php p dng. Xy dng c s sn xut ph tr phc v cng trng xy dng. Trin khai phiu cng ngh cho nhng cng vic thc hin cng ngh mi. Thit lp iu kin an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng cho ton cng trng v cho tng cng vic c bit. H s ca TKTCXD bao gm nhng ti liu sau:
moitruongnuoc.com
9/100
Bng tng hp cc cng vic xy lp chnh v c bit trong giai on xy dng chnh cng nh trong giai on chun b. Tng tin (di dng khi qut) thc hin cc cng vic chnh trong giai on chun b v giai on xy dng. Trong th hin r th t trin khai cng vic cc giai on hon thnh v ton b. Trong tin c km theo biu huy ng nhn lc, thi gian s dng my mc. K hoch tng th v cung cp vn theo nm, qu ph hp vi tng tin . Tng mt bng xy dng vi t l thch hp th hin nhng cng trnh v s xy dng cng nh kho tng ln tri. Bn khu vc vi t l thch hp th hin cng trng xy dng cng vi mng li x nghip ph tr, c s vt cht k thut, lng cng nhn, h thng giao thng ng x v nhng cng trnh khc c lin quan n cng trng. Danh mc tng th nhng vt liu, bn sn phm, kt cu chnh, my xy dng, phng tin vn ti theo cc giai on xy dng ca nm, qu. Thit k v d ton nh ln tri tm khng nm trong gi thnh xy dng. Nhng cng trnh ln tri, phc v thi cng ny do cp quyt nh u t xem xt v ph duyt. Bn thuyt minh trnh by c im cng trnh, iu kin thi cng, quy trnh cng ngh, phng php t chc xy dng, nhu cu v gii php v nhn ti vt lc, my mc, kho bi, ng x, ln tri cng nh cc ch s v kinh t k thut ca bin php thi cng. Tnh gi d ton cng trnh da trn nhng n gi, nh mc v bin php thi cng c ph duyt. Tnh d ton phi c bng k cng vic, cch xc nh khi lng cng vic ca chng. i vi nhiu vic khng c n gi th phi c tnh tn gi thnh bao gm vt liu, nhn cng, my mc. Thit k t chc xy dng phi c tin hnh song song vi cc giai on thit k tng ng ca cng trnh ph hp vi cc gii php mt bng, kt cu, cng ngh ca cng trnh. i vi nhng cng trnh n v nh gn hoc cng trnh thi cng theo thit k mu phi c: Tng tin (dng mng). Tng mt bng. Biu nhn lc v s dng my mc. Bng tnh d ton. Thuyt minh. 1.4.3 Thit k t chc thi cng (TKTCTC) Thit k t chc thi cng c c quan xy lp thc hin trn c s ca TKTCXD, d ton cng trnh cng vi nhng kt qu kho st b sung khu cng trng v nng lc ca n v nhn thu. Trong TKTCTC s chnh l, chi tit ho cc quyt nh ca TKCTXD v gii quyt cc vn mi pht hin. c bit quan tm n nhng chi tit trin khai cng ngh xy lp cng nh vic xy lp nhng x nghip ph tr phc v sn xut vt liu, cu kin cho cng trng. V tr, cng sut, cng ngh v trang b ca cc x nghip phi c gi nguyn theo TKTCXD. S thay i ch c php khi bn
moitruongnuoc.com
10/100
thit k TCXD ng do gim c gi thnh cng trnh v ci thin cht lng cng vic. TKTCTC phc v cho cng tc t chc thc hin, ch o v kim tra tt c cc giai on thi cng, cc hng mc cng trnh v ton cng trng nn thit k phi ht sc c th v chnh xc cc vn sau: thi hn xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh, ca cc giai on chnh v ton cng trng; th t v bin php thc hin cc cng vic xy lp; s phi hp, thi hn thc hin cc bin php trong giai on chun b: biu cung ng vt t, my mc; nhu cu v nhin liu nng lng trong giai on thi cng; nhu cu v nhn lc theo ngnh ngh; bin php phng h, v sinh an ton lao ng; h thng kim tra, qun l cht lng p dng. H s ca TKTCTC bao gm: Tin (dng SM) xy dng cc cng trnh n v vi khi lng thi cng chnh xc. Tng tin ( dng SM) khi qut cho ton cng trng v cc giai on xy dng. Tng mt bng b tr chnh xc v tr cc x nghip sn xut, ng x c nh v tm, kho, bi mng li cp in, nc thng tin... Bn lit k khi lng cc cng vic trong giai on chun b v biu thc hin. Biu cung ng vt t chnh. Biu nhu cu nhn lc theo ngnh ngh, my xy dng v vn chuyn. Phiu cng ngh cho nhng cng vic thi cng phc tp v mi. H s my mc v phiu chuyn giao cng ngh cho nhng cng vic thi cng c bit, quan trng (n mn, khoan, k...). Bn thuyt minh v cc gii php cng ngh, bo him, mi trng an ton lao ng, hnh thc tip nhn nhn ti, vt lc. Tnh ton cc chi tiu kinh t k thut (thi hn xy dng, trnh c gii ho, chi ph lao ng cho mt n v sn phm...). Cc bn v thit k thi cng cng trnh tm, ln tri. TKTCTC phi thc hin xong trc ngy khi cng cng trnh mt thi gian cn b k thut nghin cu nm bt c . Vic thit k TKTCTC phi c k s v cn b k thut c kinh nghim ca n v nhn thu thc hin di s ch o ca k s trng c s tham kho kin ca nhng ngi thi cng. TKCTCT gii quyt cc vn k thut cng ngh, t chc v kinh t phc tp. Mun t c ti u th phi tin hnh nhiu phng n lm c s la chn theo nhng ch tiu kinh t k thut, c th l : V k thut . Bo m cht lng cao nht. To iu kin cho vic thi cng d dng, an ton nht. V kinh t. Gim gi thnh thp nht. S dng c hiu qu nht ti nguyn sn xut ca n v xy lp. a cng trnh vo khai thc ng k hoch.
moitruongnuoc.com
11/100
CHNG II
CC M HNH K HOCH TIN THI CNG XY DNG

2.1 KHI NIM CHUNG 2.1.1 Khi nim. M hnh k hoch tin (KHT) l mt biu k hoch trong quy nh trnh t v thi gian thc hin cc cng vic, cc qu trnh hoc hng mc cng trnh cng nhng yu cu v cc ngun ti nguyn v th t dng chng thc hin cc nhim v k hoch ra. Nh vy m hnh k hoch tin l hnh thc v cng c m t s pht trin ca qu trnh thi cng v thi gian, khng gian cng cc nhu cu vt cht m cc thit k t chc xy dng, thi cng xy lp n nh. 2.1.2 Phn loi. Ty theo yu cu, ni dung v cch th hin c 4 loi m hnh KHT sau: M hnh k hoch tin bng s. M hnh k hoch tin ngang. M hnh k hoch tin xin. M hnh k hoch tin mng li. 2.1.3 Cu trc. Cu trc mt m hnh k hoch tin gm 3 phn chnh: Phn 1: C tn gi l Tp hp nhim v theo hin vt v ti chnh, ty theo yu cu ca tng loi m hnh KHT m phn ny c th c trnh by tng qut hay chi tit hn na. Phn 2: C tn gi l th ca tin nhim v, phn ny trnh by cc loi m hnh bng s, ngang, xin hay mng li ch s pht trin v thi gian, khng gian ca cc qu trnh thi cng xy dng.
moitruongnuoc.com
12/100
Phn 2: C tn gi l K hoch nhu cu v vt t nhn lc ti chnh, phn ny c lp tng hp hoc chi tit cc nhu cu vt t, thit b, nhn lc, ti chnhcn thit hon thnh cc nhim v theo KHT vch ra.
PHN 1 PHN 2 PHN 3
2.2 M HNH K HOCH TIN BNG S M hnh KHT bng s dng lp k hoch u t v thi cng di hn trong cc d n, cu trc n gin, xem v d minh ha nh hnh 2-1. Phn 1: Trnh by th t v tn gi cc hng mc u t cng gi tr cng tc tng ng (trong c tch ring gi tr cho phn xy lp v ton b). Phn2: Dng cc con s ch s phn b vn ti nguyn dng xy dng cc hng mc theo cc nm. Phn ny quy c ghi t s l tng gi tr u t ca hng mc, mu s l phn gi tr xy dng. Phn3: Tng hp nhu cu vn u t theo cc nm v cho ton b k hoch.
S TN HNG MC TT CNG TRNH 1 Cng tc chun b 2 Khi nh sn xut 3 Nh qun l GI TR CNG TC TNG S PHN XD 1.500 1.500 10.500 9.500 450 400 NM TON B TIN THEO NM 1 2 3 1000/1000 300/300 200/200 1500/1500 7500/7500 1500/500 300/300 150/100 NHU CU VT T 2800/2800 7950/7900 1700/700 12450/11400
Hnh 2-1. Cu trc m hnh k hoch tin bng s. 2.3 M HNH K HOCH TIN NGANG 2.3.1 c im cu to. Cn gi l m hnh k hoch tin Gantt (phng php ny do nh khoa hc Gantt xng t nm 1917). c im l m hnh s dng th Gantt trong phn th tin nhin v_ l nhng on thng nm ngang c di nht nh ch thi im bt u, thi gian thc hin, thi im kt thc vic thi cng cc cng vic theo trnh t cng ngh nht nh. Xem v d minh ha nh hnh 2-2. Phn 1: Danh mc cc cng vic c sp xp theo th t cng ngh v t chc thi cng, km theo l khi lng cng vic, nhu cu nhn lc, my thi cng, thi gian thc hin, vnca tng cng vic. Phn 2: c chia lm 2 phn Phn trn l thang thi gian, c nh s tun t (s t nhin) khi cha bit thi im khi cng hoc nh s theo lch khi bit thi im khi cng. Phn di thang thi gian trnh by th Gantt: mi cng vic c th hin bng mt on thng nm ngang, c th l ng lin tc hay gp khc qua mi on cng tc th hin tnh khng gian. th hin nhng cng vic c lin quan vi nhau v mt t chc s dng ng ni, th hin s di
moitruongnuoc.com
13/100
chuyn lin tc ca mt t i s dng mi tn lin h. Trn ng th hin cng vic, c th a nhiu thng s khc nhau: nhn lc, vt liu, my, ca cng tc, ngoi ra cn th hin tin trnh thi cng thc t Phn 3: Tng hp cc nhu cu ti nguyn_vt t, nhn lc, ti chnh. Trnh by c th v s lng, quy cch vt t, thit b, cc loi thcc tin m bo cung ng cho xy dng. 2.3.2 u nhc im v phm vi s dng. u: Din t mt phng php t chc sn xut, mt k hoch xy dng tng i n gin, r rng. Nhc: Khng th hin r mi lin h logic phc tp gia cc cng vic m n phi th hin. M hnh iu hnh tnh khng thch hp tnh cht ng ca sn xut, cu to cng nhc kh iu chnh khi c sa i. S ph thuc gia cc cng vic ch thc hin mt ln duy nht trc khi thc hin k hoch do cc gii php v cng ngh, t chc mt i gi tr thc tin l vai tr iu hnh khi k hoch c thc hin. Kh nghin cu su nhiu phng n, hn ch v kh nng d kin din bin ca cng vic, khng p dng c cc tnh ton s mt cch nhanh chng khoa hc. Tt c cc nhc im trn lm gim hiu qu ca qu trnh iu khin khi s dng s ngang, hay ni cch khc m hnh KHT ngang ch s dng hiu qu i vi cc cng vic n gin, s lng u vic khng nhiu, mi lin h qua li gia cc cng vic t phc tp.
Stt Cng vic A B C D E .. ..
ng ni logic
.v k.lng T.gian ...
Thng 1
Thng 2
Thng 3
1 1 2 3 4 5 . .
2
A
10 11 12
B C1
(d tr) C2 D C3 Mi tn di chuyn th E
P(ngi)
10 11 12
T(ngy)
Hnh 2-2. Cu trc m hnh k hoch tin ngang. 2.4 M HNH K HOCH TIN XIN 2.4.1 c im cu to. V c bn m hnh KHT xin ch khc m hnh KHT ngang phn 2 ( th tin nhim v), thay v biu din cc cng vic bng cc on thng nm ngang ngi ta dng cc ng thng xin ch s pht trin ca cc qu trnh thi cng
moitruongnuoc.com
14/100
theo c thi gian (trc honh) v khng gian (trc tung). M hnh KHT xin, cn gi l s xin hay s chu trnh (Xyklogram). Xem v d minh ha nh hnh 2-3, s xin s c nghin cu chng III, phng php t chc thi cng. Trc khng gian m t cc b phn phn nh ca i tng xy lp (khu vc, t, phn on cng tc), trc honh l thi gian, mi cng vic c biu din bng mt ng xin ring bit. Hnh dng cc ng xin c th khc nhau, ph thuc vo tnh cht cng vic v s t chc thi cng, s khc nhau ny gy ra bi phng_chiu_nhp ca qu trnh. V nguyn tc cc ng xin ny khng c php ct nhau tr trng hp l nhng cng vic c lp vi nhau v cng ngh. 3
R 1 2 3 4 m 1 m a 1
t Pon
Hnh 2-3. Cu trc m hnh k hoch tin xin. 2.4.2 u nhc im v phm vi s dng. u: M hnh KHT xin th hin c din bin cng vic c trong khng gian v thi gian nn c tnh trc quan cao. Nhc: L loi m hnh iu hnh tnh, nu s lng cng vic nhiu v tc thi cng khng u th m hnh tr nn ri v mt i tnh trc quan, khng thch hp vi nhng cng trnh phc tp. M hnh KHT xin thch hp vi cc cng trnh c nhiu hng mc ging nhau, mc lp li ca cc cng vic cao. c bit thch hp vi cc cng tc c th t chc thi cng di dng dy chuyn. 2.5 M HNH K HOCH TIN MNG LI 2.5.1 Gii thiu chung. Nhng nm gn y nhiu phng php ton hc v k thut tnh ton xm nhp rt nhanh vo lnh vc t chc qun l, c bit di s tr gip ca my tnh. Mt trong nhng phng php c hiu qu nht l phng php s mng, do hai nh khoa hc ngi M l Ford v Fulkerson xut da trn cc c s v ton hc nh l thuyt th, tp hp, xc sutPhng php s mng dng lp k hoch v iu khin tt c cc loi d n, t d n xy dng mt cng trnh n d n sn xut kinh doanh hay d n gii quyt bt k mt nhim v phc tp no trong khoa hc k thut, kinh t, qun su c th s dng s mng. M hnh mng li l mt th c hng biu din trnh t thc hin tt c cc cng vic, mi quan h v s ph thuc gia chng, n phn nh tnh quy lut ca cng ngh sn xut v cc gii php c s dng thc hin chng trnh nhm vi mc tiu ra.
moitruongnuoc.com
15/100
S mng l phng php lp k hoch v iu khin cc chng trnh mc tiu t hiu qu cao nht. y l mt trong nhng phng php qun l hin i, c thc hin theo cc bc: xc nh mc tiu, lp chng trnh hnh ng, xc nh cc bin php m bo vic thc hin chng trnh ra mt cch hiu qu nht. Mt d n bao gi cng bao gm nhiu cng vic, ngi ph trch c kinh nghim c th bit mi cng vic i hi bao nhiu thi gian, nhng lm th no s dng kinh nghim ca mnh gii p nhng vn nh: D n cn bao nhiu thi gian hon thnh ? Vo lc no c th bt u hay kt thc mi cng vic ? Nu quy nh thi hn d n th tng cng vic chm nht l phi bt u v kt thc khi no m bo hon thnh d n trc thi hn ?... Phng php s mng s gip ta gii p cc cu hi . Phng php s mng l tn chung ca nhiu phng php c s dng l thuyt mng, m c bn l phng php ng gng (CPM_Critical Path Methods), v phng php k thut c lng v kim tra d n (PERT_Project Evaluation and Review Technique). Hai phng php ny xut hin gn nh ng thi vo nhng nm 1957, 1958 M. Cch lp s mng v cn bn ging nhau, khc mt im l thi gian trong phng php PERT khng phi l i lng xc nh m l mt i lng ngu nhin do cch tnh ton c phc tp hn. Phng php ng gng dng khi mc tiu c bn l m bo thi hn quy nh hay thi hn ti thiu, cn phng php PERT thng dng khi yu t ngu nhin ng vai tr quan trng m ta phi c on thi hn hon thnh d n. Cc phng php s mng hin nay c rt nhiu v cn tip tc c nghin cu pht trin, y ta s nghin cu cch lp v phn tch s mng theo phng php ng gng CPM l phng php c bn nht. 2.5.2 Lp v tnh ton mng theo phng php ng gng CPM. 2.5.2.1 Cu to cc phn t ca mng, mt vi nh ngha. a.) Cng vic (Task): l mt qu trnh xy ra i hi c nhng chi ph v thi gian, ti nguyn. C ba loi cng vic: R,T Cng vic thc (actual task): cn chi ph v thi gian, ti nguyn, c th hin bng mi tn nt lin. Cng vic ch: ch i hi chi ph v thi gian ( l thi gian T ch theo yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut nhm m bo cht lng k thut: ch cho b tng ninh kt v pht trin cng T tho vn khun), th hin bng mi tn nt lin hoc xon. Cng vic o (imaginary task): khng i hi chi ph v thi gian, ti nguyn, thc cht l mi lin h logic gia cc cng vic, s bt u ca cng vic ny ph thuc vo s kt thc ca cng vic kia, c th hin bng mi tn nt t. b.) S kin (Event): phn nh mt trng thi nht nh trong qu trnh thc hin cc cng vic, khng i hi hao ph v thi gian_ti nguyn, l mc nh du s bt u hay kt thc ca mt hay nhiu cng vic. S kin c th hin
moitruongnuoc.com
16/100
bng mt vng trn hay mt hnh ty v c k hiu bng 1 ch s hay ch ci. S kin u cng vic: s kin m t mi tn cng vic i ra. 4 S kin cui cng vic: s kin m t mi tn cng vic i vo. 5 Mi cng vic gii hn bi hai s kin u_cui. S kin xut pht: s kin u tin khng c cng vic i vo, thng k hiu bng s 1. S kin hon thnh: s kin cui cng khng c cng vic i ra, nh s ln nht. c.vic c.vic c.vic
1 h trc i .xt
j
sau
c.) ng_L (Path): ng l mt chui cc cng vic c sp xp sao cho s kin cui ca cng vic trc l s kin u ca cng vic sau. Chiu di ca ng tnh theo thi gian, bng tng thi gian ca tt c cc cng vic nm trn ng . ng di nht i t s kin xut pht n s kin hon thnh gi l ng gng. l thi gian cn thit hon thnh d n. Cc cng vic nm trn ng gng gi l cng vic gng. Trong mt s mng c th c nhiu ng gng. d.) Ti nguyn_R (Resource): ti nguyn trong s mng c hiu theo ngha rng bao gm c lao ng, vt t, thit b, tin vn. e.) Thi gian cng vic (Duration): k hiu t ij l khong thi gian hon thnh cng vic theo tnh ton xc nh trc (hoc c lng i vi phng php PERT). 2.5.2.2 Cc quy tc lp s mng. S mng phi l mt m hnh thng nht, ch c mt s kin xut pht v mt s kin hon thnh, khng c s kin xut pht v s kin hon thnh trung gian. Mi tn k hiu cng vic i t tri sang phi v i t s kin t ij j i c s nh n s kin c s ln. (i<j) T suy ra quy tc nh s sau s kin mang s i, cc s kin sau ch c mi tn i ra nh s i+1, cc s kin sau va c mi tn i vo va c mi tn i ra nh s i+2; nu cc s kin sau c iu kin nh nhau th nh s s kin no trc cng c.
2 1 3 5 4 8 10 9 11
Nhng cng vic ring bit khng c c cng s kin u v cui, nhng cng vic c th hp thnh mt cng vic chung th phi thay n bng mt tn khc, nhng cng vic khc nhau khng th ng nht th ta phi thm vo cc s kin ph v cng vic o. cng vic a hay cng vic ij a cng vic ab hay cng vic ij cng vic b hay cng vic ik
i
j
ab
i b
moitruongnuoc.com
17/100
Nhng cng vic c mi lin quan khc nhau th phi th hin ng mi lin h tng quan , khng nhng ph thuc khng ng lm cn tr cc cng vic khc. V d: cho mi lin h sau: cng vic C bt u sau cng vic A, D bt u sau cng vic B, H bt u sau cng vic (A,B), ta s dng cc s kin ph v cng vic o th hin. a c
a c h d h b d b
(cha hp l) (hp l) Nu cc cng vic C1, C2,Cn khng cng bt u sau khi cng vic A hon thnh ton b, m bt u sau khi cng vic A kt thc tng phn tng ng A1, A2,An. Trong trng ny c th th hin nh sau.
A C A1 A2 An C2 Cn C1
Nu c mt nhm cng vic c lp vi cc cng vic cn li, th n gin ta thay nhm cng vic bng mt cng vic mi m thi gian thc hin cng vic mi bng ng gng thc hin nhm cng vic c thay th.
a c d e f g b a t=tc,e,g b
S mng cn th hin n gin nht, khng nn c nhiu cng vic giao ct nhau v khng c c nhng on vng kn (khng c c chu k).
2 1 3 4 1 2 3 4 a d b c e
(khng nn v) (nn v) (v sai) 2.5.2.3 Trnh t lp s mng. Khi lp s mng ca d n ta c th: i t u d n. i ngc li. Lm tng cm. Lit k cng vic ri sp xp. Ty tng trng hp c th m dng cch ny hay cch khc. Cch lm i t u thng dng khi bit r mi cng vic ca d n. Tri li khi gp mt d n rt phc tp hoc hon ton mi l th t ch cui cng i ngc li tt hn. Cch lm tng cm dng khi cn lp nhng mng chi tit trong mt mng chung. Cch lit k cng vic dng cho nhng d n n gin, cng vic r rng. Thng th khng th lp mt s chi tit ngay t u m phi lm nhiu t. Ni chung phng php s mng phn bit hai giai on thit k s v lp
moitruongnuoc.com
18/100
k hoch. a.) Thit k s : y l bc quan trng nht nh hng quyt nh n cht lng mng, ni dung chnh l: Thit lp tt c cc phng n c th c v mi lin h v trnh t thc hin cc cng vic theo tng giai on ca cng ngh xy dng ri chn phng n tt nht. Vic thit k s da vo cc bng v thit k v cng ngh lp bng danh mc cng vic, thit lp mi quan h v trnh t thc hin cc cng vic theo ng quy trnh cng ngh, k hiu cng vic v s kin cho ph hp phng php tnh ton. i vi mi cng vic cn tnh: khi lng cng vic, nh mc chi ph nhn cng, ca my V d: Thit k s mng thi cng cng tc b tng ct thp mng mt cng trnh no , vi phng n 1_c ton khi ti ch, phng n 2_thi cng lp ghp mng c sn. Phng n 1: Ct pha BT lt .mng BT
Ct thp mng Lp ghp mng
Phng n 2:
.mng
BT lt
Bc xp
Trong trng hp c xt n phng n t chc, phn thnh cc on cng tc:

1 BT lt
.mng1
2 C.thp1 3
.mng2 BT lt
C.pha1
BTmng1
5
BTmng2
4 C.thp2 6
.mng3 BT lt
C.pha2
8
BTmng3 10
7 C.thp3 9
C.pha3
1 BT lt
.mng1
CpCt1
BTmng1
6
BTmng1
.mng2 BT lt 4
CpCt2
7
10
9
11 BTmng3 12
.mng3 BT lt
CpCt3
Hnh 2-4. V d thit k s mng li. b.) Lp k hoch: Tnh ton thi gian thc hin tng cng vic trong s mng lm c s tnh thi gian hon thnh d n. Trong phng php ng gng, thi gian l i lng xc nh, n c tnh ton trong nhng iu kin c th v bin php thi cng, thnh phn t th, c cu t th, nng sut thit b, phng php t chc mt bngtheo cc nh mc ban hnh cho tng ngnh. Do mng cn c gi l mng tt nh. t c mc ch cui cng thng c nhiu gii php v mi cng vic cng c nhiu bin php thc hin. V vy vic sp xp th t cc cng vic, xc nh mi lin h gia chng vi nhau khi lp s cng nh vic xc nh thi gian
moitruongnuoc.com
19/100
thc hin mi cng vic khi phn tch s mng i hi phi va am hiu chuyn mn va nm vng k thut s mng. 2.5.2.4 Cc phng php tnh ton mng gng. a.) Mc ch. Nhm xc nh di ng gng hay thi gian hon thnh d n. Xc nh cc cng vic gng, cc cng vic ny phi nm di s ch thng xuyn ca ngi iu khin chng trnh nu mun chng trnh hon thnh ng thi hn ra. Ngoi ra vic tnh ton s mng cn xc nh cc thng s cn thit phc v cho vic phn tch v ti u s mng theo mc tiu. b.) Cc thng s ca s mng. Gm 2 nhm. Nhm c bn: gm cc thng s gc khi lp s : thi gian thc hin tng cng vic, chi ph ti nguyn cho tng cng vic Nhm tnh ton: xc nh trn c s cc thng s gc, phc v tnh ng gng v ti u ha s : thi im bt u sm v mun ca tng cng vic, cc loi d tr thi gian c.) Khi nim cc thng s tnh ton. bs Bt u sm ca mt cng vic ( t ij ): l thi im sm nht c th bt u cng vic m khng nh hng n vic thc hin cc cng vic trc . N c xc nh bng thi hn ca ng di nht t s kin xut pht n bs bs s kin tip u ca cng vic ang xt. t ij = max t hi = max (t hi + t hi ) .
ks Kt thc sm ca mt cng vic ( t ij ): l thi im kt thc sm nht ca ks bs cng vic nu n c bt u thi im sm nht. t ij = t ij + t ij .
bm Bt u mun ca mt cng vic ( t ij ): l thi im mun nht c th cho php bt u cng vic m khng lm tng thi hn chung thc hin ton b bm d n. t ij = T (t ij + max t jk ).
Kt thc mun ca mt cng vic ( t ijkm ): l thi im mun nht c th kt thc cng vic nu n c bt u thi im mun nht. km bm t ij = t ij + t ij = min (t km t jk ) . jk D tr thi gian chung (ton phn) ca cng vic ( Dij ): l khong thi gian c th c s dng ko di thi gian thc hin cng vic hoc thay i thi hn bt u (hay kt thc) ca n m khng lm thay i thi gian thc bm bs km ks Dij = t ij t ij = t ij t ij . hin ton b chng trnh. D tr thi gian ring ( d ij ): l khong thi gian c th c s dng chuyn dch bt u cng vic hoc ko di thi gian s dng n m khng ks nh hng n bt u sm ca nhng cng vic tip sau. d ij = t bs t ij . jk Ngoi ra cn c mt s loi d tr khc ty theo mc ch s dng na nh d tr c lp, d tr t do
Ti s
bs tij
i
tij
Ti m
ks tij
bm tij
T js
j
tij
T jm
km tij
moitruongnuoc.com
Dij
dij
20/100
Hnh 2-5. Cc thng s tnh ton. d.) Phng php tnh ton. Hin nay c ba cch tnh: phng php gii tch (lp bng), phng php tnh trc tip trn s (phng php hnh qut), tnh trn my tnh (Microsoft Project).
PHNG PHP GII TCH

y l phng php dng bng v cc cng thc tnh ton. Phng php ny c trnh by qua v d nh sau: cho s mng nh hnh v, bit thi gian thc hin tng cng vic t ij , tnh s mng cho.
2
3
2 1 5 1 1
6
4 2 3
2 4
5
2
Bc 1: Lp bng tnh v ghi cc thng s gc ca s , lu sp sp cc cng vic theo trnh t tng dn ca ch s s kin u v cui. Tnh chiu di ng gng bng cch xt tt c cc phng n i t s kin u n s kin hon thnh v chn gi tr ln nht.
TG = max L(1,2,5,8) = 3 + 5 + 2 = 10 L(1,3,5,6,8) = 2 + 1 + 4 + 4 = 11 = 16(L12568 ) .
....... L(1,2,5,6,8) = 3 + 5 + 4 + 4 = 16 SM ks t t ij
bs ij
T T
(1)
Cng vic
(2)
t ij
(3)
MUN km t t ij
bm ij
D TR Dij d ij
(8) (9)
CV Gng
(10)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
1-2 1-3 2-3 2-4 2-5 3-5 3-6 4-5 4-7 5-6 5-8 6-8 7-8
3 2 2 1 5 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 3
0 0 3 3 3 5 5 4 4 8 8 12 6
3 2 5 4 8 6 8 5 6 12 10 16 9
0 5 5 6 3 7 9 7 11 8 14 12 13
3 7 7 7 8 8 12 8 13 12 16 16 16
0 5 2 3 0 2 4 3 7 0 6 0 7
0 3 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 0 6 0 7
1-2
2-5
5-6 6-8
moitruongnuoc.com

bs ij
21/100
Bc 2: Tnh t (ct 4) vi gi thit bt u sm ca cng vic i t s kin u bs tin (s kin khi cng) bng o. Cng thc tnh: t ij = max t hi . bs bs bs bs bs ; t12 = t13 = 0 t 23 = t 24 = t 25 = 3 ; bs t 35 = max(t13 ; t12 + t 23 ) = max(2,3 + 2 ) = 5 . ks ks bs Tnh t ij (ct 5) , cng thc t ij = t ij + t ij hay ct 5 = ct 4 + ct 3. bm bm Bc 3: Tnh t ij (ct 6), cng thc t ij = T (t ij + max t jk ). bm t13 = 16 [2 + max(L368 , L3568 , L358 )] = 16 [2 + max(3 + 4;1 + 4 + 4;1 + 2 )] = 5 km km bm Tnh t ij (ct 7) , cng thc t ij = t ij + t ij hay ct 7 = ct 6 + ct 3. Bc 4: Tnh d tr Dij (ct 8), d ij (ct 9) bm bs Dij = t ij t ij =ct 6 - ct 4. ks d ij = t bs t ij ( tnh tng cng vic mt). jk Nhn xt: cc cng vic gng c Dij = d ij = 0 .
PHNG PHP HNH QUT

y l phng php tnh trc tip trn s , vic tnh ton c thun li, ngi ta quy c cch k hiu cng vic v s kin nh sau: i vi s kin: vng trn s kin c chia lm 4 phn (hoc 3_b phn di). Phn trn ghi s hiu s kin i. Phn di ghi s hiu cc s kin ng trc i i n i B bs km i bng ng di nht (s hiu xc nh ng A tB tA gng). h Phn bn tri ghi bt u sm ca cng vic tip u. Phn bn phi ghi kt thc mun ca cng vic tip cui. i vi cng vic: mi tn cng vic k hiu nh sau (c th hi khc). Dij Gc trn bn tri ghi Dij d ij . Gc trn bn phi ghi t ij (Rij ). Qu trnh tnh ton c trnh by qua v d nh phng php gii tch d theo di v so snh, nh hnh v 2-6.
5 3
d ij
tij (Rij )
2 2
2 0
3 5 2 7
4 4 2 2
3 4
0 0 5 8 8 2
6 12 5 12 0 0
1
0 0 3 0
4
6 6
1 0 0 0
0 0
3
3
2 3 1
5 1 1
4 4 2 7 3 3
2
16 3 7 7
8 16 6
7 0
7 6 4 13
Hnh 2-6. V d tnh ton s mng theo phng php hnh qut.
moitruongnuoc.com

bs ij
22/100
Bc 1: Tnh t vi gi thit bt u sm ca cc cng vic i t s kin u tin (s kin khi cng) bng khng. Qu trnh tnh ton i t s kin u tin n bs bs s kin cui cng (t tri qua phi), cng thc tnh: t ij = max(t hi + t hi ). Kt qu xc nh c ng Gng L(1,2,5,6,8) = 16 v cc cng vic gng, cc bc sau xc nh cc thng s tnh ton ca s (khng cn tnh trc TG nh phng php gii tch). km Bc 2: Tnh t ij vi lu s kin cui cng n gin xem bt u sm v kt thc mun bng nhau (s kin hon thnh duy nht mt). Qu trnh tnh ton i km t s kin cui v s kin u (t phi sang tri), cng thc tnh: t ij = min (t km t jk ) . jk Bc 3: Tnh cc d tr Dij , d ij . bm bs km bs Dij = t ij t ij = t ij t ij t ij . ks bs d ij = t bs t ij = t bs (t ij + t ij ) . jk jk bs km Nh vy ch cn tnh Dij , d ij thng qua t ij v t ij . Cng vic gng c Dij d ij = 0 / 0 . e.) Chuyn s mng ln trc thi gian hay sang dng mng ngang. Theo cc bc trn, ta nhn thy s mng sau khi tnh ton vn cha th hin c tnh trc quan (th t cng nh di cng vic), khng v c biu ti nguyn, kh qun l iu hnh tin , v vy sau khi tnh ton xong ta chuyn s mng ln trc thi gian hoc sang dng s mng ngang. Xem hnh 2-7. Chuyn s mng ln trc thi gian. K trc thi gian trc (trc honh). Cng ng gng ln trc thi gian trc bng nt m, nu c nhiu ng cng l ng gng th chn 1 ng theo ngi iu khin l ch o v, cc ng khc v song song vi trc thi gian. B tr nhng cng vic khng gng bng nhng nt mnh song song vi trc thi gian, c th l khi sm hay khi mun. Tuy nhin ngi ta quy nh b tr tt c cc cng vic u l khi sm, lc d tr s dn v sau thun li hn cho vic iu khin ti u mng sau ny. V biu nhn lc v cc biu ti nguyn khc. Chuyn s mng sang dng s mng ngang. (S PERT-GANTT). V h ta trong trc honh biu th thi gian, trc tung biu din cng vic (cng vi cc ti nguyn s dng). Mi cng vic c biu din bng mt on thng ngang nh m hnh KHT ngang theo nguyn tc khi sm, cng vic o bin thnh 1 im, cng vic gng v m nt d phn bit. Cc cng vic biu din theo chiu dng ca trc tung vi th t cng vic tng dn v ln ca ch s s kin kt thc cng vic, nu nhiu cng vic c cng s kin kt thc th cng vic no c s kin u nh hn c xp trc. Nu nhiu cng vic cng kt thc s kin i th cng vic ij tip theo s bt u ch s i c honh ln nht. C nhiu cng vic cng kt thc s kin cui j song c honh khc nhau, s chnh lch jj chnh l d tr ca cng vic . V biu nhn lc v cc biu ti nguyn khc.
moitruongnuoc.com
23/100
Lu logic mng trc v sau khi chuyn s ln trc thi gian hay sang dng s mng ngang khng thay i.
2 (10) 3 2 (6) 3 (5) 2 3 (10) 1 (6) 5 1 (6) 1 4 (2) Cng vic C1 : 1-2 C2 : 1-3 C3 : 2-3 C4 : 2-4 C5 : 2-5 C6 : 3-5 C7 : 4-5 C8 : 3-6 C9 : 5-6 C10 : 4-7 C11 : 5-8 C12 : 6-8 C13 : 7-8 (8)
4 (5) 2 (8)
4 (5)
2 7 (10)
3 (10) Thi gian
5 10 6 2 8 6 6 10 5 10 8 5 10 1 2 3 4
30
5
34
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
P(ngi) 30 25 20 15 10 5 5 15 16
28 23
13
P=14.8
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
T(ngy)
Hnh 2-7. S mng trn trc thi gian v trn s mng ngang. 2.5.2.5 Ti u s mng. Phng n d kin s mng ban u thng c cc ch tiu tnh ton cha t yu cu i hi th phi tin hnh ti u mng. Ti u s mng l qu trnh iu chnh mng trn c s tnh ton nhng thng s ca n ci tin n v mt kinh t, k thut. Tuy nhin vn ti u ha l bi ton c min xc nh rng v phc tp, kh c bi ton no c th gii quyt nhiu mc tiu cng mt lc. Trong chng mc c th, s mng c ti u theo tng yu t: Thi gian thc hin. Ti nguyn s dng (nhn lc, nguyn vt liu, thit b). Gi thnh xy dng (mn hc Kinh t xy dng) a.) Ti u ha v thi gian. Mt vn thng phi gii quyt l rt ngn thi gian hon thnh d n, vn ny thc ra ch c ngha khi chi ph tng ln do rt ngn thi gian l t nht. y l bi ton tng i phc tp, khi lng tnh ton rt ln, v vy tuy hin nay c
moitruongnuoc.com
24/100
kh nhiu phng php tnh ton nhng ch mt s rt t l p dng c trong thc t. Thng th khi thi gian ca s ln hn gii hn theo php lnh hoc theo h s mi thu th phi ti u mng v thi gian. C 2 cch ti u ha. Rt ngn thi gian thc hin cc cng vic nm trn ng gng. -Bng bin php k thut: thay i gii php v cng ngh thc hin hay gii php vt liu s dng (c bit l cc loi vt liu mi), khi s dng bin php ny th phi m bo yu cu v cht lng k thut (i hi trnh tay ngh i ng thi cng, my mc thit b , phng php t chc thc hin). -Bng bin php kinh t: ko di thi gian thc hin cc cng vic khng gng nhm mc ch gim bt ti nguyn s dng v tp trung ti nguyn tit kim c thc hin cc cng vic gng, tng ca kp lm vic, tng s lng t th t my thi cng cng lcKhi dng bin php kinh t th phi m bo mt bng cng tc. Lu khi rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n vn phi m bo mi lin h k thut gia cc cng vic v vic tng chi ph rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n l thp nht v hp l. S dng bin php t chc sn xut, c bit l phng php t chc thi cng dy chuyn rt ngn thi gian thc hin cc cng vic gng, hoc mt nhm cng vic c th quyt nh n thi gian thc hin d n. Bin php ny khng tng chi ph ti nguyn, khng thay i cng ngh sn xut m vn rt ngn thi gian xy dng nn l bin php c bn hng u.
B 2 1.5 1 0 0 1 A1 1.5 1 2 1.5 2 3 3 A2 1.5 E1 1.5 3 4 4 1.5 2 6 6 7 F(1) D(1) 3 5 G 3 1 4 6.5 E2 2.5 A(3) C(2) 2 E(5) D(1) 7 8 8 9 K 2 8 12 J2 13 8 H(1)
5.12
G(3) F(1) 5 H(1) I(2)
6 J(4) K(2) L(4) 8 M(3) 7
C(2)
5 J1 11
8 11 12
10 13 14 2 10 15 16 2 10
14.16
15 4 6 10 2 18
L1
17
L2 2
12 17 19
4 10
M 3
Hnh 2-8. Ti u s mng v thi gian bng bin php t chc. V d: xem hnh v 2-8 , xt li v d trc c T=16, gi s rng c th chia mt bng cng tc cc cng vic gng thnh hai phn bng nhau v t chc thi cng dy chuyn cc cng vic gng trn , tnh li T. Kt qu T=12, ng gng L(1,2,3,4,5,11,12,13,14,17,19). b.) Ti u ha v ti nguyn s dng. Trong ni dung gii thiu trn y ta ch mi phn tch v mt thi gian m cha quan tm n vn ti nguyn, ngha l xem nh trong khi thc hin d n lc
moitruongnuoc.com
25/100
no nhu cu v ti nguyn cng c tha mn. Gi thit ny khng phi lc no cng hon ton ng, trong thc t ta thng gp nhng trng hp m nhu cu ti nguyn phn b khng u theo thi gian, nhiu khi vt qu (hay khng tn dng ng mc) gii hn v kh nng cung cp ti nguyn ca thc t. Thng trong thc t gii quyt hai loi bi ton sau. Hnh v 2-9. Bi ton 1. iu ha ti nguyn ng thi gi vng thi gian hon thnh d n. Bi ton 2. Rt ngn thi gian hon thnh d n vi iu kin tn trng gii hn v ti nguyn.
R Rt R Rtb Rt Bi ton 2 T=Const Rgh
Bi ton 1
Hnh 2-9. Cc bi ton ti u s mng v ti nguyn. Gi s ta c mt mng vi rt nhiu cng vic i hi nhng loi ti nguyn khc nhau v ta ch c mt s lng gii hn cc loi ti nguyn . Nh vy vic sp xp cc cng vic khng nhng ph thuc vo logic mng m cn ty thuc mc gii hn ti nguyn sn c. c kt qu cui cng ngoi logic mng, ta phi chn phng php sp xp theo cc nguyn tc u tin no v cn c vo gii bi ton. Li gii c th ti u cng c th khng nhng phi chc chn l gn ti u nht (trong thc t mng c rt nhiu cng vic, cc cng vic li cn rt nhiu loi ti nguyn v s c v vn cch sp xp khc nhau m ta khng th th tt c c). Khi sp xp ta phi da vo mt s quy tc u tin no , v d: u tin cc cng vic gng ( m bo thi gian hon thnh d n). Cng vic c d tr nh nht. Cng vic c thi gian thc hin ngn (s nhanh chng gii phng ti nguyn). Cng vic c thi im bt u (hay kt thc) mun l nh nht (v c ng ni t s kin trc hay sau ti s kin cui cng ca s l di nht). Cng vic theo mun ch quan ca ngi iu khin hay thc t i hi phi thc hin trc Gii hai bi ton phn phi ti nguyn trong trng hp n gin c th tnh th cng cn ni chung phi s dng cc chng trnh my tnh, nhng my ch gip ta tnh ton cn cc quyt nh v loi ti nguyn, phng php sp xpl do ngi iu khin. Li gii tt hay xu ty thuc vo cc quyt nh . Bi ton 1, iu ha ti nguyn ng thi gi nguyn thi gian hon thnh d n c th gii theo thut ton Burgess. Bi ton 2, rt ngn thi gian hon thnh d n vi iu kin tn trng gii hn v ti nguyn c th s dng thut ton Kelley. Khi cn iu chnh mt cch nhanh chng v tng i, s dng phng php iu chnh nhanh.
moitruongnuoc.com
26/100
THUT TON BURGESS

Nguyn tc: o lng s thay i v nhu cu ti nguyn, ngi ta dng tng ca bnh phng cc nhu cu ti nguyn trong mi thi k ca biu . im u vic ca thc o ny l tng gi tr ca bnh phng cc nhu cu trong tng thi k gim nhanh chng nu s thay i v nhu cu ti nguyn gim v s t ti thiu khi nhu cu hon ton bng nhau. Nguyn tc ny da trn kt qu ca bt ng thc: Nu
x1 + x 2 + ..... + x n = A
Th
Bt ng thc ny t gi tr ti thiu khi Vi xi l cc nhu cu ti nguyn trong mi thi k ca biu . V d: gi s thc hin mt cng vic no cn 3 cng nhn thc hin trong 3 ngy, hay ni cch khc l cn 9 cng. Trn hnh 2-10 trnh by 11 phng n c th gii quyt cng vic ny. Ta thy gi tr thang o nu gim t 81 n v phng n 1 n 27 n v phng n cui d khi lng lao ng vn khng thay i (9cng).
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1 81 5 2 2 3 2 65 2 53 45 41 2 1 41 1 35 1 33 3 6 5 4 4
2 2 x12 + x 2 + .... + x n A n n x1 = x 2 = .... = x n .
4 3 3 3
41
35
27
Hnh 2-10. V d v thang o Burgess. Thut ton Burgess. Bc 1: Chuyn s mng tnh sang s mng ngang, lu cc cng vic u khi sm. V biu ti nguyn ban u. Bc 2: Th t iu chnh cc cng vic t di ln (ch s j cao nht trc), cc cng vic gng c nh khng xt, cc cng vic cn li n nh mt thi im bp bp bt u theo k hoch trong phm vi d tr ca chng t ij sao cho thang o Bij nh nht. Thc cht ca vic n nh ny l dch chuyn thi im bt u ca cng vic t tri sang phi v tnh gi tr thc o tng ng mi ln dch chuyn. Nu bp c nhiu gi tr thc o bng nhau th ta ly thi im bt u mun nht t ij max. Khi xem xt vic dch chuyn cc cng vic phi c gng tn dng thi gian d tr t do c th xut hin do vic n nh cc cng vic pha sau. Bc ny kt thc khi ta sp xp c cc cng vic trn cng ca bng. Qu trnh tnh ton c th lp li nhiu vng cho n khi vic dch chuyn cc cng vic sang bn phi khng lm tng gi tr thc o na. V d: Ly li v d trong phn trc. Hnh v 2-11
moitruongnuoc.com
27/100
Bc 1: Chuyn s mng tnh sang dng s mng ngang, v biu ti nguyn v tnh gi tr thc o ban u. Bg (0) = (15 2 2 + 5 2 + 16 2 + 30 2 + 34 2 ) + 28 2 2 + 23 2 + 13 2 + 5 2 6 = 2787 + 2416 = 5203 .
Cng vic C1 : 1-2 C2 : 1-3 C3 : 2-3 C4 : 2-4 C5 : 2-5 C6 : 3-5 C7 : 4-5 C8 : 3-6 C9 : 5-6 C10 : 4-7 C11 : 5-8 C12 : 6-8 C13 : 7-8 t ij t ij
bs
r ij
r ij
t ii
bs
Thi gian
1 3 2 2 1 5 1 1 3 4 2 2 4 3 0 0 3 3 3 5 4 5 8 4 8 12 6 0 3 0 0 0 2 3 4 0 0 6 0 7 3 0 1 2 3 4 7 6 7
P(ngi) 35 Ban u 30 cui cng 25 20 15 10 5 5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
1 3 4 5 5 6 9 11 13
3'
2'
4'
4' 3'
5' 6'
4' 5'
7' 8'
7'
8'
34 30 28 23 20 15 14 5 16 18 15 13 5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 T(ngy)
Hnh 2-11. V d v iu ha ti nguyn theo thut ton Burgess. Bc 2: Ta bt u iu chnh bng vic dch chuyn cng vic cui cng. Cng vic 7-8 : vic n nh thi im bt u k hoch sm nht c th trong khong thi gian t ngy th 6 n ngy th 13, ng vi mi bc dch chuyn tnh li gi tr thc o Burgess. bc dch chuyn 1: Bg (1) = 2787 + 18 2 + 28 2 + 23 2 2 + 5 2 6 = 2787 + 2316 = 5103 . bc dch chuyn 2: Bg (2) = 2787 + 18 2 2 + 23 2 2 + 15 2 + 5 2 5 = 2787 + 2056 = 4843 . Bg (3) = 2787 + 1896 = 4683 . Tng t: bp Bg (4 ) Bg (7 ) = 2787 + 1736 = 4523 . chn t 78 = 13 . bp Cng vic 5-8: vic n nh t 58 trong khong thi gian t ngy 8 n ngy 14.
Bg (0 ) = (15 2 2 + 5 2 + 16 2 + 30 2 + 34 2 + 18 2 2 ) + 13 2 2 + 5 2 3 + 15 2 3 = 3435 + 1088 = 4523 Bg (1) Bg (3) = 3435 + 5 2 + 13 2 2 + 5 2 2 + 15 2 3 = 3435 + 1088 = 4523 Bg (4 ) = 3435 + 1248 = 4683 Bg (5) = 3435 + 1408 = 4843 bp Bg (6 ) = 3435 + 1408 = 4843 chn t 58 = 11 ,
moitruongnuoc.com
28/100
Nh vy cui cng ta xc nh c thi im bt u theo k hoch cho tt c cc cng vic. So snh vi trng thi ban u ta thy kt qu ca vng 1 mang li l thang o Burgess gim t 5203 xung 3663 (29,6%) v nh cao ca nhu cu ti nguyn gim t 34 n v xung 20. Ngoi ra tn dng ti nguyn t ngy 10 n ngy 16. C th lp li cc bc trn tm ra phng n tt hn. C mt nhn xt l phng php tnh ton kh cht ch, logic nhng khi lng tnh ton kh nhiu, khng thch hp vi vic tnh ton bng th cng vi nhng s mng ln. Mt s phng php khc gii bi ton iu ha ti nguyn l ca Levy, Thompson v Wiest, cc phng php ny gii quyt cho nhiu d n cng lc.
THUT TON KELLEY

Trong thc t ta thng gp trng hp m ti nguyn b gii hn m nhim v ca chng ta l phi phn b cc cng vic sao cho thi gian thc hin chng l ngn nht c th c vi iu kin tun th trnh t cng ngh. Nguyn tc: Do tnh a dng ca ti nguyn m hn mc ti nguyn c th khng thay i, c th thay i trong k, c th mt loi, nhiu loi, n gin bi ton ca chng ta gii trn c s cc iu kin hn ch: -Cc cng vic c thc hin lin tc vi cng khng i trong sut thi gian ca chng (nhu cu ti nguyn ca cc cng vic rij = const ). -Hn mc ti nguyn khng i theo thi gian, R gh = const . Xt bi ton phn phi mt loi ti nguyn hn ch khng i theo thi gian, hm mc tiu ca bi ton nh sau: T (G ) min : t rij R gh . Trong G_s mng cng vic cho. rij _nhu cu ti nguyn ca cc cng vic. R gh _hn mc ti nguyn khng ch. t rij _tng nhu cu ti nguyn ti thi im xt. Thut ton Kelley. mt thi im t trong qu trnh thc hin mng cng vic G th c cc tp hp cng vic lin quan sau: -Tp hp Ft_tp hp cc cng vic kt thc ti thi im t ang xt. -Tp hp Et_tp hp cc cng vic ang thc hin thi im t. -Tp hp Nt_tp hp cc cng vic mi c th a vo xem xt. -Tp hp At_tp hp cc cng vic c xem xt thi im t. -Tp hp St_tp hp cc cng vic c bt u thi im t. -Tp hp Dt_tp hp cc cng vic b hon li n thi im tip theo. Tiu chun xem xt l: = R gh t rij 0 ; ij (Et U S t ) . Bi ton s khng c li gii khi Et U S t = tc l ti thi im t ang xt khng c cng vic no ang thc hin hoc c chn bt u, mng cng vic b gin on ti thi im (trng hp ny xy ra khi Rt < rij , vi ij bt k no ).
moitruongnuoc.com
29/100
Et+=(EtSt)\Ft+. Ta xt t thi im t=0 v kt thc khi t=max t ngha l khi t n thi hn kt thc theo k hoch ln nht cc cng vic ca mng. V d: Ly li v d trong phn trc vi R gh = 20 , xc nh T? Hnh v 2-12. Chuyn s mng tnh sang dng s mng ngang. Lp bng tnh v in cc thng s bit, cc s liu trong cc hng, ct cn li s xut hin trong qu trnh tnh ton.
kp ij
Thi im xem xt tip theo s l khi c t nht mt cng vic trong Et hoc St kt thc, gii phng thm ti nguyn v sau bt u thm cc cng vic mi. K kp hiu thi im ny t+=min t ij ; ij (Et U S t ) ; _l s gia thi gian. T tp At chn tp St, vic xc nh St da vo th t xem xt ca cc cng vic a vo tp St cc cng vic bt u sm nht gii phng ti nguyn v s dng ti a hn mc ti nguyn. Ph thuc vo cc quy tc u tin chn cng vic bt u m kt qu c th khc nhau nhng phi m bo trnh t cng ngh (logic mng) l iu kin bt buc. Ti thi im t+ gi tr cc tp thay i nh sau: At+=DtNt+
Cng vic C1 : 1-2 C2 : 1-3 C3 : 2-3 C4 : 2-4 C5 : 2-5 C6 : 3-5 C7 : 4-5 C8 : 3-6 C9 : 5-6 C10 : 4-7 C11 : 5-8 C12 : 6-8 C13 : 7-8
t ij
r ij
t ij
bs
t ij
bp
t ii
kp
Thi gian
1 3 2 2 1 5 1 1 3 4 2 2 4 3 5 10 6 2 8 6 4 10 5 10 8 5 10 0 0 3 3 3 4 3 5 8 4 8 12 6 0 0 3 3 3 4 3 8 8 5 11 12 13
P(ngi) 35 Ban u 30 cui cng 25 20 15 10 5
2
(5) (10)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
3 2 5 4 8 5 5 11 12 7 13 16 16
(6) (2) (8) (6) (6) (10) (5) (10) (8) (5) (10)
34 30 28 23 20 15 16 14 5 18 15 13 13 5 15
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 T(ngy)
Hnh 2-12. V d v iu ha ti nguyn theo thut ton Kelley.

t
0
Ft
Et
Rt
20
Nt
1-2/1-3
At
1-2/1-3
St
1-2/1-3
Dt
moitruongnuoc.com
30/100
2 3 4 5 7 8 11 12 13
1-3 1-2 2-4 2-3/2-4 4-7 2-5/3-5 3-6 5-6 5-8
1-2 2-3/2-5 2-5 2-5 5-6 5-8 6-8
15 20 6 12 12 20 15 12 15
2-3/2-4/2-5 4-5/4-7 3-5/3-6 7-8 5-6/5-8 6-8
2-3/2-4/2-5 4-5/4-7 3-5/3-6/4-7 3-5/3-6/7-8 5-6/3-6/5-8/7-8 5-8/7-8 6-8/7-8 7-8
2-3/2-4/2-5 4-5 4-7 3-5 5-6/3-6 5-8 6-8 7-8
4-7 3-5/3-6 3-6/7-8 5-8/7-8 7-8 7-8
(Tng t vi Rgh=16, ta c kt qu T=18).
PHNG PHP IU CHNH NHANH

Khi cn iu chnh biu ti nguyn mt cch nhanh chng v tng i ta s dng phng php iu chnh nhanh, qu trnh thc hin theo 2 bc. Bc 1: Chuyn s mng tnh ln trc thi gian hoc sang dng s mng ngang (ty theo phc tp ca s ). Tnh mc ti nguyn trung bnh Rtb : Rtb = Q/T Trong : Q_tng nhu cu v ti nguyn, bng din tch biu ti nguyn. T_thi gian thc hin d n. Bc 2: Cch iu chnh: cc cng vic gng c nh khng dch chuyn, th t v s lng cc cng vic c iu chnh khng bt buc, nhng nn xt nhng cng vic s dng ti nguyn ln, d tr thi gian di trc. Dch chuyn cc cng vic trong khong thi gian d tr k hoch sao cho biu ti nguyn dao ng quanh mc trung bnh, tt nht l giai on u v sau thp hn mc trung bnh mt cht. Xt li v d trn ta c kt qu nh hnh v 2-13.
moitruongnuoc.com

Thi gian
B B'(10) C=C'(6) F=F'(6) G G'(10)
31/100
Cng vic
A(5)
E(8) H H'(6)
J(5)
L(5)
K D D'(2) I M I'(10)
K'(8) M'(10)
1
P(ngi) 30 25 20 15 10 5
5
30
6
34
7
28
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
23 20 15 16 14 5 18 15 13 13 5 15 P=14.8
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
T(ngy)
Hnh 2-13 V d v iu ha ti nguyn theo phng php iu chnh nhanh.
S MNG PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique) Hiu qu ca vic lp k hoch theo s mng ph thuc rt nhiu vo tin cy ca cc thi gian hon thnh tng cng tc. Trn thc t cc thi gian ny thng khng n nh. xc nh t ij ngi ta thng da vo cc tiu chun nh mc hoc da vo kinh nghim. V xem xt tnh khng n nh ca t ij , ngi ta da trn cc phng php xc sut c lng t ij . Thi gian lc quan (Optimistic time) a_l thi gian hon thnh cng tc trong iu kin tt nht (c ngha l thi gian ngn nht hon thnh cng tc). Thi gian bi quan (Pessimistic time): b_l thi gian hon thnh cng tc trong iu kin xu nht (thi gian di nht). amb j i Thi gian thc hin trong iu kin bnh thng: m. t ij = t e Da vo a, b, m xc nh thi gian m Xc sut k vng te(Expected time): m_nh hay mod ca
te = a + 4m + b (Hnh 2-14,lut ) 6
gi tr c xc sut cao nht 50% moitruongnuoc.com a m te b t 50%
32/100
Hoc t e =
2a + 3b (khi khng xc nh c m). 6
lch chun ij (i lng o khng xc nh ca thi gian k vng): Hnh 2.14 ng cong phn b xc sut
ij =
(b a ) .
6
thi gian hon thnh cng vic.

2 ij = ij =
Phng sai l bnh phng lch chun ij :
ba . 6
Thi gian thc hin d n l tng thi gian k vng ca cc cng vic nm trn ng gng nn n cng l thi gian k vng hon thnh d n. Gi thit thi gian thc hin cc cng vic l c lp nhau th theo l thuyt xc sut thng k, phng sai ca thi gian thc hin d n bng tng cc phng sai ca tng cng = ij = ( ij )2 . vic nm trn ng gng: Cc bc thc hin: 2 Tnh t ij v ij ca tng cng vic. Dng phng php CPM vi t ij = t e xc nh cng vic gng v ng gng. Xc nh kh nng hon thnh d n trong khong thi gian mong mun. -Gi S l thi gian ti thiu hon thnh d n trong iu kin trung bnh ng vi cc te ( chnh l thi gian ng gng tnh bc trn). -Gi D l thi gian mong mun hon thnh d n. t Z =
DS
, dng bng
tra (phn phi chun Laplace-Gauss) tm xc sut (p%) m bo hon thnh d n D (TD n<D); hoc vi xc xut p% cho trc th thi gian hon thnh d n D=?. Nhn xt: Khi D = S suy ra Z = 0, suy ra p = 0,5 hay 50% (iu kin trung bnh). Trn thc t p = 0,25 0,50 (c ngha D hi nh hn S): vic hon thnh d n c xem l bnh thng v d n hon thnh trong khong thi gian tng ng c th chp nhn c. Nu p < 0,25 : khng bnh thng; p > 0,5 : d n hon thnh tr hn d nh s gy lng ph. Bng tra phn phi chun c th tham kho cc ti liu v xc sut thng k hoc ly theo bng sau:
Z -2 -1.5 -1.3 -1.0 -0.9 -0.8 -0.7 -0.6 -0.5
moitruongnuoc.com
Xc xut 0.02 0.07 0.10 0.16 0.18 0.21 0.24 0.27 0.31
Xc xut 0.98 0.93 0.90 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.76 0.73 0.69
Z 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5
33/100
-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
0.34 0.38 0.42 0.46 0.50
0.66 0.62 0.58 0.54 0.50
0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0
V d: xt li v d trong cc phn trc.

S T T 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 C V
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Thi gian hon thnh
a
2 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 2
m
3 2 2 1 4 1 3 1 2 3 2 4 3
b
4 3 3 1 11 1 5 1 3 10 3 5 4
te =
a + 4m + b 6
3 2 2 1 5 1 3 1 2 4 2 4 3 DS
ba 6 4/36 4/36 4/36 0/36 64/36 0/36 16/36 0/36 4/36 64/36 4/36 4/36 4/36
B(2) C(2) 1 A(3) 2
G(3) F(1)
6 J(4) K(2) L(4) 8 M(3) 7
E(5) D(1) 4
5 H(1) I(2)
Xc nh xc sut d n hon thnh trong 18 ngy. Xc nh thi gian hon thnh d n vi xc sut 90%. Dng phng php CPM xc nh c TG=16ngy (AEJL). Hay S=16
Gi tr phng sai ca ng gng: = 4 / 36 + 64 / 36 + 64 / 36 + 4 / 36 = 136 / 36 . Vi D=18 ngy, ta c: Z =
= 18 16 136 / 36 = 1,031 , tra bng c p=84,8%.
c p=90%, tra bng c Z=1,3, t suy ra D18,5ngy.

CHNG III
CC PHNG PHP T CHC THI CNG XY DNG

3.1 THI CNG & QU TRNH THI CNG XY DNG 3.1.1 Khi nim. Thi cng xy dng l thc hin mt tng th cc qu trnh sn xut trong phm vi cng trng nhm mc ch tho d, di chuyn, ci to, m rng v xy dng mi cc cng trnh xy dngNu xt v gc thi gian th ton b cng tc thi cng xy dng bao gm mt tng th cc cng vic gi l cc qu trnh, thc hin cc qu trnh ny cn mt khong thi gian no . Qu trnh thi cng xy dng bao gm 3 yu t cu thnh: i tng lao ng, cng c, sc lao ng. 3.1.2 Phn loi qu trnh xy dng. a.) Theo c cu. Qu trnh bc cng vic hay cc thao tc k thut: y l s phn chia nh
moitruongnuoc.com
34/100
nht ca qu trnh thi cng v mt t chc, n ng nht v mt k thut. Khi mt trong ba yu t ca qu trnh thay i qu trnh ny cng thay i theo hay ni cch khc l c s xut hin qu trnh thao tc kt hp khc. Qu trnh gin n: bao gm mt s nhng thao tc k thut c lin quan n nhau v do mt nhm cng nhn cng chuyn mn thc hin.V d: qu trnh xy tng; qu trnh trt tng; qu trnh gia cng lp dng ctpha Qu trnh tng hp: l tp hp cc qu trnh gin n c lin quan vi nhau v mt t chc, do nhiu t i c chuyn mn khc nhau thc hin, sn phm cng l cc kt cu khc nhau ca cng trnh. V d: qu trnh thi cng btng ct thp ton khi, qu trnh lp ghp nh cng nghip b.) Theo vai tr trong qu trnh sn xut. Qu trnh ch yu: qu trnh trong to c bn, n nh ca kt cu cng trnh, to mt bng cng tc cho cc qu trnh tip theoN nh hng quyt nh n bin php thi cng, hao ph lao ng, vt t, thi gian thi cng cng trnh. V d: qu trnh thi cng b tng; qu trnh lp ghp Qu trnh phi hp: thc hin song song xen k hay kt hp vi cc qu trnh ch yu. V d: qu trnh dng h v tho d vn khun trong qu trnh thi cng b tng; qu trnh gia cng hay t hp khuych i trong thi cng lp ghp Qu trnh vn chuyn: l b phn trong cc qu trnh trn nhm mc ch di chuyn vt t, nguyn liu hay cu kin n v tr xy dng. N to iu kin cho 2 qu trnh trn pht trin mt cch nhp nhng. 3.2 CC NGUYN TC C BN T CHC THI CNG XY DNG t kt qu cui cng, trong t chc thi cng phi tun th cc nguyn tc c bn: a.) Hiu qu kinh t ti u, gii php thi cng dc la chn phi t c nhng yu cu sau: Gii php phi rt ngn c thi hn thi cng. Phi gp phn tng nng sut lao ng, gim chi ph thi cng. H gi thnh xy lp. Phi gp phn nng cao cht lng xy lp. m bo cc yu cu v an ton lao ng, v sing mi trng b.) S dng cc phng n c gii ha, cc cng c thit b k thut cao v hon thin ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca cng ngh thi cng, cng ngy my mc s dng trong thi cng xy dng cng chim t trng cao gp phn gii phng sc lao ng. C th thay i phng php t chc sn xut t sn xut kiu cng trng sang sn xut theo kiu cng xng cng nghip ( l ton b nhng cng tc chun b v ch to cc chi tit tin hnh trong cng xng cng nghip, cng trng ch l ni lp rp cc chi tit thnh sn phm hon chnh). c.) T chc lao ng khoa hc. thc hin nguyn tc ny yu cu chia qu trnh thi cng thnh nhng thao tc ring bit, nhm phn cng lao ng hp l, chuyn mn ha su nng cao nng sut lao ng v nng cao tay ngh cng nhn.
moitruongnuoc.com
35/100
Phi ci tin phng php lao ng, loi b cc ng tc tha, tc l t chc phng php lm vic mt cc khoa hc. Phi s dng thi gian lm vic ti a nhng hp l, hn ch thi gian cht d.) Tiu chun ha v nh hnh ha thi cng. Tiu chun ha l s xc lp cc quy phm v tiu chun sn xut sao cho c th s dng chng trong nhng iu kin c th. Bt k vi phng tin thi cng hin c t chc mt qu trnh k thut kinh t hp l nht. Tiu chun ha c thc hin thng qua cc quy tc quy nh r cc trnh t nht nh v cc iu kin k thut phi theo thc hin 1 qu trnh xy dng. nh hnh ha l vic xc lp nhng quy nh v quy cch sn phm nh kch thc, tnh cht sao cho c th vn dng cc quy phm thi cng 1 cch rng ri, nng cao kh nng thay th ca cc sn phm trong kt cu ca cng trnh xy dng. 3.3 CC PHNG PHP T CHC THI CNG XY DNG Cho n nay, ngi ta c th chia phng php t chc xy dng thnh 3 phng php chnh l: tun t, song song v phng php dy chuyn. Mi phng php c nhng u nhc im ring, ty theo cc iu kin c th cc phng php c p dng trit hay tng phn hoc kt hp, u vi mt mc ch l a li hiu qu sn xut cao nht. Xt v d xy dng m ngi nh ging nhau, c cc cch t chc nh sau. 3.3.1 Phng php tun t. Qu trnh thi cng c tin hnh ln lt t i tng ny sang i tng khc theo mt trt t c quy nh. Ttt=mt1. th tin nhim v (hay biu chu trnh) nh hnh v 3-1. u im: d t chc sn xut v qun l cht lng, ch s dng ti nguyn thp v n nh. Nhc im: thi gian thi cng ko di, tnh chuyn mn ha thp, gi thnh cao. R3 Hnh 3-1 Biu chu trnh phng php thi cng tun t.
Pon m 1 t1 Thi gian
3.3.2 Phng php song song. Nguyn tc t chc thi cng theo phng php ny l cc sn phm xy dng c bt u thi cng cng mt thi im v kt thc sau mt khong thi gian nh nhau. Tss=t1<Ttt. th tin nhim v (hay biu chu trnh) nh hnh v 3-2. u im: rt ngn c thi gian thi R3 cng, gim ng vn sn xut. Thi gian Nhc im: i hi s tp trung sn Pon m xut cao, nhu cu ti nguyn ln, d
moitruongnuoc.com
Ttt=m.t1
1 Tss=t1 t
36/100
gy ra sai phm hng lot rt lng ph. Hnh 3-2 Biu chu trnh phng php thi cng song song. 3.3.3 Phng php dy chuyn. L s kt hp mt cch logic phng php tun t v song song, khc phc nhng nhc im v pht huy u im, ngi ta a phng php xy dng dy chuyn. thi cng theo phng php xy dng y chuyn, chia qu trnh k thut thi cng mt sn phm xy dng thnh n qu trnh thnh phn v quy nh thi hn tin hnh cc qu trnh cho mt sn phm l nh nhau, ng thi phi hp cc qu trnh ny mt cch nhp nhng v thi gian v khng gian theo nguyn tc: Thc hin tun t cc qu trnh thnh phn cng loi t sn phm ny sang sn phm khc. Thc hin song song cc qu trnh thnh phn khc loi trn cc sn phm khc nhau. i tng ca phng php dy chuyn c th l mt qu trnh phc hp, mt hng mc hay ton b cng trnh. th tin nhim v (hay biu chu trnh) nh hnh v 3-3: Tss<Tdch<Ttt. R3 Hnh 3-3 Biu chu trnh phng php thi cng dy chuyn.
Pon m m-1 2 Thi gian 1 n
t 1 Sn xut dy chuyn ni chung l mt phng php t chc tin tin nht c k k k c do kt qu ca s phn cng lao (m 1) k n k + tcn ng hp l, chuyn mn ha cc thao tc v hp tc ha trong sn xut. c trng ca n l s chuyn mn ha cao cc khu vc v v tr cng tc, hn ch cc danh mc sn phm cn ch to, s cn i ca nng lc sn xut v tnh nhp nhng sng song lin tc ca cc qu trnh. Kt qu l cng mt nng lc sn xut nh nhau, ngi ta sn xut nhanh hn, sn phm nhiu hn, chi ph lao ng v gi thnh thp hn, nhu cu v nguyn vt liu v lao ng iu ha lin tc. Sn xut dy chuyn trong xy dng c 2 c dim c bn: Do sn phm xy dng gn lin vi t ai v c kch thc ln nn thc hin cc cng vic theo mt trnh t cng ngh phi di chuyn cc t th vi cc trang thit b km theo trong khng gian cng trnh t b phn ny sang b phn khc, t cng trnh ny sang cng trnh khc. iu ny khc vi y chuyn cng nghip: ngi cng nhn v cng c ng yn cn sn phm di ng, do t chc dy chuyn trong xy dng kh hn. Do tnh cht n chic v a dng ca sn phm xy dng nn cc dy chuyn sn xut hu ht ngn hn, thi gian n nh t hoc khng n nh, ngha l
moitruongnuoc.com
37/100
sau mt khong thi gian khng di lm ngi ta phi t chc li xy dng cng trnh khc. 3.4 T CHC THI CNG THEO PHNG PHP DY CHUYN 3.4.1 Cc thng s ca dy chuyn xy dng. T chc sn xut theo dy chuyn l m hnh c s phi hp cht ch gia cng ngh, thi gian v khng gian. Ba yu t l c s hnh thnh cc thng s, qua hnh thc t chc sn xut th hin mt cch r rng v thc t. a.) Nhm thng s v cng ngh. S lng cc y chuyn b phn (k hiu n): c cu ca dy chuyn xy dng c xc nh bi s lng v tnh cht ca cc dy chuyn b phn to thnh. S lng dy chuyn b phn ph thuc vo mc chi tit ca s phn chia qu trnh xy dng thnh phn. C 2 mc phn chia. -Phn nh hon ton_dy chuyn b phn l qu trnh xy dng n gin. -Phn nh b phn_dy chuyn b phn l qu trnh xy dng phc tp. Mc phc tp ca vic phn chia cc dy chuyn b phn phi cn c vo cng ngh sn xut, khi lng cng vic v hao ph lao ng Khi lng cng vic (k hiu P): ph thuc vo i tng xy lp c th v c din t bng n v o ca dng cng tc c thc hin (m, m2, m3, tn..). Lng lao ng (k hiu Q): l lng lao ng c s dng lm ra sn phm xy dng t cht lng tt, c xc nh theo nh mc thi gian a hay nh mc nng sut s. Q = P s = Pa (gi cng, ngy cng hoc gi my, ca my). V nh mc nng sut khng phi c nh m n thay i ph thuc vo mc phc tp ca cng tc xy lp, iu kin sn xut, mc hon thin ca cc phng php t chc sn xut nn ngi ta phn bit khi lng lao ng tnh theo nh mc v theo lao ng s dng. Qdm = P s = P a v Qsd = Qdm Trong >1 l h s hon thnh nh mc, thng =1 1,15. Cng dy chuyn (nng lc dy chuyn, k hiu i): th hin lng sn phm xy dng sn xut ra bi dy chuyn trong 1 n v thi gian. Trong thi cng dy chuyn yu cu tr s ny khng thay i m bo tnh cht dy chuyn ca sn xut: i = P t = const . b.) Thng s khng gian. Mt bng cng tc: nh gi s pht trin ca dy chuyn xy dng ngi ta a ra khi nim mt bng cng tc, xc nh kh nng v t ai khng gian m trn (hay trong) ngi ta b tr t th hay t my thc hin cc qu trnh xy dng. ln ca n c xc nh bng kch thc ca b phn i tng xy dng v c biu th bng cc n v khi lng cng vic (m, m2,m3..) hay bng cc b phn ca i tng xy dng (tng, on, n nguyn). Da trn khi nim v mt bng cng tc, phn bit cc thng s khng gian sau.
moitruongnuoc.com
38/100
Phn on cng tc: l cc b phn ca cng trnh hay ngi nh m c mt mt bng cng tc b tr mt hoc mt s t i thc hin qu trnh xy lp (hay dy chuyn b phn). Mi cng nhn hay my thi cng c nhn mt phn nht nh trn phn on l v tr cng tc.C 2 phng php phn chia phn on. -Phn on c nh: ranh gii phn on nh nhau cho mi qu trnh thnh phn. -Phn on linh hot: ranh gii phn on cho cc qut trnh khc nhau khng trng nhau. Thng hay dng cch th nht, cch chia phn on linh hot ch dng hn hu nh khi t chc cc qu trnh c gii ha chy di do nng sut my khng u hay khi tin hnh cng tc b tng ct thp tng t trn mt cng trnh. Khi phn chia phn on cn ch cc c im sau: -S phn on m n cho dy chuyn sn xut c thi gian n nh v huy ng c tt c nng lc cc t th chuyn mn (cc dy chuyn n). -Khi lng cng vic trn phn on nn chia bng nhau hoc tng ng nhau nu c th cho php t chc c cc dy chuyn u nhp. -Ranh gii phn on ph hp vi c im kin trc, kt cu v cng ngh thi cng. t thi cng: l s phn chia theo chiu cao nu cng trnh khng th thc hin mt lc theo chiu cao. Trong trng hp ny, vic chia t l bt buc phi thc hin v khi cng vic pht trin theo chiu cao, mt bng cng tc ch c m ra trong qu trnh thc hin chng. Ch s ca t thi cng ph thuc tnh cht cng ngh ca qu trnh v bin php t chc thi cng. c.) Thng s thi gian. Nhp ca dy chuyn k ij : l khong thi gian hot ng ca dy chuyn i trn phn on cng tc j. Thng thng chn nhp ca dy chuyn l bi s ca n v thi gian (ca, ngy, tun, thng) khng lm lng ph thi gian vo vic di chuyn, giao ca...Xc nh:
k ij = Pij
i N i si
Pij ai
i Ni
Vi Ni l nhn lc hay my thc hin dy chuyn i. Moduyn chu k k : l i lng c trng cho mc lp li ca qu trnh sn xut v dng xc nh thi gian thc hin ca ton b qu trnh. Thng n l k ij , nu k ij thay i trn cc phn on cng tc th moduyn chu k l gi tr nh nht trong cc gi tr , khi k ij = cij k (cij l h s nhp bi). Bc dy chuyn Ko : biu th khong cch thi gian qua cc t i c ghp vo (bc vo) dy chuyn. N l khong thi gian k t bt u vo phn on 1 ca hai dy chuyn b phn k lin nhau, thng chn l s nguyn ca moduyn chu k (cc t th, t my bt u cng vic vo u ca, ngy lm vic). Khi xc nh ko, mt mt ph thuc k, mt khc ph thuc vo s lng t th b tr ng thi trn mt phn on, xt 3 phng n:
R3 k moitruongnuoc.com
k
i+
R3
R3
i+
Pon
Pon
Pon
i+
39/100
- k 0 = k l trng hp bnh thng khi qu trnh trc kt thc gii phng mt bng th bt u qu trnh tip theo (khng c gin on t chc). - k 0 < k qu trnh trc cha ra khi phn on th qu trnh sau bt u, ngha l cng mt thi im trn mt phn on c hai dy chuyn ang hot ng. Trong trng hp ny d gy ri lon sn xut v mt an ton do khng m bo mt bng cng tc nn khng cho php (hoc rt hn ch). - k 0 > k qu trnh trc kt thc ngi ta khng trin khai ngay qu trnh sau do c gin on t chc hoc do s pht trin khng u nhp ca cc dy chuyn cnh nhau, thng ly k 0 = c k , c nguyn >1 hnh thnh nhng phn on d tr. Gin on k thut: l khong thi gian trn phn on k t lc kt thc kt thc qu trnh trc cho n lc bt u qu trnh sau, nhm m bo cht lng k thut ca cng vic, c quy nh bi bn cht cng ngh ca qu trnh, v gi tr n c xc nh trong cc quy phm thi cng v khng i trn mi phn on. V d thi gian ch cho b tng t cng c th tho d vn khun Gin on t chc: l gin on do t chc sn xut sinh ra, trn phn on qu trnh trc kt thc gii phng mt bng nhng qu trnh sau khng bt u ngay (v m bo tnh lin tc ca cc dy chuyn khng u nhp). Gin on k thut thng phi tun th v y l quy trnh, quy phm; cn vi gin on t chc ta c th khc phc c v y l pha ch quan ca ngi t chc, yu cu phi ti thiu. 3.4.2 Cc quy lut c bn ca dy chuyn xy dng. L mi lin h logic gia cc thng s ca n, quyt nh s pht trin ca dy chuyn trong khng gian v theo thi gian. Thng biu din di dng quy lut thi gian, trong thi gian ca dy chuyn: T = f (m, n, k ...) . Vi dy chuyn b phn:
T = mk
hoc
T = k j .
j =1
T = (m + n 1)k + t cn . Vi dy chuyn k thut: Trong quy lut c bn ca dy chuyn xy dng , thng s moduyn chu k k c nh hng nhiu nht n thi hn dy chuyn, do gim T cn phi gim k. Gii hn ca s gim bt ny l gi tr m ng vi n mt bng cng tc cho php b tr thun tin mt s lng cng nhn ti a nhng vn ph hp vi iu kin sn xut kmin=1ca cng tc (bnh thng), kmin=0,5 ca cng tc (hn hu), khng nn ly k<0,5 ca v nh vy s lng ph thi gian di chuyn t phn on ny sang phn on khc trong gi lm vic. Cc bin php gim k.
moitruongnuoc.com
40/100
-Tng n: phn chia mt cch chi tit qu trnh sn xut thnh cc qu trnh n gin t phc tp v mt k thut v ph hp vi bin php thi cng. -Tng m: phn nh mt bng cng tc. -Tng R : nhng phi m bo khng gian hot ng v iu kin an ton. 3.4.3 Phn loi dy chuyn xy dng. a.) Theo c cu (i tng). Dy chuyn b phn (dy chuyn n hay dy chuyn thnh phn): i tng ca n l cc qu trnh n gin. Dy chuyn chuyn mn ha (dy chuyn k thut): i tng l cc qu trnh phc tp bao gm 1 s dy chuyn b phn m sn phm ca chng l cc b phn kt cu ging nhau ca 1 hay nhiu cng trnh nm trong 1 dng cng tc chung. Dy chuyn cng trnh: gm nhng nhm dy chuyn chuyn mn ha v mt s dy chuyn n m sn phm ca chng l 1 cng trnh hon chnh. Dy chuyn lin hp: l s kt hp cc dy chuyn cng trnh to ra 1 lin hp cng trnh. b.) Theo tnh cht nhp nhng ca dy chuyn. Dy chuyn nhp nhng (u nhp): l dy chuyn c nhp cng tc khng thay i trn tt c cc phn on cng tc: k ij = const , ij . Dy chuyn nhp bin: l dy chuyn c nhp cng tc thay i trn cc phn on cng tc k ij const , ij 3.4.4 T chc dy chuyn b phn (dy chuyn n). Ni dung c bn gm: Phn chia phn on cng tc (m) v tnh khi lng cng vic tng ng trn tt c cc phn on (Pj). Vic phn chia phn on cng tc da vo vic phn tch c im ca cng trnh (kin trc, kt cu, cng ngh thi cng..), v k thut phi m bo tnh kh thi, v t chc phi m bo khi lng vic thc hin thun li v c nng sut. C gng phn chia phn on u nhau d t chc. Chn bin php thi cng qu trnh m ni dung ch yu l chn c cu thnh phn t th, t my thc hin qu trnh (chn N, a hoc s). Tnh nhp cng tc ca qu trnh :
kj = Pj a
Pj
N s
-Nu k j = const , j th ta c dy chuyn n nhp hng. -Nu k j const , j th ta c dy chuyn n nhp bin i. -Qu trnh thng phi thc hin vng lp t kt qu tt. Nu s dng h s m kj vn khng chn ca, ngyth phi thc hin li cc bc trn: hoc thay i li c cu t th, t my (thay i N, a hoc s) hoc chia li phn on cng tc. Tnh thi gian ca dy chuyn b phn, ph thuc vo kj. -Vi dy chuyn b phn c nhp hng: T = m k .
moitruongnuoc.com
41/100
-Vi dy chuyn b phn c nhp bin:
T = k j .
j =1
-Cng dy chuyn trong c hai trng hp: i = V biu chu trnh, nh hnh v 3-4.
R3 Pon
P = T
P = s N = const . kj
Thi gian
m 2 1 k k k k1 k2 km t
Hnh 3-4 Biu chu trnh dy chuyn b phn. Dy chuyn tng ng: l dy chuyn u nhp c cng ch s T v i vi dy chuyn ban u, c c l nh gi s khi lng c phn b u trn trn cc phn on. Trn biu biu th bng nt t. 3.4.5 T chc dy chuyn chuyn mn ha (dy chuyn k thut). 3.4.5.1 Dy chuyn chuyn mn ha ca cc qu trnh theo tuyn. a.) Dy chuyn nhp nhng. c trng ca dy chuyn nhp nhng l nhp cng tc ca tt c cc dy chuyn b phn khng i v bng nhau k ij = const , ij . Thit k dy chuyn b phn nh ni dung 3.4.4 vi lu ranh gii phn on c nh cho mi qu trnh thnh phn. Ta c
k ij = Pij ai
i Ni
Pi ai = const i Ni m
nhp cng tc ca dy chuyn k ij = const , ij , trong Pij khc nhau vi cc dy chuyn b phn nn buc phi thay i cc thng s (N i , ai , i ) : -Nu s khc bit di 20% ta cng c th xem nh bng nhau v ta c th tng gim nng sut nhp khng i (s dng h s ). -Thay i Ni l thay i s cng nhn hoc my thi cng trong t i, khi thay i cn ch m bo tnh kh thi v k thut thc hin qu trnh v mt bng cng tc. -Thay i ai (hoc si) l thay i bc th, loi my, iu kin lm vic.., khi thay i cn ch m bo s ph hp gia yu cu k thut vi tay ngh cng nhn v c tnh k thut my. Qu trnh c th thc hin theo vng lp t c kt qu tt nht. Sau chn k0=k, ngha l cc t th chuyn mn ln lt tham gia vo dy chuyn sau nhng khong thi gian bng nhau v bng moduyn chu k, v nhp nhng dch chuyn t phn on ny sang phn on khc. Tnh thi gian ca dy chuyn. Khi khng c gin on cng ngh: T = (m + n 1)k .
moitruongnuoc.com
42/100
T = (m + n 1)k + t cn .
R3
Khi c gin on cng ngh: V biu chu trnh, hnh v 3-5. Nu n nh trc thi hn ca dy chuyn T th ta c th tnh c s lng phn on cn thit t hai cng thc trn:
m= T t cn k n + 1.
Pon m m 2 1
Thi gian 1 n t k k n k + tcn k
Hnh 3-5 Biu chu trnh dy chuyn nhp nhng.
(m 1) k
b.) Dy chuyn khc nhp. Nhp ca cc dy chuyn b phn khng i, nhp ca cc dy chuyn b phn khc nhau th khc nhau. Nguyn nhn l do ngi ta buc phi gi nguyn mt vi c cu t th, t my no nn tc cc dy chuyn khng th bng nhau. Do tnh nhp nhng ca sn xut khc i v xut hin cc gin on sn xut (gin on t chc). Vic xc nh thi gian ca dy chuyn chuyn mn ha c th l phng php ha hoc phng php gii tch. Nguyn tc chung ca c hai phng php ny l xc nh v tr ghp st gia tng cp dy chuyn b phn gim cc gin on t chc v lm cho dy chuyn chuyn mn ha ngn nht. V tr ghp st l v tr m qu trnh trc kt thc th qu trnh sau bt u ngay khng c gin on t chc vi iu kin tn trng tnh lin tc ca tng dy chuyn b phn. Vi dy chuyn khc nhp theo phng php gii tch, xc nh v tr ghp st bng cch thit lp mi lin h u cui gia cc dy chuyn b phn.
R3 ki
ki
ki
ki
ttcm
R3
k0=ki
ki
ki
ki+1
Pon m 2 1
k0=ki ki+1
i
i+
Pon m t 2 1
ki
i
i+
t
ki+1
ki+1
ki+1
ttc1= ki+1 ki+1
Hnh 3-6 Dy chuyn khc nhp. Mi lin h u: Xc lp khi nhp ca dy chuyn b phn trc nh hn nhp ca dy chuyn b phn sau k i < k i +1 (hnh 3-6a). Trong trng hp ny ta thy qu trnh trc k i ghp st qu trnh sau k i +1 ti phn on 1 (tc k 0 = k i ), lc ny cc phn on sau, gin on gia kt thc i v bt u i+1 ngy cng tng dn: j=2 ttc2 = ki+1-ki j=m ttcm = (m-1)(ki+1-ki)=max Mi lin h cui: Xc lp khi nhp ca dy chuyn b phn trc ln hn nhp ca dy chuyn b phn sau k i > k i +1 (hnh 3-6b). Trong trng hp ny ta thy qu trnh trc k i ghp st qu trnh sau k i +1 ti phn on cui cng
moitruongnuoc.com
43/100
m, lc ny gin on gia kt thc i v bt u i+1 c gi tr ln nht ti phn on 1: j=1 ttc1 = (m-1)(ki-ki+1)=max Tnh thi gian ca chu trnh: -Khi nim bc dy chuyn thng c thay bng khi nim gin cch v thi gian v c k hiu l Oij _l khong vt trc ca dy chuyn i so vi dy chuyn i+1 ti phn on j. phn on 1 ta c Oi1 . Thi gian ca dy chuyn: Trong
T = Oi1 + t n .
1 n 1
O
1
n 1
i1
_tng cc gin cch trn phn on u tin gia cc cp dy
chuyn b phn t dy chuyn b phn u tin n dy chuyn b phn cui cng v tn l thi gian thc hin dy chuyn b phn cui cng. -Vit li gin cch Oi1 cho cc mi lin h u, cui: Oi1 = k i Mi lin h u k i < k i +1 : Mi lin h cui k i > k i +1 : Oi1 = k i + t tc1 = k i + (m 1)(k i k i +1 ) Vit gp li: Oi1 = k i + (m 1)(k i k i +1 ) Hay Oi1 = k i + (m 1)(k i k i +1 ) + t cn (1) Trong hiu (k i k i +1 ) ch ly khi n dng, tcn l gin on cng ngh nu c gia dy chuyn i v i+1. -Khi tng gin cch trn phn on u tin c k n gin on cng ngh nu c gia cc cp dy chuyn b phn :
O
1
n 1
i1
= k i + (m 1) (k i k i +1 ) k n + t cn
(2)
-V thi gian ca dy chuyn:
(3) Trong cc cng thc (1), (2) v (3) hiu (k i k i +1 ) ch ly khi n dng. V d: Tnh dy chuyn c cc thng s nh sau: m=6 ; n=3 ; k1=1 , k2=3 , k3=2 v tcn2/3=1 . T s liu c c, xc nh y l dy chuyn chuyn mn ha khc nhp. C th xc nh bng phng php ha hay gii tch. Theo phng php gii tch, xc nh v tr dy chuyn b phn trn phn on 1_ Oi1 theo cng thc (1).
O11 = 1 + (6 1)(1 3) + 0 = 1 O21 = 3 + (6 1)(3 2 ) + 1 = 9
1 2 3
T = k i + (m 1) (k i k i +1 ) + k n + t cn
Biu chu trnh nh hnh v. V thi gian ca dy chuyn chuyn theo (3).
T = (1 + 3 + 2 ) + (6 1)[(1 3) + (3 2 ) + 2] + 1 = 22
Trong cng thc (3) th i lng

Tsx1 = k i + (m 1) (k i k i +1 ) + t cn
6 5 4 3 2 1
TCN1 TSX1
gi l chu k sn xut phn on
moitruongnuoc.com
44/100
1, l khong thi gian cho ra sn phm u tin phn on 1. V i lng

Tcn1 = k i k n + (m 1) (k i k i +1 ) + t cn
gi l chu k cng ngh, l khong thi gian m tt c cc dy chuyn b phn tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut phn on 1. c.) Dy chuyn nhp bi. Nhp ca cc dy chuyn b phn khng i, nhp ca cc dy chuyn b phn khc nhau th khc nhau, nhng s khc nhau tun theo quy lut bi s (ch xt bi 2 hoc 3). Khi m bo tnh nhp nhng ca sn xut, ngi ta s dng bin php cn bng nhp. C hai phng php cn bng. Cn bng nhanh: a tt c cc dy chuyn b phn v nhp chung nhanh bng cch trn dy chuyn b phn c nhp bi s ngi ta t chc thm mt s t thi cng song song trn cc phn on cch qung. S lng t th b tr ly bng h s bi tng ng. V d: Cho dy chuyn cmh c 3 dy chuyn b phn k1=k, k2=2k, k3=k. Ta thy dy chuyn th 2 c nhp l bi 2 so vi dy chuyn 1 v 3. cn bng nhanh, dy chuyn b phn th 2, thay cho mt dy chuyn c nhp 2k, ta t chc 2 dy chuyn b phn song song cng c nhp 2k nhng mi dy chuyn ch bao gm mt na s phn on. Mt dy chuyn tin hnh trn cc phn on 1,3,5 ; dy chuyn th 2 trn cc phn on 2,4,6.
1 2 3 2 3
Cn bng dy chuyn b phn theo nhp nhanh
6 5 4 3 2 1
k1 k2 k3
Thi hn ca dy chuyn tnh trc tip trn biu hoc c th tnh theo cng thc:
n0 T = m + n 1 + C i n0 k + t = [6 + 3 1 + (2 ) 1] k + 0 = 9k . 1
Vi Ci_h s bi ca dy chuyn b phn th i, n0_s dy chuyn c nhp bi. Nhc im ca phng php ny l yu cu lng ti nguyn cao hn so vi ban u sau khi cn bng nhng thi hn hon thnh c rt ngn hn. Cn bng chm: khi s lng ti nguyn b hn ch v khng yu cu rt ngn v thi gian th ngi ta a tt c cc dy chuyn b phn v nhp iu chung bng nhp ca dy chuyn b phn chm. Lc ny cc dy chuyn b phn nhanh buc phi thc hin vi cc gin on (gtc). V d: ly li v d trn, gi nguyn nhp chm ca dy chuyn b phn 2 3 1 1 th 2, a cc dy chuyn b phn nhanh 1 v 3 v 6 nhp iu chung chm th 5 Cn bng dy chuyn b phn
moitruongnuoc.com
4 3 2 1
k1 k2 k3
45/100
theo nhp chmh dy chuyn b phn nhanh s thc hin c gin on th hin bng cc ng nt t trn hnh v. Nhc im ca phng php ny l vi phm nguyn tc lin tc ca sn xut, tuy nhin c th khc phc c khi t chc cc dy chuyn theo ca (dy chuyn b phn chm s c t chc 2 hoc 3 ca theo h s bi l 2 hay 3, lc dy chuyn b phn nhanh s thc hin ch 1ca/ngy) hoc t chc nhng dy chuyn chuyn mn ha song song (thc hin khi khi lng cng vic ng k v thi hn hon thnh ngn). Thi hn ca dy chuyn tnh trc tip trn biu hoc c th tnh theo cng thc:
n T = (m 1) C i max + C i k + t cn = [(6 1) 2 + (1 + 2 + 1)] k + 0 = 14k . i =1
Vi Cimax l h s bi ca dy chuyn b phn chm nht. d.) Dy chuyn nhp bin. Khi xy dng cng trnh c hnh dng mt bng phc tp, nhiu cao trnh khc nhau, s dng nhiu dng kt cu khc nhaudn n vic phn b khi lng cng vic thng khng u trn cc phn on v v vy m phi t chc dy chuyn khng nhp nhng. c trng ca dy chuyn nhp bin l nhp cng tc ca cc dy chuyn b phn trn cc phn on thay i khng theo quy lut no c. t chc loi dy chuyn ny khng th ch phi hp cc dy chuyn b phn bng mi lin h u cui m n cn phi c thit lp trn mi phn on. gim thi gian ca dy chuyn cn phi ghp st cc dy chuyn b phn ti a, bng cch xc nh v tr ti hn hay khong ghp st ti hn gia chng. Khong ghp st ti hn gia 2 dy chuyn b phn s ti phn on j no m ti qu trnh trc kt thc gii phng mt bng th qu trnh sau bt u ngay khng c gin on t chc vi iu kin qu trnh thc hin 2 dy chuyn b phn phi din ra bnh thng trn cc phn on cn li. C nhiu phng php tnh dy chuyn ny nh phng php ha, phng php gii tch y xt phng php bng ma trn Galkin. Lp mt bng tnh vi cc ct tng ng vi cc qu trnh thnh phn, k hiu i = 1 n ; cc hng tng ng vi cc on cng tc, k hiu j = 1 m . Trong mi ca bng ghi cc thng s sau: gia ghi k ij l thi gian thc hin qu bd trnh trn on cng tc ang xt, gc trn bn tri ghi thi im bt u t ij , kt bd gc di bn phi ghi thi im kt thc t ij = t ij + k ij , gia ct ng bn i ,i + kt phi ghi gin on t chc nu c t gdtc1( j ) = t ibd1, j t ij . +
i
t
bd ij
i+1
t t
bd i +1, j i .i +1 gdtc kt = tibd1, j tij +
j
bd j+1 ti , j +1
kij
kt ij
moitruongnuoc.com
46/100
Qu trnh tnh ton da trn 2 nguyn tc phi hp: -Cc qu trnh thnh phn phi din ra lin tc t lc bt u dy chuyn n kt t ibdj +1 = t ij . lc ra khi dy chuyn, th hin : , kt -Cc qu trnh thnh phn khng chng cho, cn tr nhau t ibd1, j t ij hay: +
i ,i + kt t gdtc1( j ) = t ibd1, j t ij 0 +
Thit lp cch tnh ton: xt biu chu trnh tng qut nh hnh v 3-7.
R3
k
1
j 1
ij
Oij
kij
Pon j j-1 2 1
ki1
ki2
i ttc,i +1( j )
i
i+1
ki+1,1
ki+1,2
Oi1
k
1
j 1
t
i +1, j
Hnh 3-7 Dy chuyn nhp bin. T biu chu trnh, thit lp phng trnh cn bng :
Oi1 + k i +1, j = k ij + Oij
1 1
j 1
j 1
m
j
Oij = k ij + t ycj
Nn
Oi1 + k i +1, j = k ij + t tcj

1 1
j 1
Oi1 = k ij k i +1, j + t tcj 1 1

j j 1
Gi s rng dy chuyn b phn i v i+1 s ghp st vi nhau ti phn on j, lc theo nguyn tc ghp st t tcj = 0 v tng ng vi n th Oi1 Oimin . 1 cc dy chuyn b phn thc hin lin tc khng ch i nhau th:
j 1 j Oimin = max k ij k i +1, j 1 1 1
Nu gia hai dy chuyn c gin on cng ngh th:

j 1 j Oimin = max k ij k i +1, j + t cn . 1 1 1
V thi hn ca dy chuyn s l:
T = Oi1 + t n .
1
n 1
V d: tnh ton dy chuyn chuyn mn ha vi cc s liu sau, cho tcn3-4=1

DChuyn 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 4 2 2 3 2 4 3 4 2 1 2 Po n
moitruongnuoc.com
47/100 4
Gii: y l dy chuyn chuyn mn ha nhp bin theo tuyn. tnh Oi1, cng dn thi gian thc hin mi qu trnh thnh phn t lc bt u vo dy chuyn cho n lc kt thc (bng 1), xt tng cp dy chuyn b phn cnh nhau trn tng phn on cng tc tnh Oi1 (bng 2). Bng 1 ( k ij )
1 j
Bng 2 ( Oi1 )
1 2 3 4 max tcn Oi1 1-2 2 1 0 -1 2 0 2 2-3 4 4 2 0 4 0 4 3-4 2 4 6 5 6 1 7
1 2 3 4 Ti
1 2 5 6 7 7
2 4 6 8 9 9
3 2 6 9 10 10
4 2 3 5 9 9
Lp bng ma trn Galkin, dy chuyn u tin cho bt u thi im 0, thi im bt u cc dy chuyn tip theo xc nh theo gi tr Oi1 va tnh c. Lu gia dy chuyn 3 v 4 c tcn3-4=1.
1 2 3 4
0
1 2
2
4
6
2
2 2
2 3
6 6 1 8
2 4
5 5
3 1
8 8 2
2
12 2 10 15 4 11
3 1
6 6
4 Ti 1
10 3 7
13 5 8 15 15 3 12 16 1 15 18 2 16
2 1
16
2
18
4
22 9
10
n 1 1
V biu chu trnh v tnh thi gian:

j 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 1 3 5 7 9 11
T = Oi1 + t n = (2 + 4 + 7 ) + 9 = 22
13 15 17 19 22
3.4.5.2 Dy chuyn chuyn mn ha ca cc qu trnh theo t. i vi cc cng trnh thi cng theo t, khi dy chuyn chuyn mn ha chuyn t t nay sang t kia s c mt khong gin on no . Gin on ny c nguyn nhn t 2 iu kin sau:
moitruongnuoc.com
48/100
Phi m bo yu cu v trnh t cng ngh, ngha l thi im bt u mt chu k sn xut phn on bt k t trn khng c sm hn thi im kt thc phn on di tng ng. Yu cu v s dng cc t th chuyn mn: gi vng thnh phn v c cu t th chuyn mn thi cng trn tt c cc t ca cng trnh , ngha l i vi mt qu trnh thnh phn, thi im bt u ca n t trn khng c sm hn thi im kt thc ca n t di. S tn ti cc gin on khi chuyn t trong cc qu trnh thnh phn l c trng ca t chc dy chuyn cc qu trnh theo t. a.) Dy chuyn khc nhp. Tnh cho hai t bt k lin tip nhau a, a+1 , do s phi hp cht ch ca cc dy chuyn trong tng t nn ta ch cn xc nh gin on khi chuyn t ca cc dy chuyn b phn bin. Xt trng hp n gin khi cc t u ging nhau.
R3 t Pon T1 Tn
m
a+1
1
n
1 m 1
t1=mk1 TSX1 On1 TCN1
(m-1)kn
Hnh 3-8 Dy chuyn khc nhp theo t. Tm T1: T biu chu trnh nh hnh v 3-8, ta c:
t1 + T1 = Tsx1 + On1
Hay T1 = Tsx1 + On1 t1 Vi Tsx1 = k i + (m 1) (k i k i +1 ) + t cn (phn 3.4.5.1,mc b: dc khc nhp) t1 = m k1 : thi gian ca dy chuyn th 1 trn t 1. On1 = (m 1)(k n k1 ) + t cn n1 : gin on t chc khi ghp st dy chuyn n t di v dy chuyn 1 t trn, xc nh nh ghp st dy chuyn khc nhp. V t cn n1 l gin on cng ngh nu c gia dy chuyn 1 t trn vi bt k dy chuyn no t di. T1 = ki m k1 + (m 1)[(ki ki+1 ) + (k n k1 )] + tcn + tcnn1 Suy ra Tm Tn: Cng t biu chu trnh, ta c: Vi
Suy ra Tn = ki m kn + (m 1)[(ki ki+1 ) + (kn k1 )] + tcn + tcnn1 Ch : khi tnh T1, Tn ch ly (k i k i +1 ) > 0 v (k n k1 ) > 0 . Sau khi tnh gi tr gin on bin, ta cng tnh c gin on khi chuyn t ca dy chuyn b phn bt k.
moitruongnuoc.com
(m 1) k n + Tn = On1 + Tcn1 Tcn1 = k i k n + (m 1) (k i k i +1 ) + t cn
(phn 3.4.5.1,mc b)
49/100
Ti +1 = Ti + (m 1)(k i k i +1 ) + t cni ,i +1
Gin on khi chuyn t T1, Ti, Tn c th >0, =0 hay <0. Khi tr s ny <0 ngha l mt bng cng tc t trn c nhng lc lng t di cha chuyn ln. V thng dng 1 t th thc hin mt dy chuyn b phn trn tt c cc t nn yu cu tr s ny >=0. Xc nh gin on khi chuyn t theo k hoch khi dng 1 t th thi cng qu trnh thnh phn trn tt c cc t T1 p , Tnp (cc gi tr trong du tuyt i T1 p = T1 + T1 + Tn v Tnp = Tn + T1 + Tn ch c khi n m): Vi dy chuyn nhp nhng ( k ij = const , ij ): T1 = Ti = Tn
T1 = k i + t cn m k1 + t cn n1 = nk mk + t cn + t cn n1
Chn s phn on trong tng t m sao cho cc dy chuyn b phn l lin tc (khng c gin on khi chuyn t), T1=0. Suy ra:
m = n + ( t cn + t cn n1 ) / k
V biu chu trnh v tnh thi hn ca dy chuyn chuyn mn ha qu trnh theo t (c M t ging nhau).
T = (M 1) t1 + T1 p + Oi1 + t n = (M 1) t1 + T1 p + TD
1
n 1
m M .. .. 1 m M-1 .. .. 1 m ..... .. .. 1 m II .. .. 1 m I .. .. 1 t P.on (M-1)(t1+T 1)

p p p p p
t1
t1
t1
t1
t1
t1
t1
t1
TD = On +tn
M 1
n-1
V d:
Gii: y l dy chuyn chuyn mn ha khc nhp theo t, vi cc t u ging nhau. Do ch cn tnh cho mt t, sau tnh gin on khi chuyn t. Tnh ton cho tng t: Oi1 = k i + (m 1)(k i k i +1 ) + t cn
O21 = 3 + (4 1)(3 2 ) + 2 = 8 O11 = 1 + (4 1)(1 3) + 0 = 1
Tnh dy chuyn chuyn mn ha theo t vi cc s liu sau: M=2, m=4, n=3, k1=1, k2=3, k3=2, tcn3/2=2
suy ra
1 TD = (1 + 8) + 4 2 = 17
moitruongnuoc.com

t P.on 4 II 3 2 1 4 I 3 2 1 O11
I
50/100
1 2 3
t1
t3
O21
Tnh cc gin on khi chuyn t T1, Tn.
T1 = ki m k1 + (m 1) (ki ki+1 ) + (kn k1 ) + tcn + tcnn1
Tn = ki m kn + (m 1) (ki ki +1 ) + (k n k1 ) + tcn + tcnn1
= (1 + 3 + 2 ) 4 1 + (4 1)[(1 3) + (3 2 ) + (2 1)] + 2 + 0 = 10 > 0 .
= (1 + 3 + 2 ) 4 2 + (4 1)[(1 3) + (3 2 ) + (2 1)] + 2 + 0 = 6 > 0
Suy ra T1 = 10 , T3p = 6 V biu chu trnh v tnh thi hn dy chuyn:

p
T = (M 1) t1 + T1 p + Oi1 + t n = (2 1)(4 1 + 10 ) + (1 + 8) + 4 2 = 31 .
1
n 1
b.) Dy chuyn nhp bin. Tng t dy chuyn khc nhp khi chuyn t, ta cng i xc nh gin on khi chuyn t ca cc dy chuyn b phn. y ta ch cn xc nh T1a +1 , Tna +1 .
R3 t Pon T1a+1 Tn a+1
m
a+1
1
n
1 m 1
t1a
a tn
a i1
a , a +1 n1
a +1 i1
Hnh 3-9 Dy chuyn nhp bin theo t. Tnh T1a +1 : T biu chu trnh
a t1a + T1a +1 = Oia + On1,a +1 1 1 n 1
Vi O l gin cch lc vo phn on 1 gia dy chuyn 1 t trn v dy chuyn n t di, xc nh nh khi ghp st dy chuyn nhp bin.
a , a +1 n1
j a j 1 a On1,a +1 = max k nj k1aj+1 + t cn n1 1 1
Suy ra
moitruongnuoc.com
a T1a +1 = Oia + On1,a +1 t1a 1
n 1
51/100
n 1
Tnh Tna +1 : T biu chu trnh:

a a t n + Tna +1 = On1,a +1 + Oia +1 1
Suy ra
a a Tna +1 = Oia +1 + On1,a +1 t n 1
n 1
Gin on khi chuyn t theo k hoch (cc gi tr trong du tuyt i ch c khi n m).
T1 p ,a +1 = T1a +1 + T1a +1 + Tna +1
v
T=
m M .. .. 1 m M-1 .. .. 1 m ..... .. .. 1 m II .. .. 1 m I .. .. 1 t P.on
I
Tnp ,a +1 = Tna +1 + T1a +1 + Tna +1

a 1 M 1 n 1 M + T1 p ,a +1 ) + Oi1 + t n = (t1a + T1 p ,a +1 ) + TD 1 M a =1
V biu chu trnh v tnh thi hn ca dy chuyn, xt vi M t.

M 1 a =1
(t
t1
M-1
T1
p,M
t1
..
t1
II
T1
p,III
t1 T 1
p,II
M-1 a-1
p,a+1 (t a+T 1 ) 1
TD = O n +t n
a-1
M-1
V d: Tnh dy chuyn nhp bin theo t theo cc s liu: M=2, m=4, n=3, tcn2/3=2.
DChuyn 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 3 1 Ph.on
II
Gii: y l dy chuyn chuyn mn ha nhp bin theo t, vi cc t khc nhau. Do cn tnh cho c hai t, sau tnh gin on khi chuyn t.
moitruongnuoc.com
52/100
Tnh ton cho tng t:
t I (hnh 10) : t II (hnh 11) : Tnh cc gin on khi chuyn t T1, Tn. Trc ht tnh Ona1,a +1 (xem hnh 10 ct 3-1II):
n 1
j 1 j Oimin = max k ij k i +1, j + t cn 1 1 1 I I O11 = 4 ; O21 = 3 II II O11 = 2 ; O21 = 5
a On1,a +1 = 4 .
a T1II = Oia + On1,a +1 t1a = (4 + 3) + 4 8 = 3 > 0 1 a T3II = Oia +1 + Ona1,a +1 t n = (2 + 5) + 4 8 = 3 > 0 1
1 n 1 1
Suy ra T1 = 3 , T3 = 3 V biu chu trnh v tnh thi hn ca dy chuyn.

p , II p , II
T=
M 1 a =1
(t
a 1
n 1 + T1 p ,a +1 ) + Oi1 + t n = (8 + 3) + [(2 + 5) + 7] = 25 . 1 M
j
Bng 1 ( k ij )
1
Bng 2 ( Oi1 )
1 2 3 4 max tcn Oi1 2 1-2 2 2 2 4 4 0 4 3 2-3 1 1 -1 1 1 2 3 3-1II 2 4 2 2 4 0 4
1 2 3 4 Ti
1 2 3 5 8 8
2 1 3 4 7 7
3 2 5 6 8 8
1II 1 4 6 7 7
0
1 2
4 2 2 5 2 3 7 2 5 8
7 2 5 9 2 7 12 4 8 13 2 11
9
3
2
2 1
2 1 3
12
1
3
3 2
13
2
5
4 Ti 3
8 8 7
15 8
Hnh 3-10 Phi hp trong t I.

1 2 3 4 Ti
moitruongnuoc.com
1 1 4 6 7 7
2 2 5 6 8 8
3 2 3 6 7 7
1 2 3 4 max
1-2 1 2 1 1 2
2-3 2 3 3 2 3
53/100 tcn Oi1 1 2 3
0 2
2 5
11
1 1
13 1 12 15
18 3 15 20 2 18 21 2 19 24 3 21
20
1
12
2 3
15 15
3 2
21
3
18 1 17 19 1 18
1 2
24
1
17
4 Ti 1
25 7
Hnh 3-11 Phi hp trong t II.

P. 4 II 3 2 1 4 I 3 2 1 O 11
z I
T1
T3
O21
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
25
moitruongnuoc.com
54/100
CHNG IV
LP K HOCH TIN V T CHC THI CNG
CNG TRNH N V
4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG 4.1.1 Khi nim. Cng trnh n v l mt i tng xy dng ring bit tng i c lp v khng gian c y v cc iu kin v giao nhn thu v hch ton gi thnh. C nhiu cch thi cng cng trnh n v, mi phng n t chc khc nhau v gii php thi cng c la chn, trnh t cng ngh thc hin chng v c nhng ch tiu kinh t k thut (cht lng, gi thnh) khc nhau. chn mt phng n thi cng tt nht phi m hnh ha cng tc xy dng di dng k hoch tin trong th hin: cc bin php thi cng, cch thc phi hp v khng gian, thi gian ca cc bin php xy lp, thi hn xy dng cng trnh, nhu cu lao ng, vt t, vn..,quy m cng trng, b my qun l v iu hnh thi cng, t chc c s vt cht k thut cng trngKHT l cng c ch o thi cng v l phng tin kim tra vic thc hin. 4.1.2 Cc nguyn tc lp k hoch tin . Thi gian ca phng n t chc v KHT thi cng phi m bo hon thnh cc phn vic, tng b phn v ton b cng trnh ng theo thi hn quy nh. Thc hin chc ch v lin tc vic phi hp v thi gian v khng gian ca cc qu trnh xy lp m bo tnh n ng ca sn xut, tun th cc iu kin k thut, m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b, s dng iu ha v tit
moitruongnuoc.com
55/100
kim cc ngun ti nguyn. Tng nng sut lao ng bng cch p dng cc bin php thi cng tin tin. p dng phng php thi cng dy chuyn l nguyn tc c bn trong vic t chc v lp KHT thi cng cng trnh n v. 4.1.3 Cc ti liu s dng lp k hoch tin . Cn c vo bn v thit k thi cng v cc phiu cng ngh xy lp. Cn c vo thi im khi cng v thi hn xy dng cng trnh. Da vo chng loi, quy cch vt liu, thit b, phng tin vn ti. Da vo cc s liu iu tra kho st xy dng. Da vo nng lc ca n v thi cng v kh nng ca ch u t. 4.2 NI DUNG V TRNH T LP K HOCH TIN 4.2.1 Phn tch kt cu cng trnh. Nhm mc ch xc nh s ph hp ca kt cu cng trnh vi iu kin k thut thi cng, kh nng cho php p dng cc bin php thi cng tin tin nht. Khi xc nh c bin php thi cng, cho php ta chn c quy trnh cng ngh thi cng hp l nht. Quy trnh cng ngh gm: trnh t thc hin cc thao tc, tiu chun k thut cho cc thao tc. Xem xt v cho php a cc qu trnh chun b ra khi phm vi xy dng cng trnh nhm gim ti a din tch cng trng. Cho php xc nh cc thng s khng gian ca cng trnh t chc thi cng dy chuyn, tc chia cng trnh thnh cc khu vc, t, phn on..trong ch tch khu vc c gii php kt cu ring bit ra cc t xy dng ring vic t chc dy chuyn c u nhp. V d: tch phn khung chu lc ca nh btng ton khi t chc ring Tm li ni dung phn tch kt cu cng trnh l ni dung u tin rt quan trng gip ta la chn gii php thi cng v cch t chc thi cng hp l m bo nng cao cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca dy chuyn thi cng c chn. 4.2.2 Lp bng danh mc cng vic v tnh khi lng cng tc. Cn c vo kt qu phn tch kt cu thi cng lp bng danh mc cng vic v tnh khi lng cng tc xy lp. a.) Lp bng danh mc cng vic. Bng danh mc cng vic l tp hp cc nhim v cn thc hin trong qu trnh thi cng. Danh mc cng vic phi lp cho tng cng vic, tng b phn, hng mc v cho ton b cng trnh, thng nn lp theo c cu hnh cy vi gc l cng trnh, nhnh l cc giai on thi cng kt cu khc nhau Danh mc cng vic phi lp theo cc giai on thi cng theo di tin ti cc thi im trung gian trong ton b thi hn thi cng cng trnh. Giai on thi cng l mt t hp cc cng tc xy lp tng i hon chnh v mt cng ngh. Vic phn giai on thi cng phi m bo hon thnh dt im tng u mi cng vic v to mt bng cng tc thc hin cng vic tip theo. S lng giai on thi cng ph thuc vo loi cng trnh v chc nng c th ca n.
moitruongnuoc.com
56/100
Vi nh dn dng chia thnh 2 hay 3 giai on thi cng: chia lm 2 giai on c phn th_phn hon thin, chia lm 3 giai on c phn ngm_phn thn mi_phn hon thin. Vi nh cng nghip, s lng giai on tng thm gm giai on lp t thit b, giai on cho cng tc k thut c bit (thng gi, cch nhit, cch m..), giai on cho cc cng tc cung cp nhin liu Danh mc cng vic c lp chi tit theo cng ngh thi cng trong phiu cng ngh hoc ph hp vi c cu cng vic trong nh mc XDCB ban hnh. b.) Tnh ton khi lng cng tc. Da vo bng danh mc cng vic lp v bn v k thut thi cng, ta tnh ton khi lng cho tt c cc cng vic phi thc hin. Sau khi lng cng vic c tng hp trong mt bng chung trong phn theo tng c tnh cng vic vic tnh ton cc hao ph lao ng, vt t, ca myc thun li. 4.2.3 Chn bin php thi cng v tnh hao ph lao ng, ca my. a.) Chn bin php thi cng. Vic chn bin php thi cng m ni dung ch yu l chn t hp my thi cng bao gm cc loi my chnh, my ph, c thc hin qua hai bc. Chn s b: cn c c im kin trc, kt cu cng trnh, cng ngh thi cng c p dng, khi lng cng vic, yu cu v cht lng cng vic, iu kin thi cng, thi gian hon thnh tng cng vic v ton b cng trnhtnh ton cc t hp my v iu kin b tr chng trn mt bng Chn chnh thc: tt c cc t hp my tha mn yu cu trn c chn chnh thc bng cch so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut m quan trng nht l gi thnh thc hin cng vic. Ngoi ra cn tnh cc ch tiu khc nh chi ph mt ln mua sm, thi gian thc hin cng vic, hiu qu kinh t tng hpSong song vi vic chn t hp my chnh cn phi chn cc thit b ph tr, cc loi cng c thc hin cc thao tc th cng. Cn lu khi chn phng n thi cng, trc ht phi m bo tnh kh thi ca phng n, sau mi xt n cc ch tiu khc: an ton lao ng, cht lng cng vic, gi thnh b.) Tnh hao ph lao ng v ca my. i vi cc cng vic trong bng danh mc, cn c vo nh mc lao ng m tnh hao ph lao ng (gi, ngy cng) hay nh mc my m tnh hao ph ca my (gi, ca my). i vi cng vic cha c trong nh mc, da vo cc cng vic tng t xy dng nh mc cho n, vic ny i hi kh nng trc gic nhy bn v kinh nghim ca ngi thc hin. Ngoi cc cng vic trong bng danh mc, trong thi cng cn c mt s cng vic khc c khi lng nh, ch xut hin trong qu trnh thi cng, t nh hng n thi gian xy dng cng trnh m ta khng th xc nh ht c. d tr hao ph lao ng thc hin cng vic ny c th ly t (3-5)% tng hao ph lao ng ca cc cng vic trong bng danh mc. 4.2.4 Xc nh s t chc cng ngh..
moitruongnuoc.com
57/100
S t chc cng ngh l s di chuyn t th, my mc thit b trong khng gian cng trnh thc hin thc hin cc qu trnh xy lp. N ph thuc cch phn chia v khng gian v c tnh cng ngh ca cc qu trnh xy lp. Hnh 4-1.
Hnh 4-1. S t chc cng ngh (hng pht trin ca dy chuyn). S ngang: cc cng vic c thc hin trn tt c cc phn on cng tc trong phm vi mt tng nh hoc mt t cng tc. S ny thch hp vi cc cng tc phn ngm, cng tc mi, lp cc kt cu chu lc, bao che S thng ng: cng vic c thc hin trong phm vi mt on hay phn on cng tc trn sut chiu cao ca n. C hai loi thng ng t di i ln hoc t trn i xung. S ny thch hp cho cng tc mng k thut, cng tc hon thin nh cao tng (c th l thng ng i xung di s che chn ca mi hoc thng ng t di ln di s bo v ca mt s sn tng thi cng xong-hnh 4-2), nh cao tng lp ghp kt hp s dng cn trc thp S kt hp: kt hp c ngang v ng khi mt bng cng tc khng theo mt phng.
moitruongnuoc.com
58/100
Hnh 4-2. Cng tc hon thin cng trnh nhiu tng. 4.2.5 La chn ch ca lm vic v n nh thi gian thc hin cng vic. a.) La chn ch ca. Vic phn chia nhiu ca cng tc c tc dng rt ngn thi gian xy dng cng trnh (thng vic chia 1-2 ca cng tc/ngy c th rt ngn c 35-40% thi gian thi gian xy dng), tit kim mt phn chi ph gin tip do rt ngn thi gian thi cng (khong 4-5% gi thnh). Vic la chn ch ca phi hp l v mt k thut. Vi ch 3 ca: ch p dng cho mt s t cng vic, thng l cng vic gng hoc cc cng vic khng cho php gin on (v d cng tc thi cng btng di nc, vn khun trt, cc khoan nhi) Vi ch 2 ca: thng p dng cho cc cng vic c gii nng cao hiu qu s dng my mc (gim thi gian bn giao my gia ca..), p dng cho nhng cng vic gng m nu thc hin 3 ca th gim cht lng cng vic. Cc cng vic cn li nn thc hin ch 1 ca/ngy.
moitruongnuoc.com
59/100
b.) n nh thi gian thc hin cng vic. Thi gian thc hin cng vic trn tng phn on v ton b :
tj = Pj ai
Ni
t = t j
1
Nh vy thi gian thc hin cng vic t ph thuc ti nguyn s dng Ni, vi Nimin l mt t th hay mt t my theo c cu nh mc xc inh tmin, Nimax ph thuc vo kch thc ca mt bng cng tc F v din cng tc cn thit cho 1 ngi hoc 1 my thc hin f (Rmax=F/f) xc inh tmax. Tr s f quy nh t iu kin k thut, an ton ng thi thc y vic tng nng sut. 4.2.6 Quy nh trnh t cng ngh v phi hp cng tc theo thi gian. a.) Quy nh trnh t cng ngh. L quy nh mt trnh t thc hin cc cng vic hp l nht theo bn cht cng ngh ca mi qu trnh. N l mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng nht v l mt iu kin bt buc, m bo thnh cng vic xy dng cng trnh. Mt trnh t cng ngh khng hp l c nhng hu qu: Gy mt n nh cc b phn kt cu, nh hng n an ton, bn vng c cng trnh. Cht lng cng trnh khng m bo do phi tn chi ph phi sa cha. T chc thi cng chng cho, iu ng nhn lc, thit b khng hp l gy lng ph, mt an ton v ko di thi gian. V vy thit lp trnh t cng ngh hp l, phi xt n cc yu t nh hng n n. 1. Mi lin h k thut ca cc b phn kt cu vi nhau, cc cng vic tin hnh theo th t ph hp vi s chu lc. 2. m bo tnh n nh cho kt cu cng trnh, cc cng vic c thi cng sao cho ton cng trnh l bt bin hnh mi thi im. 3. m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b trong cc qu trnh thi cng. 4. c im v tnh cht vt liu, chi tit bn thnh phm cng lin quan n trnh t thi cng do cn khong khng gian di chuyn, thc hin cng vic.. 5. iu kin kh hu thi tit cng nh hng n trnh t thi cng. 6. m bo cht lng thi cng chung, thc hin cng vic sau khng nh hng n cht lng cng vic trc. 7. Trnh t cng ngh phc v thun tin cho vic thi cng, s dng ti a phng n thi cng c gii. 8. Nhu cu s dng kt qu ca cng vic trc thc hin cng vic sau nhm gim chi ph sn xut. 9. Tn dng mt bng cng tc ti a thc hin nhiu cng vic song song, kt hp nhm gim thi gian thc hin nhm cng vic v c cng trnh. 10. m bo cng vic lin tc cho cc t th, t my. Trn c s nghin cu cc nh hng ny, ngi ta ra cc nguyn tc chung sau: Ngoi cng trnh thi cng trc, trong cng trnh thi cng sau. Cc cng tc chun b (mt bng, c s vt cht k thut phc v xy lp..) nn thc hin trc khi khi cng xy dng cng trnh chnh.
moitruongnuoc.com
60/100
Cc cng vic di mt t lm trc, trn mt t lm sau. Cc cng vic cao trnh thp lm trc, cao trnh cao hn lm sau. Cui ngun thi cng trc, u ngun thi cng sau c th tn dng phn cng trnh thi cng xong. Thi cng cc kt cu chu lc trc, cc kt cu trang tr v bao che thi cng sau. Kt cu chu lc thi cng t mng n mi, cng tc hon thin t trn xung di v trong phm vi tng tng. i vi nh thp tng phi thi cng mi xong mi hon thin, vi nh cao tng rt ngn thi gian cho php thi cng kt cu chu lc v cng tc hon thin cch nhau 2-3 sn ton khi xong. b.) Phi hp cng tc theo thi gian. L thit lp mi lin h v thi gian gia cc cng vic c lin quan nhm mc ch t c thi gian yu cu i vi tng nhm cng vic, tng b phn v ton b cng trnh. ng thi s dng hp l cc t i FF chuyn nghip n nh v lu di trn cng trnh. C 4 loi lin h v thi gian, k hiu F_finish, S_start, FS A B biu din nh hnh v. Ty theo tnh cht ca tng SS cng vic m chn mi lin h cho ph hp. C 2 SF nguyn tc phi hp cc cng vic theo thi gian: Phi hp ti a cc qu trnh thnh phn th hin vic thc hin song song trn cc phn on cng tc. p dng thi cng dy chuyn i vi qu trnh ch yu rt ngn thi gian xy dng cng trnh. 4.2.7 Lp biu k hoch tin . Ty theo c im, quy m cng trnh m biu k hoch tin c th c lp di dng cc s ngang, xin, mng, yu cu chung l m hnh k hoch tin r rng d phn tch. 4.3 LP BIU TI NGUYN. K hoch tin ban u tun th yu cu cng ngh thng khng tng xng vi nng lc sn xut, kh nng cung ng vt t, thit b dn n vic phi iu chnh KHT. Biu ti nguyn ngoi vic nh gi mc hp l ca KHT cn xc nh chnh xc s lng, chng loi, cng v th t s dng cc loi vt t ch yu dng trong qu trnh thi cng. Cc s liu ny cn l c s m bo cho cng tc cung ng vt t k thut, cng tc chun b phc v sn xut. Biu thng lp cho cc loi ti nguyn: nhn lc (biu nhn lc chung, cho tng ngh), vt liu, my mc thit b thi cng, vn u t 4.3.1 Biu nhn lc. c hai loi. a.) Biu nhn lc chung. L c s nh gi KHT qua ch tiu mc s dng nhn lc v n lin quan n chi ph phc v sn xut nh ln tri, y t...Xc nh bng cch cng dn nhn lc trn biu k hoch theo tin thi gian. Cn c vo hnh dng biu nhn lc nh gi mc hp l (nh gi nh tnh) ca KHT: yu cu biu
moitruongnuoc.com
61/100
tng i phng, khng c nhng nh cao trong thi gian ngn v lm su trong thi gian di, cho php cc khong lm su trong thi gian ngn. V mt nh lng, ngi ta s dng 2 h s nh gi: H s s dng nhn lc khng iu ha k1.
k1 = Rmax R
vi
R=
Q T
Vi Rmax , R _ ch s nhn lc ln nht v trung R bnh. Q_tng chi ph lao ng ton cng trnh. (bng din tch biu nhn lc). T T_thi gian xy dng cng trnh. Gii hn k1 = 1 1,5 , bin ng theo tng phng n, yu cu k1 1 l hp l. H s phn b lao ng k2.
k2 = Qd Q
Rmax
yu cu k 2 0 l hp l nht.
Vi Qd_tng s hao ph lao ng vt mc trung bnh (phn gch cho). b.) Biu nhn lc ring. Thng lp cho mt s loi th chnh: th btng, th lp ghp, th nv phi lp cho tt c cc cng vic cn s dng loi th trn ton cng trng. Tc dng loi biu ny l xc nh nhu cu, thi gian s dng mt s loi th lm cng tc chuyn mn, khng dng nh gi vic s dng iu ha nhn lc trn ton cng trng v thng lp dng bng. 4.3.2 Biu vt t. c lp cho cc loi vt t ch yu c khi lng s dng ln theo thi gian (ngy) nh ct, , ximng, gchring i vi cng tc lp ghp c th lp chi tit n tng gi trong ca hay cho tng on, khu vc lp ghp hay tng v tr ng my. Trn biu vt t thng th hin ng thi biu s dng, vn chuyn v d tr vt tYu cu khi lp biu vt t: m bo cung ng y v kp thi nhu cu vt t cho qu trnh thi cng, v s lng, chng loi cng nh thi hn cung cp Ngoi vic xc nh nhu cu v thi gian s dng vt t, biu cn c tc dng lp k hoch vn chuyn v iu ng phng tin sao cho c hiu qu nht trong vic cung ng, s dng v d tr vt t trong qu trnh thi cng. Cn c vo biu s dng v nh mc d tr s dng vt t, xc nh lng tn kho tnh ton kho bi cng trng sao cho khi lng vt t d tr l nh nht nhng vn m bo cho sn xut cng cao. Cu to ca biu vt t gm: Biu s dng hng ngy: c dng hnh ct, c lp da trn nh mc tiu hao vt t ca cc cng vic trong k hoch tin thi cng c lin quan n vic s dng loi vt t . N cho bit v th hin cng s dng vt t v lng vn chuyn bnh qun ngy q = Q T . Biu s dng cng dn: c dng ng gp khc, c lp trn c s biu s dng hng ngy bng cch cng dn khi lng s dng t u k n
moitruongnuoc.com
62/100
cui k, v do cho bit tng s lng vt t s dng t u k. Khi c xt n vn d tr m bo cho vic cung ng, cho vn cht lng, s lng vt tta c thm biu s dng vt t cng dn c d tr. Biu cng vn chuyn: c dng chm tia, trc tung cho bit khi lng vn chuyn trong 1 n v thi gian ng vi mt s lng xe vn chuyn nht nh. Biu vn chuyn u lin tc: (s lng xe khng i) c dng ng thng xin, c u im d iu ng phng tin nhng lng vt t d tr cao nn phi tn km din tch kho bi v cng bo qun, t s dng. Biu vn chuyn khng u (s lng xe thay i, khng lin tc): c dng ng gp khc lin tc hoc cch qung, khi lng vn chuyn ty thuc cng s dng. C u im l lng vt t d tr lun mc thp nht do t tn km din tch kho bi v cng bo qun, nhc im l vic iu ng phng tin vn chuyn kh. Biu d tr vt t: cho bit lng vt t d tr theo thi gian.
Q(m3) 40 40
1
25 20 20
0 Q(m ) 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200

4
4x 3x 2x 1x
3
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 t
x'
2x
2 5 3
3x
5'
4x
2x
x 90 100 150
0 100 200 Q(m3) 300 400

300
6'
250 370
100
Hnh 4-3. Biu vt t. Phng php lp biu vt t. Trng hp vn chuyn cung ng vt t u lin tc vi s lng xe khng i, th t v phng php lp nh sau: 1. Lp biu s dng hng ngy (1) suy t k hoch tin . 2. Lp biu s dng cng dn (2) suy t (1) bng cch cng dn khi lng s dng vt t theo thi gian.
moitruongnuoc.com
63/100
3. Cn c nh mc d tr vt t theo thi gian, lp biu s dng vt t cng dn c d tr (3) bng cch tnh tin v pha bn tri biu (2) i 1 khong bng khong thi gian d tr. 4. V biu cng vn chuyn (4) dng chm tia ng vi s lng xe vn chuyn bng cch cn c vo loi phng tin vn chuyn, kh nng, c ly vn chuyn. 5. Chn trong biu cng vn chuyn (4) tia c gc nghing ln hn v gn nht vi gc nghing ca (3) lm ng vn chuyn chnh thc (5). Giao ca (5) vi trc x song song vi trc honh v i qua tung ln nht ca ng (2) l thi im kt thc vn chuyn. 6. V biu d tr vt t (6) v pha di ca trc honh ngc lai vi cc biu trn. Tr s ca n mi thi im l hiu s tung gia ng vn chuyn chnh thc (5) vi ng s dng cng dn (2). V d: Lp biu vt t ct vi cng tiu th nh sau, xem hnh v 4-3. 10 ngy u 20m3ct/ngy. 20 ngy tip theo 40m3ct/ngy. 20 ngy cui 25m3ct/ngy. Thi gian d tr tdtrCat=5ngy. Vn chuyn bng xe ben c Qvch=15m3/ngy. Trng hp vn chuyn khng u vi s lng xe thay i, v c ng vn chuyn thay i (5) bc th 5. ngi ta v ng gp khc to bi cc tia (4) v bm st ng cng dn c d tr (3). Mi on ca n ng vi thi gian vn chuyn vi s lng xe xc nh. Tng ng ta c ng d tr (6). Trong trng hp va vn chuyn khng u, khng lin tc th ng s (5) s va gp khc va cch qung.
moitruongnuoc.com
64/100
PHN II
THIT K TNG MT BNG V T CHC CNG TRNG XY DNG

CHNG V
THIT K TNG MT BNG XY DNG

5.1 KHI NIM CHUNG 5.1.1 Khi nim. Tng mt bng xy dng l mt tp hp cc mt bng m trn ngoi vic quy hoch v tr cc cng trnh s c xy dng, cn phi b tr v xy dng cc c s vt cht k thut cng trng phc v cho qu trnh thi cng xy dng v i sng ca con ngi trn cng trng. Tng mt bng xy dng (TMBXD) l mt ni dung rt quan trng khng th thiu trong h s Thit k t chc xy dng v Thit k t chc thi cng. Xt theo ngha rng, TMBXD l mt H thng sn xut hot ng trong mt khng gian v thi gian c th vi cc quy lut kinh t x hi, cng ngh v t chc, con ngi v thin nhinnhm mc ch xy dng nn nhng cng trnh phc v con ngi. C th m t TMBXD nh mt hm mc tiu vi nhiu bin s din ra trong mt khng gian a chiu.
TMBXD = f (k , t , c, x, n...) OPTIMAL.
Vi k_tham s v khng gian, ph thuc a im xy dng; t_tham s v thi gian; c_tham s v cng ngh xy dng; x_tham s cc vn x hi; n_tham s v vn con ngi; OPTIMAL_mc tiu ti u. Vic kho st hm mc tiu trn tm ti u l rt kh, tuy nhin c th ti u theo tng bin c lp, hoc c xt n s nh hng ca cc bin s khc. Mun vy cn tm hiu ni dung cng nh yu cu v thit k TMBXD. Tng qut ni dung thit k TMBXD bao gm nhng vn sau: Xc nh v tr c th cc cng trnh c quy hoch trn khu t c cp xy dng. B tr cn trc, my mc thit b thi cng chnh. Thit k h thng giao thng cng trng. Thit k kho bi cng trng. Thit k cc trm xng ph tr. Thit k nh tm cng trng. Thit k mng k thut tm cng trng (in, cp thot nc).
moitruongnuoc.com
65/100
Thit k h thng an ton, bo v v v sinh mi trng. 5.1.2 Phn loi tng mt bng xy dng. a.) Phn loi theo thit k. Tng mt bng xy dng tht k k thut: do c quan thit k lp, trong bc thit k T chc xy dng trong giai on thit k k thut. giai on ny TMBXD ch cn thit k tng qut vi cc ch dn chnh, khng nh vi phng n thi cng nh vy c th m bo hon thnh d n. Tng mt bng xy dng thit k thi cng: do cc nh thu thit k, TMBXD l mt phn ca H s d thu. Khi thit k, cc nh thu phi th hin c trnh t chc cng trng vi y c s vt cht k thut cng trng nhm m bo thc hin ng hp ng theo cc yu cu ca ch u t. chnh l nng lc ca mi nh thu gp phn cho vic thng thu. b.) Phn loi theo giai on thi cng. Qu trnh thi cng xy dng cng trnh thng c chia theo cc giai on thi cng nn cn phi thit k TMBXD cho cc giai on thi cng . Tng mt bng xy dng giai on thi cng phn ngm (cng tc thi cng t, thi cng kt cu mng: tng hm, cc, neo). Tng mt bng xy dng giai on thi cng phn kt cu chu lc chnh ca cng trnh. Tng mt bng xy dng giai on thi cng phn hon thin. c.) Phn loi theo cch th hin bn v. Tng mt bng xy dng chung, l mt TMBXD tng qut th hin tt c cc cng trnh s c xy dng cng vi cc c s vt cht k thut cng trng. V vy khng th th hin c chi tit m ch yu l quy hoch v tr cc c s vt cht k thut cng trng. Tng mt bng xy dng ring, th hin chi tit v mt k thut i vi tt c cc c s vt cht k thut cng trng. d.) Phn loi theo i tng xy dng. Tng mt bng cng trng xy dng: l dng TMBXD in hnh nht, c thit k tng qut cho mt cng trng xy dng gm mt cng trnh hoc lin hp cng trnh, vi s tham gia ca mt hoc nhiu nh thu xy dng. Tng mt bng cng trnh xy dng: hay cn gi l tng mt bng cng trnh n v v i tng xy dng l mt cng trnh trong mt d n xy dng ln. 5.1.3 Cc nguyn tc c bn khi thit k tng mt bng thi cng. TMBXD phi thit k sao cho cc c s vt cht k thut tm phc v tt nht cho qu trnh thi cng xy dng, khng lm nh hng n cng ngh, cht lng, thi gian xy dng, an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng. Gim thiu chi ph xy dng cng trnh tm bng cch: tn dng mt phn cng trnh xy dng xong, chn loi cng trnh tm r tin, d tho d, di chuynnn b tr v tr thun li trnh di chuyn nhiu ln gy lng ph. Khi thit k TMBXD phi tun theo cc hng dn, cc tiu chun v thit k k thut, cc quy nh v an ton lao ng, phng chng chy n v v sinh
moitruongnuoc.com
66/100
mi trng. Hc tp kinh nghim thit k TMBXD v t chc cng trng xy dng c trc, mnh dn p dng cc tin b khoa hc k thut, v qun l kinh t trong thit k TMBXD. 5.1.4 Cc ti liu thit k TMBXD. a.) Cc ti liu chung. Cc hng dn v thit k TMBXD: cc quy chun, tiu chun thit k, cc hng dn k thut, thit k cng trnh tm. Cc tiu chun v an ton, v sinh mi trng, cc quy nh v cc k hiu bng v b.) Cc ti liu ring i vi tng cng trnh c th. Mt bng hin trng khu t xy dng. Bng a hnh v bng trc t, ti liu v a cht thy vn. Mt bng tng th quy hoch cc cng trnh xy dng, cc h thng c s h tngca cng trnh. Cc bng v v cng ngh xy dng (c thit k trong h s thit k t chc thi cng, thit k t chc xy dng), biu k hoch tin xy dng. c.) Cc ti liu iu tra kho st ring cho tng cng trnh (nu cn). Cc ti liu v kinh t x hi ca a phng. Kh nng khai thc hoc cung cp nguyn vt liu ca a phng. Cc thit b thi cng m a phng c th cung ng. Kh nng cung ng in, nc, thng tin lin lcca a phng. Kh nng cung cp nhn lc, y t ca a phng. 5.2 TRNH T THIT K TNG MT BNG XY DNG TMBXD c thit k cho hai i tng ch yu sau: Tng mt bng cng trng xy dng v Tng mt bng cng trnh xy dng. i vi mi loi, n s c ni dung v yu cu khc nhau ty theo iu kin c th ca tng cng trnh. Nhn chung trnh t thit k c th tin hnh theo cc bc sau. 5.2.1 Xc nh giai on lp TMBXD. Ty theo c im ca cng trnh xy dng, xc nh s lng cc giai on thi cng chnh thit k TMBXD cho cc giai on thi cng . 5.2.2 Tnh ton s liu. T cc ti liu c trc trong h s thit k t chc xy dng hay thit k t chc thi cng nh: cc bng v cng ngh, biu k hoch tin thi cngtnh ra cc s liu phc v cho thit k TMBXD. Thi hn xy dng v biu nhn lc. V tr cc loi cn trc, my mc thit b xy dng trn cng trng. S lng tng loi xe my vn chuyn trong cng trng. Din tch kho bi vt liu, cu kin. Din tch nh xng ph tr. Nhu cu v mng k thut tm: in, nc, lin lc Nhu cu v nh tm.
moitruongnuoc.com
67/100
Nhu cu v cc dch v cung cp khc. Cc s liu tnh ton c nu trong thuyt minh v c lp thnh cc bng biu. 5.2.3 Thit k tng mt bng xy dng chung. bc ny, trc ht cn phi nh v cc cng trnh s c xy dng ln khu t, to ra mt iu kin ban u quy hoch cc cng trnh tm sau ny, cc cng trnh tm nn thit k theo trnh t sau (c th thay i ty trng hp). Trc ht cn xc nh v tr cc thit b thi cng chnh nh cn trc thp, my thng ti, thang my, cn trc thiu nhi, cc my trnl cc v tr c thit k trong cc bng v cng ngh, khng thay i c nn c u tin b tr trc. Thit k h thng giao thng tm trn cng trng trn nguyn tc s dng ti a ng c sn, hoc xy dng mt phn mng li ng quy hoch lm ng tm. B tr kho bi vt liu cu kin, trn c s mng li giao thng tm v v tr cc thit b thi cng c xc nh cc bc trc b tr kho bi cho ph hp theo cc giai on thi cng, theo nhm ph hp B tr nh xng ph tr (nu c) trn c s mng giao thng v kho bi c thit k trc. B tr cc loi nh tm. Thit k h thng an ton v bo v. Cui cng l thit k mng k thut tm: in, nc, lin lc 5.2.4 Thit k tng mt bng xy dng ring. Cn gi l thit k chi tit TMBXD. Sau khi quy hoch v tr cc cng trnh tm trn mt TMBXD chung, bc ny ta tch ra thnh cc tng mt bng ring thit k chi tit tng cng trnh tm mc bn v c th em ra thi cng c. Ty theo cng trng m c th tch ra cc tng mt bng ring nh: H thng giao thng. Cc nh xng ph tr. H thng kho bi v cc thit b thi cng.. H thng cp thot nc. H thng cp in, lin lc.. H thng an ninh, bo v, cu ha, v sinh mi trng 5.2.5 Th hin bng v, thuyt minh. Cc bng v th hin theo ng cc tiu chun ca bng v xy dng, vi cc k hiu c quy nh ring cho cc bng v TMBXD v cc ghi ch cn thit. Thuyt minh ch yu gii thch cho vic thit k cc cng trnh tm l c c s v hp l. 5.3 CC CH TIU NH GI TMBXD Mt tng mt bng xy dng c xem l t u, khi n tim cn vi cc hm mc tiu c ra. V vy, vi cc mc tiu khc nhau th khng th c li gii chung nh gi c. Nu mun so snh 2 TMBXD cng thit k cho 1 cng trng,
moitruongnuoc.com
68/100
th phi t ra hm mc tiu v cc rng buc nh nhau mi c th so snh. 5.3.1 nh gi chung v TMBXD. Ni dung ca TMBXD phi p ng y cc yu cu v cng ngh, v t chc, v an ton v v sinh mi trng. Ton b cc c s vt cht k thut cng trng c thit k cho TMBXD phi phc v tt nht cho qu trnh thi cng xy dng trn cng trng, nhm xy dng cng trnh ng thi hn, m bo cht lng v cc mc tiu ra. 5.3.2 nh gi ring tng ch tiu ca TMBXD. a.) Ch tiu k thut. Mt TMBXD hp l v ch tiu k thut khi n to ra c cc iu kin qu trnh thi cng xy dng thc hin m bo cht lng k thut v thi hn xy dng. b.) An ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng. C cc thit k c th m bo an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng. c.) Ch tiu cng nghip ha, hin i ha. Tng mt bng xy dng ngy nay phi mang tnh cng nghip, hin i cao. Mt du l cng trnh tm nhng cng phi c kh nng lp ghp, c ng cao d.) Ch tiu kinh t. nh gi nh tnh cc cng trnh tm qua cc ch tiu: Tn dng nhiu nht cc cng trnh c sn. Cc cng trnh tm c th s dng li nhiu ln hoc thu hi c nhiu khi thanh l hay ph d. Chi ph cho qu trnh s dng l r nht. 5.3.2 Cc ch tiu c th tnh c nh gi so snh cc TMBXD. a.) Ch tiu v gi thnh xy dng tm. Tng gi thnh xy dng tm: Vi
GTMB = Gi
i =1 n
GTMB_tng gi thnh xy dng cc cng trnh tm. Gi_ gi thnh xy dng tng cng trnh tm. b.) Ch tiu v s lng xy dng nh tm.
K1 =
nh gi qua h s xy dng tm K1: Vi
_tng din tch cc nh tm s phi xy dng, m2. 2 tt _tng din tch cc nh tm tnh ton theo nhu cu, m . H s K1<=1 v cng b cng tt.
XD
S S
S S
XD tt
5.4 TNG MT BNG CNG TRNG XY DNG 5.4.1 Ni dung thit k. y l dng TMBXD tng qut nht, mc tiu thit k cng nh ni dung thit k l t chc c 1 cng trng c lp xy dng 1 cng trnh hoc lin hp cng trnh. (hiu theo phm vi rng, 1 cng trng l 1 d n ln c nhiu cng trnh, nhiu dng kt cu khc nhau hay nhiu hng mc cng trnh do s tham gia ca 1 hay nhiu nh thu).
moitruongnuoc.com
69/100
Mt tng mt bng cng trng xy dng in hnh, ni dung tng qut cn thit k cc vn nh nu mc 5.2.3 , vi nhng cng trng xy dng ln, thi gian thi cng ko di, cn phi thit k TMBXD c trng cho tng giai on thi cng. 5.4.2 Trnh t thit k. Hai giai on. a.) Giai on 1: Thit k tng mt bng xy dng chung. Giai on ny ch yu xc nh v tr cc cng trnh tm nh cn trc, my mc thit b xy dng, kho bi, nh tm, giao thng, cp thot nc, cp in, lin lcBn v giai on ny thng th hin vi t l nh 1/250; 1/500 v theo cc bc nh hnh v 5-1.
moitruongnuoc.com
70/100
moitruongnuoc.com
71/100
Hnh 5-1. Trnh t thit k tng mt bng cng trng xy dng. b.) Giai on 2: Thit k tng mt bng xy dng ring. c th thi cng c cc cng trnh tm cng trng, cn phi thit k chi tit vi y cu to, kch thc v cc ghi ch cn thit, cn tch ring tng cng trnh tm hoc mt vi cng trnh tm c lin quan thit k chng trn mt bng v. Ty theo yu cu v c im ca tng cng trng cng nh kinh nghim ca ngi thit k m cc TMBXD ring c th khc nhau. Nh vy giai on 2 ca thit k ny c th gi l thit k chi tit c bn v thi cng, v c th do cc k s chuyn ngnh thc hin. 5.5 TNG MT BNG CNG TRNH XY DNG Tng mt bng cng trnh xy dng c thit k phc v cho vic thi cng mt cng trnh n v. 5.5.1 Nguyn tc chung thit k l: Nhng cng trnh tm c thit k chung cho cng trng th phi ph thuc theo (nh mng li giao thng cng trng, mng k thut in nc ton cng trng). Thit k mt cch ti thiu cc cng trnh tm cn thit nht phc v ring cho cng trnh ca mnh. 5.5.2 Ni dung v trnh t thit k bao gm: Xc nh din tch thit k TMBXD, nh v cng trnh xy dng v mi lin h vi cc cng trnh xung quanh, vi cc cng trnh tm c thit k B tr cn trc v cc my mc thit b thi cng . B tr cc kho bi, nh tm cn thit cho ring cng trnh. Thit k mng k thut tm cho ring cng trnh t ngun chung ca cng trng. Thit k h thng an ton, v sinh mi trng. Cc bc thit k trn c th thay i hay gp limin l thit k c mt TMBXD cng trnh hp l.
moitruongnuoc.com
72/100
CHNG VI
B TR THIT B XY DNG TRN CNG TRNG

6.1 KHI NIM CHUNG Cc my mc thit b thi cng xy dng ngy cng c s dng rng ri trn cc cng trng xy dng nhm p ng nhu cu hin i ha cng ngh thi cng xy dng. Vic nghin cu b tr v s dng mt cn trc hay mt thit b thi cng c th s c ch dn catalog hoc cc bn v cng ngh xy dng. y ch trnh by nhng nguyn tc chung, cc ch dn cn thit b tr v s dng mt s thit b xy dng thng gp cc cng trng xy dng. Cn trc: cn trc thp v cn trc t hnh. Thng ti vn chuyn vt liu ln cao. Thang my vn chuyn ngi. Trm, my trn va: va btng, va xy trt 6.2 CN TRC XY DNG Cn trc xy dng thng c s dng thi cng lp ghp hay vn chuyn vt liu, thit b ln cao. Cn trc xy dng c rt nhiu loi, mi loi li c nhiu chng loi khc nhau, tuy nhin chng u c nhng nguyn tc chung. 6.2.1 Cn trc thp. Yu cu chung khi b tr cn trc thp v mt s loi cn trc thp hay s dng. S lng, v tr ng v di chuyn ca cn trc (ty theo cn trc c nh hay chy trn ray) phi thun li trong cu lp v vn chuyn, tn dng c sc trc, c tm vi bao qut ton cng trnh, V tr ng v di chuyn ca cn trc phi m bo an ton cho cn trc, cho cng trnh, cho ngi thi cng trn cng trng, thun tin trong lp dng v tho d. a.) Cn trc thp chy trn ray. Hnh v 6-1. Khong cch t trng tm ca cn trc ti trc bin ca cng trnh:
A = l d + l AT + l dg , (m )
Vi ld_chiu di ca i trng t tm quay ti mp bin ngoi ca i trng. lAT_khong cch an ton, ly khong 1m. ldg_chiu rng ca dn gio, cng khong h thi cng.
moitruongnuoc.com
73/100
Hnh 6-1a. B tr cn trc thp chy trn ray c i trng di.
Hnh 6-1b. Mt bng b tr cn trc thp chy trn ray c i trng di. b.) Cn trc thp c nh. Thng c i trng trn cao, c 2 loi. Loi ng c nh bng chn ( trn ray hoc trn mt nn t c gia c v mt lp btng ct thp hoc lp ghp cc tm btng ct thp c sn). Hnh v 6-2. Khong cch t trng tm cn trc ti mp ngoi cng trnh:
A= rc + l AT + l dg , (m ) 2
Vi rc_chiu rng ca chn cn trc;
Hnh 6-2. Cn trc thp ng c nh bng chn c i trng trn cao. Loi ng c nh c chn thp neo vo mng, l loi cn trc hin i, c s dng ph bin nht, t nng h c chiu cao thn thp bng kch thy lc, ch quay tay cn cn thn thp ng nguyn. Khong cch gia cn trc
moitruongnuoc.com
74/100
v vt cn gn nht c ch dn catalog ca nh sn xut. Hnh 6-3.
Hnh 6-3. Cn trc thp ng c nh loi chn thp neo vo mng. Khi thi cng phn ngm c s dung cn trc thp cn kim tra iu kin an A = A'+C + rc / 2 vi: ton cho h mng A. Hnh 6-4.
A' = l AT + B = l AT + H cot g
Vi C_khong cch t trc nh v ngoi ca cng trnh n chn mi dc. lAT_khong cch an ton ty thuc loi t v cn trc ly (1 3)m . H_chiu su h o. _gc ca mt trt t nhin ca t tnh theo l thuyt.
Hnh 6-4. V tr cn trc thp loi chay trn ray khi thi cng phn ngm. 6.2.1 Cn trc t hnh. Cn trc t hnh bnh xch hoc bnh hi, thng c s dng lp ghp nh cng nghip, thi cng nh dn dng ti 5 tng. V tr ca cn trc c xc nh theo phng php gii tch hoc ha trong phn thit k cng ngh xy dng. Trn TMBXD cn xc nh ng di chuyn ca cn trc c c s thit k cc cng trnh tm, b tr vt liu cu kin ln . tn dng sc trc, nu mt bng cho php thng thit k cho cn trc chy quanh cng trnh, ngc lai b tr chay mt bn cng trnh. V d trng hp cn trc chy quanh cng trnh nh hnh 6-5, trong : A_on ng cn trc di chuyn v cu lp. B_on ng ch yu ch cn trc i li. Rc_bn knh cong ti thiu ch vng (c th ly theo ng t l 15m). RCT_bn knh lm vic ca cn trc theo tnh ton.
moitruongnuoc.com
75/100
Hnh 6-5. ng i ca cn trc bnh xch trn TMBXD. 6.3 THNG TI V THANG MY nhng cng trng xy dng nh nhiu tng, ngoi cn trc trong mt s trng hp cn thit hoc khi khng s dng cn trc cn phi b tr thng ti vn chuyn cc nguyn vt liu c trng lng v kch thc khng ln m nu dng cn trc th s khng kinh t. Khi s lng cng nhn kh nhiu v vic i li trn cc tng c thun li c th b tr thang my dnh ring cho ngi. 6.3.1 Thng ti. Khi khng s dng cn trc, nu ch b tr mt thng ti th s b tr trung tm cng trnh; nu b tr hai thng ti m mt bng cho php th nn b tr 1 mt trc v 1 mt sau, hoc khi cng trnh ko di, nhiu n nguyn th thng ti b tr ti ranh gii cc n nguyn, u hi nhm gim khi lng vn chuyn theo phng ngang. cng trnh va c cn trc thp va c thng ti th: Nu cn trc thp di chuyn trn ray th thng ti b tr v pha i din khng vng ng di chuyn ca cn trc. Nu cn trc thp c nh th vn nn b tr thng ti pha khng c cn trc dn mt bng cung cp v an ton, nhng nu mt bng cht hp th c th lp thng ti cng pha cn trc nhng cng xa cn trc cng tt (cn trc trung tm, thng ti hai u hi).
moitruongnuoc.com
76/100
Hnh 6-5. B tr thng ti khi c cn trc chy trn ray (1_MB rng, 2_MB hp).
Hnh 6-6. B tr thng ti khi c cn trc thp ng c nh. Lu v tr thng ti phi tht st cng trnh, bn nng ch cch mp cng trnh mt khong rt nh hn na thun li cho vic neo gi n nh thng ti vo cng trnh. 6.3.2 Thang my. V nguyn l lm vic thang my ging nh thng ti ch khc vi chi tit cu to l lng thang my c h thng li bo v bao quanh v c ca ra vo. V tr thang my c b tr sau khi b tr thng ti, nn b tr ngoi khu vc nguy him (xa cn trc, thng ti), c th gc cng trnh, dng ngi di chuyn t thang my khng giao ct vi ng tm bo kh nng quan st. 6.4 CC LOI MY TRN Sau cn trc v thng ti, my trn c u tin b tr trn TMBXD. Khi b tr trm trn cung ng cho ton cng trng (nhiu im tiu th), v tr ti u ca n c xc nh sao cho tng gi thnh vn chuyn va n cc im tiu th min. Hm mc tiu l:
G = c Qi Li min
i =1 n
Vi G_tng gi thnh vn chuyn t trm trn n cc im tiu th. c_gi thnh vn chuyn cho 1 tn va/km. Qi_ khi lng va cung ng cho tng im tiu th. Li_khong cch t im cung ng n tng im tiu th. Vi nhng cng trng c trm trn ngay cnh cng trnh (hoc cng trnh n v) th b tr theo nguyn tc my trn va cng gn ni tiu th cng tt, c bit l gn cc phng tin vn chuyn ln cao, lu cc vn v an ton.
moitruongnuoc.com
77/100
CHNG VII
THIT K T CHC VN TI CNG TRNG

7.1 KHI NIM CHUNG Cng tc vn chuyn trn cng trng rt a dng v phc tp, t chng loi hng ha, phng tin vn chuyn n ng s, c ly vn chuynv ph thuc rt nhiu vo trnh t, thi hn, khi lng, phng php t chc thi cng trn cng trng. Cng tc vn chuyn k c bc xp chim ti 50% tng khi lng cng tc cng trng v khong 20-30% gi thnh xy dng cng trnh. Vic vn chuyn trong xy dng hu ht l 1 chiu, d t chc nhng lng ph nn hiu qu khng cao. Nh vy vic thit k t chc vn ti cng trng c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic m bo thi cng trn cng trng cng nh gim gi thnh xy dng. 7.2 T CHC VN CHUYN HNG N CNG TRNG 7.2.1 Xc nh tng khi lng hng ha phi vn chuyn n cng trng. Nhm vt liu xy dng (A), l ton b khi lng ca cc loi nguyn vt liu s dng cho vic thi cng xy dng cng trnh, n c xc nh t d ton cng trnh, t biu k hoch tin hoc t cc biu ti nguyn Nhm cc my mc thit b xy dng (B), xc nh t thng s k thut my tra catalog hoc c th c lng theo kinh nghim (20-30)%A. Nhm my mc, thit b (C) phc v cho vic vn hnh cng trnh nu c, c bit l cc cng trnh cng nghip. Tng khi lng hng cn vn chuyn cn tnh thm 10% d phng:
H = 1,1 ( A + B + C ), (tan )
7.2.2 Xc nh lng hng lu thng theo phng tin vn chuyn v c ly vn

moitruongnuoc.com
78/100
chuyn n cng trng. xc nh lng hng ha lu thng hng ngy trn tng tuyn ng, cn phi phn loi ty theo tnh cht, c im ca hng ha; phng thc vn chuyn; theo a im giao nhn hng. Vic phn loi c lp thnh cc bng biu tin s dng. V d:
TT Tn Hng 1 2 1 Xi mng 2 Gch xy v Khi Lng 3 4 tn 7800 vin 235000 Ni Nhn 5 Cng Tin Sa Lai Nghi - Hi An ng i 6 18km 25km Ghi ch 7 PC40,30 ..
7.2.3 La chn hnh thc vn chuyn. Hin nay c 2 phng thc vn chuyn n cng trng. Mt l theo phng thc truyn thng, tc l cng trng t t chc vn chuyn ly hng ha nh trong thi k bao cp. Khi ny phi la chn phng tin vn chuyn v t chc vn chuyn (ch p dng cho cc cng trng c quy m ln hoc dng tng cng ty nhiu chc nng thi cng cng lc nhiu cng trnh) Hai l theo phng thc hp ng vn chuyn, ch hng s giao hng s giao hng ti cng trng, phng thc ny hin nay ang chim u th, gim p lc cho khu qun l, mang tnh cnh tranh cao 7.2.4 T chc vn chuyn. a.) Chn phng tin vn chuyn. chn phng tin vn chuyn hp l, thng phn ra cc loi sau: Theo loi hnh vn chuyn c: ng st, ng b, ng thy, ng hng khng. Theo phm vi vn chuyn c: vn chuyn ngoi cng trng, vn chuyn trong cng trng. Theo sc ko c: th cng, c gii. Ty theo v tr xy dng cng trnh, c im h thng giao khu vc xy dng ngoi cng trng c th tn dng c cc loi hnh vn chuyn. Sau xt n nhng yu cu k thut trong vn chuyn ca tng loi hng ha la chn s b phng tin vn chuyn. Sau cng l xt n mt kinh t tc l tnh gi thnh vn chuyn theo tng loi phng tin. Mt s kinh nghim: Vn chuyn bng ng st gi r, nng sut cao, thch hp khi c ly vn chuyn ln (>100km), khu vc xy dng c sn mng li ng st v trn cng trng ng st l loi phng tin vn chuyn chnh thc. Tuy nhin vic xy dng cc tuyn ng st ring cho cng trng l rt tn km v khng kh thi. Vn chuyn bng ng thy c gi thnh r nht trong cc loi hnh vn chuyn, nhng ph thuc thi tit v ch s dng khi c cng sng, cng bin tip cn cng trnh. Vn chuyn bng ng st, ng thy nhiu khi cn phi trung chuyn mi n c cng trng nn li phc tp v tn km. Vn chuyn bng ng b c tnh c ng cao, kh nng a hng vo tn ni s dng khng qua trung gian, cho php vn chuyn nhiu loi hng ha
moitruongnuoc.com
79/100
nh s phong ph v chng loi phng tin, thch hp vn chuyn ti ch trn cng trng. Hoc c nhng trng hp m theo kinh nghim thy hp l, th cng khng cn tnh ton so snh m quyt nh ngay phng tin . b.) Tnh s lng xe vn chuyn. Ch yu y ta tnh ton cho vn chuyn bng t, chu k vn chuyn ca xe.
t ck = t x + l l l + td + + tq = t x + 2 + td + tq v1 v v
Vi
l_qung ng vn chuyn 1 chiu. v1, v2, v_vn tc ca xe khi c ti, khng ti v trung bnh. tx, td, tq_thi gian xp, d, quay xe (k lun thi gian ngh). Xc nh s chuyn xe c th ch hng trong mt ngy:
m= Tng t ck
(vi Tng_thi gian lm vic ca xe trong ngy). (xe)
S lng xe cn thit theo tnh ton:

N= Q qm
Vi Q, q_l tng khi lng hng cn vn chuyn trong ngy v trng ti xe. S lng xe cn thit theo thc t cng trng, c k n s khng tn dng ht ti trng xe, mt s xe phi bo dng
N tte = N k1 k 2 k 3
Vi k1_h s k n s khng tn dng ht thi gian (vi t ly 0,9); k2_h s k n s khng tn dng ht trng ti (vi t ly 0,6); k3_h s an ton (vi t ly 0,8). Vic la chn loi xe ph thuc c im tnh cht loi hng vn chuyn, mt s loi xe nh hnh 7-1.
moitruongnuoc.com
80/100
moitruongnuoc.com
81/100
Hnh 7-1. Mt s loi xe vn chuyn trong xy dng. a)Xe t c thng; b)Xe t c b; c)Xe t c thng t ; d)Xe ch va; e)Xe ch btng; g)Xe ch tm tng,tm sn; h)Xe ch dm;
moitruongnuoc.com
82/100
i)Xe ch panen; k)Xe ch dn; l)Xe ch thng. 7.3 THIT K H THNG GIAO THNG CNG TRNG H thng giao thng cng trng (h thng ng tm) c xy dng phc v cho vic thi cng cng trnh, gm: h thng giao thng ngoi cng trng (l ng ni cng trng vi h thng giao thng hin c ca khu vc xy dng) v h thng giao thng trong cng trng (trong phm vi cng trng). Khi thit k quy hoch mng li giao thng tm, cn tun theo cc nguyn tc chung sau. Trit s dng cc tuyn ng hin c khu vc xy dng v kt hp s dng cc tuyn ng s c xy dng thuc quy hoch ca cng trnh, bng cch xy dng trc mt phn tuyn ng ny phc v cho vic thi cng. Cn c vo cc s lung vn chuyn hng thit k hp l mng li ng, m bo thun tin vic vn chuyn cc loi vt liu, thit bgim ti a s ln bc xp. c im ca ng cng trng l thi gian s dng ngn, cng vn chuyn khng ln, tc xe chy 25-50km/h v vy khi thit k cho php s dng nhng tiu chun k thut thp hn so vi ng vnh cu. Khi thit k ng cng trng, phi tun theo cc tiu chun hin hnh ca B GTVT v cc quy nh khc ca Nh nc, ngoi ra c th s dng cc thit k mu v kt cu mt ng cng trng trong cc bng tra thi cng. 7.3.1 Thit k mng li ng ngoi cng trng. a.) Thit k quy hoch tuyn ng. Da vo cc nguyn tc. Tuyn ng c gi thnh xy dng r nht. Khong cch vn chuyn l ngn nht nu c th. Cn tn dng ti a nhng ng c sn hoc s xy dng cho cng trnh b.) Thit k cu to ng. Cn gi l thit k kt cu ng, gm phn mng, phn nn v phn mt ng. Khi thit k cn da vo thi gian s dng ng, phng tin vn chuyn, ti trng cu to ng mt cch hp l, an ton v kinh t. 7.3.2 Thit k mng li ng trong cng trng. Mng li ng trong cng trng hay cn gi l mng li ng ni b, c thit k phc v cho vic thi cng trong cng trng. Nguyn tc thit k: Gim gi thnh xy dng bng cch tn dng nhng tuyn ng c sn hoc xy dng trc mt phn cc tuyn ng s xy dng theo quy hoch ca cng trnh s dng tm. Thit k phi tun theo cc quy trnh, tiu chun v thit k v xy dng ng cng trng. a.) Thit k quy hoch tuyn ng. Cng ra vo: ty theo c im ca cng trng v h thng giao thng ca khu vc xy dng m c th thit k mt hay nhiu cng ra vo. Nu c iu kin th nn b tr 2-3 cng m bo lung xe vo ra theo mt chiu s c nhanh chng v mt cng cho cc phng tin th s, cng nhn
moitruongnuoc.com
83/100
Tuyn ng: cc tuyn ng s to thnh mng li ng, thng c quy hoch theo 3 s : s vng kn, s nhnh ct c v tr quay u xe v s phi hp. Vn chuyn theo s ng ct: trng hp ny cc kho b tr u ng ct, chi ph vn chuyn ph thuc vo khi lng, cc ph v qung ng vn chuyn, trong hai i lng u c th khng i do phi gim ti a qung ng vn chuyn. Phng php: tin hnh phn phi cc kho u ng ct trc, th t cp pht cho cc cng trnh gn nht trc, nu cn tha mi cp tip cho cc cng trnh sau. S ny c mng li giao thng ngn nht, nhng giao thng kh, cn c v tr quay u xe hoc xe phi chy li, s dng cho nhng cng trng nh, trong thnh ph, b gii hn bi mt bng. Vn chuyn theo ng vng khp kn: trng hp ny im cung cp v ni tiu th ni vi nhau thnh vng kn. Phng php phn phi: loi b mt on ca ng vng kn to thnh vng h c cc kho b tr u ng ct, sau phn phi theo s ng ct; tnh tng chiu di ng vn chuyn khp kn, tnh tng chiu di cc on vn chuyn cng hng trn ng vng, sau so snh nu tng chiu di cc on thng cng hng <= na chiu di ng khp kn th phng n phn phi l hp l; trong trng hp ngc li, phi tin hnh phn phi li bng cch loi b on c khi lng lun chuyn nh nht, tin hnh phn phi li theo s ng ct nh trn, sau li lm php so snh, c th cho n khi t c iu kin ti u. S ny c u im giao thng tt, nhng chim nhiu din tch, gi thnh cao, s dng cho nhng cng trng c mt bng rng Trng hp vn chuyn theo nhiu hng khc nhau, ta c bi ton vn ti: C m im cung ng (im pht i = 1 m ) v n im tiu th (im thu j = 1 n ) mt loi hng ha no , bit cc ph vn chuyn mt n v hng ha t im pht i n im tiu th j l cij . Lp k hoch vn chuyn hng t cc im pht n cc im thu sao cho tng cc ph vn chuyn l nh nht. Hm mc tiu ca n c dng:
f ( X ) = cij xij min
i =1 j =1 m n
Vi xij l lng hng vn chuyn t im pht i n im tiu th j. y l bi ton quy hoch tuyn tnh, gii bi ton ny ta i gii bi ton i ngu tm h thng th v u i , v j ca n, hoc s dng hm Solve trong ng dng Microsoft Office Excel. b.) Thit k cu to ng. Hay cn gi l thit k kt cu ng, gm la chn kch thc b rng ng, mt ct ngang ng th hin r phn mng, phn mt ng. Ty theo cc iu kin c th ca cng trng, thit k c kt cu ng hp l, m bo cc yu cu theo quy phm v kinh t.
moitruongnuoc.com
84/100
CHNG VIII
THIT K T CHC
KHO BI V NH TM CNG TRNG

8.1 THIT K T CHC KHO BI CNG TRNG 8.1.1 Khi nim chung. a.) Vai tr ca cng tc kho bi. Mt trong nhng iu kin hng u m bo vic xy dng cng trnh ng thi hn, t cht lng cao l cng tc cung ng vt t k thut, trong ch yu l vic t chc h thng kho bi mt cch hp l. Vai tr ca cng tc kho bi: T trng chi ph vt t trong gi thnh cng trnh, ty theo c im cng trnh c th chim (70-80)% tng chi ph trc tip. T vn chuyn n s dng thng thng vt t phi qua mt s giai on nh nhp kho, phn loi, th nghim, xut khodo vic qun l t chc kho bi cng trng l kh quan trng trong thi cng xy dng. S phong ph, a dng v chng loi vt t, iu kin vn chuyn cung cp dn n s a dng ca h thng kho bi. b.) Phn loi kho bi cng trng. Theo tnh cht bo qun kho, bi. -Kho h (kho l thin): di dng cc bi cng trng, bo qun cc loi vt t khng b nh hng ca iu kin thi tit nh to, W, ma, nngVd: ct, , gch, ngi, kt cu btng c sn -Kho bn l thin: l dng nh c mi che khng c tng bao quanh bo qun cc loi vt t c th chu c s thay i v to, W nhng khng chu c tc ng trc tip ca ma, nngvd: g x, thp, thit b cng ngh -Kho kn: thng c xy dng c mi che v c tng bao quanh, dng bo qun cc loi vt t khng th chu c nh hng ca thi tit hoc cc loi vt t ri, thit b d mt mti vi mt s loi vt t cn c trang b h thng cch m, thng gi -Kho chuyn dng: bo qun nhng loi vt t c yu cu c bit v phng chng chy n (xng, du, ha cht, cht n..), c th xy dng ngm hoc ni trn mt t, c iu kin v m bo an ton v thng c b tr thnh cc khu ring bit trn cng trnh. Theo v tr t kho v phm vi phc v. -Kho trung chuyn: dng bo qun vt t trong thi gian ngn trc khi vn chuyn n a im khc, thng c xy dng cc u mi giao thng, ni tip gip gia hai loi hnh vn chuyn (ng st-ng b, ng thy-ng b..).
moitruongnuoc.com
85/100
-Kho trung tm (tng kho cung ng): dng bo qun vt liu trong thi gian di, khi lng ln, phc v cho nhiu cng trnh, nhiu khu vc xy dng khc nhau, thng c b tr khu tp trung mt xy dng cao, thun tin v giao thng vn ti. Hai loi kho ny thng nm ngoi phm vi cng trng v l u mi ca h thng cung ng vt t tp trung theo k hoch. -Kho cng trng: dng bo qun v cung cp vt t cho ton cng trng. -Kho cng trnh: dng bo qun v cung cp vt t cho tng cng trnh, hng mc cng trnh. -Kho xng: phc v cho cc xng gia cng, cha cc nguyn liu sn xut v cc sn phm sn xut ra. Thng l thnh phn ca cc xng, c b tr trn mt bng ca xng . Ngoi ra cn phn loi da trn thi gian s dng hay dng kt cu c s dng lm kho bi. 8.1.2 Ni dung thit k. a.) Xc nh lng vt t cn d tr (Qdtr): ph thuc cc yu t: Lng vt t tiu th hng ngy theo tng loi, theo yu cu tin qi. iu kin cung ng v vn chuyn: ngun, loi phng tin vn chuyn, c ly vn chuyn Li. c im ca tng loi vt t v yu cu x l trc khi s dng (th nghim vt liu, khuch i kt cu). Lng vt t bo qun kho cn m bo cho vic thi cng c lin tc v khng ln qu, bao gm cc loi d tr: d tr thng xuyn, d tr vn ti, d tr bo himc xc nh nh sau:
Qdtr = q(t1 + t 2 + t 3 ) = q t dtr
Vi q_lng vt t tiu th ln nht trong ngy, xc nh cn c vo biu s dng vt t hng ngy v ly gi tr ln nht hoc cn c vo tng s lng vt t cn s dng v khong thi gian s dng n: q = vi
Qk T
Q_tng khi kng vt t s dng trong k; T_thi gian s dng loi vt t ; k = q max qtb = 1,2 1,6 _h s tnh n mc s dng khng u. t1, t2, t3_l thi gian d tr vt liu thng xuyn, d tr vn ti, d tr bo him. n gin c th ly thi gian d tr chung tdtr=t1+ t2+ t3 tra bng. Hoc Qdtr c th ly gi tr ln nht trn biu d tr vt t.
Loi vt t Loi hnh vn chuyn t (ngy) ng st (ngy) <=15km >15km <=100km >100km 2-3 3-5 5-10 10-15 4-6 6-10 5-10 10-20 5-10 10-15 10-20 20-40
1.Ct, , si 2.Ximng, gch.. 3.G
b.) Xc nh din tch, kch thc kho bi. Din tch kho bi c ch Fc , tc din tch trc tip cht cha vt liu, c tnh
moitruongnuoc.com
86/100
bng cng thc:
Fc =
Vi d_lng vt liu nh mc cha trn 1m2 din tch kho bi, tra bng. Din tch kho bi F, k c ng i li dnh cho vic bc xp, tho d, phng F = Fc , (m 2 ) . chyc tnh nh sau: Vi _h s s dng mt bng, = 1,5 1,7 i vi cc kho tng hp; = 1,4 1,6 i vi cc kho kn; = 1,1 1,2 vi cc bi l thin. = 1,2 1,3 i vi cc bi l thin, cha thng, hm, cu kin; Sau khi tnh c din tch kho bi, ty iu kin mt bng v cch thc xp d m la chn kch thc kho bi cho ph hp.
TT Tn vt liu .v Lng vt liu trn 1m2 4 Chiu cao cht vt liu (m) 5 Cch cht Loi kho
Qdtr , m2 d
( )
1 I 1 2 3
II 1 2 3 4 III 1 2 3 4 III 1 2 IV 1 2 3 4
2 Ct, ng bng my. Ct, ng bng th cng. hc ng bng my. Xi mng ng bao. Xi mng ng thng. Vi bt. Gch ch Thp hnh I,U Thp thanh. Tn. Thp cun. G cy. G x. Sn ng hp Nha ng Xng du (thng). Giy du.
3
m3 m3 m3
6 ng ng ng xp chng xp chng ng xp chng xp chng xp chng xp chng xp chng xp chng xp chng xp chng xp ng
7 l thin l thin l thin kho kn kho kn kho kn l thin bn l thin bn l thin bn l thin bn l thin bn l thin bn l thin kho kn bn l thin kho .bit bn l thin
VT LIU TR
3-4 1,5-2 2-3 1,3 1,5 1,6 700

ST THP
5-6 1,5-2 2,5-3 2 1,8 2,6 1,5 0,6 1,2 1 1 2-3 2-3 2-2,2
VT LIU SILICAT
tn tn tn vin tn tn tn tn
m3 m3
0,8-1,2 3,7-4,2 4-4,5 1,3-1,5 1,3-2 1,2-1,8 0,7-1 0,9-1 0,8 6-9
VT LIU G
VT T HA CHT
tn tn tn cun
c.) Chn v tr t kho. Phi m bo thun tin cung cp vt t cho thi cng theo tin n nh, chi ph vn chuyn t kho n ni tiu th nh nht. Ngoi ra cn ch n cc vn sau: Nn b tr cc kho cng chc nng gn nhau nu c th thun tin cho vic khai thc. Kt hp gia cc kho cha vt liu xy dng v cc kho cha ca cng trnh
moitruongnuoc.com
87/100
sau ny (nhm gim chi ph xy dng kho). Cc kho nn t theo trc giao thng chnh. m bo cc iu kin bo v, an ton, chng chy n V tr t kho nn t ngoi mt bng cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng khi di chuyn qua li nhiu ln. Ty theo trng hp c th m ta c cc cch gii quyt khc nhau, ch yu chn v tr t kho theo yu cu chi ph vn chuyn nh nht. Hm mc tiu c dng:
G = ci qi l i min
Vi
G_tng gi thnh vn chuyn t kho n cc im tiu th. ci_gi thnh vn chuyn cho 1 tn va/km. qi_ khi lng va cung ng cho tng im tiu th. li_khong cch t im cung ng n tng im tiu th. C th gii bi ton theo phng php gii tch, phng php Gradien_bi ton quy hoch phi tuyn. d.) Chn hnh thc v loi kho. Ty thi gian phc v v quy m cht cha m chn hnh thc cho ph hp. Vt t khng b hao ht. Chi ph xy dng thp, d tho d, di chuyn. m bo cng tc bo v kho tng, trnh mt mt. C th i vi cc loi kho cng trng nn chn loi kho kn c kt cu lp ghp, cc loi kho cng trnh, kho xng (ch yu l loi kho kn) chn loi kho di ng, kiu toa xe e.) Cch sp xp kho. m bo vt t khng b hao ht, thun tin xut nhp v an ton, ty tng loi vt t m c cc cch sp xp ring. i vi vt liu sa khong (ct, ..): ng trn mt bng c san phng v m k, trong ch cng tc thot nc mt, trong 1 s trng hp phi xy tng chn khi tri vt liu. i vi cu kin btng c sn, c th cht ng trong khu vc chun b cu lp, ch cc kt cu phi c xp gn vi thit b cu lp theo yu cu ca cng ngh thi cng. i vi gch, ngixp theo tng ng, ngi xp ng gim thi gian bc xp v vn chuyn, trnh hao ht ngi ta c th xp chng thnh cc kin trong cc container i vi g trn, g x: xp ng trn mt bng kh ro c cha li i, ch ngn ring tng khi phng chy; cc loi g kho phi c xp tng nhm, quy cchi vi cc chi tit bng g (ca, t..) bo qun cc kho c mi che trnh ma nng. i vi cc loi thp thanh, ng: xp ng ngoi tri hoc trn gi c mi che, trng hp kt cu thp cu to bng cc chi tit ri nn s dng kho kn. i vt liu ri vi, xi mng, thch caonu ng bao th xp ng trong kho kn c sn cch m v thng gi, sau mt thi gian nht nh phi o kho trnh vt liu v ng cng gim cht lng; nu dng ri th cha trong cc
moitruongnuoc.com
88/100
xil, boonke t trong kho kn. Cc loi nhin liu lng, cht nc yu cu bo qun c bit thng cha trong cc bnh thy tinh, kim loi chu p sut b tr trong cc kho c bit. f.) T chc cng tc kho bi. Nhp kho: kim tra l hng c chuyn n theo s lng v cht lng, nu m bo yu cu th tin hnh nhp, khi thiu ht hoc cht lng khng m bo theo hp ng, theo phiu vn chuyn th tin hnh lp bin bn, t chc bc d nhanh gn, trnh hao ht Bo qun ti kho: -Thng xuyn kim tra s lng, cht lng cc loi vt t trong kho, kim tra iu kin cht cha, to, Wv c bin php x l kp thi, m bo thi hn bo qun kho khng vt qu mc quy nh. -Xp vt t trong kho theo ng quy nh, p dng nhng bin php phng nga v an ton chng chy n, chng dt, chng m -Tin hnh ch lp th kho i vi tng loi hng bo qun. -Thc hin ch kim k thng xuyn, lp bo co tng k k hoch. Cng tc xut kho: -Vt t xut ti kho phi c lnh xut v phiu hng mc. -Yu cu xut ng b, ng chng loi, s lng v m bo cht lng. 8.2 THIT K T CHC NH TM CNG TRNG 8.2.1 Khi nim chung. Nh tm l nhng vt kin trc khng nm trong danh mc xy dng cng trnh chnh nhng cn thit cho hot ng ca cng trng v c xy dng bng ngun kinh ph ring ngoi gi thnh xy lp cng trnh chnh. Ty loi hnh, quy m, a im, thi gian xy dng m nhu cu nh tm cng trnh c th khc nhau v chng loi, s lng, c im kt cu, gi thnh xy dng. a.) Phn loi nh tm. Theo chc nng phc v. -Nh sn xut: trong b tr cc qu trnh sn xut phc v thi cng xy lp cng trnh chnh (cc trm xng ph tr, cc trm in, nc..). -Nh kho cng trnh: dng bo qun vt t. -Nh phc v cng nhn trn cng trng: nh n, nh v sinh -Nh qun l hnh chnh: nh lm vic ban qun l, b phn k thut, ti chnh -Nh v phc v sinh hot cng cng: nh gia nh, tp th, nh y t, phc v vn ha Theo gii php kt cu: -Nh ton khi c nh. -Nh lp ghp c th tho d v di chuyn c. -Nh tm di ng kiu toa xe. b.) c im nhu cu nh tm. Nhu cu v cc loi nh tm rt khc nhau, n khng ch ph thuc vo khi lng xy lp m cn ph thuc vo iu kin xy dng: nu cng trnh xy
moitruongnuoc.com
89/100
dng khu vc c khai thc th nhu cu v nh tm bao gm kho, nh qun l hnh chnh, nh v sinh; nu cng trnh xy dng khu vc t c khai thc, ngoi nhu cu trn cn b sung thm 1 phn nh xng, sinh hot x hi; cn nu xy dng khu vc mi th bao gm tt c cc loi trn. Vic tnh ton nh tm i vi nh sn xut v kho cn c vo khi lng xy lp v cc nhu cu s dng vt t tnh ton. i vi cc nhm qun l hnh chnh, nh , v sinh tnh ton da trn s lng ngi hot ng trn cng trng, bao gm cng nhn chnh, ph, qun l, phc v v 1 s loi khc. c.) Cc nguyn tc thit k b tr nh tm. Nh tm cng trnh bo m phc v y , c cht lng vic n sinh hot ca cng nhn, lc lng phc v Kinh ph u t xy dng nh tm c hn nn cn phi gim ti a gi thnh xy dng, nh s dng nh lp ghp, c ng, s dng 1 phn cng trnh chnh xy dng xng nu c th Kt cu v hnh thc nh tm phi ph hp vi tnh cht lun bin ng ca cng trng. B tr nh tm tun theo tiu chun v sinh, m bo an ton s dng. 8.2.2 Ni dung thit k t chc nh tm cng trng. Vic thit k t chc nh tm bao gm cc ni dung c bn sau: tnh ton nhn khu cng trng, xc nh din tch cc loi nh tm, chn hnh thc kt cu nh, so snh chn phng n kinh t. a.) Tnh ton nhn khu cng trng. C cu nhn lc cng trng gm nhiu nhm, s lng bin ng theo thi gian xy dng do mt trong nhng yu cu tnh ton s lng nh tm hp l l tnh nhn khu cng trng. C cu nhn lc cng trng gm 7 nhm chnh sau. Cng nhn sn xut chnh (N1): y l lc lng chim t l ln nht trong tng s ngi hot ng trn cng trng, l nhng ngi trc tip sn xut thi cng xy dng, s lng xc nh theo: -Da vo thit k t chc xy dng, ly s liu biu nhn lc theo tng tin thi cng R. -Nu khng c s liu th cn c vo khi lng xy lp bnh qun trong nm v nng sut lao ng ca mt cng nhn xy lp tnh: R = (On O ) k Vi On_gi tr sn lng xy lp ca ton cng trng trong 1 nm, O_nng sut bnh qun ca mt cng nhn xy lp, k>1_h s k n s cng nhn ngh php Cng nhn sn xut ph (N2): nhng ngi lm vic trong cc n v phc v xy lp (cc x nghip ph tr, trm vn ti), ph thuc tnh cht cng trnh xy dng v quy m ca sn xut ph tr, vi nhng cng trnh c t trng lp ghp cao th n chim t l ln (0,5-0,6)%N1, ngc li (0,2-0,3)N1. Cn b nhn vin k thut (N3): ty theo mc phc tp ca cng trnh m c th ly (4-8)%(N1+N2). B phn qun l hnh chnh, kinh t (N4): c th ly t (5-6)%(N1+N2). Nhn vin phc v (N5): l nhng ngi lm cng tc bo v, phc vc th ly khong 3%(N1+N2).
moitruongnuoc.com
90/100
Nhn khu ph thuc (N6): thnh vin gia nh ph thuc, c th ly (0,22)%(N1+N2+N3+N4+N5). Nhn vin ca n v phi thuc (N7): nhn vin cc trm yt, vn ha, gio dc, c th ly (5-10)%(N1+N2+N3+N4+N5). N = Ni Tng s nhn khu cng trng: b.) Xc nh din tch nh tm. Cn c s lng nhn khu tng nhm tnh trn v nh mc nhn khu nh tm tnh ra nhu cu din tch i vi nh tm.
Fi = N i f i
Vi Fi_nhu cu din tch nh tm loi i; Ni_s nhn khu lin quan n nh tm loi i; fi_nh mc nh tm loi i, tra bng. c.) Chn hnh thc nh tm. Cn c vo yu cu cht lng phc v chn. Nh yu cu cht lng cao: nh yt, trng hcl nh ton khi c nh. Nh tp th, nh cn b, nh qun ldng loi lp ghp. Nh v sinhdng loi c ng
moitruongnuoc.com
91/100
CHNG IX
THIT K T CHC
H THNG IN NC CNG TRNG

9.1 KHI NIM CHUNG Nhu cu v in, nc cng cc ngun nng lng khc ph thuc vo khi xy lp trn cng trng, tnh cht v bin php thi cng c p dng, chc nng v quy m sn xut, s lng cng nhn, my mc phc v v iu kin ti ch. Thit k cp in nc, nng lng ph thuc vo vic iu tra kho st khu vc xy dng chn ngun cp hp l v kinh t nht. Phng n tt nht c chn l t mng c sn trong khu vc, nu khng c sn th xy dng trm ngun cung cp ring. Yu cu mng k thut tm l n gin, xy dng nhanh, d dng, chi ph cho xy dng thp, i hi s dng cc loi thit b c ng, kt cu tho lp c s dng nhiu ln. 9.2 THIT K T CHC CP IN CNG TRNG 9.2.1 c im v yu cu cp in cho cng trng. Cng sut s dng ca cng trng xy dng khc nhau tu qui m v thng rt ln. Chi ph in nng c th chim t (0,5-1,5)% gi thnh cng tc xy lp. C cu dng in ca cng trng khc nhau, a dng gm cc ngun tiu th sau: -Cung cp cho ng c ca cc thit b, my mc thi cng 70% nhu cu in nng ca cng trng (cn cu, cc my thng ti, my trn, cc loi my dng trong cc xng ph tr...).
moitruongnuoc.com
92/100
-Dng cho cc qu trnh sn xut : qu trnh hn in, cc cng tc sy, x l b tng nhit ... chim khong 20% nhu cu in. -Dng cho nhu cu chiu sng : Trong nh, ngoi nh, khong 10% nhu cu. in p s dng cho cng trnh gm nhiu loi khc nhau (110V, 220V, 380V, 1 pha, 3 pha). Yu cu v thi gian cung cp in khc nhau : -Loi 1: ph ti yu cu cp in lin tc, nu mt in gy nguy him n tnh mng cng nhn hay h hng cng vic. V d: Thi cng trong tuy nen ngm th thit b thng gi phi hot ng lin tc, thi cng b tng di nc -Loi 2: cc loi ph ti m khi ngng cung cp in s dng cng vic lm cho sn phm b h hng (cho php ngng cp trong thi gian ngn i ngun pht). -Loi 3: cc ph ti chiu sng, loi ny c th ngng cp in trong thi gian tng i di. Yu cu v cht lng cp in: -Yu cu v in p: st in p thit b dng in xa nht i vi mng ng lc U=5%Um; i vi mng chiu sng U=2,5%Um; i vi mng chung ng lc v chiu sng U=6%Um. - lch tn (tn s): cho php 0,5Hz (cng sut tiu th phi nh hn cng sut ngun). Bo m an ton s dng in cho ngi v thit b. 9.2.2 Ni dung thit k t chc cp in. a.) Xc nh cng sut tiu th trn ton cng trng. Cc b phn tiu th in trn cng trng. in dng cho nhm ng c, my mc, thit b:
Pdc = (k1 Pdci ) / ( cos ), (kw)
in dng cho cc qu trnh sn xut:
Psx = (k 2 Psxi ) / (cos ), (kw)
in dng chiu sng: Pchs _ tr = (k 3 S i qi ) / 1000, (kw) Trong nh: Pchs _ ng = (k 4 S i' qi' ) / 1000, (kw) Ngoi nh: P = k (Pdc + Psx + Pchs _ tr + Pchs _ ng ) Tng cng cng sut ngun: Vi Pci_cng sut nh mc ca ng c dng trong loi my i; _h s hiu sut ca ng c ( = 0,78 ); Psxi_cng sut yu cu ca qu trnh sn xut i, ph thuc khi lng cng vic v nh mc tiu hao v in nng; cos_h s cng sut, ph thuc vo loi ng c, s lng v s lm vic ng thi. Si, Si_din tch chiu sng trong, ngoi (m2); qi, qi_nh mc chiu sng trong, ngoi (W/ m2); k1,2,3,4_h s s dng in khng u ca cc ph ti;
moitruongnuoc.com
93/100
k_h s tn tht cng sut trn mng dy, k=1,05_ngun l cc my pht, k=1,1_ngun l cc my bin p. Ch : chn cng sut ngun hp l, va m bo cung cp theo nhu cu, va kinh t, cn lp biu tiu th in nng theo thi gian (10 ngy hoc 1 tun) v ly ch s ln nht ca biu chn cng sut ngun. b.) Chn ngun cung cp. Ngun l mng in khu vc: khi trong khu vc c sn mng in chung th nn chn ngun t . Vic chn ph thuc vo in p, cng sut, tnh trng mng dy m cng tc t chc cp in khc nhau. Mng in khu vc l cao p: mng in khu vc xy dng r nhnh t li in cao p bng cc trm bin p (U35kv_trung gian; U<35kv_trc tip). Mng h th: c th t thm trm bin p mi hoc m rng trm bin p c, lm mi hoc s dng li ng dy c. u im ca dng ny l s dng mng li in c sn, in p cng sut n nh, dung lng ln, vn hnh bo qun n gin, gi thnh r. Ngun my pht ti ch: s dng khi khng c sn li in khu vc hoc khi c mng in khu vc nhng cng trng xa v phn tn trn a bn rng, khi lng cng tc khng ln hoc trong giai on chun b cng trng, khi cha lp c mng in chnh thc. V tr t: t gn trung tm khu vc ph ti, m bo c ly an ton, nn chn v tr c hng gi d lm ngui ngun bng phng php t nhin, trnh xa khu vc nguy him (chy, n, ha cht...), khng cn tr cng tc vn chuyn v i li trn cng trng. u im ca dng ny l c tnh c ng cao, c th di chuyn n gn thit b, ch ng s dng theo yu cu tin thi cng, thi gian xy dng lp t nhanh. c.) Thit k mng dy. Thit k mng in cp cho cng trng gm 2 phn chnh: phn mng dy trn khng ni t ngun n trung tm phn phi, phn mng dy t trung tm phn phi n cc ph ti. Mng dy trn khng : bao gm cc ni dung chnh. Tng hp v nghin cu cc ti liu lin quan. Nghin cu v ph ti: phn nhm (ng lc, chiu sng) v tnh cng sut. Vch tuyn ng dy: da vo tng mt bng thi cng cng trnh v cng trng, c im v tnh cht, v tr ca cc ph ti m vch tuyn v xc nh khi lng dy dn m bo tng khi lng dy dn nh nht. Lp s phn phi theo tuyn dy v ph ti. Chn tit din dy dn. Mt s yu cu khi chn tit din dy. ng dy phi ti c dng in chy qua n theo tnh ton: I tt < I cp . Tn tht in p tnh ton phi b hn tn tht in p cho php: U tt < U cp . m bo c bn c hc: h thng dy dn phi chu c sc cng di tc dng ca ti trng, ca gi...,c th ly theo quy nh sau: dy dn ng (S6mm2), dy dn nhm (S16mm2), dy thp (S4)
moitruongnuoc.com
94/100
n gin trong tnh ton ng dy tm, thng vi ng dy trn khng ta chn theo iu kin tn tht in p ri kim tra li theo iu kin cng , cn vi ng dy nhnh n ph ti th chn theo iu kin cng ri kim tra li theo iu kin tn tht in p. Chn tit din dy pha: theo iu kin cng Itt. I tt = P ( 3U d cos ) . Vi in ng lc th: Vi in chiu sng th: I tt = Pp U p . Sau kim tra iu kin Itt < Icp v tra bng xc nh tit din dy dn. Vi P_cng sut ca c 3 pha (kw); PP_cng sut chiu sng ca tng pha (kw); UP, Ud_in p pha, dy (kv, v); cos _h s cng sut ph ti (0,7-0,75). Nu tnh theo iu kin tn tht in p th tit din dy dn c th xc nh theo cc cng thc sau: S = (200 I k Lk ) (U U dm ) Vi Ik_cng dng din pha k (A); Lk_chiu di dy dn n ph ti pha k (m); U(%)_tn tht in p cho php (tra bng ph thuc iu kin ph ti); Um_in p nh mc (kv, v); 2 _in tr sut ca dy dn (.mm /m, ph thuc cht liu dy). Chn tit din cho dy trung tnh. Vi mng 3 pha c th ly: S tr .t = (1 / 3 1 / 2) S p . Vi cc mng khc th: S tr .t = S p . Chn thit b bo v ng dy dn v chng st. Chn thit b bo v, yu cu chn ph hp vi cng sut, dng in, s nguyn l..., bao gm cc loi : ptomat, khi ng t, cc loi thit b ng ngt khc (cu dao, cu ch...). Chng st bo v ng dy: t thu li chng st v ni t chn s. 9.3 THIT K T CHC CP NC CNG TRNG 9.3.1 c im v yu cu chung. Lng nc dng cho cc cng trnh xy dng kh ln v rt a dng nh cho cc qu trnh sn xut, cho cc qu trnh gia cng vt liu, cho sinh hot...Cc nguyn tc thit k. H thng cp nc phi p ng y , thun tin cho qu trnh sn xut, sinh hot, phng chy. Tn dng mng cp c sn khu vc nng cao cht lng cp nc, gim kinh ph xy dng, khai thc v bo qun... H thng cp nn n gin, tho lp d, thun li trong di chuyn, v s dng c nhiu ln. m bo an ton cho ngi v thit b trong qu trnh s dng. 9.3.2 Ni dung thit k t chc cp nc :
moitruongnuoc.com
95/100
Ty thuc c tnh v quy m cng trnh... m quy nh ni dung ca cng tc ny, cng vic chnh bao gm: Xc nh lu lng nc cn dng. Chn ngun nc theo yu cu cht lng v s lng Thit k v chn mng li cp nc cho cng trng. Thit k cc cng trnh u cui (nu cn). B tr cc cng trnh cp nc trn cng trng. a.) Xc nh h v lu lng nc tiu th. Nc dng cho sn xut (Nsx): nc dng cho cc qu trnh thi cng xy dng, cho cc x nghip ph tr (cc trm my, trm ngun ...). Vi Q1_lng nc dng cho cc qu trnh thi cng xy dng (l/ca; m3/ca); Q2_lng nc dng cho cc x nghip ph tr, trm my (l/ca; m3/ca); Q3_lng nc dng cho cc ng c, my xy dng (l/h; m3/h); Q4_lng nc dng cho cc my pht in nu c (l/h; m3/h); k1,2,3,4_h s dng nc khng u tng ng. (C th ly: k1=1,5 ; k2=1,25 ; k3=2 ; k4=1,1 ). k_h s tnh n cc nhu cu nh khc cha tnh ht (k=1,2). Nc dng cho sinh hot (Nshct ; Nshtt ): cng trng v khu tp th. ct (m3/h ; l/s) cng trng: N sh = (k ct N q k 7 ) + N t Vi kct_h s dng nc sinh hot khng u cng trng (Kct=2.7); N_s cng nhn hot ng ca ng nht (ngi); q_nh mc dng nc tnh cho 1 cng nhn cng trng (l/ca); Cng trng c mng thot nc sinh hot: q=10-15 l/ng.ca; Cng trng khng c mng thot nc sinh hot: q=6-8 l/ng.ca; k_h s tnh n s cn b hot ng trn cng trng (k=1,04-1,05); Nt_lng nc ti cy, v sinh mi trng (Nt=3-5l/ngy.m2 ti). tt tt N sh = k tt Qsh / 24 (m3/h ; l/s) khu tp th: Vi ktt_h s dng nc khng u khu tp th (Ktt = 2); Qshtt _lng nc dng khu tp th trong 1 ngy m (l/ng.m). (Ph thuc vo s ngi v cch dng nc). Lng nc dng cho cha chy (Ncc) cng trnh v khu tp th: ph thuc s ngi v din tch ca cng trnh, khu tp th, c th ly 10-20 l/s hoc tra bng. Xc nh tng lu lng (N): sau khi tnh ton lu lng nc dng cho sn xut v sinh hot, ta s v biu tiu th Nxs, Nsh cho tng khong thi gian 10 ngy, cn c vo gi tr 0,5max(Nsx + Nsh) v Ncc tnh N, sau chn ng ng chnh v cng sut ca my bm. Nu Ncc<0,5(Nsx + Nsh)max th xc nh lu lng tng theo cng thc:
N = ( N sx + N sh )max k N sx = k [(k1 Q1 ) 7 + (k 2 Q2 ) 7 + k 3 Q3 + k 4 Q4 ], m 3 h ; l s
Nu Ncc 0,5max(Nsx + Nsh) th xc nh lu lng tng theo cng thc:

N = [0,5 ( N sx + N sh )max + N cc ] k
Vi k=1,05-1,1_h s tn tht nc trong mng ng ng tm.

moitruongnuoc.com
96/100
b.) Chn ngun cung cp. Khi chn ngun nc phi tho mn yu cu cht lng nc cho c qu trnh sn xut v sinh hot, ng thi phi n nh v khi lng nc cp cho cng trng theo tin thi cng v nhu cu sinh hot. Cht lng nc dng cho sinh hot phi m bo tiu chun v sinh nh cp cho khu dn c, th. Cht lng nc dng cho sn xut phi m bo khng ph hoi hoc gy tr ngi cho s hot ng bnh thng ca my mc thit b, m bo cht lng ca kt cu xy dng. Ngun cp cho cng trnh c th ly t mng c sn (ch yu) hoc da vo cc ngun t nhin (sng, h) hoc da vo ngun nc ngm... Khi chn ngun nc cn tnh ton so snh cc ch tiu kinh t k thut nh: gi thnh 1 n v nc cp, khi lng vt liu thit b nhn lc cn dng, thi gian xy dng, chi ph cho qu trnh qun l khai thc, cht lng nc c. Thit k mng cp. Chn s : c ba loi s mng li. -S mng li ct: cc im dng nc phn tn ring r trn cng trng, c u im l tng chiu di mng ngn, kinh ph xy dng thp nhng nhc im l khng m bo cung cp nc lin tc (nht l khi c im trn ng ng chnh hng).
-S mng vng: cp cho cc khu vc sn xut tp trung hoc cc ni sn xut c yu cu cp nc lin tc, u im m bo c vic cp nc lin tc, nhc im l chiu di mng li ln, kinh ph xy dng ln.
-S mng hn hp: kt hp 2 loi s trn, vi nhng im tiu th ri cc cp theo s mng li ct, vi nhng khu tp trung cp theo s mng vng. Dng ny t ra kinh t v c s dng rng ri trn cng trng.
Vch tuyn: khi vch tuyn cn ch nguyn tc: -Mng li phi i n ton b cc im dng nc. -Cc tuyn ng chnh nn t dc theo trc giao thng theo hng ca nc chy v pha cui mng li.., cc tuyn phi vch theo ng ngn nht, tng chiu di mng cng phi ngn nht. -Ch phi hp vi cc mng k thut khc... thun tin trong cng tc vn hnh, bo qun...
moitruongnuoc.com
97/100
Tnh ton mng cp: nhm xc nh ng knh ca ng nc theo vn tc kinh t, tn tht p lc ca mng tng ng vi lu lng tnh ton, chn chiu cao t u nc, p lc my bm, vt liu ng ng...Ni dung tnh ton c trnh by trong gio trnh Cp thot nc chuyn ngnh, c th nu tm tt cc ni dung gm: -Xc nh lu lng nc tnh ton . -Xc nh ng knh ng dn chnh, ph. -Xc nh tn tht p lc trong cc on ng v ton mng. -Tnh ton cc cng trnh u mi. Xc nh ng knh ng dn chnh (D): D = (4 N ) / (v. ) Vi N_lu lng tng cng ( m3/s); v_vn tc nc chy trung bnh trong ng chnh (v=1,2-1,5m/s); ng ng ph c th chn theo cu to, thng t ni, d di ng, tho lp.
CC K HIU TRN BN V TNG MT BNG XY DNG
moitruongnuoc.com
98/100
moitruongnuoc.com
99/100
moitruongnuoc.com
100/100
moitruongnuoc.com
101/100
moitruongnuoc.com
102/100
moitruongnuoc.com
103/100
moitruongnuoc.com
104/100
moitruongnuoc.com
105/100
moitruongnuoc.com
106/100
moitruongnuoc.com
107/100
moitruongnuoc.com
108/100
moitruongnuoc.com
109/100
TI LIU THAM KHO CHNH
[1] Phm Huy Chnh (2005), Cung ng k thut thi cng xy dng, NXB Xy dng, H Ni. [2] GS.TS. Nguyn Huy Thanh (2003), T chc xy dng cng trnh, NXB Xy dng, H Ni. [3] TS. Nguyn nh Thm, Ths. Nguyn Ngc Thanh (2004), T chc xy dng 1_Lp k hoch, t chc v ch o thi cng, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni. [4] PGS.TS. Trnh Quc Thng (2004), T chc xy dng 2_Thit k tng mt bng v t chc cng trng xy dng, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni. [5] Ths. Nguyn Vn Ngc (2000), Hng dn n mn hc T chc thi cng xy dng, Trng i hc bch khoa Nng. [6] GS. Trn Trung (1991), T chc xy dng, Trng i hc Xy dng H Ni.
moitruongnuoc.com

Giao Trinh TCTC

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Giao Trinh TCTC

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

LP K HOCH, T CHC & IU KHIN THI CNG XY DNG

KHI NIM CHUNG V THIT K T CHC XY DNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

Thc hin u t (Xy dng cng trnh)

Khai thc (S dng cng trnh)

Kho Bo co st k d n thut kh thi

CH U T THC HIN C QUAN T VN THC HIN

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

CC M HNH K HOCH TIN THI CNG XY DNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

.v k.lng T.gian ...

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

Trong trng hp c xt n phng n t chc, phn thnh cc on cng tc:

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

PHNG PHP GII TCH

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

PHNG PHP HNH QUT

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

3 (10) Thi gian

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

G(3) F(1) 5 H(1) I(2)

6 J(4) K(2) L(4) 8 M(3) 7

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

THUT TON BURGESS

2 2 x12 + x 2 + .... + x n A n n x1 = x 2 = .... = x n .

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

THUT TON KELLEY

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

Hnh 2-12. V d v iu ha ti nguyn theo thut ton Kelley.

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

1-3 1-2 2-4 2-3/2-4 4-7 2-5/3-5 3-6 5-6 5-8

1-2 2-3/2-5 2-5 2-5 5-6 5-8 6-8

2-3/2-4/2-5 4-5/4-7 3-5/3-6 7-8 5-6/5-8 6-8

2-3/2-4/2-5 4-5/4-7 3-5/3-6/4-7 3-5/3-6/7-8 5-6/3-6/5-8/7-8 5-8/7-8 6-8/7-8 7-8

2-3/2-4/2-5 4-5 4-7 3-5 5-6/3-6 5-8 6-8 7-8

4-7 3-5/3-6 3-6/7-8 5-8/7-8 7-8 7-8

(Tng t vi Rgh=16, ta c kt qu T=18).

PHNG PHP IU CHNH NHANH

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

Hnh 2-13 V d v iu ha ti nguyn theo phng php iu chnh nhanh.

GIO TRNH T CHC THI CNG

2a + 3b (khi khng xc nh c m). 6

thi gian hon thnh cng vic.

Phng sai l bnh phng lch chun ij :

Z 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5