Ng vN bnh

Bi ging

Thit k, ci t v iu hnh mng

H Ni - 2001

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Bi ging mng LAN

Mc lc
Chng 1. Tng quan v mng my tnh ...........................................3 Bi 1. Khi nim c bn v mng my tnh ...................................3 I. M u.....................................................................................3 II. Cc khi nim c bn...............................................................4 III. Phn loi mng my tnh........................................................8 Bi 2. Kin trc phn tng v m hnh OSI................................13 I. Kin trc phn tng...............................................................13 II. Mt s khi nim c bn........................................................14 III. M hnh OSI.......................................................................... 16 Chng 2. Mng cc b mng lan....................................................23 Bi 1. Gii thiu chung...................................................................23 I. M u...................................................................................23 II. H iu hnh mng..............................................................23 Bi 2. K thut mng cc b.........................................................25 I. Topology..................................................................................25 II. ng truyn vt l..................................................................28 Bi 3. Cc phng php truy nhp ng truyn vt l .................30 I. Gii thiu.................................................................................. 30 II. Phng php CSMA/CD............................................................30 III. Phng php Token BUS (phng php bus vi th bi)............32 IV. Phng php Token Ring........................................................34 V. So snh................................................................................... 35 Bi 4. Cc thnh phn mng cc b ..............................................35 I. Phn cng...............................................................................35 II. Phn mm.............................................................................. 38 Bi 5. Cc chun LAN....................................................................38 I. Ethernet................................................................................... 39 II. Token Ring.............................................................................. 46 III. FDDI (Fiber Distrubuted Data Interface)................................46 IV. Bi tp...................................................................................47 1 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Bi 6. Quy trnh thit k ............................................................48 I. Phn tch...............................................................................49 II. nh gi lu lng truyn............................................................49 III. Tnh ton s trm lm vic...................................................50 IV. c lng bng thng cn thit.................................................51 V. D tho m hnh mng.........................................................51 VI. nh gi kh nng p ng nhu cu.....................................51 VII. Tnh ton gi........................................................................52 VIII. Xy dng bng a ch IP................................................52 IX. V s cp ........................................................................52 Bi tp thc hnh..............................................................................53

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Bi ging mng LAN

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng my tnh

Bi 1. Khi nim c bn v mng my tnh I. M u.
- mc c bn nht, mng bao gm hai my tnh ni vi nhau bng cp, sao cho chng c th dng chung d liu. Mi mng my tnh, cho d c tinh vi phc tp n u chng na cng u bt ngun t h thng n gin . - L do hnh thnh mng my tnh: mng my tnh pht sinh t nhu cu mun chia s, dng chung ti nguyn v cho php giao tip trc tuyn (online). Ti nguyn gm c ti nguyn phn mm (d liu, chg trnh ng dng, ...) v ti nguyn phn cng (my in, my qut, CD ROOM,.). Giao tip trc tuyn bao gm gi v nhn thng ip, th in t. + Trc khi mng my tnh c s dng, ngi ta thng phi t trang b my in, my v v cc thit b ngoi vi khc cho ring mnh. c th dng chung my tin th mi ngi phi thay phin nhau ngi trc my tnh c ni vi my in. Khi m ni mng th cho php tt c mi ngi u c quyn s dng my in . + Nu khng c mng my tnh, nhu cu trao i thng tin u b gii hn : Truyn t thng tin trc tip (ming) Gi th thng bo Copy d liu sang a mm, em a copy sang my khc Mng c th lm gim bt nhu cu truyn thng trn giy, tit kim thi gian v cng sc. Do s kt hp ca my tnh vi cc h thng truyn thng c bit l vin thng to ra cuc cch mng trong vn t chc khai thc v s dng h thng my tnh. M hnh tp trung da trn my tnh ln c thay th m hnh cc my tnh n l c kt ni li cng thc hin cng vic hnh thnh mi trng lm vic nhiu ngi s dng phn tn. - Mng my tnh ngy nay tr thnh mt lnh vc nghin cu pht trin v ng dng ct li ca CNTT. Cc lnh vc nghin cu pht trin v ng dng ca mng: kin trc mng, nguyn l thit k, ci t v cc m hnh ng dng. 3 -

Bi ging mng LAN

II. Cc khi nim c bn 1. Lch s pht trin

- Cui nhng nm 60 cc h thng my tnh c tp trung ho cao nh mainfram, minicomputer,... c gi l my tnh trung tm v nhiu trm cui ni vi n. My tnh trung tm hu nh m nhim tt c mi vic : + X l thng tin + Qun l cc th tc truyn d liu + Qun l s ng b ca cc trm cui + Qun l cc hng i + S l cc ngt t cc trm cui,... Nhc im: + Tn qu nhiu vt liu ni cc trm vi trung tm (tn ng truyn) + My tnh trung tm qu ti (phi lm vic qu nhiu) gim nhim v ca my tnh trung tm ngi ta gom cc trm cui vo b gi l b tp trung (hoc b dn knh) trc khi chuyn v trung tm. Cc b ny c chc nng tp trung cc tn hiu do trm cui gi n vo trn cng mt ng truyn. + B dn knh (multiplexor): c kh nng truyn song song cc thng tin do trm cui gi v trung tm. + B tp trung (concentrator): khng c kh nng ny, phi dng b m lu tr tm thi d liu KL: Mi s lin lc gia cc trm cui vi nhau phi i qua my tnh trung tm, khng c ni trc tip vi nhau h thng trn khng c gi l mng my tnh m ch c gi l mng x l - T cui nhng nm 70, cc my tnh c ni trc tip vi nhau to thnh mng my tnh nhm phn tn ti ca h thng v tng tin cy. nh ngha: Mng my tnh l mt h thng cc my tnh t tr (autonomous computer) c kt ni vi nhau bng mt c truyn vt l v theo mt kin trc no . - Cng nhng nm 70 xut hin khi nim mng truyn thng (communication network), trong cc thnh phn chnh ca n l cc nt mng (Node), c gi l b chuyn mch (switching unit) dng hng thng tin ti ch. 4 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- Cc nt mng c ni vi nhau bng ng truyn gi l khung ca mng. Cc my tnh x l thng tin ca ngi s dng (host) hoc cc trm cui (terminal) c ni trc tip vo cc nt mng khi cn th trao i thng tin qua mng. Bn thn cc nt mng thng cng l my tnh nn c th ng thi ng c vai tr my ca ngi s dng. V vy chng ta khng phn bit khi nim mng my tnh v mng truyn thng. Mc ch kt ni mng my tnh: - Chia x cc ti nguyn c gi tr cao (thit b, chng trnh, d liu,..) khng ph thuc vo khong cch a l ca ti nguyn v ngi s dng. - Tng tin cy ca h thng: do c kh nng thay th khi xy ra s c i vi mt my tnh no .

2. Cc yu t ca mng my tnh a. ng truyn vt l

- ng truyn vt l dng chuyn cc tn hiu gia cc my tnh. Cc tn hiu biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu u thuc dng sng in t (tri t tn s sng radio, sng ngn, tia hng ngoi). ng vi mi loi tn s ca sng in t c cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn tn hiu. Hin nay c hai loi ng truyn: + ng truyn hu tuyn: cp ng trc, cp i dy xon (c bc kim, khng bc kim) , cp si quang + ng truyn v tuyn: radio, sng cc ngn, tia hng ngoi Cp ng trc dng truyn cc tn hiu s trong mng cc b hoc lm mng in thoi ng di. Cu to gm c mt si kim loi trung tm c bc bi mt lp cch in v mt li kim loi chng nhiu. ngoi cng l v bc cch in. Si kim loi trung tm v li kim loi lm thnh hai si dn in ng trc

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Bi ging mng LAN

V bc kim loi D dn trung t y m L p cch n i L i kim loi

H 1. Cp trc nh ng

C hai loi cp ng trc khc nhau vi nhng ch nh khc nhau v k thut v thit b ghp ni i km: cp ng trc mng (gi thnh r, dng ph bin), cp ng trc bo (t hn, c kh nng chng nhiu tt hn, thng c dung lin kt mng trong mi trng cng nghip) Cp i dy xon: c s dng rng ri trong cc mng in thoi c th ko di hng cy s m khng cn b khuych i. Cu to gm nhiu si kim loi cch in vi nhau. Cc si ny tng i mt xon li vi nhau nhm hn ch nhiu in t. C hai loi cp xon i c s dng hin nay: cp c bc kim loi (STP), cp khng bc kim loi (UTP).

Cp STP c lp bo v di v bc ngoi. C kh nng chng nhiu tt v cng t hn. Cp UTP khng c lp bo v di bc ngoi dng ph bin v gi r
Cp si quang: l cp truyn dn sng nh sng, c cu trc tng t nh cp ng trc vi cht liu l thu tinh. Tc l gm mt dy dn trung tm (mt hoc mt b si thu tinh hoc plastic c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp o c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. C hai loi cp si quang l: single-mode (ch c mt ng dn quang duy nht), multi-mode (c nhiu ng dn quang) cp si quang c suy hao tn hiu thp, khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v cc hiu ng in khc, khng b pht hin v thu trm, an ton thng tin trn mng c bo m. Kh lp t, gi thnh cao

Sng cc ngn thng c dng truyn gia cc trm mt t v cc v tinh. Chng truyn cc tn hiu qung b t mt trm pht ti nhiu trm thu.

Sng hng ngoi: Mi trng truyn dn sng hng ngoi l mt mi trng nh hng, trong din hp v vy n ch thch hp cho mt mng din hp bn knh t 0.5m n 20 m, vi cc thit b t b di chuyn. Tc truyn d liu xung quanh 10Mbps

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Bi ging mng LAN

Sng radio: mi trng truyn dn sng radio l mt mi trng nh hng trong mng din rng vi bn knh 30 km. Tc truyn d liu hng chc Mbps.

B. Kin trc mng my tnh (Network architecture)

nhau tham mng Kin trc mng my tnh th hin cch ni cc my tnh vi ra sao v tp hp cc quy tc, quy c m tt c cc thc th gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho hot ng tt.

- Cch ni cc my tnh c gi l hnh trng (topolopy) ca mng hay ni cho gn l topo mng - Tp hp cc quy tc, quy c truyn thng c gi l giao thc (protocol) ca mng

Topo mng
- C hai kiu kt ni mng ch yu l im - im (point-topoint) v qung b (broadcast hay point-to-multipoint) - Kiu kt ni im - im, cc ng truyn ni tng cp nt vi nhau v mi nt u c trch nhim lu tr tm thi sau chuyn tip d liu i ti ch. Do cch lm vic nh th nn mng kiu ny cn c gi l mng lu v chuyn tip (store and forward). Ni chung cc mng din rng u s dng nguyn tc ny. - Kiu qung b: Tt c cc nt mng dng chung mt ng truyn vt l. D liu gi i t mt nt mng c th c tt c cc nt mng cn li tip nhn ch cn ch ra a ch ch ca d liu mi nt kim tra xem c phi l gi cho mnh hay khng.
H sao (star) nh chu tr (loop) nh c (tree) y y (com plet)

H 2. Mt s top m nh o ng ki m- m u i i

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Vng (ring)

tuy t (bus) n nh

vtinh ho radio c

H 3. Mt s top m nh o ng ki q u ung b Trong cc topo dng vng hoc dng tuyn tnh cn c mt c ch trng ti gii quyt xung t khi nhiu nt mun truyn tin cng mt lc. Vic cp pht ng truyn c th l ng hoc tnh. + Cp pht tnh thng dung c ch quay vng phn chia ng truyn theo cc khong thi gian nh trc. + Cp pht ng l cp pht theo yu cu hn ch thi gian cht v ch ca ng truyn.

Giao thc mng

Vic trao i thng tin cho d l n gin nht, cng u phi tun theo nhng quy tc nht nh. Hai ngi ni chuyn vi nhau mun cho cuc ni chuyn c kt qu th t nht c hai cng phi ngm nh tun theo quy tc: khi ngi ny ni th ngi kia phi nghe v ngc li. Vic truyn tn hiu trn mng cng vy, cn phi c nhng quy tc, quy c v nhiu mt + Khun dng ca d liu: c php v ng ngha + Th tc gi v nhn d liu + Kim sot cht lng truyn + X l cc li, s c - Tp hp tt c cc quy tc, quy c trn gi l giao thc mng. Yu cu v x l v trao i thng tin ca ngi s dng ngy cng cao th giao thc mng cng phc tp. Cc mng c th c giao thc khc nhau tu thuc vo s la chn ca nh thit k.

III. Phn loi mng my tnh

C nhiu cch phn loi mng my tnh tu thuc vo yu t chnh c chn lm ch tiu phn loi: khong cch a l, k thut chuyn mch, kin trc ca mng. 8 -

Bi ging mng LAN

1. Theo khong cch a l

Phn lm 4 loi: mng cc b, mng th, mng din rng, mng ton cu - Mng cc b (Local Area Networks - LAN): ci t trong phm vi tng i hp, khong cch ln nht gia cc my tnh ni mng l vi chc km. - Mng th (Metropolitan Area Networks - MAN): ci t trong phm vi mt th, mt trung tm kinh t x hi, c bn knh nh hn 100 km - Mng din rng (Wide Area Networks - WAN): phm vi ca mng c th vt qua bin gii quc gia v thm ch c lc a - Mng ton cu (Global Area Networks - GAN): phm vi rng khp cc lc a

2. K thut chuyn mch

Phn lm 3 loi: mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn mch thng bo, mng chuyn mch gi.

a. Mng chuyn mch knh

Khi c hai thc th cn trao i thng tin vi nhau th gia chng s thit lp mt knh c nh v c duy tr cho n khi mt trong hai bn ngt lin lc. Cc d liu ch c truyn theo con ng c nh .
Data 2 Data 1

S2

S4

Data 3

S1 S3 S5

S6

H 4. Mng chuy n m knh nh ch Nhc im: + tn thi gian thit lp knh c nh gia hai thc th + Hiu sut s dng ng truyn thp v s c lc knh b b khng do c hai bn u ht thng tin cn truyn trong khi cc thc th khc khng c php s dng knh truyn ny.

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b. Mng chuyn mch thng bo

- Thng bo (message) l mt n v thng tin ca ngi s dng c khun dng c qui nh trc. Mi thng bo u c cha vng thng tin iu khin trong ch nh r ch ca thng bo. Cn c vo thng tin ny m mi nt trung gian c th chuyn thng bo ti nt k tip theo ng dn ti ch ca n. - Mi nt cn phi lu tr tm thi c c thng tin iu khin trn thng bo sau chuyn tip thng bo i. Tu thuc vo iu kin ca mng, cc thng bo khc nhau c th truyn theo ng truyn khc nhau.

Message 1 S2 S4 S6 S3 Message 2 S5

S1

H 5. Mng chuy n m thng b nh ch o

u im so vi mng chuyn mch knh: - Hiu sut s dng ng truyn cao v khng b chim dng c quyn m c phn chia gia nhiu thc th - Mi nt mng c th lu tr thng bo cho ti khi knh truyn ri mi gi thng bo i gim c tnh trng tc nghn mch - C th iu khin vic truyn tin bng cch sp xp u tin cho cc thng bo - C th tng hiu sut s dng gii thng bng cch gn a ch qung b gi thng bo ng thi ti nhiu ch Nhc im: - Khng hn ch kch thc ca cc thng bo, dn n ph tn lu tr tm thi cao v nh hng ti thi gian p v cht lng truyn - Thch hp cho cc dch v th tn in t hn l cc p dng c tnh thi gian thc v tn ti tr do lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt. 10 -

Bi ging mng LAN

c. Mng chuyn mch gi

- Mi thng bo c chia lm nhiu phn nh hn c gi l cc gi tin c khun dng quy nh trc. Mi gi tin cng cha cc thng tin iu khin, trong c a ch ngun (ngi gi) v ch (ngi nhn) ca gi tin. Cc gi tin ca mt thng bo c th i qua mng ti ch bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. Lc nhn c, th t nhn c khng ng th t c gi i. m essage 1
S4 2 2 S5 1 2431 S6

4321

4 S1 3 2

1 S2
4 S3

43

243

H 6 Mng chuy n m g nh . ch i So snh mng chuyn mch thng bo v mng chuyn mch gi Ging nhau: phng php ging nhau Khc nhau: Cc gi tin c gii hn kch thc ti a sao cho cc nt mng c th x l ton b gi tin trong b nh m khng cn phi lu tr tm thi trn a. V th mng chuyn mch gi truyn cc gi tin qua mng nhanh chng v hiu qu hn so vi mng chuyn mch thng bo. Nhng vn kh khn ca mng loi ny l vic tp hp cc gi tin to li thng bo ban u ca ngi s dng, c bit trong trng hp cc gi c truyn theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Cn phi ci t c ch nh du gi tin v phc hi gi tin b tht lc hoc truyn b li cho cc nt mng. - Do c u im mm do v hiu sut cao hn nn hin nay mng chuyn mch gi c s dng ph bin hn cc mng chuyn mch thng bo - Xu hng pht trin ca mng ngy nay l tch hp c hai k thut chuyn mch (knh v gi) trong mt mng thng nht mng dch v tch hp s

3. Phn loi theo kin trc mng

Phn loi mng theo topo v giao thc s dng

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Cc mng thng hay c nhc n: mng SNA ca IBM, mng ISO, mng TCP/IP

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Bi 2. Kin trc phn tng v m hnh OSI I. Kin trc phn tng 1. Kin trc phn tng
- gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t mng, hu ht cc my tnh u c phn tch thit k theo quan im phn tng. Mi h thng thnh phn ca mng c xem nh mt cu trc a tng, trong mi tng c xy dng trn tng trc n. S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca mi tng tu thuc vo nh thit k. Trong hu ht cc mng, mc ch ca mi tng l cung cp mt s dch v nht nh cho tng cao hn mi tng khi s dng khng cn quan tm n cc thao tc chi tit m cc dch v phi thc hin. Tng N

Giao tng N

thc

Tng +1 Tng i

Giao thc tng i +1 Giao thc tng i Giao thc tng i -1 Giao tng 1 thc

Tng N Tng i +1Tng iTng i -1 Tng 1

Tng i -1

Tng 1 ng truyn vt l Hnh 7. Minh ho kin trc phn tng tng qut Nguyn tc ca kin trc mng phn tng: - Mi h thng trong mt mng u c cu trc tng nh nhau (s lng tng, chc nng ca mi tng) - D liu khng c truyn trc tip t tng i ca h thng ny sang tng th i ca h thng kia (ngoi tr i vi tng thp nht). Bn gi d liu cng vi cc thng tin iu khin chuyn n 13 -

Bi ging mng LAN

tng ngay di n v c th cho n tng thp nht. Bn di tng ny l ng truyn vt l, y s truyn tin mi thc s din ra. i vi bn nhn th cc thng tin c chuyn t tng di ln trn cho ti tng i ca h thng nhn - Gia hai h thng kt ni ch tng thp nht mi c lin kt vt l cn tng cao hn ch l lin kt logic hay lin kt o

2. Cc vn cn phi gii quyt khi thit k cc tng

- C ch ni, tch: mi mt tng cn c mt c ch thit lp kt ni (tc l phi c mt c ch nh a ch tt c cc my trong mng), v c mt c ch kt thc kt ni khi m s kt ni l khng cn thit na - Cc quy tc truyn d liu: Trong cc h thng khc nhau d liu c th truyn theo mt s cch khc nhau: + Truyn mt hng + Truyn theo c hai hng khng ng thi + Truyn hai hng ng thi - Kim sot li: ng truyn vt l ni chung l khng hon ho, cn phi tho thun dng m no pht hin, kim tra li v sa li. Pha nhn phi c kh nng thng bo cho bn gi bit cc gi tin no thu ng, gi tin no pht li. - di bn tin: Khng phi mi qu trnh u chp nhn di gi tin l tu , cn phi c c ch chia bn tin thnh cc gi tin nh - Th t cc gi tin: Cc knh truyn c th gi khng ng th t cc gi tin c c ch bn thu ghp ng th t ban u. - Tc pht v thu d liu: Bn pht c tc cao c th lm lt bn thu c tc thp. Cn phi c c ch bn thu bo cho bn pht bit tnh trng .

II. Mt s khi nim c bn 1. Tng (layer)

- Mi qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai i tng u thc hin qua nhiu bc, cc bc ny c lp tng i vi nhau. Thng tin c trao i gia hai i tng A, B qua 3 bc: Pht tin: Thng tin chuyn t tng cao tng thp 14 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Nhn tin: Thng tin chuyn t tng thp tng cao

- Qu trnh trao i thng tin trc tip qua ng truyn vt l (thc hin tng cui cng)

2. Giao din, dch v, n v d liu

Mi quan h gia hai tng k nhau gi l giao din - Mi quan h gia hai tng ng mc ca hai h thng khc nhau gi l giao thc - Thc th (entity): l thnh phn tch cc trong mi tng, n c th l mt tin trnh trong h a x l hay l mt trnh con cc thc th trong cng 1 tng cc h thng khc nhau (gi l thc th ngang hng hay thc th ng mc) - Mi thc th c th truyn thng ln tng trn hoc tng di n thng qua mt giao din (interface). Giao din gm mt hoc nhiu im truy nhp dch v (Service Access Point - SAP). Ti cc im truy nhp dch v tng trn ch c th s dng dch v do tng di cung cp. - Thc th c chia lm hai loi: thc th cung cp dch v v s dng dch v + Thc th cung cp dch v (service provide): l cc thc th tng N cung cp dch v cho tng N +1 + Thc th s dng dch v (service user): l cc thc th tng N s dng dch v do tng N - 1 cung cp n v d liu s dng giao thc (Protocol Data Unit - PDU) n v d liu dch v (Service Data Unit - SDU) Thng tin iu khin (Protocol Control Information - PCI)

Mt n v d liu m 1 thc th tng N ca h thng A gi sang thc th tng N mt h thng B khng bng ng truyn trc tip m phi truyn xung di truyn bng tng thp nht thng qua ng truyn vt l. + D liu tng N-1 nhn c do tng N truyn xung gi l SDU. + Phn thng tin iu khin ca mi tng gi l PCI. + tng N-1 phn thng tin iu khin PCI thm vo u ca SDU to thnh PDU. Nu SDU qu di th ct nh thnh nhiu on, mi on b sung phn PCI, to thnh nhiu PDU.

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Bn h thng nhn trnh t din ra theo chiu ngc li. Qua mi tng PCI tng ng s c phn tch v ct b khi PDU trc khi gi ln tng trn.

III. M hnh OSI 1. Gii thiu

- Khi thit k cc nh thit k t do la chn kin trc mng ring ca mnh. T dn n tnh trng khng tng thch gia cc mng: phng php truy nhp ng truyn khc nhau, s dng h giao thc khc nhau,... S khng tng thch lm cho ngi s dng cc mng khc nhau khng th trao i thng tin vi nhau c. S thc bch ca khch hng khin cho cc nh sn xut v nhng nh nghin cu, thng qua t chc chun ho quc t v quc gia tm ra mt gii php chung dn n s hi t ca cc sn phm mng. Trn c s nhng nh thit k v cc nghin cu ly lm khung chun cho sn phm ca mnh. - 1977 T chc tiu chun ho quc t (International Organization for Standardization - ISO) a ra mt tiu chun v mng. - 1984 ISO a ra m hnh 7 tng gi l m hnh tham chiu cho vic ni kt cc h thng m (Reference Model for Open Systems Interconnection - OSI Reference Model) gi tt l m hnh OSI. M hnh ny c dng lm c s ni kt cc h thng m phc v cho cc ng dng phn tn Mi h thng tun theo m hnh tham chiu OSI u c th truyn thng tin vi nhau. H thng A 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
APPLICATION PRESENTATION SEsSION TRANSPORT NETWORK DATA LINK PHYSICAL

Giao thc tng 7 Giao thc tng 6 Giao thc tng 5 Giao thc tng 4 Giao thc tng 3 Giao thc tng 2 Giao thc tng 1

H thng B
ng dng
Trnh din Phin Giao vn Mng Lin kt d liu Vt l

7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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Bi ging mng LAN

2. Chc nng cc tng trong m hnh OSI a. Tng vt l (physical)

- Tng vt l lin quan n truyn dng cc bit gia cc my vi nhau bng ng truyn vt l. Tng ny lin kt cc giao din hm c, quang v in vi cp. Ngoi ra n cng chuyn ti nhng tn hiu truyn d liu do cc tng trn to ra. - Vic thit k phi bo m nu bn pht gi bt 1 th bn thu cng phi nhn bt 1 ch khng phi bt 0 - Tng ny phi quy nh r mc in p biu din d liu 1 v 0 l bao nhiu von trong vng bao nhiu giy - Chiu truyn tin l 1 hay 2 chiu, cch thc kt ni v hu b kt ni - nh ngha cch kt ni cp vi card mng: b ni c bao nhiu chn, chc nng ca mi chn Tm li: Thit k tng vt l phi gii quyt cc vn ghp ni c, in, to ra cc hm, th tc truy nhp ng truyn, ng truyn cc bt.

b. Tng lin kt d liu (data link)

- Cung cp phng tin truyn thng tin qua lin kt vt l m bo tin cy: gi cc khi d liu vi c ch ng b ho, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu cn thit Cc bc tng lin kt d liu thc hin: + Chia nh thnh cc khi d liu frame (vi trm bytes), ghi thm vo u v cui ca cc frame nhng nhm bt c bit lm ranh gii gia cc frame + Trn cc ng truyn vt l lun c li nn tng ny phi gii quyt vn sa li (do bn tin b hng, mt v truyn li) + Gi cho s ng b tc gia bn pht v bn thu - Tm li: tng lin kt d liu chu trch nhim chuyn khung d liu khng li t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc thng qua tng vt l. Tng ny cho php tng mng truyn d liu gn nh khng phm li qua lin kt mng

c. Tng mng (Network)

- Lp a ch cc thng ip, din dch a ch v tn logic thnh a ch vt l

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Bi ging mng LAN

- Kim sot v iu khin ng truyn:nh r cc b tin c truyn i theo con ng no t ngun ti ch. Cc con ng c th l c nh i vi nhng mng t thay i, cng c th l ng ngha l cc con ng ch c xc nh trc khi bt u cuc ni chuyn. Cc con ng c th thay i tu theo trng thi ti tc thi. - Qun l lu lng trn mng: chuyn i gi, nh tuyn, kim sot s tc nghn d liu (nu c nhiu gi tin cng c gi i trn ng truyn th c th xy ra tc nghn ) Kim sot lung d liu v ct hp d liu (nu cn) Ch : Trong mng phn tn nhim v ca tng rt n gin thm ch c th khng tn ti

d. Tng giao vn (Transport)

end) Thc hin vic truyn d liu gia hai u nt (end - to -

- Thc hin kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu t my my. m bo gi tin truyn khng phm li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt hay sao chp. - Thc hin vic ghp knh, phn knh ct hp d liu (nu cn). ng gi thng ip, chia thng ip di thnh nhiu gi tin v gp cc gi nh thnh mt b - Tng ny to ra mt kt ni cho mi yu cu ca tng trn n. Khi c nhiu yu cu t tng trn vi thng lng cao th n c th to ra nhiu kt ni v cng mt lc c th gi i nhiu b tin trn ng truyn

e. Tng phin (Session)

- Cung cp phng tin truyn thng gia cc ng dng: cho php ngi s dng trn cc my khc nhau c th thit lp, duy tr, hu b v ng b ho cc phin truyn thng gia h vi nhau. Nhim v chnh: + Qun l th bi i vi nhng nghi thc: hai bn kt ni truyn thng tin khng ng thi thc hin mt s thao tc. gii quyt vn ny tng phin cung cp 1 th bi, th bi c th c trao i v ch bn no gi th bi mi c th thc hin mt s thao tc quan trng + Vn ng b: khi cn truyn i nhng tp tin di tng ny chn thm cc im kim tra (check point) vo lung d 18 -

Bi ging mng LAN

liu. Nu pht hin thy li th ch c d liu sau im kim tra cui cng mi phi truyn li

f. Tng trnh din (Presentation)

- Quyt nh dng thc trao i d liu gia cc my tnh mng. Ngi ta c th gi y l b dch mng. bn gi, tng ny chuyn i c php d liu t dng thc do tng ng dng gi xung sang dng thc trung gian m ng dng no cng c th nhn bit. bn nhn, tng ny chuyn cc dng thc trung gian thnh dng thc thch hp cho tng ng dng ca my nhn. - Tng trnh din chu trch nhim chuyn i giao thc, bin dch d liu, m ho d liu, thay i hay chuyn i k t v m rng lnh ho. Nn d liu nhm lm gim bt s bt cn truyn - tng ny c b i hng hot ng i hng cc hot ng nhp/xut gi n cc ti nguyn trn my phc v

g. Tng ng dng (Application)

- Cung cp cc phng tin ngi s dng c th truy nhp c vo mi trng OSI, ng thi cung cp cc dch v thng tin phn tn. - Tng ny ng vai tr nh ca s dnh cho hot ng x l cc trnh ng dng nhm truy nhp cc dch v mng. N biu din nhng dch v h tr trc tip cc ng dng ngi dng, chng hn nh phn mm chuyn tin, truy nhp c s d liu v email. X l truy nhp mng chung, kim sot li v phc hi li.

3. Dch v v hm
- Dch v l mt dy, mt tp cc thao tc s cp hay l cc hm nguyn thy m mt tng cung cp cho tng trn n. Dch v lin quan n 2 tng k nhau

a. Dch v nh hng lin kt v dch v khng lin kt

mi tng trong m hnh OSI c hai loi dch v: dch v nh hng lin kt (connection - oriented service) v dch v khng nh hng lin kt (connectionless service) - Dch v nh hng lin kt: l dch v theo m hnh in thoi, trc khi truyn d liu cn thit lp mt lin kt logic gia cc thc th ng mc - Dch v khng lin kt: khng cn phi thit lp lin kt logic v mt n v d liu c truyn l c lp vi cc n v d liu 19 -

Bi ging mng LAN

trc hoc sau n. Loi dch v ny theo m hnh bu in: mi bn tin hay mi bc th cn c mt a ch c th bn nhn Trong phng php lin kt qu trnh truyn thng gm c 3 giai on: - Thit lp lin kt (logic): hai thc th ng mc hai h thng s thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on truyn sau (th hin bng hm connect) - Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo (kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu,...) tng tin cy v hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu (hm DATA). Hu b lin kt (logic): gii phng cc ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho cc lin kt khc (hm DISCONNECT) Trong mi loi dch v c c trng bng cht lng dch v. C dch v i hi bn nhn tin gi thng bo xc nhn khi tin cy c bo m C nhng ng dng khng chp nhn s chm tr do phi xc nhn s truyn tin (VD h thng truyn tin). Nhng c nhiu ng dng nh th tn in t ngi gi ch cn c mt dch v vi tin cy cao, chp nhn s chm tr

b. Cc hm nguyn thu ca dch v

Mt dch v gm 1 s thao tc s cp hay cc hm nguyn thu. Mt thc th cung cp dch v cho mt thc th tng trn n thng qua vic gi cc hm nguyn thu. Cc hm nguyn thu ch r chc nng cn phi thc hin v dng chuyn d liu vo thng tin iu khin. C 4 hm nguyn thu c dng xc nh tng tc gia cc tng k nhau - Request (yu cu): ngi s dng dch v dng gi chc nng hoc yu cu thc th khc thc hin mt cng vic no . - Indication (ch bo): ngi cung cp dch v dung gi mt chc nng no , ch bo mt chc nng c gi mt im truy nhp dch v - Response (tr li): ngi s dng dch v dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi t trc bi mt hm nguyn thu Indication im truy nhp dch v - Confirm (xc nhn): ngi cung cp dch v dng hon tt mt chc nng c gi t trc bi mt hm nguyn thu Response ti im truy nhp dch v 20 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Hthng A T (N+ ng 1) request confirm

Hthng B T (N+ SERVICE USER ng 1) response indication interface

T N ng

(N) protocol

T N ng

SERVICE PROVIDER

H 8 . S ng n l hot ca cc h ng nh uy ng m uyn thu Quy trnh thc hin mt giao tc gia hai h thng A v B : Tng N+1 ca A gi xung tng N k di n mt hm Request - Tng N ca A cu to mt n v d liu gi yu cu sang tng N ca B theo giao thc tng N xc nh - Nhn c yu cu, tng N ca B ch bo ln tng N+1 k trn n bng hm Indication - Tng N ca B tr li bng hm Response gi xung tng N k di n - Tng N ca B cu to mt n v d liu gi tr li v tng N ca A theo giao thc tng N xc nh - Nhn c tr li, tng N ca A xc nhn vi tng N+1 k trn n bng hm Confirm, kt thc mt giao tc gia hai h thng. Cc thao tc s cp ni chung l c tham s (VD Connect.Request). Cc tham s gm: a ch my gi a ch my nhn Loi dch v Kch thc cc i ca bn tin

Nu thc th b gi khng chp nhn kch thc cc i m bn tin a ra n c th yu cu kch thc mi trong thao tc ca hm Response. Cc chi tit ca qu trnh tho thun l mt phn ca nghi thc. Cc dch v c th xc nhn hoc khng xc nhn. - Cc dch v xc nhn c th c cc hm nguyn thu: Request, Indication, Response, Confirm 21 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- Dch v khng xc nhn c hai hm nguyn thu: Resquest, Indication Trong thc t loi dch v connect lun lun l c xc nhn, cn cc loi dch v DATA l khng xc nhn hoc c xc nhn STT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Hm nguyn thu CONNECT.Request CONNECT.Indication CONNECT.Response CONNECT.Confirm DATA.Request DATA.Indication ngha Yu cu thit lp lin kt Bo cho thc th b gi ng hay khng ng Xc nhn vi bn gi vic kt ni c c chp nhn hay khng Bn gi yu cu truyn d liu Bo cho bn nhn bit l d liu n Bo cho bn nhn

DISCONNECT.Request Yu cu hu b lin kt DISCONNECT.Indicati on

V d: 1. CONNECT.Request 2. CONNECT.Indication 3. CONNECT.Response 4. CONNECT.Confirm 5. DATA.Request 6. DATA.Indication 7. DISCONNECT.Request 8. DISCONNECT.Indication 9. DISCONNECT.Request 10. DISCONNECT.Indication Bn quay s in thoi ca c Lan Chung reo C Lan nhc my Chung ngng reo Bn ni chuyn vi c Lan C Lan nghe thy bn ni C tr li bn Bn nghe thy cu tr li Bn cp my C Lan nghe thy bn cp my.

22 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Chng 2. Mng cc b mng lan

Bi 1. Gii thiu chung I. M u

- Do nhu cu thc t ca cc c quan, trng hc, doanh nghip, t chc cn kt ni cc my tnh n l thnh mt mng ni b to kh nng trao i thng tin, s dng chung ti nguyn (phn cng, phn mm). V d trong mt vn phng c mt my in, tt c mi ngi c th s dng chung my in th gii php ni mng c th khc phc c hn ch ny. - Mc ch ca vic s dng mng ngy nay c nhiu thay i so vi trc kia. Mc d mng my tnh pht sinh t nhu cu chia s v dng chung ti nguyn, nhng mc ch ch yu vn l s dng chung ti nguyn phn cng. Ngy nay mc ch chnh ca mng l trao i thng tin v CSDL dng chung cng ngh mng cc b pht trin v cng nhanh chng Phn bit mng LAN vi cc loi mng khc + c trng a l: ci t trong phm vi nh (to nh, mt cn c qun s,..) c ng knh t vi chc mt n vi chc km c ngha tng i + c trng v tc truyn: cao hn mng din rng, khong 100 Mb/s + c trng tin cy: t sut li thp hn + c trng qun l: thng l s hu ring ca mt t chc vic qun l khai thc tp trung, thng nht Kt lun: S phn bit gia cc mng ch l tng i

II. H iu hnh mng

- Mng my tnh c chia lm hai loi: mng bnh ng (peer to peer), mng c file server, m hnh client/server. S phn bit gia cc loi mng ni trn l rt quan trng, mi loi c nhng kh nng khc nhau. Ph thuc vo cc yu t: qui m ca t chc (cng ty, vn phng,...), mc bo mt cn c, loi hnh cng vic, mc h tr c sn trong cng tc qun tr. Nhu cu ca ngi s dng mng, ngn sch mng

23 -

Bi ging mng LAN

1. Mng bnh ng:

- Mi my trn mng c vai tr nh nhau, ti nguyn dng chung chia s theo quy nh ca ngi qun tr tng my mt. - Khng c my no c ch nh chu trch nhim qun tr mng, c hai mc chia s : read only v read write (full computer) - Phn mm iu hnh mng khng nht thit phi c kh nng thi hnh v tnh bo mt tng xng vi phn mm iu hnh c thit k cho my phc v chuyn dng. V d: Microsoft Windows NT Workstation, Microsoft Windows for Workgroups, Microsoft Windows 3.1, Microsoft Windows 95,... - u im: n gin, khng i hi gi tr chung, thch hp cho vn phng nh Nhc im: khng thch hp cho mng ln, nhiu ngi dng

2. Mng c file server

- M hnh theo trn mng c t nht 1 my c vai tr c bit: qun l ti nguyn dng chung ca ton b mng theo ch chia x c quyt nh bi ngi qun tr my C 4 mc chia x: + read only + Exec only + read write + right control Quyn truy nhp: + tn ngi dng v mt khu + v tr truy nhp v thi gian truy nhp u im: + T chc qun tr tp trung an ton, an ninh + Tng hiu sut ngi s dng, tit kim - Nhc im: File server ch lm nhim v lu tr v qun l d liu phn mm. Vic tnh ton v x l d liu ti cc my khc gi l cc my trm lm vic (workstation). Khi mt ngi c nhu cu thc hin mt chng trnh tnh ton x l d liu, ton b chng trnh v d liu s c ti t file server v trm lm vic (b nh), kt thc qu trnh x l d liu ton b d liu li c cp nht v file server. V vy vn chuyn phc tp khi c ngi s dng yu cu thc

24 -

Bi ging mng LAN

hin tnh ton x l d liu: dung lng thng tin trn ng truyn cao mt cch t ngt. + Cn gii quyt vn tranh chp quyn truy nhp v cp nht d liu.

3. M hnh client/server
- L m hnh mng c my phc v, tuy nhin my phc v khng ch dng li mc phc v m thc hin lun nhim v tnh ton v x l d liu. Cc my trm lm vic c gim nh vic tnh ton d liu do vy gi l cc my client. u im: + Tng hiu sut hot ng + Khc phc c nhng kh khn do khng ng nht vi cu trc vt l

Bi 2. K thut mng cc b I. Topology

V nguyn tc mi topology ca mng my tnh ni chung u c th dng cho mng cc b. Song do c th ca mng cc b nn ch c 3 topology thng c s dng: hnh sao (star), hnh vng (ring), tuyn tnh (bus)

1. Hnh sao (star)

- Tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn n trm ch ca tn hiu. Thit b trung tm c th l Hub, Switch, router Vai tr ca thit b trung tm l thc hin vic bt tay gia cc trm cn trao i thng tin vi nhau, thit lp cc lin kt im im gia chng.

25 -

Bi ging mng LAN

S Kiu k t ni h sa o v i HUB t r u ng t nh m

My 1

My 2

My 4

My 3

My 5

My 6

2. Hnh vng (ring)

Tn hiu c lu chuyn theo mt chiu duy nht - Mi trm lm vic c ni vi vng qua mt b chuyn tip (repeater), c nhim v nhn tn hiu ri chuyn n trm k tip trn vng tng tin cy ca mng, phi lp vng d phng, khi ng truyn trn vng chnh b s c th vng ph c s dng vi chiu i ca tn hiu ngc vi chiu i ca mng chnh.
S Kiu k ni d n g v n g t

My 2

My 3

My 5

My 4

My 1

My 6

3. Dng tuyn tnh (Bus)

- Tt c cc trm u dng chung mt ng truyn chnh (Bus) c gii hn bi hai u ni (terminator). 26 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Mi trm c ni vo Bus qua mt u ni ch T (T-connector).

- Khi mt trm truyn d liu th tn hiu c qung b trn 2 chiu ca Bus (tt c cc trm khc u c th nhn tn hiu)
S Kiu k t n i d n g t u y n t h (BUS) n

Terminator

My B

Bus Terminator

My A

* So snh gia cc cch kt ni v u nhc im ca chng:

- Khc nhau: kiu hnh sao l kt ni im - im trc tip gia hai my tnh thng qua mt thit b trung tm. Kiu vng th tn hiu lu chuyn trn vng l mt chui cc kt ni im - im. Kiu tuyn tnh th d liu truyn da trn im - nhiu im hoc qung b. - u im: C ba cch kt ni u n gin, d lp t, d thay i cu hnh Hnh sao: - u im: D kim sot. Do s dng lin kt im - im nn tn dng c ti a tc ca ng truyn vt l - Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch Dng vng: - Nhc im: Nu xy ra s c trn ng truyn, tt c cc my trong mng khng th giao tip vi nhau. i hi giao thc truy nhp ng truyn kh phc tp (Tuy nhin ton b cng vic ny c h phn mm gii quyt) Dng tuyn tnh: 27 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- Nhc im: nu xy ra s c trn ng truyn, ton b cc my trong mng khng th giao tip vi nhau c na. Giao thc qun l truy nhp ng truyn phc tp

* Kt lun
- Do u nhc im ca tng loi m trong thc t ngi ta thng chn kiu kt ni lai - l t hp ca cc kiu kt ni trn.

II. ng truyn vt l
- Mng cc b thng s dng 3 loi ng truyn vt l v cp i xon, cp ng trc, v cp si quang. Ngoi ra gn y ngi ta cng bt u s dng nhiu cc mng cc b khng dy nh radio hoc viba. - Cp ng trc ng s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng tuyn tnh, hot ng truyn dn theo di c s (baseband) hoc di rng (broadband). Vi di c s, ton b kh nng ca ng truyn c dnh cho mt knh truyn thng duy nht, trong khi vi di rng th hai hoc nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia di thng ca knh truyn - Hu ht cc mng cc b u s dng phng thc di rng. Vi phng thc ny tn hiu c th truyn i di c hai dng: tng t (analog)v s (digital) khng cn iu ch. - Cp ng trc c hai loi l cp gy (thin cable) v cp bo (thick cable). C hai loi cp ny u c tc lm vic 10Mb/s nhng cp gy c suy hao tn hiu ln hn, c di cp ti a cho php gia hai repeater nh hn cp bo Cp gy thng dng ni cc trm trong cng mt vn phng, phng th nghim, cn cp bo dng ni dc theo hnh lang, ln cc tng lu,.. - Phng thc truyn thng theo di rng c th dng c cp i xon, nhng cp i xon ch thch hp vi mng nh hiu nng thp v chi ph u t t. - Phng thc truyn theo di rng chia di thng (tn s) ca ng truyn thnh nhiu di tn con (knh), mi di tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit nh s dng mt cp modem c bit. Phng thc ny vn l mt phng tin truyn mt chiu: cc tn hiu a vo ng truyn ch c th truyn i theo mt hng khng ci t c cc b khuych i chuyn tn hiu ca mt tn s theo c hai chiu. V th xy ra tnh trng ch c trm nm di trm truyn l c th nhn c tn hiu. Vy lm th no c hai ng dn d liu trn mng. im gp nhau ca hai ng dn gi l im u cui. V d, trong topo dng bus th im u 28 -

Bi ging mng LAN

cui n gin chnh l u mt ca bus (terminator), cn vi topo dng cy (tree) th chnh l gc ca cy (root). Cc trm khi truyn u truyn v hng im u cui (gi l ng dn v), sau cc tn hiu nhn c im u cui s truyn theo ng dn th hai xut pht t im u cui (gi l ng dn i). Tt c cc trm u nhn d liu trn ng dn i. ci t ng dn v v i, c th s dng cu hnh vt l sau: Nhn v i t s f2 n Truy v i t s f1 n n

i u cui m

a. Split Broadband Nhn v i t s f1 n i cui m u

Truy v i t s f1 n n b. Dual Cable Broadband H 9. Cu h v l cho Broad and nh nh t b Trong cu hnh cp i (dual cable), cc ng dn v v i chy trn cc cp ring bit v im u cui n gin ch l mt u ni th ng ca chng. Trm gi v nhn cng mt tn s Trong cu hnh tch (split), c hai ng dn u trn cng mt cp nhng tn s khc nhau: ng dn v c tn s thp v ng dn i c tn s cao hn. im u cui l b chuyn i tn s. - Ch : vic la chn ng truyn v thit k s i cp (trong trng hp hu tuyn) l mt trong nhng cng vic quan trng nht khi thit k v ci t mt mng my tnh ni chung v mng 29 -

Bi ging mng LAN

cc b ni ring. Gii php la chn php p ng c nhu cu s dng mng thc t khng ch cho hin ti m cho c tng lai. - VD: mun truyn d liu a phng tin th khng th chn loi cp ch cho php thng lng ti a l vi Mb/s , m phi ngh n loi cp cho php thng lng trn 100 Mb/s. Vic lp t h thng trong cp trong nhiu trng hp (to nh nhiu tng) l tn rt nhiu cng ca phi la chn cn thn, khng th xy ra trng hp sau 1 -2 nm g b, lp h thng mi.

Bi 3. Cc phng php truy nhp ng truyn vt l I. Gii thiu

- i vi topo dng hnh sao, khi mt lin kt c thit lp gia hai trm th thit b trung tm s m bo ng truyn c dnh ring trong sut cuc truyn. Tuy nhin i vi topo dng vng v tuyn tnh th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni tt c cc trm vi nhau bi vy cn phi c mt quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng bo m rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch tt p - C nhiu phng php khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l, c phn lm hai loi: phng php truy nhp ngu nhin, v phng php truy nhp c iu kin. - Trong c 3 phng php hay dng nht trong cc mng cc b hin nay: phng php AASMA/CD, Token Bus, Token Ring

II. Phng php CSMA/CD

- CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) Phng php a truy nhp s dng sng mang c pht hin xung t - Phng php ny s dng cho topo dng tuyn tnh, trong tt c cc trm ca mng u c ni trc tip vo bus. Mi trm u c th truy nhp vo bus chung (a truy nhp) mt cch ngu nhin v do vy rt c th dn n xung t (hai hoc nhiu trm ng thi truyn d liu). D liu c truyn trn mng theo mt khun dng nh sn trong c mt vng thng tin iu khin cha a ch trm ch - Phng php CSMA/CD l phng php ci tin t phng php CSMA hay cn gi l LBT (Listen Before Talk - Nghe trc khi ni). T tng ca n: mt trm cn truyn d liu trc ht phi nghe xem ng 30 -

Bi ging mng LAN

truyn ang ri hay bn. Nu ri th truyn d liu i theo khun dng quy nh trc. Ngc lai, nu bn (tc l c d liu khc) th trm phi thc hin mt trong 3 gii thut sau (gi l gii thut kin nhn) + Tm rt lui ch i trong mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u nghe ng truyn (Non persistent - khng kin tr) + Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn d liu i vi xc sut = 1 + Tip tc nghe n khi ng truyn ri th truyn i vi xc sut p xc nh trc (0 < p <1) - Vi gii thut 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui ch i trong cc thi on ngu nhin khc. Nhc im c th c thi gian cht sau mi cuc truyn - Gii thut 2: khc phc nhc im c thi gian cht bng cch cho php mt trm c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc. Nhc im: Nu lc c hn mt trm ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao - Gii thut 3: Trung ho gia hai gii thut trn. Vi gi tr p la chn hp l c th ti thiu ho c c kh nng xung t ln thi gian cht ca ng truyn. Xy ra xung t l do tr ca ng truyn dn: mt trm truyn d liu i ri nhng do tr ng truyn nn mt trm khc lc ang nghe ng truyn s tng l ri v c th truyn d liu i xung t. Nguyn nhn xy ra xung t ca phng php ny l cc trm ch nghe trc khi ni m khng nghe trong khi ni do vy trong thc t c xy ra xung t m khng bit, vn c tip tc truyn d liu i gy ra chim dng ng truyn mt cch v ch - c th pht hin xung t, ci tin thnh phng php CSMA/CD (LWT - Listen While Talk - nghe trong khi ni) tc l b xung thm cc quy tc: Khi mt trm ang truyn, n vn tip tc nghe ng truyn. Nu pht hin thy xung t th n ngng ngay vic truyn nhng vn tip tc gi sng mang thm mt thi gian na m bo rng tt c cc trm trn mng u c th nghe c s kin xung t . Sau trm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri th truyn li theo cc quy tc ca CSMA R rng vi CSMA/CD thi gian chim dng ng truyn v ch gim xung bng thi gian pht hin xung t. CSMA/CD cng s 31 -

Bi ging mng LAN

dng mt trong 3 gii thut kin nhn trn, trong gii thut 2 c a dng hn c.

III. Phng php Token BUS (phng php bus vi th bi)

- Phng php truy nhp c iu khin dng k thut chuyn th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Th bi (Token) l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v c cha cc thng tin iu khin trong cc khun dng Nguyn l: cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu,mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm nhn c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian nh trc. Trong thi gian n c th truyn mt hoc nhiu n v d liu. Khi ht d liu hay ht thi on cho php, trm phi chuyn th bi n trm tip theo trong vng logic. Nh vy cng vic phi lm u tin l thit lp vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n. Th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cc trm khng hoc cha c nhu cu truyn d liu th khng c a vo vng logic v chng ch c th tip nhn d liu. -

bus H
ng truy vt l n Vng logic H 10. Vd v nglog trong m nh ic ng b us - Trong hnh v, cc trm A, E nm ngoi vng logic, ch c th tip nhn d liu dnh cho chng. - Vn quan trng l phi duy tr c vng logic tu theo trng thi thc t ca mng ti thi im no . C th cn phi thc hin cc chc nng sau: 32 -

Bi ging mng LAN

B sung mt trm vo vng logic: cc trm nm ngoi vng logic cn c xem xt nh k nu c nhu cu truyn d liu th b sung vo vng logic. Loi b mt trm khi vng logic: Khi mt trm khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu cn loi n ra khi vng logic ti u ho vic iu khin truy nhp bng th bi

Qun l li: mt s li c th xy ra, chng hn trng a ch (hai trm u ngh rng n lt mnh) hoc t vng (khng trm no ngh n lt mnh)

Khi to vng logic: Khi ci t mng hoc sau khi t vng, cn phi khi to li vng.

Cc gii thut cho cc chc nng trn c th lm nh sau:

B sung mt trm vo vng logic, mi trm trong vng c trch nhim nh k to c hi cho cc trm mi nhp vo vng. Khi chuyn th bi i, trm s gi thng bo tm trm ng sau mi cc trm (c a ch gia n v trm k tip nu c) gi yu cu nhp vng. Nu sau mt thi gian xc nh trc m khng c yu cu no th trm s chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n nh thng l. Nu c yu cu th trm gi th bi s ghi nhn trm yu cu tr thnh trm ng k sau n v chuyn th bi ti trm mi ny. Nu c hn mt trm yu cu nhp vng th trm gi th bi s phi la chn theo gii thut no .

Loi mt trm khi vng logic: Mt trm mun ra khi vng logic s i n khi nhn c th bi s gi thng bo ni trm ng sau ti trm k trc n yu cu trm ny ni trc tip vi trm k sau n

Qun l li: gii quyt cc tnh hung bt ng. Chng hn, trm nhn c tn hiu cho thy c cc trm khc c th bi. Lp tc n phi chuyn sang trng thi nghe (b ng, ch d liu hoc th bi). Hoc sau khi kt thc truyn d liu, trm phi chuyn th bi ti trm k sau n v tip tc nghe xem trm k sau c hot ng hay b h hng. Nu trm k sau b hng th phi tm cch gi cc thng bo vt qua trm hng , tm trm hot ng gi th bi.
Khi to vng logic: Khi mt trm hay nhiu trm pht hin thy ng truyn khng hot ng trong mt khong thi gian vt qu mt gi tr ngng (time out) cho trc - th bi b mt (c th do mng b mt ngun hoc trm gi th bi b hng). Lc trm pht hin s gi i thng bo yu cu th bi ti mt trm c ch nh trc c trch nhim sinh th bi mi v chuyn i theo vng logic.

33 -

Bi ging mng LAN

IV. Phng php Token Ring

- Phng php ny da trn nguyn l dng th bi cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn. Th bi lu chuyn theo vng vt l ch khng cn thit lp vng logic nh phng php trn - Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bt biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc r). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi ri. Khi n s i bt trng thi thnh bn v truyn mt n v d liu cng vi th bi i theo chiu ca vng. Gi y khng cn th bi ri trn vng na, do cc trm c d liu cn truyn buc phi i. D liu n trm ch s c sao li, sau cng vi th bi i tip cho n khi quay v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu, i bt trng thi thnh ri cho lu chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c th nhn c quyn truyn d liu.
D D busytoken data B Trm C sao dli dnh ch u cho n v chuy ti dli n p u c ng th b v h ng i i trm ngun A sau khi gi thng tin bo nhn v n v dli u. D data

A free token C ngun ch

A ngun

C ch

A ngun

C ch

B
A c dli c truy n u n n C. Nhn c th b ri n i i trng thi thnh bn v truy d li c ng v i n u i th b i

B
A nhn c dli c ng th u bi quay v i trng thi , ca th bi th ri v nh chuy ti trb vng, xo d n p li truy u n

H 1 Hot ca p p nh 1. ng h ng hp Toke Ring n - S quay v trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to mt c ch nhn t nhin: trm ch c th gi vo n v d liu cc thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh. + Trm ch khng tn ti hoc khng hot ng + Trm ch tn ti nhng d liu khng sao chp c + D liu c tip nhn - Phng php ny cn phi gii quyt hai vn c th gy ph v h thng: + Mt th bi: trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na + Mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng 34 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- Gii quyt: i vi vn mt th bi, c th quy nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng. Trm ny s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch dng c ch ngng thi gian (time out) v phc hi bng cch pht i mt th bi ri mi. i vi vn th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng, trm monitor s dng mt bit trn th bi (gi l monitor bit) nh du t gi tr 1 khi gp th bi bn i qua n. Nu n gp li mt th bi bn vi bt nh du th c ngha l trm ngun khng nhn li c n v d liu ca mnh v th bi bn c quay vng mi. Lc trm monitor s i bit trng thi ca th thnh ri v chuyn tip trn vng. Cc trm cn li trn trm s c vai tr b ng: chng theo di pht hin tnh trng s c ca trm monitor ch ng v thay th vai tr . Cn c mt gii thut chn trm thay th cho trm monitor hng.

V. So snh
- phc tp ca phng php dng th bi u ln hn nhiu so vi CSMA/CD. Nhng cng vic m mt trm phi lm trong phng php CSMA/CD n gin hn nhiu so vi hai phng php dng th bi. - Hiu qu ca phng php dng th bi khng cao trong iu kin ti nh: mt trm phi i kh lu mi n lt - Tuy nhin phng php dng th bi cng c nhng u im: Kh nng iu ho lu thng trong mng, hoc bng cch cho php cc trm truyn s lng n v d liu khc nhau khi nhn c th bi, hoc bng cch lp ch u tin cp pht th bi cho cc trm cho trc. c bit phng php dng th bi c hiu qu cao hn CSMA/CD trong trng hp ti nng.

Bi 4. Cc thnh phn mng cc b

Lan l mt mng nh nht thnh phn gm cc phn cng v phn mm

I. Phn cng 1. Thit b cu thnh mng my tnh

My ch (file server - FS), cc trm lm vic (Workstation - WS), cc thit b ngoi vi dng chung (my in, a cng,...), card mng, cc u ni, ng truyn, v mt s thit b khc nh HUB, Switch

35 -

Bi ging mng LAN

a. My ch
- Hot ng nh mt my chnh ca mng, qun l cc hot ng ca mng (nh phn chia ti nguyn chung, trao i thng tin gia cc trm,..). Thng thng my ch cn t c s d liu dng chung. Thng th my ch c cu hnh mnh. - Trong dng mng ngang quyn (Peer to Peer) my ch th khng c

b. Cc trm lm vic
L cc my tnh c nhn kt ni vi nhau v ni vi my ch - Cc my trm c th s dng ti nguyn chung ca ton b h thng mng.

c. Card mng (NIC)

- L thit b iu khin vic truyn thng v chuyn i d liu sang dng tn hiu in hay quang Gm cc b iu khin v thu pht thng tin. + B iu khin thc hin cc chc nng iu khin truyn thng, m bo d liu c truyn chnh xc ti cc nt mng. + B thu pht thng tin lm nhim v chuyn d liu sang dng tn hiu in hay quang v ngc li. c lp vo khe cm ca mi my tnh ca mng - Tu theo yu cu s dng la chn card mng cho ph hp vi my tnh, ng truyn dn, nhu cu pht trin trong tng lai

d. ng truyn
- L mi trng truyn dn, lin kt cc nt mng, truyn dn cc tn hiu in hay quang - Mng cc b s dng ch yu l cc loi cp, trong c hai loi cp thng c s dng: cp ng trc, cp i dy xon

2. Cc thit b ghp ni mng a. Repeater

Lm vic vi tng th nht ca m hnh OSI - tng vt l - Repeater c hai cng. N thc hin vic chuyn tip tt c cc tn hiu vt l n t cng ny ra cng khc sau khi khuych i tt c cc Lan lin kt vi nhau qua repeater tr thnh mt LAN. 36 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- N ch c kh nng lin kt cc LAN c cng mt chun cng ngh

b. HUB
L tn gi ca repeater nhiu cng. N thc hin vic chuyn tip tt c cc tn hiu vt l n t mt cng ti tt c cc cng cn li sau khi khuych i Tt c cc LAN lin kt vi nhau qua HUB s tr thnh mt LAN - HUB khng c kh nng lin kt cc LAN khc nhau v giao thc truyn thng tng lin kt d liu.

c. Bridge (cu ni)

liu. Lm vic vi tng th hai ca m hnh OSI: tng lin kt d

- N c thit k c kh nng nhn tn hiu vt l, chuyn i v dng d liu v chuyn tip d liu. - Bridge c hai cng: sau khi nhn tn hiu vt l v chuyn i v dng d liu t mt cng, bridge kim tra a ch ch, nu a ch ny l ca mt node lin kt vi chnh cng nhn tn hiu, n b qua vic x l. Trong trng hp ngc li d liu c chuyn ti cng cn li, ti cng ny d liu c chuyn i thnh tn hiu vt l v gi i. kim tra mt node c lin kt vi cng no ca n, bridge dng mt bng a ch cp nht ng tc ng truyn chm hn so vi repeater. - Dng lin kt cc LAN c cung giao thc tng lin kt d liu, c th khc nhau v mi trng truyn dn vt l. Khng hn ch v s lng bridge s dng. Cng c th c dng chia mt LAN thnh nhiu LAN con gim dung lng thng tin truyn trn ton LAN.

d. Switch (b chuyn mch)

- Lm vic nh mt bridge nhiu cng. Khc vi HUB nhn tn hiu t mt cng ri chuyn tip ti tt c cc cng cn li, switch nhn tn hiu vt l, chuyn i thnh d liu, t mt cng, kim tra a ch ch ri gi ti mt cng tng ng. - Nhiu node mng c th gi thng tin n cng mt node khc ti cng mt thi im m rng di thng ca LAN. Switch c thit k lin kt cc cng ca n vi di thng rt ln (vi trm Mbps n hng Gbps) - Dng vt qua hn ch v bn knh hot ng ca mng gy ra bi s lng repeater c php s dng gia hai node bt k ca mt LAN 37 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- L thit b l tng dng chia LAN thnh nhiu Lan con lm gim dung lng thng tin truyn trn ton LAN - H tr cng ngh Full Duplex dng m rng bng thng ca ng truyn m khng c repeater hocj Hub no dng c H tr mng a dch v (m thanh, video, d liu) Lm vic trn tng network ca m hnh OSI.

d. Router (b dn ng)
- Thng c nhiu hn 2 cng. N tip nhn tn hiu vt l t mt cng, chuyn i v dng d liu, kim tra a ch mng ri chuyn d liu n cng tng ng. - Dng lin kt cc LAN c th khc nhau v chun Lan nhng cng giao thc mng tng network. C th lin kt hai mng rt xa nhau l thit b mng hot ng tng trn cng ca m hnh OSI. Dng lin kt cc mng c kin trc hon ton khc nhau

e. Cng giao tip (Gateway)

- C th hiu v chuyn i giao thc tng bt k ca m hnh OSI

II. Phn mm
- Mi my tnh trong mng LAN hot ng nh mt HH mng (Windows 9X 2000, Windows NT, Novell, Unix) - Chng trnh truyn thng gia h iu hnh mng v card mng c gi l trnh iu khin card mng ( NIC driver) Cc chng trnh iu khin card mng cho cng mt card mng l khc nhau i vi mi HH mng (thng bn km vi NIC)

Bi 5. Cc chun LAN
Cc chun Lan l cc chun cng ngh cho LAN c ph chun bi cc t chc chun ho quc t, nhm hng dn cc nh sn xut thit b mng i n s thng nht kh nng s dng chung cc sn phm ca h v li ch ca ngi s dng v to iu kin cho cc nghin cu pht trin.

38 -

Bi ging mng LAN

I. Ethernet
Cc chun Ethernet LAN hin ng s dng ph bin nht, n mc i khi hiu ng ngha vi LAN. S pht trin ca n tri qua cc giai on vi tn gi l DIX standard Ethernet v IEEE802.3 standard. - Nm 1972 cng ty Xerox trin khai nghin cu v chun LAN. 1980 chun ny c 3 cng ty DEC (Digital), Intel, Xerox chp nhn pht trin v gi l chun DIX Ethernet. N m bo tc truyn thng 10 Mpbs, dng mi trng truyn dn l cp ng trucj bo, c ch truyn tin CSMA/chin dch - IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electrionics Engineers) - mt t chc chun ho ca M a ra chun IEEE802.3 v giao thc LAN da trn DIX Ethernet vi cc mi trng truyn dn khc nhau, gi l IEEE802.3 10BASE-5, IEEE802.3 10BASE-2 v IEEE802.3 10BASE-T. m bo tc truyn thng 10Mbps.

1. 10BASE-5
M hnhphn cng ca mng Topo dng BUS - Dng cp ng trc bo 50 cn gi l cp vng, AUI connector (Attachement Unit Interface) - Hai u cp c hai Terminator 50 , chng phn hi sng mang tn hiu. D liu truyn thng s khng c m bo ng n nu mt trong hai Terminator ny b thiu hoc b li. - Trn mi on cp c th lin kt ti a 100 AUI Transceiver Connector ci. Khong cch ti a gia hai AUI l 2,5 m, khong cch ti a l 500m trn cp c nh cc du hiu theo tng on bi s ca 2,5m v m bo truyn thng ngi ta thng chn khong cch ti thiu gia hai AUI l 5 m. - Vic lin kt cc my tnh vo mng c thc hin bi cc on cp ni t cc AUI connector n NIC trong my tnh, gi l cp AUI. Hai u cp AUI lin kt vi hai AUI connector c. Chiu di ti a ca mt cp AUI l 50 m. - S 5 trong tn gi 10BASE-5 l bt ngun t iu kin khong cch ti a gia hai AUI trn cp l 500 m. Quy tc 5- 4-3 - Repeater: Nh trnh by trn, trong mi on mng dng cp ng trc bo khng c c qu 100 AUI, khong cch ti a gia hai AUI khng c vt qu 500m. Trong trng hp mun m rng 39 -

Bi ging mng LAN

mng vi nhau bng mt thit b chuyn tip tn hiu gi l Repeater. Repeater c hai cng, tn hiu c nhn vo cng ny th s c pht tip ra sau cng kia sau khi c khuych i. Tuy nhin c nhng hn ch bt buc v s lng cc on mng v nt mng c th c trn mt Ethernet LAN - Quy tc 5-4-3 l quy tc tiu chun ca Ethernet c p dng trong trng hp mun m rng mng, ngha l mun xy dng mt LAN c bn knh hot ng rng hoc c nhiu trm lm vic vt qu nhng hn ch trn mt on cp mng (segment). - Quy tc 5-4-3 c p dng cho chun 10BASE-5 dng repeater nh sau: + Khng c c qu 5 on mng + Khng c c qu 4 repeater gia hai trm lm vic bt k + Khng c c qu 3 on mng c trm lm vic. Cc on mng khng c trm lm vic gi l cc on lin kt.

40 -

Bi ging mng LAN

H 12. M h p n cng 10BASE-5 nh nh h Segment, max 100 node

Min 2,5 m; Max 500m Terminator cp b Transceiver o Transceiver cable Terminator

NIC

H 13. M rng m nh ng 10BASE-5 b ng Re e r p ate

Repeater

Segment Max 500m; 100 node Segment 1 Segment 2

Segment Max 500m 100 node ; H 14. Quy t 5-4-3 nh c Segment 3 Segment 4 Repeater 3 Segment 5

Repeater 1

Repeater 2

Repeater 4

Trm lin k t

Trm lm vi c 41 -

Bi ging mng LAN

2. 10BASE-2
M hnh phn cng Topo dng BUS - Dng cp ng trc mng 50 , ng knh xp x 5mm, Tconnector, BNC connector - Hai u cp c hai Terminator 50 , chng phn hi sng mang d liu. D liu truyn thng s khng c m bo ng n nu mt trong hai Terminator ny b thiu hoc b li. - Trn mi on cp c th lin kt ti a 30 trm lm vic. Khong cch ti thiu gia hai trm l 0.5 m. Khong cch ti a gia hai trm l 185m. bo m cht lng truyn thng ngi ta thng chn khong cch ti thiu gia hai trm l 5 m. - Vic lin kt cc my tnh vo mng c thc hin bi cc T connector v BNC connector. - S 2 trong tn gi 10BASE-2 l bt ngun t iu kin khong cch ti a gia hai trm trn on cp l 185m 200m Quy tc 5 - 4 -3 - Quy tc 5-4-3 c p dng cho chun 10BASE-2 dng repeater cng tng t nh i vi trng hp cho chun 10BASE-5 + Khng c c qu 5 on mng + Khng c c qu 4 repeater gia hai trm lm vic bt k + Khng c c qu 3 on mng c trm lm vic. Cc on mng khng c trm lm vic gi l cc on lin kt. H 15. M h p n cng 10 nh nh h BASE-2 Segm ent, max 30 node
Min 0,5 m; Max 185m Terminator cp mng T connector Terminator

NIC

42 -

Bi ging mng LAN

H 16. M rng m nh ng 10BASE-2 bng Re ate pe r Segment, max 185 m; 30 node

Repeater

Segment, max 185 m; 30 node

H 17. Quy t 5-4-3 nh c Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4 Repeater 3 Segment 5

Repeater 1

Repeater 2

Repeater 4

Trm lin k t

Trm lm vi c

3. 10BASE-T
M hnh phn cng ca mng - Dng cp i xon UTP, RJ 45 connector, v mt thit b ghp ni trung tm gi l HUB - Mi HUB c th ni t 4 ti 24 cng RJ45, cc trm lm vic c kt ni t NIC ti cng HUB bng cp UTP vi hai u RJ45. Khong cch ti a t HUB n NIC l 100m V mt vt l (hnh thc) topo ca mng c dng hnh sao 43 -

Bi ging mng LAN

- Tuy nhin v bn cht HUB l mt loi Repeater nhiu cng v vy v mt logic, mng theo chun 10BASE-T vn l mng dng BUS - Ch T trong tn gi 10BASE-T bt ngun t ch Twisted pair cable (cp i dy xon) Quy tc m rng mng - V HUB l mt loi Repeater nhiu cng nn m rng mng c th lin kt ni tip cc HUB vi nhau v cng khng c c qu 4 HUB gia hai trm lm vic bt k ca mng - HUB c kh nng xp chng: l loi HUB c cng ring lin kt cc chng li vi nhau bng cp ring thnh nh mt HUB. Nh vy dng loi HUB ny ngi dng c th d dng m rng s cng ca HUB trong tng lai khi cn thit. Tuy nhin s lng HUB c th xp chng cng c gii hn v ph thuv vo tng nh sn xut, thng thng khng vt qu 5 HUB. - 10BASE-5 vi HUB: D HUB c kh nng xp chng, ngi s dng c th tng s lng my kt ni trong mng nhng bn knh hot ng ca mng vn khng thay i v khong cch t cng HUB n NIC khng th vt qu 100m. Mt gii php c th m rng c bn knh hot ng ca mng l dng HUB c h tr mt cng AUI lin kt cc HUB bng cp ng trc bo theo chun 10BASE-5. Mt cp ng trc bo theo chun 10BASE-5 c chiu di ti a l 500m H 18 Cu h p n cng 10 nh . nh h BASE-T

Cp UTP Max 100m

44 -

Bi ging mng LAN

H 1 M rng m nh 9. ng 10BASE-T

H 20. HUB x chng nh p

Cp lin k t chuyn dng

45 -

Bi ging mng LAN

H 2 M rng LAN v i 10BASE-T v 10BASE-5 nh 1.

Cp UTP

II. Token Ring

Chun Token Ring hay cn c gi r hn l IBM Token Ring c pht trin bi IBM, m bo tc truyn thng qua 4 Mbps hoc 16 Mbps. Chun ny c IEEE chun ho vi m IEEE802,5 v c ISO cng nhn vi m ISO 8802,5. M hnh phn cng Topo hnh vng trn - Dng cc MAU (multistation Access Unit) nhiu cng MAU v cp STP lin kt cc MAU thnh mt vng trn khp kn. - Cc trm lm vic c lin kt vo mng bng cc on cp STP ni t cng MAU ti cng ca NIC. Chiu di on cp ny c quy nh di 100m. S lng ti a cc trm lm vic trn mt Ring l 72(4Mbps)v 260(16Mbps)khong cch ti a gia hai trm l 770m(4Mbps)v 346(16Mbps). - Hin ti chun mng ny cng h tr s dng cp UTP vi connector RJ45 v cp si quang vi connector SC. C ch thm nhp: Thm nhp theo c ch phn ph ln lt theo th bi (Token)

III. FDDI (Fiber Distrubuted Data Interface)

c chun ho bi ANSI, m bo tc ng truyn 100Mbps. M hnh phn cng. 46 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Topo dng vng kp

- Dng i cp si quang multimode lin kt cc cp ni DAS, SAS, DAC v SAC thnh mt vng kp khp kn. Chiu di ti a ca vng l 100 km (200km khi vng kp chuyn thnh vng n) - DAS (Dual Attachment Station)-B kt ni kp; SAS (Single Attachment Station)-B kt ni n; DAC (Dual Attachment Concentrator )-B tp trung kt ni; SAC (Single Attachment Concentrator)-B tp trung kt ni n. - Mi trm lm vic kt ni vi cc b kt ni qua FDDI NIC bng mt hoc hai i cp si quang vi u ni SC. S trm lm vic ti a c th ni vo mt vng l 500. Khong cch ti a gia hai trm l 2 km. - Nh s dng vng kp nn chun FDDI xy dng c mt c ch qun l v t khc phc s c trn ng truyn mt cch kh hon ho. Bnh thng, mi trm lm vic trao i thng tin vi mng ch dual vi mt ng gi v mt ng nhn thng tin ng thi. Nu mt trong hai vng b s c, thng tin s c gi v nhn ti mi trm trn cng mt ng truyn mt cch lun phin. Nu c hai vng cng b s c ti mt im vng kp cng s c khi phc t ng thnh mt vng n do tn hiu c phn x ti hai b kt ni hai v tr gn nht hai bn im xy ra s c. C ch thm nhp: dng c ch th bi

IV. Bi tp
Thit k s logic mng Bi 1. 40 m T1 10 PC 15m 15 m T2 20 PC 30 m T3 47 20 PC 10 serve r 15m 30 m 7m 45PC 45 PC 10 PC

Bi ging mng LAN

30 PC 15m

30 PC

30 PC

Bi 2 7m 7m 31 PC 7m 31 PC 3.5m 8 PC 8 serv er 8 PC 4 m 1PC 4PC 4 PC 1 PC m 4 3.5m 4m m 4

31 PC 10 PC

5 PC 2 PC 10 PC

5 PC 1 PC

1PC

Bi 6. Quy trnh thit k

Thit k mng l cng vic da trn s phn tch nh gi khi lng thng tin phi l v giao tip trong h thng xc nh m hnh mng, phn mm v tp hp cc my tnh, thit b, vt liu xy dng Cc bc v trnh t thc hin trong cng tc thit k mng c minh ho trong s sau:

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Bi ging mng LAN

Ph t n ch nh gi l u l ng truy thng n T ton s l ng trm lm vi nh c c l ng bng thng c thi n t D tho m h mng nh nh gi kh nng ng nhu c p u T ton gi nh X dng bng ch y a IP V s ri cp

I. Phn tch
- Mng my tnh l c s h tng ca h thng thng tin. V vy trc khi thit k mng phi phn tch h thng thng tin. - Mc ch ca phn tch l hiu c nhu cu v mng ca h thng, ca ngi dng - thc hin c mc ch phi phn tch tt c cc chc nng nghip v, giao dch ca h thng - Trong giai on phn tch cn trnh nhng nh kin ch quan v kh nng, cch thc s dng mng cng nh nhng nghip v no s thc hin trn my tnh, trn mng hay nhng nghip v no khng th thc hin trn my tnh, trn mng.

II. nh gi lu lng truyn

- Vic nh gi lu lng truyn thng da trn cc ngun thng tin ch yu: Lu lng truyn thng i hi bi mi giao dch Gi cao im ca cc giao dch 49 -

Bi ging mng LAN

S gia tng dung lng truyn thng trong tng lai

- n gin, c th a ra cc gi thuyt nh lng bc c s tin hnh tnh ton c bc sau. Cng c th gii thit rng mi giao dch cng s dng mt khi lng nh nhau v d liu v c lu lng truyn thng ging nhau - xc nh gi cao im v tnh ton dung lng truyn thng trong gi cao im cn thng k dung lng truyn thng trong tng gi lm vic hng ngy. Gi cao im l gi c dung lng truyn thng cao nht trong ngy. - T s gia dung lng truyn thng trong gi cao im trn dung lng truyn thng hng ngy c gi l tp trung truyn thng cao im - S gia tng dung lng truyn thng trong tng lai c th n v hai l do: S tin li ca h thng sau khi n c hon thnh lm ngi s dng n thng xuyn hn Nhu cu m rng h thng do s m rng hot ng ca c quan trong tng lai. Cng thc tnh dung lng truyn thng trong gi cao im: Tn = DT. ( TR / 100 ) . (1 + a) . (1 + b)n Trong : n: S nm k t thi im tnh hin ti Tn : Dung lng truyn thng hng ngy ti thi im hin ti TR: tp trung truyn thng cao im a: T l gia tng truyn thng v s tin li b: T l gia tng truyn thng hng nm

III. Tnh ton s trm lm vic

C hai phng php tnh ton s trm lm vic cn thit Tnh s trm lm vic cho mi ngi - Tnh s trm lm vic cn thit hon thnh tt c cc giao dch trong cc hon cnh: S trm lm vic cn thit hon thnh tt c cc giao dch trong gi cao im 50 -

Bi ging mng LAN

S trm lm vic cn thit hon thnh tt c cc giao dch hng ngy Ch rng, cc iu kin sau phi tho mn: S cc trm lm vic >= DT . TR . T / 60 S cc trm lm vic >= DT . T / W

Trong T l thi gian tnh bng pht hon thnh mt giao dch. W l thi gian tnh bng pht ca mt ngy lm vic

IV. c lng bng thng cn thit

Vic c lng bng thng cn thit cn cn c vo cc thng tin sau: - Hiu qu truyn thn (H): c tnh bng t s gia kch thc d liu (byte) trn tng s byte ca mt khung d liu. - T l hu ch ca ng truyn (R): c khuyn co cho hai c ch truy nhp truyn thng l: CSMA/CD: 0.2, Token Ring: 0.4 - Bng thng i hi phi tho mn iu kin l ln hn hoc bng: Dung lng truyn thng (tnh theo byte/gi) . 8 (3600 . H . R)

V. D tho m hnh mng

Bc ny l bc thc hin cc cng vic - Kho st v tr t cc trm lm vic, v tr i ng cp mng, c tnh di, v tr c th t cc repeater,... La chn kiu LAN. La chn thit b mng, ln danh sch thit b.

VI. nh gi kh nng p ng nhu cu

- Mc ch ca bc ny l nh gi xem d tho thc hin trong bc 5 c p ng c nhu cu ca ngi s dng hay khng. C th phi quay tr li bc 5 thc hin b sung sa i, thm ch phi xy dng li bn d tho mi. i khi cng phi i chiu, xem xt li cc chi tit bc 1. - C nhiu kha cnh khc nhau cn nh gi v kh nng thc hin v p ng nhu cu ca mt mng, nhng iu quan trng trc tin l thi gian tr ca mng (delay time) cng nh thi gian hi p ca mng (response time) v thi gian tr di cng c ngha l thi gian hi p ln tnh ton c delay time c hai phng php:

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Bi ging mng LAN

Thc nghim: Xy dng mt mng th nghim c cu hnh tng t nh d tho. y l vic i hi c c s vt cht, nhiu cng sc v t m. M phng: Dng cc cng c m phng tnh ton. Dng phng php ny buc phi c cng c m phng, m cc cng c m phng u rt t tin

VII. Tnh ton gi

Da trn danh sch thit b mng c t bc 5, bc ny nhm thit k phi thc hin cc cng vic: - Kho st th trng, la chn sn phm thch hp. i khi phi quay li thc hin cc b sung, sa i bc 5 hay phi i chiu li cc yu cu phn tch bc1 B sung danh mc cc ph kin cn thit cho vic thi cng - Tnh ton nhn cng cn thit thc hin thi cng bao gm c nhn cng qun l iu hnh. mc Ln bng gi v tnh ton tng gi thnh ca tt c cc khon

VIII. Xy dng bng a ch IP

Lp bng a ch network cho mi subnet Lp bng a ch IP cho tng trm lm vic trong mi subnet

IX. V s cp
- S i cp phi c thit k chi tit hng dn thi cng v l ti liu phi lu tr sau khi thi cng - Cn phi xy dng s t m m bo tnh thc thi, trnh ti a cc sa i trong qu trnh thi cng - Trong qu trnh thi cng nu c l do bt buc phi sa i ng i cp th phi cp nht li bn v sau khi thi cng xong, bn v th hin chnh xc s i cp mng Cu hi n tp 1. Kin trc ca mng: topo, giao thc 2. Cc nguyn tc xy dng mt kin trc phn tng cho mng my tnh? Ti sao phi phn tng 52 -

Bi ging mng LAN

3. M hinhd Osi c xy dng nh th no? Tm tt chc nng mi tng 4. Nu nhng ng trng phn bit gia LAN v WAN 5. Mng cc b thng s dng nhng topo no? Phn tch c im mi loi 6. Trnh by v tnh cht ng truyn vt l hay dng trong mng cc b 7. Cc phng php truy nhp ng truyn vt l. So snh u nhc im ca cc phng php . 8. Cc thit bi ghp ni mng 9. Cc bc cn thc hin trong qu trnh phn tch thit k xy dng mng. 10. Cc chun truyn thng mng Bi tp thc hnh I. Thit lp mang my tnh LAN 1. Gii thiu v cc thit b s dng trong phng th nghim Dy ni mng: l loi dy UTP - dy xon i trn. y l loi dy ph bin trong cc mng cc b. di ti a ca dy xon i trn l 100m HUB: thit b trung tm trong cu hnh sao Card mng: My tnh: 2. Thit t mng vt l Kt ni cc my tnh vo mng Hub: b nn in cm vo ngun 220V My tnh: cm card mng vo my Dy mng: mt u RJ-45 ni vo card mng, mt u ni vo HUB. II. Ci t h iu hnh Window 95 cho cc my trm trong mng LAN Thc hin format C Ci t Windows95 Ci t card mng cho Windows95 53 -

Bi ging mng LAN

Ci t giao thc TCP/IP Kt ni vo my ch III. Chia s, s dng cc ti nguyn trn cc my tnh c kt ni mng

54 -