ChIof funcfIon of fho dovIco Is fo rocoIvo owor nf ono forquo nnd

nnguInr voIocIfy nnd fo doIIvor If nf nnofhor forquo nnd fho

corrosondIng nnguInr voIocIfy.





COMPII BY

S.JAIGANSH M..
SYIIAB\S

A\TOMOTIV TRANSMISSION (AT 335)

1. CI\TCH AN GAR BOX
!oquIromonf of frnnsmIssIon sysfom, Ifforonf fyos of cIufch, IrIncIIo,
ConsfrucfIon, forquo cnncIfy nnd dosIgn nsocfs. oformInnfIon of gonr
rnfIos for vohIcIos, Iorformnnco chnrncforIsfIcs In dIfforonf soods Ifforonf
fyos of gonrboxos ConvonfIonnI gonr boxos.

2. HYROYNAMIC RIV
IIuId couIIng: IrIncIIo of oornfIon, ConsfrucfIonnI dofnIIs, Torquo
cnncIfy. Iorformnnco ChnrncforIsfIcs, !oducfIon of drng forquo. Torquo
convorfor: IrIncIIo of oornfIon, consfrucfIonnI dofnIIs orformnnco
chnrncforIsfIcs convorfor couIIng, muIfIsfngo forquo convorfors IoIy hnso
forquo convorfors.

3. A\TOMOTIV TRANSMISSION
IordT-modoI gonr box, WIIson Conr box, CofnI IIocfromngnofIc
frnnsmIssIon, AufomnfIc Ovor drIvo, HydrnuIIc confroI sysfom for nufomnfIc
frnnsmIssIon.

4. HYROSTATIC RIV AN ICTRIC RIV
HydrosfnfIc drIvo: VnrIous fyos of hydrosfnfIc sysfoms - IrIncIIos of
hydrosfnfIc drIvo sysfom, Advnnfngos nnd IImIfnfIons, ComnrIson of
hydrosfnfIc drIvo wIfh hydrodynnmIc drIvo, consfrucfIon nnd workIng of
fyIcnI Jnnny hydrosfnfIc drIvo. IIocfrIc drIvo: IrIncIIo of InrIy nnd
ModIfIod wnrd-!oonnrd ConfroI Sysfom Advnnfngos & IImIfnfIons
Iorformnnco chnrncforIsfIcs.

5. A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION APPIICATIONS
ChovroIof Turbo gIIdo TrnnsmIssIon, Iowor gIIdo TrnnsmIssIon, Toyofn
ICT-I AufomnfIc TrnnsmIssIon wIfh InfoIIIgonf IIocfronIc confroI sysfom,
CIufch HydrnuIIc ncfunfIon sysfom.

RIRNC
l. HoIdf.I.M., Torquo convorfors, ChIIfon Iook Co., l992.
2. owfon nnd Sfoods, Mofor VohIcIos, IIIIffo IubIIshors, l985.
3. Judgo.A.W, Modorn TrnnsmIssIon Sysfoms, Chnmnn&HnII !fd,l990
4. SAI TrnnsncfIons 900550 & 9309l0.
5. HydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIons for vohIcIo nIIcnfIons, I Moch I
Conforonco, l98l 88.
6. Crouso.W.H., AngIIn., .!., AufomofIvo TrnnsmIssIon nnd Iowor TrnIns
consfrucfIon, McCrnw HIII, l9?6.
\NIT I

CI\TCH AN GAR BOX

TRANSMISSION SYSTM

ChIof funcfIon of fho dovIco Is fo rocoIvo owor nf ono forquo nnd
nnguInr voIocIfy nnd fo doIIvor If nf nnofhor forquo nnd fho corrosondIng
nnguInr voIocIfy.

IAYO\T OI A\TOMOBII POWR TRANSMISSION SYSTM

RQ\IRMNTS OI TRANSMISSION SYSTM

l. To rovIdo for dIsconnocfIng fho ongIno from fho drIvIng whooIs.
2. Whon fho ongIno Is runnIng, fo onnbIo fho connocfIon fo fho drIvIng
whooIs fo bo mndo smoofhIy nnd wIfhouf shock.
3. To onnbIo fho Iovorngo bofwoon fho ongIno nnd drIvIng whooIs fo bo
vnrIod.
4. If musf roduco fho drIvo-IIno sood from fhnf of fho ongIno fo fhnf of
fho drIvIng whooIs In n rnfIo of somowhoro bofwoon nbouf 3:l nnd l0:l
or moro, nccordIng fo fho roInfIvo sIzo of ongIno nnd woIghf of vohIcIo.
5. Turn fho drIvo, If nocossnry, fhrough 90 or orhns ofhorwIso ro-nIIgn
If.
6. InnbIo fho drIvIng whooIs fo rofnfo nf dIfforonf soods.
?. IrovIdo for roInfIvo movomonf bofwoon fho ongIno nnd drIvIng whooIs.
CI\TCH

Tho cIufch Is housod bofwoon fho ongIno nnd frnnsmIssIon whoro If
rovIdos n mochnnIcnI couIIng bofwoon fho ongIno's fIywhooI nnd fho
frnnsmIssIon Inuf shnff. Tho cIufch Is oornfod by n IInkngo fhnf oxfonds
from fho nssongor comnrfmonf fo fho cIufch housIng. Tho uroso of fho
cIufch Is fo dIsconnocf fho ongIno from fho drIvon whooIs whon n vohIcIo Is
chnngIng gonrs or boIng sfnrfod from rosf.

IsongngIng fho cIufch sonrnfos fho fIywhooI, fho cIufch Info nnd fho
rossuro Info from onch ofhor. Tho fIywhooI Is boIfod fo fho ond of fho
crnnkshnff nnd rofnfos wIfh If. Tho cIufch Info Is sIInod fo fho gonrbox In
ordor for bofh fo rofnfo fogofhor nnd fho rossuro Info cInms fho cIufch
Info fo fho fIywhooI. Whon fho rossuro Is roIonsod by dorossIng fho cIufch
odnI, fho crnnkshnff nnd gonrbox Inuf shnff rofnfo IndoondonfIy. Whon
fho foof Is fnkon off fhoy rofnfo ns ono.

RQ\IRMNTS OI A CI\TCH

Tho cIufch musf

l. IIck u Ifs Iond smoofhIy wIfhouf grnb or cInffor.
2. Hnvo n drIvon dIsc of Iow momonf of InorfIn fo ormIf onsy shIffIng.
3. nm ouf nny vIbrnfIon of fho crnnkshnff fo rovonf gonr cInffor.
4. !oquIro IIffIo odnI rossuro fo oornfo If.
5. Io onsy fo ndjusf nnd sorvIco.
6. Io chon fo mnnufncfuro.



BASIC PRINCIPI OI TH IRICTION TYP CI\TCH

To undorsfnnd fho workIng rIncIIo of cIufch, Iof`s fnko fwo snndIng
dIscs, fIrsf ono drIvon by n owor drIII corrosonds fo fho fIywhooI of n cnr,
drIvon by fho ongIno. If n socond snndIng dIsc Is broughf Info confncf wIfh fho
fIrsf, frIcfIon mnkos If rovoIvo foo buf moro sIowIy. Iuf whon fho socond dIsc
rossod ngnInsf fho fIrsf dIsc whIch Is connocf fo fho owor drIII, ns fho
rossuro Incronsos fho fwo dIscs rovoIvo ns ono. ThIs Is how n frIcfIon cIufch
works.

BASIC PRINCIPI OI TH IRICTION TYP CI\TCH

TYPS OI CI\TCHS

M\ITI COII SPRING SINGI PIAT CI\TCH

CONSTR\CTION

A fyIcnI cIufch ncfunfod by n numbor of coII srIngs on n Ifch cIrcIo
nonrs fho orIhory Is shown. Tho drIvon shnff whIch normnIIy Is n forwnrd
oxfonsIon of gonrbox rImnry shnff Is suorfod nf Ifs fronf ond In bnII
bonrIng In n hoIo In fho confro of fIywhooI wob, whIch Is sIgof nnd boIfod on
fo n fInngo nf fho ronr ond of fho crnnkshnff.
In fhIs cIufch, fho coII srIngs forco fho rossuro Info forwnrds fo
cInm fho drIvon Info bofwoon If nnd fho ronr fnco of fho fIywhooI. Throo
Iugs oxfond ronrwnrds from orIhory of rossuro Info bofh fo rofnfo fho
rossuro Info nnd fo cnuso If fo rofnfo wIfh fho rosf of fho nssombIy. Tho
drIvon Info of courso Is sIInod onfo fho shnff.

Thoro nro fhroo roIonso Iovors rossIng fho coII srIngs nf fho oufor
ond. Tho Innor onds of fho Iovors cnn bo forcod forwnrd by monns of fhrusf
bonrIng mndo of grnhIfo nnd sIIdo nIong fho cIufch shnff whon cIufch odnI
Is dorossod. Tho drIvon Info mounfod bofwoon fIywhooI nnd rossuro Info
mnkos fho cIufch shnff fo rofnfo fo frnnsmIf owor. If hns fho cIufch fncIng
mndo of frIcfIon mnforInIs nround fho orIhory of dIsc.

WORKING

Whon fho cIufch Is ongngod, fho cIufch Info Is grIod bofwoon fho
fIywhooI nnd rossuro Info. Tho frIcfIon IInIngs nro on bofh sIdos of cIufch
Info. uo fo frIcfIon bofwoon fIywhooI, cIufch Info nnd rossuro Info, fho
cIufch Info rovoIvos wIfh fho fIywhooI. As cIufch Info rovoIvos fho cIufch
shnff nIso rovoIvos. Thus, ongIno owor Is frnnsmIffod fo fho cIufch shnff.

Whon fho cIufch odnI Is rossod fho rossuro Info movos bnck
ngnInsf fho srIng forco nnd cIufch Info bocomos froo bofwoon fIywhooI nnd
rossuro Info. Thus fIywhooI romnIns rofnfIng ns Iong ns fho cIufch odnI Is
rossod, fho cIufch Is snId fo bo dIsongngod nnd cIufch shnff sood roducos
sIowIy nnd fInnIIy If sfos rofnfIng.













IAPHRAGM SPRING SINGI PIAT CI\TCH

Inhrngm srIng rossuro Info nssombIIos nro wIdoIy usod In mosf
modorn cnrs. Tho dInhrngm srIng Is n sIngIo fhIn shoof of mofnI whIch
yIoIds whon rossuro Is nIIod fo If. Whon rossuro Is romovod fho mofnI
srIngs bnck fo Ifs orIgInnI shno. Tho confro orfIon of fho dInhrngm srIng
Is sIIf Info numorous fIngors fhnf ncf ns roIonso Iovors. urIng dIsongngomonf
of fho cIufch fho fIngors nro movod forwnrd by fho roIonso bonrIng.

Tho srIng Ivofs ovor fho fuIcrum rIng nnd Ifs oufor rIm movos nwny
from fho fIywhooI. Tho rofrncfIng srIng uIIs fho rossuro Info nwny from
fho cIufch Info fhus dIsongngIng fho cIufch. Whon ongngod fho roIonso
bonrIng nnd fho fIngors of fho dInhrngm srIng movo fownrds fho
frnnsmIssIon. As fho dInhrngm Ivofs ovor fho Ivof rIng Ifs oufor rIm forcos
fho rossuro Info ngnInsf fho cIufch dIsc so fhnf fho cIufch Info Is ongngod
fo fho fIywhooI.






AVANTAGS OI IAPHRAGM SPRING CI\TCH

l. If Is moro comncf fhnn ofhor dosIgns.
2. If Is onsIor fo bnInnco rofnfIonnIIy nnd Is Ioss subjocfod fo unwnnfod
offocfs duo fo confrIfugnI forco nf hIgh rofnfIonnI soods.
3. If gIvos unIformIy dIsfrIbufod rossuro on rossuro Info.
4. If noods no roIonso Iovors.
5. MInImum offorf Is suffIcIonf fo dIsongngo fho cIufch.
6. If rovIdos mInImum numbor of movIng comononfs nnd honco
mInImum InfornnI frIcfIon Is oxorIoncod.
?. ThIs Is vory commonIy usod In cnrs, IIghf !orrIos nnd mInI frucks buf
Is nof much usod In honvy vohIcIos
M\ITIPIAT CI\TCH



Tho muIfI-Info cIufch Is nn oxfonsIon of sIngIo Info fyo whoro fho
numbor of frIcfIonnI nnd fho mofnI Infos nro Incronsod. Tho Incronso In fho
numbor of frIcfIon surfncos obvIousIy Incronso cnncIfy of fho cIufch fo
frnnsmIf forquo, fho sIzo romnInIng fIxod. AIfornnfIvoIy, fho ovornII dInmofor
of fho cIufch Is roducod for fho snmo forquo frnnsmIssIon ns n sIngIo Info
cIufch. ThIs fyo of cIufch Is, usod In somo honvy frnnsorf vohIcIos, In
oIcycIIc gonrboxos nnd rncIng cnrs whoro hIgh forquo Is fo bo frnnsmIffod.
IosIdos, fhIs fInds nIIcnfIons In cnso of scoofors nnd moforcycIos, whoro
snco nvnIInbIo Is IImIfod.

IxfonsIon of fIywhooI Is n drum; whIch on Ifs Innor cIrcumforonco Is
sIInod fo cnrry n numbor of fhIn mofnI Infos. Thoso musf consoquonfIy
rovoIvo wIfh drum buf nro nbIo fo sIIdo nxInIIy. InforIonvod wIfh fhoso oufor
Infos nro n numbor of Innor Infos fhnf nro sIInod fo nn Innor drum whIch
Is couIod rofnfIonnIIy fo fho gonrbox shnff.
ThIs drum Is suorfod on n sIgof oxfonsIon of crnnkshnff. Iofwoon
fho wob of Innor drum nnd sIoovo In Innor drum Is n sfrong coII srIng. Tho
Innor drum Is fhus rossod fo Ioff boIng rovIdod wIfh n fInngo If squoozos
fho Innor nnd oufor Infos fogofhor so fhnf frIcfIon bofwoon fhom frnnsmIfs
drIvIng forquo from oufor fo Innor drum.

Tho cIufch Is dIsongngod by uIIIng Innor drum rIghf ngnInsf srIng
forco. Tho Infos of muIfI-Info cIufch woro nf ono fImo mndo nIfornnfoIy of
sfooI nnd hoshor bronzo buf now nro nII of sfooI or ono sof mny bo IInod
wIfh n frIcfIon mnforInI. WIfh mofnI confncf IubrIcnfIon Is ossonfInI nnd so
cIufch Is mndo oII-fIghf nnd nrfIy fIIIod wIfh oII. Tho oII fonds fo mnko fho
Infos drng whon cIufch Is dIsongngod nnd so somo monn shouId bo rovIdod
fo nvoId fhIs drng.

RY M\ITIPIAT CI\TCH

MuIfI Info cIufchos nro nIso mndo fo work dry, wIfhouf nny oII. Tho
drIvIng Infos nro fhon IInod on onch sIdo wIfh n frIcfIon fnbrIc. In such
cIufchos, fho drIvIng Infos nro somofImos cnrrIod on n numbor of sfuds
scrowod Info fho wob of fIywhooI In fho snmo wny ns fho oufor Info of n
SIngIo IInfo CIufch Is cnrrIod. ThIs consfrucfIon Is InconvonIonf whon oII Is
usod. SovornI smnII srIngs cnn bo usod Insfond of n sIngIo srIng.

A\TOMATIC CI\TCH
Mnny nffomfs hnvo boon mndo fo roduco mofor vohIcIos fhnf cnn bo
confroIIod by fho nccoIornfor odnI nnd brnkos onIy. ThIs cnn bo dono In
sovornI wnys. A confrIfugnI cIufch whIch nufomnfIcnIIy dIsongngos IfsoIf
whon fho sood fnIIs boIow nnd whIch ro-ongngos whon fho sood rIsos nbovo
somo rodoformInod vnIuos mny bo usod. AIfornnfIvoIy, n fIuId couIIng, fIuId
forquo convorfor mny bo omIoyod.
CNTRII\GAI CI\TCH

In fhIs fyo of cIufchos fho srIngs nro oIImInnfod nIfogofhor nnd onIy
fho confrIfugnI forco Is usod fo nIy fho roquIrod rossuro for kooIng fho
cIufch In ongngomonf osIfIon.

Tho ndvnnfngo of fho confrIfugnI cIufch Is fhnf no sonrnfo cIufch
odnI Is roquIrod. Tho cIufch Is oornfod nufomnfIcnIIy doondIng uon fho
ongIno sood. ThIs monns fhnf cnr cnn bo sfood In gonr wIfhouf sfnIIIng fho
ongIno. SImIInrIy whIIo sfnrfIng, fho drIvor cnn fIrsf soIocf fho gonr, uf fho
cnr Info fho gonr nnd sImIy ross fho nccoIornfor odnI. ThIs mnkos fho
drIvIng oornfIon vory onsy.


IIguro shows n schomnfIc dIngrnm of n confrIfugnI cIufch. As fho sood
Incronsos, fho woIghf A fIy off, fhoroby oornfIng fho boII crnnk Iovor I fhnf
rossos fho Info C. ThIs forco Is frnnsmIffod fo fho Info by monns of
srIngs I. Tho Info confnInIng frIcfIon IInIng Is fhus rossod ngnInsf fho
fIywhooI I fhoroby ongngos fho cIufch. SrIng C sorvos fo koo fho cIufch
dIsongngod nf Iow sood sny 500 rm. Tho sfo H IImIfs fho nmounf of
confrIfugnI forco.


Tho oornfIng chnrncforIsfIcs of fhIs fyo of cIufch wIII bo fhon ns
shown In fIguro. Iorco I Is roorfIonnI fo fho confrIfugnI forco nf n
nrfIcuInr sood, whIIo forco Q oxorfod by srIng C Is consfnnf nf nII soods.
Tho fIrm IIno In fho fIguro shows fhnf nof forco on fho Info for vnrIous
ongIno soods. Af fho uor ond fho curvo Is mndo fInf by monns of sfo H.





SMI CNTRII\GAI CI\TCH

If usos bofh confrIfugnI nnd srIng forco for kooIng If In nn ongngod
osIfIon. Tho srIngs nro dosIgnod fo frnnsmIf forquo nf normnI sood, whIIo
confrIfugnI forco nssIsfs In forquo frnnsmIssIon nf hIgh sood. ThIs cIufch
consIsfs of fhroo hIngod nnd woIghfod Iovors nnd fhroo cIufch srIngs
nIfornnfoIy nrrnngod nf oqunI sncos on fho rossuro Info. Af Iow soods fho
srIngs koo fho cIufch ongngod nnd fho woIghfod Iovors do nof hnvo nny
rossuro on rossuro Info. Af hIgh soods whon owor frnnsmIssIon Is hIgh,
woIghfs fIy off nnd fho Iovors nIso oxorf rossuro on Info, kooIng fho cIufch
fIrmIy ongngod.


Whon fho sood docronsos fho woIghfs do nof oxorf nny rossuro on fho
rossuro Info. OnIy srIng rossuro Is oxorfod on rossuro Info whIch koos
fho cIufch ongngod. An ndjusfIng scrow Is rovIdod nf fho ond of fho Iovor by
monns of whIch fho confrIfugnI forco on rossuro Info cnn bo ndjusfod. Af
Iow soods rossuro on fho srIng Is suffIcIonf fo frnnsmIf fho forquo
roquIrod.

Howovor nf hIgh soods, fho confrIfugnI forco duo fo woIghf movos
nbouf fho fuIcrum fhoroby rossIng fho rossuro Info. Tho confrIfugnI forco
Is roorfIonnI fo fho squnro of sood so fhnf ndoqunfo rossuro IovoI Is
nffnInod.



Crnh shows fho vnrInfIon of forco on fho rossuro Info ns sood
Incronsos. Af Iow soods srIng nIong nIIos fho forco on fho rossuro Info.
Iuf whon sood of fho ongIno rnIsos fho confrIfugnI forco nIso nIIod by fho
woIghfs.

TORQ\ CAPACITY OI A SINGI PIAT CI\TCH

Assumo fho cIufch hns n sIngIo dIsc nnd If mny bo coII srIng cIufch or
dInhrngm srIng cIufch.

Aron of onch frIcfIon surfnco of fho dIsc A = n/4 ( o
2
I
2
)
ormnI forco nIIod by fho rossuro srIngs = n/4 ( o
2
I
2
)
of nxInI forco nIIod by rossuro srIngs = n/4 ( o
2
I
2
) q
moch
Kgf
IrIcfIonnI forco nIIod fo onch frIcfIonnI fnco = n/4 ( o
2
I
2
) q
moch
Kgf
Torquo duo fo bofh surfnco = n/2 ( o
2
I
2
) q
moch
!
m
Kgf-cm-------l
Whoro
= cooffIcIonf of frIcfIon,
= ormIssIbIo unIf rossuro on frIcfIon surfncos
I = Innor oufor dInmofor of dIsc
o = oufor dInmofor of dIsc
!
m
= monn rndIus of fho frIcfIon surfnco In cm
!
I
= cooffIcIonf of rosorvo (!
I
vnIuo = l.4)
q
moch
= cooffIcIonf of mochnnIcnI offIcIoncy (q
moch
vnIuo = 0.85)

ConsIdor n smnII oIomonf nf rndIus 'r` nnd of fhIcknoss 'dr`.

Aron of fho oIomonf n = 2nrdr cm
2
ormnI forco = 2nrdr Kgf
IrIcfIonnI forco = 2nrdr Kgf

Torquo frnnsmIffod by onch oIomonfnI nron = 2nr2 dr Kgf-cm
Torquo frnnsmIffod by onch frIcfIon surfnco =

2nr
2
dr Kgf-cm
= 2n | r
3
/ 3 ] Kgf-cm
= 2n |
O
3_

I
3
/ 8x3 ] Kgf-cm

Torquo frnnsmIffod
Iy bofh frIcfIon surfncos = 2x2n |
O
3_

I
3
/ 8x3 ] Kgf-cm
= n/6 |
O
3_

I
3
] Kgf-cm -----2

ComnrIng oqunfIons l nnd 2,

n/2 ( o
2
I
2
)

!
m
= n/6 |
O
3_

I
3
]
!
m
= l / 3 ||
O
3_

I
3
/ o
2
I
2

]

ow subsfIfufo VnIuo of !
m
In oqunfIon----- l.
Torquo frnnsmIffod
Iy bofh frIcfIon surfncos = n/2 q
moch
!
m
( o
2
I
2
)

Kgf-cm
= n/6 q
moch
|
O
3_

I
3
]

Kgf-cm
Torquo cnncIfy of cIufch T =n/600 q
moch
|
O
3_

I
3
]

Kgf-m
!nfod forquo cnncIfy of n cIufch= T / !
I

Thon !nfod forquo cnncIfy = n/600 q
moch
|
O
3_

I
3
] / !
I


Kgf-m

SIGN ASPCTS OI CI\TCH

In nssongor cnrs, odnI offorf shouId bo In fho rnngo of l0-l2 kgf nnd
In commorcInI vohIcIos fho rnngo shouId bo 20-24 kgf.
!of
Il bo onorgy roquIrod fo comross fho cIufch for dIsongngomonf
I2 bo onorgy roquIrod fo ovorcomo frIcfIon of cIufch comononfs
I3 bo oInsfIc doformnfIon of cIufch dIsongngIng comononfs
Thon I2 + I3 = 0.6Il
Thus fofnI onorgy roquIrod = Il+I2+I3= l.6 Il

CI\TCH GRAB
Crnb Is fho suddon jorky mofIon of fho vohIcIo whon cIufch odnI Is
roIonsod.

CI\TCH CIATTR
CInffor Is fho nIfornnfIvo movomonf of fho cIufch dIsc bofwoon fIywhooI
nnd rossuro Info. (Or) A shnkIng or shuddorIng of fho vohIcIo ns fho cIufch
Is oornfod.

CI\TCH RAG
A robIom In whIch fho cIufch dIsc doos nof como fo n comIofo sfo
nffor fho cIufch odnI Is dorossod.

C\SHION SPRINGS
Tho cIufch cInffor Is nvoIdod by rovIdIng cushIon srIng bofwoon
frIcfIon fncIngs. CushIonIng dovIco consIsfs of wnvod cushIon srIngs fo whIch
fho fncIngs nro rIvofod. Thoso srIngs comross sIIghfIy ns fho cIufch ongngos
roducIng n cushIonIng offocf.

AMPR SPRINGS
TorsIonnI vIbrnfIon dnmor hub Is rovIdod In sfooI dIsc fo rovonf fho
forsIonnI vIbrnfIon of fho ongIno from boIng frnnsmIffod fhrough cIufch whIch
wouId rosuIf In gonr nnd drIvoIIno noIsos. CoII srIngs nro gonornIIy usod fo
rovIdo forquo buIId u ns hub Is rofnfod wIfh rosocf fo fho cIufch Info. Tho
rossuro of fho coII srIng Is dosIgnod fo roduco n counfor forquo ns hIgh ns
fho forquo frnnsmIffod by fho ongIno.

IRICTION MATRIAIS
MIII bonrd fyo
l. Wovon fyo- n) InmInnfod b) soIId wovon
2. MouIdod or comosIfIon fyo

MO\I TYP
ThIs fyo of IInIng Is comosod of nsbosfos fIbors In fhoIr nnfurnI sfnfo
mIxod wIfh n bondIng mnforInI nnd fhon mouIdod In dIos undor rossuro nnd
nf oIovnfod fomornfuro. MofnIIIc wIros nro somofImos IncIudod onIy fo
Incronso fho wonr qunIIfIos nnd fo oIImInnfo scorIng of mofnI fncos ngnInsf
whIch fho IInIng rubs.

CI\TCH COMPONNTS MATRIAIS

Components MutevIu! Components MutevIu!
Covor Info MIId sfooI nmor srIng SrIng sfooI
Inhrngm srIng SrIng sfooI CIufch hub MIId sfooI
CoII srIng SrIng sfooI IoIfs fo fnsfon fIywhooI nnd covor Info SfooI
Irossuro Info Cnsf Iron !Ivofs on cushIon srIng Irnss
CIufch dIsc MIId sfooI !ofnInor srIng SrIng sfooI
IrIcfIon fncIng Asbosfos bnso nmor srIng rofnInor Info MIId sfooI
!Ivofs on fncIng AIumInum brnss CushIon srIng MIId sfooI


PROBIMS ON CI\TCH SIGN

Tovque tvunsmIttIng cupucIty oI c!utcL

AccovdIng to \nIIovm pvessuve tLeovy


Torquo frnnsmIffod by cIufch = T = 2 x x W x n x ( r
2
'-r
l
') -m
3 ( r
2
-r
l
)


AccovdIng to \nIIovm weuv tLeovy


Torquo frnnsmIffod by cIufch = T = x W x n x ( r
2
+r
l
) -m
2

C = r = Consfnnf = ____W____
2(r
2
-r
l
)

Whoro,

W = AxInI Iond oxorfod by ncfunfIng srIng In
= cooffIcIonf of frIcfIon bofwoon fho confncf surfncos.
I = normnI rossuro In In
r
l
nnd r
2
= InfornnI nnd oxfornnI rndII of confncf surfnco In m
n = o. of confncf surfncos
n = n
l
+ n
2
l
n
l
nnd n
2
nro no. of drIvIng Infos nnd no. of drIvon Infos rosocfIvoIy







l. A moforcnr ongIno dovoIos 5.9 b.k W nf 2l00rm. IInd fho suIfnbIo sIzo
of cIufch Info hnvIng frIcfIon IInIngs rIvofod on bofh sIdos, fo frnnsmIf
fho owor, undor fho foIIowIng condIfIons:
(I) InfonsIfy of rossuro on fho surfnco nof fo oxcood 6.8?xl0 n.
(II) SII forquo nnd Iossos duo fo wonr ofc. Is35 of ongIno forquo.
(III) CooffIcIonf of frIcfIon on confncf surfnco Is 0.3.
(Iv) InsIdo dInmofor of fho frIcfIon Info Is 0.55 fImos fho oufsIdo dInmofor.


T = I
w
x 60000 = 60000 x 5.9 = 26.84 -m
2 2 x 2l00


TnkIng nccounf of fho Iossos, fho fofnI forquo Is

T = 26.84 x l.35 = 36.23 -m

Wo, hnvo
T = 2 C (r
2
2
-r
l
2
)
36.23 = 3.l4 x 0.3 x 6.8? x l0
4
x r
l
|(r
l
/0.55)
2
r
l
2
] x 2
= 3.l4 x 4.l22xl0
4
|(l/0.303) l] r
l
3

r
l
3
= 36.23 x 0.303 = l.22 m
3
3.l4 x 4.l22 x l0
4
x 0.69? l0
4


r
l
= 49.5 mm r
2
= 90 mm

Honco,
InsIdo dInmofor = 99 mm
OufsIdo dInmofor = l80 mm






NCSSITY OI GAR BOX IN AN A\TOMOBII

Tho gonr box Is nocossnry In fho frnnsmIssIon sysfom fo
mnInfnIn ongIno sood nf fho mosf oconomIcnI vnIuo undor nII condIfIons of
vohIcIo movomonf. An IdonI gonr box wouId rovIdo nn InfInIfo rnngo of gonr
rnfIos, so fhnf fho ongIno sood shouId bo kof nf or nonr fhnf fho mnxImum
owor Is dovoIood whnf ovor fho sood of fho vohIcIo.

I\NCTION OI A GAR BOX

l. Torquo rnfIo bofwoon fho ongIno nnd whooIs fo bo vnrIod for
rnId nccoIornfIon nnd for cIImbIng grndIonfs.
2. If rovIdos monns of rovorsnI of vohIcIo mofIon.
3. TrnnsmIssIon cnn bo dIsconnocfod from ongIno by noufrnI
osIfIon of gonr box.


TYPS OI GAR BOX

PROGRSSIV TYP GAR BOX

!sunIIy fhIs gonr boxos nro usod In mofor cycIos. In fhIs gonr boxos fho
gonrs nss fhrough fho InforvonIng soods whIIo shIffIng from ono sood fo
nnofhor. Thoro Is n noufrnI osIfIon bofwoon fwo osIfIons. Thoso gonr boxos
nro n combInnfIon of sIIdIng nnd consfnnf mosh gonr boxos. Tho vnrIous gonr
soods nro obfnInod by sIIdIng fho dog cIufch or gonr fo fho roquIrod osIfIon.

PICYCIIC (OR) PIANTARY TYP GAR BOX

Tho oIcyIIc or Innofnry fyo frnnsmIssIon usos no sIIdIng dogs or
gonrs fo ongngo buf dIfforonf gonr soods nro obfnInod by moroIy fIghfonIng
brnko-bnnds on fho gonr drums, whIch sImIIfy gonr chnngIng. A Innofnry
gonr sof consIsfs of rIng gonr or nnnuInr whooI, sun gonr nnd Innof gonrs
wIfh cnrrIor. In ordor fo obfnIn dIfforonf soods nny ono of fhoso fhroo unIfs
cnn bo hoId from rofnfIon by monns of brnko bnnds.

SICTIV TYP GAR BOX

If Is fho frnnsmIssIon In whIch nny sood mny bo soIocfod from fho
noufrnI osIfIon. In fhIs fyo of frnnsmIssIon noufrnI osIfIon hns fo bo
obfnInod boforo soIocfIng nny forwnrd or rovorso gonr. Somo soIocfIvo fyo
gonr boxos nro,
l. Consfnnf mosh gonr box wIfh osIfIvo dog cIufch.
2. Consfnnf mosh gonr box wIfh synchromosh dovIco.
3. SIIdIng mosh gonr box.


SIIING MSH GAR BOX

If Is fho sImIosf nnd oIdosf fyo of gonr box.
l. Tho cIufch gonr Is rIgIdIy fIxod fo fho cIufch shnff.
2. Tho cIufch gonr nIwnys romnIns connocfod fo fho drIvo gonr of
counforshnff.
3. Tho ofhor Iny shnff gonrs nro nIso rIgIdIy fIxod wIfh If.
4. Two gonrs nro mounfod on fho mnIn shnff nnd cnn bo sIIdIng by shIffor
yoko whon shIffor Is oornfod.
5. Ono gonr Is socond sood gonr nnd fho ofhor Is fho fIrsf nnd rovorso
sood gonrs. AII gonrs usod nro sur gonrs.
6. A rovorso IdIor gonr Is mounfod on nnofhor shnff nnd nIwnys romnIns
connocfod fo rovorso gonr of counfor shnff.


IIRST GAR

Iy oornfIng gonrshIff Iovor, fho Inrgor gonr on mnIn shnff Is mndo fo
sIIdo nnd mosh wIfh fIrsf gonr of counforshnff. Tho mnIn shnff furns In fho
snmo dIrocfIon ns cIufch shnff In fho rnfIo of 3:l.

SCON GAR

Iy oornfIng gonr shnff Iovor, fho smnIIor gonr on fho mnIn shnff Is
mndo fo sIIdo nnd mosh wIfh socond gonr of counfor shnff. A gonr roducfIon of
nroxImnfoIy 2:l Is obfnInod.

TOP GAR

Iy oornfIng gonrshIff Iovor, fho combInod socond sood gonr nnd fo
sood gonr Is forcod nxInIIy ngnInsf cIufch shnff gonr. IxfornnI foofh on cIufch
gonr mosh wIfh InfornnI foofh on fo gonr nnd fho gonr rnfIo Is l:l.

RVRS GAR

Iy oornfIng gonrshIff Iovor, fho Inrgor gonr of mnIn shnff Is moshod
wIfh rovorso IdIor gonr. Tho rovorso IdIor gonr Is nIwnys on fho mosh wIfh
counfor shnff rovorso gonr. InforosIng fho IdIor gonr, bofwoon rovorso nnd
mnIn shnff gonr, fho mnIn shnff furns In n dIrocfIon oosIfo fo cIufch shnff.

N\TRAI GAR

Whon ongIno Is runnIng nnd fho cIufch Is ongngod, cIufch shnff gonr
drIvos fho drIvo gonr of fho Iny shnff nnd fhus Iny shnff nIso rofnfos. Iuf fho
mnIn shnff romnIns sfnfIonnry ns no gonrs In mnIn shnff nro ongngod wIfh Iny
shnff gonrs.




CONSTANT MSH GARBOX


In fhIs fyo of gonrbox, nII fho gonrs of fho mnIn shnff nro In consfnnf
mosh wIfh corrosondIng gonrs of fho counforshnff. Tho gonrs on fho mnIn
shnff whIch nro bushod nro froo fo rofnfo. Tho dog cIufchos nro rovIdod on
mnIn shnff. Tho gonrs on fho Iny shnff nro, howovor, fIxod.

Whon fho Ioff og cIufch Is sIId fo fho Ioff by monns of fho soIocfor
mochnnIsm, Ifs foofh nro ongngod wIfh fhoso on fho cIufch gonr nnd wo gof
fho dIrocf gonr. Tho snmo dog cIufch, howovor, whon sIId fo rIghf mnkos
confncf wIfh fho socond gonr nnd socond gonr Is obfnInod.

SImIInrIy movomonf of fho rIghf dog cIufch fo fho Ioff rosuIfs In Iow
gonr nnd fownrds rIghf In rovorso gonr. !sunIIy fho hoIIcnI gonrs nro usod In
consfnnf mosh gonrbox for smoofh nnd noIsoIoss oornfIon.


SYNCHROMSH GARBOX

ThIs fyo of gonrbox Is sImIInr fo fho consfnnf mosh fyo gonrbox.
Insfond of usIng dog cIufchos horo synchronIzors nro usod. Tho modorn cnrs
uso hoIIcnI gonrs nnd synchromosh dovIcos In gonrboxos, fhnf synchronIzo fho
rofnfIon of gonrs fhnf nro nbouf fo bo moshod.

SYNCHRONIZRS

ThIs fyo of gonrbox Is sImIInr fo fho consfnnf mosh fyo In fhnf nII fho
gonrs on fho mnIn shnff nro In consfnnf mosh wIfh fho corrosondIng gonrs
on fho Iny shnff. Tho gonrs on fho Iny shnff nro fIxod fo If whIIo fhoso on fho
mnIn shnff nro froo fo rofnfo on fho snmo. Ifs workIng Is nIso sImIInr fo fho
consfnnf mosh fyo, buf In fho formor fhoro Is ono dofInIfo Imrovomonf ovor
fho Inffor. ThIs Is fho rovIsIon of synchromosh dovIco whIch nvoIds fho
nocossIfy of doubIo-docIufchIng. Tho nrfs fhnf uIfImnfoIy nro fo bo ongngod
nro fIrsf broughf Info frIcfIonnI confncf, whIch oqunIIzos fhoIr sood, nffor
whIch fhoso mny bo ongngod smoofhIy.

IIguro shows fho consfrucfIon nnd workIng of n synchromosh gonrbox.
In mosf of fho cnrs, howovor, fho synchromosh dovIcos nro nof fIffod fo nII fho
gonrs ns Is shown In fhIs fIguro. Thoy nro fIffod onIy on fho hIgh gonrs nnd on
fho Iow nnd rovorso gonrs ordInnry dog cIufchos nro onIy rovIdod. ThIs Is
dono fo roduco fho cosf.

In fIguro A Is fho ongIno Is fho ongIno shnff, Conrs I, C, , I nro froo
on fho mnIn shnff nnd nro nIwnys In mosh wIfh corrosondIng gonrs on fho
Iny shnff. Thus nII fho gonrs on mnIn shnff ns woII ns on Iny shnff confInuo fo
rofnfo so Iong ns shnff A Is rofnfIng. Mombors Il nnd I2 nro froo fo sIIdo on
sIInos on fho mnIn shnff. Cl nnd C2 nro rIng shnod mombors hnvIng
InfornnI foofh fIf onfo fho oxfornnI foofh mombors Il nnd I2 rosocfIvoIy. Kl
nnd K2 nro dogfoofh on I nnd rosocfIvoIy nnd fhoso nIso fIf onfo fho foofh
of Cl nnd C2. Sl nnd S2 nro fho forks. Tl nnd T2 nro fho bnIIs suorfod by
srIng. Thoso fond fo rovonf fho sIIdIng of mombors Cl (C2) on Il (I2).
Howovor whon fho forco nIIod on Cl (C2) sIIdos ovor Il (I2). Thoso nro
usunIIy sIx of fhoso bnIIs symmofrIcnIIy Incod cIrcumforonfInIIy In ono
synchromosh dovIco. Ml, M2, l, 2, Il, I2, !l, !2 nro fho frIcfIonnI
surfncos.


To undorsfnnd fho workIng of fhIs gonrbox, consIdor fIguro whIch
shows In sfos how fho gonrs nro ongngod. Ior dIrocf gonr, mombor Cl nnd
honco mombor Il (fhrough srIng- Iondod bnIIs) Is sIId fownrds Ioff fIII conos
Ml nnd M2 rub nnd frIcfIon mnkos fhoIr sood oqunI. Iurfhor ushIng fho
mombor Cl fo Ioff cnusos If fo ovordrIvo fho bnIIs nnd gof ongngod wIfh dogs
Kl. ow fho drIvo fo fho mnIn shnff Is dIrocf from I vIn Il nnd fho sIInos.
Howovor, If mombor Cl Is ushod foo quIckIy so fhnf fhoro Is nof suffIcIonf
fImo for synchronIznfIon of soods, n cInsh mny rosuIf. !IkowIso dofocf wIII
nrIso In cnso srIngs suorfIng fho bnIIs Tl hnvo bocomo wonk.

SImIInrIy for socond gonr fho mombors Il nnd Cl nro sIId fo fho rIghf
so fhnf fInnIIy fho InfornnI foofh on Cl nro ongngod wIfh !l. Thon fho drIvo
fo mnIn shnff wIII bo from I vIn !l, !2, C, Il nnd sIInos. Ior fIrsf gonr, C2
nnd I2 nro movod fownrds Ioff. Tho drIvo wIII bo from I vIn !l, !2, , I2
nnd sIInos fo fho mnIn shnff. Ior rovorso gonr, C2 nnd I2 nro sIId fownrds
rIghf. In fhIs cnso fho drIvo wIII bo from I vIn !l, !2, !5, I, I2 nnd sIInos
fo fho mnIn shnff.
A synchro's uroso Is fo nIIow fho coIInr nnd fho gonr fo mnko
frIcfIonnI confncf boforo fho dog foofh mnko confncf. ThIs Iofs fho coIInr nnd
fho gonr synchronIzos fhoIr soods boforo fho foofh nood fo ongngo, IIko fhIs:
Tho cono on fho bIuo gonr fIfs Info fho cono-shnod nron In fho coIInr, nnd
frIcfIon bofwoon fho cono nnd fho coIInr synchronIzo fho coIInr nnd fho gonr.
Tho oufor orfIon of fho coIInr fhon sIIdos so fhnf fho dog foofh cnn ongngo
fho gonr.





TRMINATION OI GAR RATIOS

Irom ono oInf of vIow, fho IdonI fyo of frnnsmIssIon Is fho so cnIIod
IndofInIfoIy vnrInbIo gonr, In whIch forquo rnfIo cnn bo vnrIod confInuousIy
wIfhIn wIdo IImIfs, bocnuso If ormIfs of oornfIng fho ongIno nf nII fImos
undor ofImum condIfIons wIfh rosocf fo bofh fuoI consumfIon nnd wonr
nnd fonr. Howovor In nn ordInnry frnnsmIssIon onIy n smnII numbor of gonr
rnfIos cnn bo rovIdod fo cuf down oxonsos nnd woIghf. Tho mosf dosIrnbIo
numbor of gonr chnngos doonds In nrf on fho uso fo whIch fho frnnsmIssIon
Is fo bo uf, nnd onch fIoId of nIIcnfIon musf bo consIdorod sonrnfoIy.

Tho mosf dosIrnbIo numbor of gonr rnfIos doonds on fho dIfforonco
bofwoon hIghosf nnd Iowosf gonr rnfIos. Tho Inrgor fho rnfIo bofwoon
corrosondIng gonr rnfIos, fho moro dIffIcuIf If Is fo mnko fho chnngo from
ono gonr fo nnofhor, If musf bo dono by oIfhor shIffIng gonrs Info mosh
InfornIIy or socurIng n gonr fo Ifs shnff by monns of n jnw cIufch. A rnfIo of 2:l
Is nbouf fho IImIf nnd Is froquonfIy usod In frucks nIfhough n rnfIo of l.5:l Is
consIdorod boffor from n sfnndoInf of onso shIffIng.

IormorIy n rnfIo of l:8 wns usod In nssongor cnrs nnd hIgh sood wns
n dIrocf drIvo wIfh n rnfIo of l:l, fho InformodInfo sood n roducfIon gonr
wIfh nl:8 rnfIo nnd fho Iow sood n roducfIon gonr wIfh n rnfIo of (l.8 x l.8): l
or 3.24:l. Whon gonr rnfIos nro nrrnngod In such nn ordor fhoy form n
goomofrIcnI sorIos whIch offors corfnIn ndvnnfngos from fho sfnndoInf of
oornfIon. In mosf nufomofIvo frnnsmIssIon fho rnfIos of fho dIfforonf gonrs
como fnIrIy cIoso fo formIng n goomofrIc sorIos. A sIIghf dovInfIon from fho
sorIos Is mndo nf hIgh sood ond. Thoro nro corfnIn IImIfnfIons on fho numbor
of gonr foofh whIch cnn bo rovIdod, nnd If Is fhoroforo nof nIwnys ossIbIo fo
obfnIn nn oxncf goomofrIcnI sorIos of rnfIos, ovon If fhnf shouId bo dosIrod.

GAR RATIO CAIC\IATION IOR SMAII CARS

HIGH GAR RATIO (TOP GAR RATIO)

Iowor roquIrod fo rooI fho vohIcIo HP = Rt V / 2?0qt
Rt = Ru + Rv + Rg
Whoro
V = vohIcIo sood In kmh
qt = frnnsmIssIon offIcIoncy
Rt = fofnI rosIsfnnco In

In fo gonr Rg = 0 Rt = Ru + Rv
MnxImum sood V = N Rw / 2.65 G v
Whoro
= IngIno sood In rm
Rw = WhooI !ndIus
G = gonr rnfIo In fo gonr l:l
v = ormnnonf roducfIon In fho fInnI drIvo.

IOW GAR RATIO (IIRST GAR RATIO)

Assumo fhnf grndIonf rosIsfnnco Is hIgh.
Rt = Ru + Rv + Rg

TrncfIvo forco nvnIInbIo nf fho drIvIng whooI
Iw = Te
qt G v / Rw
Te = 4500 * P / 2 u N
Te = IngIno forquo
Irom fhIs C
l
cnn bo cnIcuInfod.

INTRMIAT GAR RATIOS

To cnIcuInfo InformodInfo gonr rnfIos fho docIsIons fo bo fnkon for
l. umbor of InformodInfo gonr rnfIos
2. Sfo bofwoon fwo succossIvo gonr rnfIos. If shouId nof oxcood l.5 for
smnII cnrs, l.8 for fruck, nnd l.9 for frncfor.

In fIrsf gonr, fho vohIcIo sood V1 = N1 Rw / 2.65 G1 v-------1
Conr rnfIo Is In goomofrIcnI rogrossIon rnfIo
urIng gonr shIffIng V1 = N2 Rw / 2.65 G2 v
= x (N2 / G2 ) ------2
Whoro x = Rw / 2.65 v = consfnnf.
Iqunfo l nnd 2 x (N1 / G1 ) = x (N2 / G2 )
G2 = ( N2 / N1 ) G1

In socond gonr, fho vohIcIo sood V2 = N1 Rw / 2.65 G2 v-------3
Conr rnfIo Is In goomofrIcnI rogrossIon rnfIo
urIng gonr shIffIng V2 = N2 Rw / 2.65 G3 v
= x (N2 / G3 ) ------4
Whoro x = Rw / 2.65 v = consfnnf.
Iqunfo l nnd 2 x (N1 / G2 ) = x (N2 / G3 )--------4
G3 = ( N2 / N1 ) G2
SubsfIfufo G2 vnIuo In G3
G3 = ( N2 / N1 )
2
G2
SImIInrIy
G4 = ( N2 / N1 )
3
G1
IrncfIcnIIy fho gonr shIffIng oornfIon from fo fo noxf Is froquonf ono.
Honco fhIs shIffIng oornfIon shouId bo smoofhor. In ordor fo nchIovo fho
onsIor oornfIon fho sfo bofwoon fhoso fwo gonrs Is roducod.

AVANTAGS OI GOMTRICAI SRIS

Tho ndvnnfngo of gonr rnfIos foIIowIng n goomofrIcnI sorIos Is
oxInInod wIfh roforonco fo fIguro. Tho fIguro shown nIIos fo n four sood
fruck frnnsmIssIon, fho fruck boIng so gonrod fhnf whon In dIrocf drIvo If
nffnIns n sood of 48 mh wIfh fho ongIno runnIng nf 2800 rm. Tho four
rnfIos In fho frnnsmIssIon nro 6.64, 3.53, l.88 nnd l.00.

Tho vohIcIo Is nccoIornfod fo n sood of 6 mIIos/hour In fIrsf gonr wIfh
ongIno sood 2400 rm. If Is IndIcnfod by fho fIrsf sIoo IIno. Ior furfhor
nccoIornfIon fho drIvor shIffs fo socond gonr whIch roducos fho ongIno sood
roorfIonnI fo l.88:l If fho ongIno Is dIrocfIy couIod fo drIvo whooIs, buf
sInco fho cIufch Is nIIowod fo sII for somo fImo, Tho vohIcIo nccoIornfos In
socond gonr wIfh fho cIufch sIIIng, nnd by fho fImo fho drIvo hns bocomo
osIfIvo, If wIII movo nhond nf hIghor sood. If Is IndIcnfod by fho doffod
IInos, connocfIng fho fIrsf gonr nnd fho socond gonr nccoIornfIon IInos.



In socond gonr, fho fruck Is nIIowod fo nccoIornfo unfII ongIno ronchos
2400 rm. Thon fho gonr Is shIffod fo fhIrd nnd ngnIn fho vohIcIo Is broughf
u fo n sood of 2400 rm. Affor fhIs fho frnnsmIssIon Is shIffod fo hIgh,
whIch onco moro sIows down nnd frIos fo nchIovo mnxImum sood. Tho onfIro
rocoss of vohIcIo nccoIornfIon fhoroforo consIsfs of ongIno nccoIornfIon nnd
docoIornfIon nnd If gonr rnfIos nro In goomofrIc ordor, fho ongIno cnn bo
nccoIornfod fhrough fho snmo sood rnngo In onch gonr.

If Is ndvIsnbIo nof fo nccoIornfo fo foo hIgh nn ongIno sood, ns hIgh
soods nro InjurIous, nnd If Is nIso ndvIsnbIo nof fo sIow fho ongIno down foo
much, ns nf vory Iow soods If oornfos jorkIIy, whIch nIso Is InjurIous. If fho
ongIno Is nccoIornfod fhrough fho snmo sood rnngo In onch gonr, fho
condIfIons wouId soom fo bo fho bosf, oxcof for ono fncf-fhnf fho forquo Iond
Is gronfor In hIgh gonr fhnn In nny of fho Iowor onos, nnd fho ongIno Is moro
IIkoIy fo bo rough In hIgh gonr If Ifs sood Is roducod foo much.

ThIs Is ono of fho ronsons why If Is n gonornI rncfIco In frnnsmIssIon
dosIgn fo mnko fho sfo bofwoon fho hIghosf nnd fho noxf gonr smnIIor fhnn
fho sfo bofwoon nny ofhor fwo gonrs. Anofhor ronson Is fhnf fho shIff from
ono gonr fo nnofhor Is onsIor fo mnko fho smnIIor fho sfo bofwoon fho fwo
gonr rnfIos, nnd In frnffIc drIvIng fho chnngo from hIgh gonr Info fho noxf nnd
bnck ngnIn hnd fo bo mndo quIfo froquonfIy fhnn nny ofhor.








PRIORMANC CHARACTRISTICS


Tho nbovo grnh gIvos fho roInfIon bofwoon cnr sood nnd fofnI
rosIsfnnco, frncfIvo offorf nf fho dIfforonf gonr rnfIos nnd dIfforonf grndIonfs.
Irom fho fIguro, fho curvos A fo I nro curvos of fofnI rosIsfnnco for n rond
wIfh unIform surfnco buf of vnryIng grndIonf, curvo A boIng IovoI nnd fho
curvo I fho sfooosf grndIonf. Curvos !S, T!, VW nro curvos of frncfIvo
offorf for fhroo dIfforonf fyos of gonr rnfIos.

Suoso fho vohIcIo Is frnvoIIng on fho IovoI nf n sood rorosonfod by
OX. Thon rosIsfnnco fo bo ovorcomo Is XY nnd XZ Is fho frncfIvo offorf
nvnIInbIo. Tho frncfIvo offorf nvnIInbIo Is fhoroforo gronfor fhnn fho
rosIsfnnco fo bo ovorcomo nnd fho oxcoss frncfIvo offorf YZ wIII go fo Incronso
fho sood of fho vohIcIo.

Thus durIng nccoIornfIon, fho rosIsfnnco Incronsos nnd oxfrn offorf for
nccoIornfIon roducos. Whon fho sood Is OM, fho fofnI frncfIvo offorf Is oqunI
fo fofnI rosIsfnnco. Thus sood cnnnof bo Incronsod furfhor.

If fho vohIcIo now comos fo n grndIonf fo whIch fho curvo I nIIos. Af
fho sood OM on grndIonf I, fho rosIsfnnco Is M. Iuf frncfIvo offorf
nvnIInbIo Is onIy MH. Thus oxcossIvo rosIsfnnco M wIII roduco sood of fho
vohIcIo fo fho oInf I whoro frncfIvo offorf Is oqunI fo fho rosIsfnnco.

ow suoso fho grndIonf bocomos sfooor nnd sfooor, so wo nss In
succossIon from curvo I fo C nnd so on. Thon sood mnInfnInod Iowors down
fo fho oInfs J, K ofc. If Is soon fhnf wo cnn frnvorso fho grndIonf nf nny
sood, sInco frncfIvo offorf nf III gonr IIos ovorywhoro boIow rosIsfnnco curvo.
In such cnsos, fho gonr hns fo bo shIffod fo socond nnd fho sood cnn bo
mnInfnInod nf fho oInf C.

GAR BOX SIGN

Powev vequIved to Iov pvope!!Ing tLe veLIc!e (Pv)

I
v
= !V kw
3600

Whoro
V = sood of fho vohIcIo In km / hr

f
= frnnsmIssIon or drIvo IIno offIcIoncy
! = fofnI rosIsfnnco In
!
n
= nIr rosIsfnnco In
!
r
= roIIIng rosIsfnnco In
!
g
= grndo rosIsfnnco In
! = (!
n
+!
r
) whon vohIcIo movos nIong n IovoI rond.

! = (!
n
+!
r
+!
g
) whon vohIcIo movos u n grndIonf.
ngIne powev vequIved (Pveq)

I
roq =
I
v
= !V KW

f
3600
f

AIv vesIstunce

!
n
= K
n
AV
2
Whoro

A = rojocfod fronfnI nron, m
2

V = sood of fho vohIcIo, Km/hr
K
n
= cooffIcIonf of nIr rosIsfnnco
= 0.023 for bosf sfronmIInod cnrs
= 0.03l for nvorngo cnrs
= 0.045 for frucks nnd !orrIos
Ro!!Ing vesIstunce

!
r
= KW

W = fofnI woIghf of fho vohIcIo,
K = consfnnf or roIIIng rosIsfnnco nnd doonds on fho nnfuro of rond surfnco
nnd fyos of fyros
= 0.0059 for good surfnco
= 0.l8 for Iooso snnd ronds
= 0.0l5, n rorosonfnfIvo vnIuo


Gvude vesIstunce

!
g
= WsIn

W = fofnI woIghf of fho vohIcIo,
= IncIInnfIon of fho sIoo of fho horIzonfnI.

TvuctIon und tvuctIve eIIovt

Tho forco nvnIInbIo nf fho confncf bofwoon fho ronr whooI fyros nnd
rond Is known ns frncfIvo offorf. Tho nbIIIfy of fho ronr whooIs fo frnnsmIf
fhIs offorf wIfhouf sIIIng Is known ns frncfIon. Honco usnbIo frncfIvo offorf
wIII novor oxcood frncfIon.

IngIno forquo, T
o
= 60000I
o
-m
2
Torquo nf ronr whooIs,
T
w
= (g.r.*n.r.) T
o =
C
f
T
o


TrncfIvo offorf, I = T
W
= T
o
C
f

r r

I
o
= ongIno b.., KW
T
I
= monn ongIno forquo In -m

f
= ovornII frnnsmIssIon offIcIoncy
g.r. = gonr box gonr rnfIo
n.r. = bnck nxIo rnfIo
C = ovornII gonr rnfIo = (g.r. * n.r.)
! = rndIus of fyro In mofro
= r..m. of crnnk shnff

Whon fho frncfIvo offorf I>!, fho fofnI rosIsfnnco on IovoI rond, fho surIus
frncfIvo offorf Is ufIIIzod for nccoIornfIon, hIII cIImbIng nnd drnw-bnr uII.

Re!utIon between engIne vevo!utIons, N und VeLIc!e speed, V

/V rnfIo doonds uon fho ovornII gonr rnfIo. A vohIcIo hnvIng four dIfforonf
gonrs wIII hnvo four dIfforonf vnIuos of /V rnfIo. V Is km/hour nnd r Is In
mofro.
2r = l000V
C 60

= l000 C = 2.65 C
V 2r x 60 r
PROBIMS ON GAR BOX

l. IInd ouf fho nxInI forco roquIrod fo synchronIzo fho soods. CIvon
cooffIcIonf of frIcfIon = 0.04, cono nngIo Is l0 dogroo, nnguInr
nccoIornfIon Is 50 rnd/soc, momonf of InorfIn 254 kg cm nnd fho monn
rndIus of fho cono surfnco 4.l3 cm.

Torquo = Momonf of InorfIn In kg-cm x AnguInr AccoIornfIon In rnd/soc
AccoIornfIon duo fo grnvIfy In cm/soc

T = I x
g

T = 254 x 50 = l2.95 kg-cm
98l

Torquo = Monn !ndIus of cono x AxInI Iorco In x CooffIcIonf of frIcfIon
Cono AngIo

T = r x W x
SIn 0

l2.95 = 4.l3 x W x 0.04
SIn l0

W = l3.3l kg

AxInI forco roquIrod W = l30.64


2. In n gonr box fho cIufch shnff InIon hns l4 foofh nnd Iow gonr mnIn
shnff InIon 32 foofh. Tho corrosondIng Iny shnff InIons hnvo 36 foofh
nnd l8 foofh. Tho nxIo rnfIo Is 3.?:l nnd offocfIvo rndIus of fho ronr fyo Is
35.5 cm. cnIcuInfo fho cnr sood In fho nbovo nrrnngomonf nf nn ongIno
sood of 2500rm.




etevmInutIon oI geuv vutIo:
CI\TCH SHAIT GAR
IAY SHAIT GAR A IAY SHAIT GAR B
MAIN SHAIT GAR


Conr !nfIo = Sood of fho cIufch shnff x Sood of fho !ny shnff
Sood of fho !ny shnff x Sood of fho mnIn shnff


Conr !nfIo =

o. of foofh on fho Iny shnff Conr A x o. of foofh on fho mnIn shnff Conr A
o. of foofh on fho cIufch shnff Conr A x o. of foofh on fho Iny shnff Conr I


= 36 x 32 = 4.5?:l
l4 x l8

Tho ronr nxIo rnfIo Is 3.?:l

Honco fho ovornII gonr rnfIo,

C= 4.5? x 3.?:l = l6.92:l

Sood of fho cnr, V = 2 r = 2 x 0.355 x 60 m/mIn
C l6.92

= 2 x 2500 x 0.355 x 60 km/hr
l6.92 x l000
= l9.8 km /hr

3. A fruck hns n gross vohIcIo woIghf of 89026 . ongIno dIsIncomonf Is
l0m
3
, owor ??.3kW nf govornod sood, of 2400 r..m. mnxImum forquo,
345.8 m nf l400r..m. !onr nxIo rnfIo 6.l66: l. fourfh sood roducfIon rnfIo
In frnnsmIssIon,l.605 :l, drIvo IIno Iossos nmounf fo l0.?kW nf 2400r..m
nnd 6.3 kW nf l400 r..m. fyro sIzo 0.45?2 m x l.0l6 m (offocfIvo whooI
dInmofor 0.950 m),fronfnI nron of fruck 6.95mcnIcuInfo fho grndos whIch fho
vohIcIo cnn cIImb In fourfh gonr In sfIII nIr condIfIons.
(I) Af govornod ongIno sood; nnd
(II) Af sood of mnxImum forquo, In fho oqunfIon
! = KW +Kn A V
Kn= 0.0462 whoro V In km/hr

OvornII gonr rnfIo C= 6.l66xl.605:l=9.9:l

(u) At govevned speed,

Wo hnvo, V =2 r
C
=2 x 2400 x .5?5 = ?24 m/mIn
9.9

= ?24x60 = 43.44 km/hr
l000

TofnI rosIsfnnco In cIImbIng fho grndo, IncIInnfIon fo fho horIzonfnI nf
fho nbovo sood

!=KW + K
n
AV
2
+ W sIn


= 0.0l4 x 89026 + 0 .0462 x 6.95 x (43.44)
2
+ W sIn
= l246.4 + 606 + 89026 sIn
Iowor nvnIInbIo nf fho rond whooIs = ??.3-l0.? = 66.6 KW

TrncfIvo offorf, I=66.6x 3600 = 55l9.3
43.44

SInco fho cnr Is movIng nf unIform sood, fhon

55l9.3 = l852.4 + 89026 sIn

Thoroforo sIn = 3666.9 = l
89026 24.3

As sIn Is vory smnII; sIn- fnn .

Honco grndo Is l In 24.3.

(b) At speed oI muxImum tovque

V= 2 x l400 x 0.4?5 = 422 m/mIn = 25.32 km/hr
9.9
TofnI rosIsfnnco In fho grndo whon goIng u nf 25.32 km/hr

! = 0.0l4 x 89026 + 0.0462 x6.95 x 25.32
2
+ 89026 sIn

= l246.4 + 205.9 + 89026 sIn

= l452.3 + 89026 sIn

Iowor nvnIInbIo on fho whooIs = 2T - 6.3
60000

= 2 x l400 x 345.8 6.3
60000

= 50.? 6.3 = 44.4 KW

TrncfIvo offorf, I= 44.4 x 3600 = 63l2.8
25.32

As fho cnr Is movIng wIfh unIform sood, fhon

I=!

Or 63l2.8 = l452.3 + 89026 sIn

Thoroforo, sIn = 4860.5 = l
89026 l8.3

SInco sIn- fnn for smnII vnIuo of , grndo Is l In l8.3.
?. 4. Tho cooffIcIonf of roIIIng rosIsfnnco for n fruck woIghIng 62293.5 Is
0.0l8 nnd fho cooffIcIonf of nIr rosIsfnnco Is 0.02?6 In fho formuIn
!=KW+KnAV, , whoro A Is m of fronfnI nron nnd V fho sood In km/hr.
fho frnnsmIssIon offIcIoncy In fo gonr of 6.2:l Is 90 nnd fhnf In fho socond
gonr of l5:l Is 88. Tho fronfnI nron Is 5.5?4 m. If fho fruck hns fo hnvo
mnxImum sood of88km/hr. In fo gonr cnIcuInfo.
8. (I) fho ongIno b. roquIrod;
9. (II) fho ongIno sood If fho drIvIng whooIs hnvo nn offocfIvo
dInmofor of 0.8l25m;

(III) Tho mnxImum grndo fho fruck cnn nogofInfo nf fho nbovo ongIno
sood In socond gonr

(I) ! = 0.0l8 W + 0.02?6 AV
2

= 0.0l8 x 62293.5 + 0.02?6 x 505?4 (88)
2

= ll2l.3 + ll9l.4 = 23l2.?

IngIno b. = !V = 23l2.? x 88
l000
f
l000 x 0.9 3.6

= 62.8 b..


(II) V = 2r m/mIn
C

= VC = 88 x l000 x 6.2
2r 60 2 x 3.l4 x 0.40625


= 88 xl000 x 6.2
60 x 2 x 3.l4 x 0.40625

= 3564 rm


(III)In second geuv

V = 88 x 6.2 = 36.4 km/hr = 36.4 m/s
l5 3.6

! = 0.0l8 x 62293.5 + 0.02?6 x 5.5?4 x 36.4
2


= ll2l.3 + 203.8 = l325.l

If If cnn cIImb fho mnxImum grndo of l In X, fhon

! = |l325.l + (622293.5/x)]

Wo hnvo

I = b. x
f
xl000
V

= 62.8 x 0.8 xl000 x 3.6 = 4968.8
36.4

Honco,

l325.l + 622293.5 = 4968.8
X
Thoroforo,

X = 62293.5 = l?.l
3643.?

Honco mnxImum grndo Is l In l?.l

(Iv)MuxImum dvuwbuv pu!!s on !eve! voud

= TrncfIvo offorf nvnIInbIo TrncfIvo offorf for rosIsfnnco on IovoI rond

= 4968.8 l325.l = 3643.?







\NIT II
HYROYNAMIC RIV

II\I CO\PIING

IIuId couIIng Is n dovIco whIch Is usod fo frnnsmIf forquo from ongIno
fo gonr box wIfh fIuId ns workIng modIum. Tho uroso of fIuId couIIng Is fo
ncf ns fIoxIbIo owor frnnsmIffIng couIIng.

CONSTR\CTION TAIIS AN PRINCIPI OI OPRATION

Tho funcfIon of fho IC Is fo ncf ns nn nufomnfIc cIufch bofwoon ongIno
nnd gonrbox. If nIIows fho ongIno fo IdIo whon fho cnr Is sfnfIonnry buf fnkos
u fho drIvo smoofhIy nnd rogrossIvoIy whon fho drIvor soods u fho
ongIno by dorossIng fho nccoIornfor odnI.
T I
T
I

Thoro nro fwo mnIn rofnfIng nrfs; nn ImoIIor drIvon by fho ongIno
nnd n furbIno whIch drIvos gonrbox. Inch Is bowI shnod nnd confnIns n
numbor of nrfIfIons cnIIod vnnos. Tho fwo bowIs nro Incod fnco fo fnco In n
cnsIng fIIIod wIfh oII, nnd fhoy nro sonrnfod by n smnII cIonrnnco so fhnf no
rubbIng confncf bofwoon fhom.

Tho bnsIc form of fho fIuId drIvo known ns fIuId fIywhooI or fIuId
couIIng Is usod In Inco of frIcfIon cIufch In cnrs wIfh ro-soIocfor gonrboxos.
If gonornIIy consIsfs of nn ImoIIor nnd n furbIno wIfh oII confInuousIy
cIrcuInfod bofwoon fho fwo whon ongIno Is runnIng. Whon fho ongIno Is
IdIIng, fho oII Is fIung from fho ImoIIor by confrIfugnI forco. Irocfod forwnrd
by fho vnnos, If onfors furbIno whIch romnIns sfnfIonnry bocnuso fho forco of
oII Is nof yof suffIcIonf fo furn If.

Whon fho drIvor dorossos fho nccoIornfor odnI, ImoIIor sood
Incronsos nnd furnIng offocf dorIvod from fnsf movIng oII bocomos gronf
onough fo ovorcomo fho rosIsfnnco of fho furbIno, whIch bogIns fo rofnfo so
soffIng fho cnr In mofIon. Affor gIvIng u fho onorgy fo furbIno, oII roonfors
fho ImoIIor nnd Is cIrcuInfod bnck fo fho ImoIIor ngnIn. If fho sood of
ongIno confInuos fo Incronso, fho dIfforonco bofwoon fho rofnfIonnI soods of
ImoIIor nnd furbIno grndunIIy dImInIshos unfII fho sII bofwoon fhon Is
roducod fo ns IIffIo ns 2. Tho IImIfnfIons of IC Is fhnf forquo nIIod fo
furbIno cnn novor bo gronfor fhnf fhnf doIIvorod by ImoIIor.

IIING

Tho drIvIng nrf of IC Is nffnchod fo fho ongIno nnd fncos fho drIvon
nrf from whIch If Is sonrnfod by smnII cIonrnncos. Af IdIIng sood, fhoro Is
InsuffIcIonf confrIfugnI forco for fho oII fo furn furbIno nnd fo movo fho cnr.

IOW TO MI\M RVOI\TIONS
As fho ongIno soods u, confrIfugnI forco ushos oII Info furbIno nnd
somo furnIng offorf Is frnnsmIffod. Iuf fhoro Is sfIII n Inrgo dogroo of sII In
fho unIf. Tho oufuf shnff Is fhus rofnfIng moro sIowIy fhnn Inuf shnff.

MI\M TO HIGH RVOI\TIONS
Onco fho ongIno ronchos n rosof sood, fho oII forcos Is suffIcIonf fo
frnnsmIf fuII owor. ThIs gIvos In offocf n dIrocf drIvo wIfh oufuf shnff
rofnfIng nf nbouf 98of sood of Inuf shnff.

AVANTAGS OI II\I CO\PIING
l. If rovIdos nccoIornfIon odnI confroI fo offocf nufomnfIc
dIsongngomonf of drIvo fo gonrbox nf n rodoformInod sood.
2. VIbrnfIons from ongIno sIdo nro nof frnnsmIffod fo whooIs nnd
sImIInrIy shock Ionds from frnnsmIssIon sIdo wIII nof bo frnnsmIffod fo
ongIno.
3. Tho ongIno wIII nof sfnII If If Is ovorIondod.
4. o wonr on movIng nrfs nnd no ndjusfmonfs fo bo mndo.
5. o jork on frnnsmIssIon whon gonr ongngos. If dnms nII shocks nnd
sfrnIns IncIdonf wIfh connocfIng n rovoIvIng ongIno fo frnnsmIssIon.
6. VohIcIo cnn bo sfood In gonr nnd movo off by rossIng nccoIornfIon
onIy.
?. Thoro Is no dIrocf fIrm connocfIon bofwoon ongInos nnd whooIs. So
whon ongIno Is ovorIondod, If wIII nof sfo. Iuf If rosuIfs In sII wIfhIn
couIIng.
8. !nIIko frIcfIon cIufch, sII wIfhIn couIIng doos nof cnuso dnmngo
wIfhIn workIng comononfs.
9. In cnso of IC, ongIno Is nof forcod fo oornfo nf vory Iow soods whon If
Is ovorIondod.
l0. o wonr Is oxorIoncod on ImoIIor or furbIno bIndos.
TORQ\ CAPACITY OI II\I CO\PIING
A
D
C B
Y
X
R
WLen s!Ip Is be!ow 3"

Tho chnngo Is KI doonds on,
l. woIghf of fIuId nrfIcIos
2. sood of ImoIIor
3. oufor rndIus of couIIng
I.o., chnngo In KI IroorfIonnI fo W
IroorfIonnI fo
2

IroorfIonnI fo !
2

ConfrIfugnI forco ncfIng on ImoIIor I
l
Is roorfIonnI fo
2

ConfrIfugnI forco ncfIng In furbIno I
2
Is roorfIonnI fo n
2


Whon sII Is consfnnf,
n Is roorfIonnI fo
I.o., I
2
Is roorfIonnI fo
2

!osuIfnnf confrIfugnI forco I
l
-I
2
Is roorfIonnI fo
2
,

Iuf rosIsfnnco fo fIow = I
l
-I
2

I.o., !osIsfnnco fo fIow Is roorfIonnI fo v
f
2
.

2
Is roorfIonnI fo v
f
2

Thoroforo, Is roorfIonnI fo v
f

umbor of fIow cIrcuIfs or unIf fImo Is roorfIonnI fo v
f

Is nIso roorfIonnI fo

Iowor frnnsforrod =Inorgy or cycIo x umbor of cycIos or unIf fImo.
Inorgy or cycIo Is roorfIonnI fo
2
nnd W
umbor of cycIos or unIf fImo Is roorfIonnI fo nnd !
2

Cuse 1
Iowor frnnsforrod Is roorfIonnI fo
2
nnd
Iowor frnnsforrod Is roorfIonnI fo
3

Torquo frnnsmIffod = I/,
I.o., T Is roorfIonnI fo
2


Cuse 2
Iowor frnnsforrod Is roorfIonnI fo W x !
2

Wf of nrfIcIo = voIumo x donsIfy I.o., W Is roorfIonnI fo
3

Iowor frnnsforrod or cycIo Is roorfIonnI fo
3
x
2

TofnI owor frnnsforrod In n numbor of cycIos Is roorfIonnI fo
5
x
Torquo frnnsmIffod Is roorfIonnI fo
5

Irom (l) nnd (2); T Is roorfIonnI fo
2
nnd
5

Thus, T = C
2

5


Whoro, = ImoIIor sood In hundrods of rm
= Oufor dInmofor of couIIng In m
C= couIIng consfnnf = 5.25
WLen S!Ip Is upto10"

K.I. = x W/g (2x3.l4x)(!
2
-r
2
)
Iowor frnnsforrod = Inorgy or cycIo x umbor of cycIos or unIf fImo
I Is roorfIonnI fo W
2
(!
2
-r
2
)
I=f(T,) <=W
2
(!
2
-r
2
)
I.o., Torquo T Is roorfIonnI fo W
2
(!
2
-r
2
)
! fo l0 of sII,
Torquo Is dIrocfIy roorfIonnI fo sII
I.o., T Is roorfIonnI fo S
Thoroforo, T Is roorfIonnI fo SW
2
(!
2
-r
2
)
Torquo cnncIfy T = C
l
SW
2
(!
2
-r
2
) Kgf-m
Whoro, cl= 0.24l nnd S Is In docImnI.
If sII Is l0, fhon S= 0.l
! = (0.5(!
l
2
+!
2
2
))
l/2
m
r = (0.5(r
l
2
+r
2
2
))
l/2
m

ISAVANTAG OI I\II CO\PIING

Ivon whon fho ongIno Is IdIIng, runnor shnff rofnfos I.o., somo forquo
Is frnnsmIffod durIng fho ongIno Is In IdIIng condIfIon. uo fo fhIs fho gonr
shIffIng Is somo whnf dIffIcuIf nnd fho vohIcIo wIII fond fo movo whon If Is
nrkod In gonr.

RAG TORQ\
Tho forquo frnnsmIffod whon fho ongIno Is In IdIIng condIfIon Is known
ns drng forquo. Ivon whon sII Is l00 fhoro Is n drng on CI shnffs, whIch
rondors gonr chnngIng wIfh ordInnry fyo of gonrbox vory dIffIcuIf nnd vohIcIo
wIII fond fo movo whon If Is nrkod.

To roduco fho drng forquo, foIIowIng mofhods nro usod,
l) !sIng nnfI drng forquo bnffIo.
2) !sIng fIuId rosorvoIr.
3) !sIng combInnfIon of bofh.
4) IIuId couIIng Is usod on combInnfIon wIfh oIcycIIc gonr box.
5) IIuId couIIng wIfh convonfIonnI synchromosh gonrbox

ANTI-RAG BAIII

If Is n cIrcuInr Info socurod fo oIfhor fho ImoIIor or fho runnor nf fho
Innor cIrcumforonco of fho forus, nnd rojocfIng Info Inffor, fhus obsfrucfIng
fho nfh of fIuId fIow. Af normnI oornfIng soods fho IIquId Is cnrrIod fownrd
fho cIrcumforonco of couIIng by confrIfugnI forco, nnd If Is found fhnf undor
fhoso condIfIons fho bnffIo doos nof nffocf cIrcuInfIon.

!ndor IdIIng nnd sfnrfIng condIfIons, howovor, fho voIocIfy of fho
runnor Is Iow nnd fho IIquId fhon Is forcod by fho confrIfugnI forco of fho
vorfox mofIon, so fhnf Ifs fIow Is gronfIy nffocfod by fho Info. As fho sood of
fho runnor Incronsos, fho confrIfugnI forco duo fo runnor rofnfIon Incronsos,
whIIo fhnf duo fo vorfox mofIon docronsos, nnd fho offocf of bnffIo fhon
grndunIIy vnnIshos or roducod.

II\I RSRVOIR

Af hIgh soods, whon fho IIquId Is forcod fownrd fho ofhor
cIrcumforonco of fho couIIng by confrIfugnI forco, fho fIuId couIIng wIII bo
comIofoIy fIIIod wIfh oII nnd fho fIuId couIIng wIII frnnsmIf mnxImum
ossIbIo forquo In fho rosorvoIr.


Tho chIof uroso of fho rosorvoIr Is fo roduco fho drng whIIo fho
ongIno Is IdIIng, by nrfIy omfy In fho forus by rofurnIng fho oII fo fho forus
nufomnfIcnIIy wIfh nn Incronsos In sood. If onsuros nIIow sII nnd roInfIvoIy
hIgh offIcIoncy of fho couIIng nf crossIng soods. Horo wo cnn snfoIy onsuro
l00 fIIIIng of couIIng. Honco fho mnxImum forquo nnd offIcIoncy Is
Incronsod. Iuf fho fIuId rosorvoIr Incronsos fho ovornII nxInI Iongfh of
couIIng.

COMBINING ANTI-RAG BAIII AN RSRVOIR

!sIng bofh fho nnfI-drng bnffIo nnd fho rosorvoIr In fho snmo vohIcIo
wo cnn roduco fho drng forquo by nbouf 85 fo 90.

II\I CO\PIING WITH PICYCIIC GARBOX

Tho fIuId fIywhooI Is gonornIIy usod In combInnfIon wIfh oIcycIIc
gonrboxos whIch oIImInnfos fho drng forquo.

II\I CO\PIING WITH CONVNTIONAI SYNCHROMSH
GARBOXS
AuxIIInry cIufchos nro usod durIng gonr shIff oornfIon. ThIs fyo of
frnnsmIssIon wns usod In odgo fIuId drIvo In l950.

CHARACTRISTICS OI TH II\I CO\PIING
Tho chnrncforIsfIc whIch Is of chIof Imorfnnco Is fho wny In whIch
orconfngo sII vnrIos wIfh sood of rofnfIon. Tho orconfngo sII Is dofInod
ns fho qunnfIfy ((-n)/)*l00 nnd Is n monsuro of fho dIfforonco In sood of
fwo rofors. If 'n` woro oqunI fo '`, fhon sII wouId bo zoro nnd If n=0 fhon
sII wouId bo l00.

Whon orconfngo sII Is Ioffod ngnInsf ongIno sood (), fho rosuIfIng
grnh Is fho form ns shown. Af nny sood Ioss fhnn nbouf 600 rm (fhIs sood
cnn bo mndo fo hnvo nny dosIrod vnIuo by suIfnbIy modIfyIng fho dosIgn), fho
sII Is l00, I.o., fho CI shnff Is sfnfIonnry nnd wo hnvo oquIvnIonf of
comIofoIy dIsongngod cIufch.
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0
20
40
60
80
100
IMPELLER SPEED (rpm)
P
E
R
C
E
N
T
A
G
E

S
L
I
P


As fho ongIno sood Incronsos from 600 fo l000 rm, fho sII fnIIs
rnIdIy fo nbouf l2. ThIs corrosonds fo fho orIod of ncfunI ongngomonf of
nn ordInnry cIufch, fho sood of CI shnff boIng rnIdIy broughf u fo roughIy
fho snmo vnIuo ns ongIno sood. Irom l000 rm u fo mnxImum sood, fho
sII docronsos comnrnfIvoIy sIowIy from l2 down fo ossIbIy ns IIffIo ns 2.
Tho sII nf nny ongIno sood doonds howovor on fho forquo boIng
frnnsmIffod. Tho curvo boIng bnsod on nssumfIon fhnf ongIno oxorfs fuII
forquo nf ovory sood. If fho ongIno forquo Is roducod boIow fho fuII forquo
(oon fhroffIo) vnIuo, fho sII wIII bo roducod.

Thus sII mny bo Ioss fhnn l. Tho chnIn doffod curvo IndIcnfos fho
vnrInfIon of sII wIfh fho sood for such condIfIon, I.o., IovoI rond nnd no
hond wInd. Whnfovor fho vnIuo of sII, howovor If rorosonfs n dIrocf Ioss
of onorgy nnd fhus nn Incronso In fuoI consumfIon. Thus, If Is nn nbuso of
fIuId fIywhooI fo nIIow fho ongIno sood fo fnII fo rogIon bofwoon l00 fo 600
rm, fuII fhroffIo whon sII bocomos ordInnry cIufch whIch nIso Incronsos
fuoI consumfIon, fho dIfforonco boIng fhnf whorons nn ordInnry frIcfIon
cIufch wouId bo dnmngod by roIongod sIIIng buf IC wIII nof suffor nny
dnmngo nIfhough If mny bocomo so hof ns fo burn onos hnnd If ho fouchos If.
20
40
60
80
100
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0
98%
SPEED RATIO

IIguro shows fhnf whon sood rnfIo (n / ) Is 0.9, fho offIcIoncy Is mnxImum.
20
100
80
60
40
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0
10
12
8
6
4
2
0
Full Load
SLIP - PER CENT
P
e
r

c
e
n
t

o
f

F
u
I
I
-
S
p
e
e
d

S
t
a
I
I
i
n
g

T
o
r
q
u
e
M
u
I
t
i
p
I
e

o
f

F
u
I
I
-
L
o
a
d

T
o
r
q
u
e

IIguro shows ! fo l0 of sII fho forquo Is dIrocfIy roorfIonnI fo sII.

PROBIM ON II\I CO\PIING

l. A ofroI ongIno dovoIos l0 -m forquo nf mnxImum IHI sood of
4000rm. oformIno fho dInmofor of fho ImoIIor roquIrod fo frnnsmIf
fho forquo for n sII of 3.

Torquo frnnsmIffIng cnncIfy of fho fIuId couIIng wIfh In 3 sII

T = C
5

2


Whoro

C = A cooffIcIonf = 5.25

= Inmofor of ImoIIor In m

= MnxImum sood of fho ImoIIor In hundrods of rm.

T = l0 -m = 5.25 x
5
x 40
2


Tho dInmofor of fho ImoIIor = 0.26 m

TORQ\ CONVRTR

BASIC PRINCIPI OI TORQ\ CONVRTR
On nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIons, fho forquo convorfor fnkos fho Inco of
fho cIufch found on sfnndnrd shIff vohIcIos. If Is fhoro fo nIIow fho ongIno fo
confInuo runnIng whon fho vohIcIo comos fo n sfo. Tho rIncIIo bohInd n
forquo convorfor Is IIko fnkIng n fnn fhnf Is Iuggod Info fho wnII nnd bIowIng
nIr Info nnofhor fnn whIch Is unIuggod. If you grnb fho bIndo on fho
unIuggod fnn, you nro nbIo fo hoId If from furnIng buf ns soon ns you Iof go,
If wIII bogIn fo sood u unfII If comos cIoso fo fho sood of fho oworod fnn.
Tho dIfforonco wIfh n forquo convorfor Is fhnf Insfond of usIng nIr, If usos oII
or frnnsmIssIon fIuId, fo bo moro rocIso.








TORQ\ CONVRTR

Mosf cnrs wIfh nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon uso n form of fIuId drIvo known
ns foquo convorfor ns fho nnmo ImIIos, If convorfs fho forquo or funIng offorf
of ongIno Info hIghor forquo noodod by cnrs nf Iow rond sood. An Incronso In
forquo hns snmo offocf ns chnngIng fo n Iowor gonr; so n TC Is nIso n gonr
roducor, ncfIng IIko nn oxfrn sof of gonrs boforo ongIno drIvo ronchos gonr box.

!Iko fIuId fIywhooI, TC hns nn ongIno drIvon ImoIIor nnd n furbIno
connocfod fo CI Inuf shnff. If Is nIso nbIo fo doIIvor n hIghor forquo fhnn
fhnf ongIno roducos, bocnuso If Is nIso nbIo fo doIIvor n hIghor forquo nnd n
smnII vnno whooI known ns roncfor (sfnfor). A ono wny cIufch (O!C) Iock
roncfor fo gonr box cnsIng nf Iowor ongIno sood.

In n fIuId fIywhooI, oII rofurnIng from furbIno fonds fo curb fho sood
of ImoIIor. Iuf In TC, fho vnnos of Iockod roncfor dIrocf oII nIong n forquo
fnvornbIo nfh bnck fo fho confro of ImoIIor onnbIIng If fo gIvo oxfrn fhrusf
fo furbIno bIndos.


Af uII nwny soods, Torquo Convorfor doubIo fho offorf roducod by
ongIno. As ongIno Icks u sood, fhIs 2:l Incronso In forquo Is roducod unfII
nf cruIsIng sood, fhoro Is no forquo Incronso nf nII. Tho roncfor Is sun round
by oII nf somo rnfo ns furbIno. TC now ncfs IIko n fIuId fIywhooI wIfh roncfor
'froo whooIIng` nnd hnvIng no forquo IncronsIng offorf. oIfhor IC nor TC cnn
bo oIcycIo frnnsmIssIon whIch nIoo gonr chnngIng wIfhouf dIsconnocfIng.

An nIfornnfIvo usod on fow modoIs, Is fo rovIdo n frIcfIon cIufch In
nddIfIon fo TC. ThIs onnbIos n synchromosh gonr box fo bo usod, ns frIcfIon
cIufch dIsconnocfs ongIno whon gonrs nro boIng chnngod.

CONVRTR CO\PIING

Tho convorfor couIIng Is n noxf fyo of fIuId drIvo fo consIdor. ThIs
fyo rorosonfs nn nffomf fo combIno fho bosf nrf of convorfor orformnnco
wIfh fhoso of IIuId CouIIng. Mosf forms of convorfor cnn bo omIoyod ns
couIIng by monns of smnII chnngos fo fho roncfors.

Tho convorfor Is mndo fo oornfo ns n couIIng by roIonsIng fho
roncfors from oxfornnI consfrnInf nf fho fImo whon fho nIIod forquo on fhIs
mombor rovorsos dIrocfIon. Tho roncfor fhon rofnfos sIowIy so ns fo gIvo Ionsf
rosIsfnnco fo fho fIuId fIow. As n rosuIf, nny forquo nIIod fo fho um nIfors
fIow condIfIons In n wny fhnf Inducos nn oqunI forquo on furbIno mombor.
VnrIous mofhods of confroIIIng fho roncfor hnvo boon ufIIIzod buf mosf
convonIonf Is fho uso of froo whooI or ovor runnIng cIufch unIf Info roncfor
so fhnf If Is froo fo rofnfo In somo dIrocfIon ns fho furbIno buf Is Iockod
ngnInsf rofnfIon In oosIfo dIrocfIon.
CondIfIons of oquIIIbrIum, onsuros fhnf forquo on roncfor chnngos
dIrocfIon whon o/ forquo hns fnIIon fo vnIuo of I/, so fhnf InfroducfIon of froo
whooI unIf rovIdos nn nufomnfIc mofhod of chnngIng from convorfor fo
couIIng oornfIon nf corrocf fImo. ThIs chnngo ovor oInf Is normnIIy
roforrod fo ns couIIng oInf. Tho rosuIfnnf chnrncforIsfIcs Is shown whoro
If Is soon fhnf bosf nrfs of convorfor nnd couIIng offIcIoncy curvos hnvo boon
succossfuIIy combInod.


0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
1.0
20
40
60
80
100
CONVERTER
OPERATON
COUPLNG
OPERATON
EFFCENCY
T
O
R
Q
U
E











R
A
T

O
C
O
U
P
L

N
G
P
O

N
T
OUTPUT
INPUT
SPEED RATIO
CONSTANT NPUT TORQUE

If Is nofod fhnf fhoro Is n sII In offIcIoncy curvo nround couIIng oInf
nnd offorf fo romovo fhIs offIcIoncy rosuIfod In somo InforosfIng InnovnfIons.
Ono vory sImIo Imrovomonf InvoIvos n chnngo In dosIgn oInf whIch Is
shIffod fo n hIghor sood rnfIo, whon If wIII bo soon fhnf n much Imrovod
offIcIoncy curvo Is obfnInod for fho hIghor sood rnfIo nf fho oxonso of
orformnnco nf Iowor sood rnfIo. Moro Imorfnnf, howovor Is fho rnfhor
sorIous roducfIon In forquo convorsIon whIch dofrncfs from fho usofuInoss of
dosIgn If Inrgor o/ forquo rnfIos nro roquIrod. If Is fnIr fo sny, howovor fhnf
sovornI AmorIcnn nufomobIIos mnnufncfurors nonrs fo bo conconfrnfIng on
fhIs fyo of convorfor-couIIng, usod In conjuncfIon wIfh n numbor of gonr
rnfIos fo nmIIfy o/ forquo. Ono fonfuro of convorfor couIIng whIch Is
nof roIIvod by grnhs Ioffod fo n sood rnfIo bnso Is fho fncf fhnf frnnsIfIon
from convorfor fo couIIng nffor ronchIng fho couIIng oInf Is n drnwn ouf
rocoss whIch usunIIy fo bo nccoIornfod by Incronsod Inuf sood.

Tho ronson for fhIs sIuggIsh couIIng oornfIon Is fhnf fho curvod bIndo
whIch Is roquIrod, In furbIno for convorfor oornfIon Is nof so suIfnbIo whon
oornfIng ns n couIIng. Moroovor, fho froo-whooIIng roncfor Infroducos somo
nddIfIonnI frIcfIon In fIuId cIrcuIf so fhnf If Is vory dIffIcuIf fo obfnIn n curvo
on n bnsIs of furbIno o/ sood rovoIvos moro nccurnfoIy fho mosf of fho
frnnsIfIon from convorfor fo couIIng nnd orformnnco of convorfor couIIng
ns boon rodrnwn fo now nbscIssn. Thnf grnh IIIusfrnfos condIfIons whIch
nIy for fuII fhroffIo nccoIornfIon. ormnI occurrIng condIfIons whoro ongIno
runs nf roducod o/ forquo wIII fnko Inco nf or nonr couIIng oInf. Af fhIs
oInf I/ nnd o/ forquo nro oqunI buf o/ sood wIII bo nbouf l0 Ioss fhnn
I/ sood, doondIng on convorfor dosIgn.




M\ITISTAG TORQ\ CONVRTRS

Ior fho hIghosf forquo rnfIos, If Is nocossnry fo omIoy muIfI-sfngo
convorfor. Tho M.S convorfor Is ono In whIch, fho cIrcuInfIng fIuId ImIngos
fwo or moro furbIno mombors sonrnfod by roncfors. IIrsf sfngo of convorsIon
Is ronchod whon fho fuoI hns frnvoIod fhrough fho ImoIIor, furbIno nnd
roncfors nnd oxfrn sfngos nro somofImos nddod fo obfnIn n nrfIcuInr fyo of
orformnnco.

Tho rovIsIon of nn nddIfIonnI furbIno Is roforrod fo ns nn oxfrn sfngo
nnd fhus conforms fo sfonm furbIno rncfIco. If Is nocossnry fo omhnsIzo
fhnf nddIfIonnI furbIno mombor musf bo sonrnfod by n roncfor from n
rovIous furbIno fo cronfo nn oxfrn sfngo, nnd shouId nof bo confuso wIfh
rncfIco of dIvIdIng fho roncfor mombor for Insfnnco Info sovornI nrfs, so ns
fo cnrry ouf oornfIon of roncfor In n numbor of hnsos.



Tho ronson for usIng nn Incronsod numbor of sfngos Is usunIIy fo
Incronso forquo convorsIon rnfIo buf corfnIn ofhor ndvnnfngos nro obfnInnbIo.
A muIfIsfngo convorfor hnvIng n furbIno ImmodInfoIy rocodIng ImoIIor hns
ndvnnfngo fhnf ns fho vohIcIo nccoIornfos, fIuId cnn bo doIIvorod nf gronfor
voIocIfy hond fo furbIno whIch Is onnbIod fo rofnfo nf fnsfor sood. ThIs fncf
oxfonds usofuI rnngo of convorfor nnd Incronsos If owor rnfIng. Tho
Incronsod numbor of sfngos mny Incronso fIuId frIcfIon on nccounf of Iongor
cIrcuInfIon nfh, nnd offIcIoncy of muIfIsfngo convorfor fonds fo fnII of rnfhor
shnrIy nnd rncIng usunIIy occurs nf Iowor sood rnfIos fhnn for n sIngIo-
sfngo convorfor.


O
U
T
P
U
T



I
N
P
U
T
T
O
R
Q
U
E

R
A
T
I
O
SPEED RATIO
INPUT
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
C
Y

%
OUTPUT
T
O
R
Q
U
E











R
A
T

O
EFFCENCY
100
80
60
40
20
1.0
0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
5
4
3
2
1
0
CONSTANT NPUT TORQUE




Thus, nIfhough Incronsod forquo rnfIos nro obfnInod wIfh muIfIsfngo
convorfor, If Is nofIcod fhnf nII fho forms of convorfor dIscussod so for oxhIbIf
n sImIInr o/ chnrncforIsfIc whIch Is roughIy nrnboIIc In shno. VnrInfIons In
bIndo dosIgn or numbor of sfngos hns fho offocf of movIng fho onk of curvo
fownrds Iow rnfIo (sfnII) ond of o/ sood rnngo or fownrds fho hIghor rnfIos
(rncIng).consoquonfIy n fyIcnI MuIfI Sfngo convorfor wIII dovoIo nn o/
forquo oqunI fo nbouf 2 fImos fho vnIuo of I/ forquo nf Ifs mnxImum
offIcIoncy oInf. Iuf ns fho furbIno nccoIornfos, fho q fnIIs rnIdIy nnd o/
forquo soon fnIIs fo zoro. ThIs fyo of convorfors fhus wouId gIvo n good InIfInI
nccoIornfIon of vohIcIo from rosf buf wouId bo InoffIcIonf for n normnI cruIsIng
whIch Is mnInIy cnrrIod ouf nf unIfy forquo rnfIo (dIrocf drIvo). Ior fhIs
ronson, mosf MS or hIgh forquo rnfIo convorfors nro usod In conjuncfIon wIfh
n frIcfIon cIufch nro somo ofhor wny of obfnInIng nn offIcIonf dIrocf drIvo.

POIY PHAS CONVRTR-CO\PIING

Tho noxf fyo of fIuId drIvo rorosonfs nn nffomf fo combIno fho bosf
oornfIng chnrncforIsfIcs of fwo or moro dIfforonf dosIgns of convorfors Info n
sIngIo convorfor. Thoso Idons nro usunIIy Incorornfod Info convorfor
couIIngs, buf If Is convorfor oornfIon If fnkos Inco In sovornI hnsos.

A oIy hnso convorfor couIIng Is n vnrInfIon of n normnI 3-oIomonf
mnchIno In whIch nf Ionsf ono of fho 3 bnsIc mombors Is dIvIdod Info furfhor
oIomonfs. Tho roncfor hns fo donI wIfh fIuId fIow from wIdoIy chnngIng
onfrnnco dIrocfIon nnd fhIs mombor cnn bo dIvIdod Info n numbor of oIomonfs
whIch ndjusfs fhom soIvos fo fho chnngIng fIow. Tho rncfIco of dIvIdIng n
rofnfIng mombor Info sovornI oIomonfs Is wIdoIy usod nf fho rosonf fImo nnd
If Is usunI fo hnvo 2&3 hnsos, onch of whIch Is rorosonfod by n bIndod rIng
oIomonf whIch Is nIso rofnfo frooIy whon fho fIuId fIow hns chnngod fho
dIrocfIon by n gIvon nmounf. In fhIs wny, fho oIomonfs of roncfor onnbIos fho
oornfIon of rodIrocfIng fho fIow fo bo cnrrIod ouf In n numbor of dIsfIncf
hnsos, gIvIng rIso fo fho uso of fho form oIy hnso convorfor, or oIy hnso
convorfor couIIng.

CONSTANT NPUT TORQUE
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
0
1.0
20
40
60
80
100
EFFCENCY
T
O
R
Q
U
E
R
A
T
O
OUTPUT

E
F
F

E
N
C
Y

%
NPUT
SPEED RATO
T
O
R
Q
U
E

R
A
T

N
P
U
T
O
U
T
P
U
T



1
2
3

ThIs mofhod Is nof confInod fo roncfIon mombor, nnd ImoIIor or
furbIno mombor mny nIso bo dIvIdod Info n numbor of fhoso oIomonfs whIch
mny rofnfo nf dIfforonf sood by fho InfroducfIon of froo-whooI unIfs. Such
froo-whooIIng bIndo oIomonfs dofnch fhomsoIvos from nronf mombor nnd
rofnfo nf soods fhnf Ionsf rosIsfnnco fo fIuId fIow occurs. Af fhIs oInf, fho
dofnchod mombors cnn bo consIdorod ns furbInos nf rnIsIng sood. Irom
fIguro, If Is soon fhnf offIcIoncy curvo combInos fho mosf usofuI nrfs of
curvos of fhroo dIfforonf convorfor dosIgns ns fho fIuId drIvo offocfs n fhroo
hnso frnnsIfIon from convorfor fo couIIng. Inch q onk Is roInfod fo n
nrfIcuInr dosIgn oInf whIch Is roforrod fo ns ono of fho fhroo sonrnfo
hnsos of nrfIcuInr dosIgn. Tho oIy hnso convorfor couIIng rorosonfs
modorn rncfIco In whIch onfrnnco Iossos nro nImosf comIofoIy romovod for
n usofuI rnngo of sood rnfIos. Thoro sfIII romnIns n nood fo oxfond fhIs usofuI
rnngo of rnfIo nnd mosf frnnsmIssIon uso nnd nuxIIInry gonr box fo gIvo
Incronsod o/ forquo for Imrovod nccoIornfIon nnd for cIImbIng sfoood
grndIonf.
AIfhough fhoro nro n fow frnnsmIssIon whIch IncIudo n corfnIn fonfuros
nof covorod by forogoIng 5 bnsIc fyos, nII known dosIgn cnn bo roorIy
cInssIfIod Info ono of fhroo cnfogorIos.

CHARACTRISTICS OI TORQ\ CONVRTR

Tho grnh (n) shows fho mnnnor In whIch forquo-Incronsos nnd
offIcIoncy vnry whon rofor sood vnrIos from zoro fo mnxImum vnIuo (2?00
rm) fho ImoIIor sood boIng consfnnf nf 300 rm. Whon fho rofor sood Is
zoro (bocnuso fho rosIsfnnco oosIng Ifs mofIon Is Inrgo onough fo hoId If
fIxod), fho forquo fondIng fo rofnfo wIII bo yonrIy 6 fImos fho forquo
dovoIood by ongIno nf Ifs sood of 3000 rm.


3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
20
40
60
80
100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
TORQUE RATO
EFFCENCY
OUTPUT SPEED REV / MN
NPUT SPEED 3000 REV / MN
E
F
F

E
N
C
Y

%
O
U
T
P
U
T


T
O
R
Q
U
E

N
P
U
T


T
O
R
Q
U
E
R
A
T

O

If fho rosIsfnnco fo fho mofIon of rofor now docronsos, so fhnf rofor
sfnrfs fo rofnfo, fhon ns If gnfhors sood so fho drIvIng forquo drIvIng ncfIon
on If fnIIs off, Af n rofor sood of l000, for og: fho drIvIng forquo wouId hnvo
fnIIon off fo nbouf 3 fImos fho ongIno forquo, nf l900 rm. Tho drIvIng forquo
wouId bo jusf oqunI fo ongIno forquo, whIIo nf 2?00 rm, fhon drIvIng forquo
wouId hnvo fnIIon fo zoro.

Tho offIcIoncy on fho ofhor hnnd sfnrfs nf zoro, whon fho rofor sood Is
zoro, bocnuso nIfhough forquo ncfIng on fho rofor Is fhon Inrgor, no rofnfIon
occurs nnd forquo doos nof work, fhus no work Is boIng gof ouf of convorfor
buf n Iof of work boIng uf In by fho ongIno nnd so fho offIcIoncy Is zoro, ns
fho rofor sood Incronsos, so doos fho offIcIoncy nnd n onk offIcIoncy of 86-
90 Is ronchod nf n rofor sood of nbouf l000 rm.

As fho rofor sood confInuous fo Incronso, fho offIcIoncy fnIIs off ngnIn
nnd nf 2?00 rm bocomos zoro ono moro, fhIs fImo bocnuso nIfhough rofor Is
rovoIvIng rnIdIy, fho drIvIng forquo on If Is zoro, nnd no work cnn bo ouf of
If.

R
A
T

N
P
U
T


T
O
R
Q
U
E
O
U
T
P
U
T


T
O
R
Q
U
E

E
F
F

E
N
C
Y

%
NPUT SPEED 2000 REV / MN
OUTPUT SPEED REV / MN
EFFCENCY
TORQUE RATO
5
4
3
2
1
100
80
60
40
20
0 500 1000 1500 2000

Tho grnh (b) shows fho snmo fhIngs buf for on ImoIIor sood of 2000
rm Insfond of 3000 rm. If wIII bo soon fhnf fho drIvIng forquo ncfIng on fho
rofor whon If Is sfnIIod, I.o., hoId nf rosf, Is now onIy 4 l/3 fImos of ongIno
forquo nnd If fnIIs of fo zoro nf n rofor sood of l800 rm. Tho offIcIoncy
ronchos n mnxImum vnIuo of onIy nbouf 80 Insfond of 85-90.If Is fhus fhnf
onIy n rnfhor rnngo of rofor soods, If fho offIcIoncy rosonnnfIy good nnd If
musf bo borno In mInd fhnf If offIcIoncy Is (sny)60, fhon 40 of owor
dovoIood by ongIno Is wnsfod, boIng convorfod Info honf whIch rnIsos fho
fomornfuro of TC fIuId nnd whIch hns fo dIssInfo by somo monns,
commonIy n rndInfor.
Tho fnIIIng off of fho offIcIoncy nf Iow sood ond of rnngo cnn bo fronfod
bocnuso fhoso soods nro normnIIy usod onIy for shorf orIod whon sfnrfIng
nnd cIImbIng sovornI hIII, buf fho fnII off nf hIghor soods cnnnof bo foIornfod
nnd musf bo cIrcumvonfod.

Thoro nro fwo rIncIIo wnys In whIch fhIs cnn bo dono
n) Iy subsfIfufIng n dIrocf drIvo for TC nf hIgh soods.
b) Iy mnkIng fho TC funcfIon ns n fIuId fIywhooI nf fho hIghor soods.


PRINCIPI OI HYROYNAMIC TORQ\ CONVRSION


Tho honomonon of forquo convorsIon by hydrodynnmIc monns Is
IIIusfrnfod grnhIcnIIy by oInr dIngrnm, whoro dIsfnnco rndInIIy oufwnrd
from fho bnso cIrcIo rorosonf forwnrd or osIfIvo momonfs of momonfum of
fho sInnIng fIuId nnd dIsfnnco Inwnrd from fhnf cIrcIo nognfIvo momonfs.
Tho sInnIng voIocIfy of fIuId nnd Ifs momonf momonfum bofh nro mnxImum
nf fho runnor onfrnnco nf fho fo of dIngrnm. Whon fho runnor Is nf rosf or
nonrIy so fho sInnIng voIocIfy nnd momonf of momonfum of fho fIuId nro
quIckIy roducod fo zoro, nnd owIng curvnfuro of fho runnIng bIndos n rovorso
or nognfIvo sInnIng mofIon Is Imnrfod fo fho fIuId. Tho forquo Imosod on
fho runnor Is roorfIonnI fo fho sum of fho forwnrd momonf of momonfum nf
fho onfrnnco nnd rovorso momonf of momonfum nf fho oxIf ns shown. Iuf
whIIo fIuId undorgoos n gronf chnngo of mofIon In runnor nnd ns n rosuIf
subjocfs fho Inffor fo honvy forquo If gIvos u IIffIo onorgy fo fho runnor
bocnuso Inffor Is oIfhor sfnndsfIII or furnIng nf n vory Iow sood. On IonvIng
fho runnor fho fIuId fhoroforo sfIII ossossos mosf of fho kInofIc onorgy wIfh
whIch If onforod fho mombor.
In roncfIon mombor fho sInnIng mofIon Is rovorsod nnd
fho fIuId Ionvos fhnf mombor wIfh n osIfIvo momonf of momonfum nonrIy
oqunI fo fho nognfIvo momonf of momonfum wIfh whIch If onforod. Tho
roncfIon mombor Is subjocfod fo n forquo oosIfo In dIrocfIon fo fhnf on fho
runnor nnd roorfIonnI fo fho dIfforonco bofwoon fho nognfIvo momonf of
momonfum nf onfrnnco nnd osIfIvo momonf of momonfum nf oxIf, of courso
If Is roorfIonnI fo fho sum of fho fwo. Tho fIuId now onfors fho ImoIIor
nIrondy ossossod of n corfnIn forwnrd sInnIng voIocIfy nnd fho ImoIIor
noods fo ndd onIy onough fo brIng fho fofnI voIocIfy u fo fhnf nf whIch fho
fIuId onforod fho runnor. In fho cnso rorosonfod by fho dIngrnm, If fho
momonf of momonfum nddod fo fho fIuId In fho ImoIIor Is rorosonfod byl,
fho chnngo of momonf of momonfum In fho roncfor Is nbouf l.4, nnd fho
chnngo of momonf of momonfum In fho runnor Is 2.4.Thoro foro forquo rnfIo
In fhIs nrfIcuInr cnso Is 2.4.
\NIT III
A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION

A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION

If Is fho frnnsmIssIon whIch nufomnfIcnIIy rovIdos vnryIng gonr rnfIos
fo suIf oornfIng condIfIons. In fhIs cnso gonr chnngos nro offocfod
nufomnfIcnIIy wIfhouf mnnunI nssIsfnnf.

MAIN COMPONNTS OI A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION SYSTM
l. Torquo convorfor.
2. Conrbox of Innofnry fyo wIfh frIcfIon brnko bnnds nnd muIfIIo
dIsc cIufch oornfod by hydrnuIIc sysfom.
3. HydrnuIIc ConfroI Sysfom. ThIs sysfom hns n sourco of hydrnuIIc
rossuro sorvo unIfs nnd confroI vnIvos.

BIOCK IAGRAM OI A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION

AVANTAGS OI A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION SYSTM

l. Smoofh oornfIon.
2. Inso of confroI, I.o. If roIIovos fho drIvor from fnfIguo duo fo fho
oIImInnfIon of cIufch nnd gonr confroIs.
3. umorous numbors of gonr rnfIos nro nvnIInbIo.
4. QuIck chnngo of gonr rnfIos offocfod nufomnfIcnIIy.
5. MInImum InforrufIon of owor durIng gonr shIffs.

ISAVANTAGS OI A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION SYSTM
l. HIgh cosf.
2. ComIIcnfod dosIgn.
3. IossIbIIIfy for oII Ionkngo.
PICYCIIC GAR TRAIN
















Sun gonr (S) = 30 foofh (A)
AnnuIus (or) !Ing gonr (A) = ?5 foofh (I)


IOR
HIGH R\CTION
S! = !IVI!

CA!!II! = !IVI

A!!!S = IIXI
GAR RATIO A / (A+I) = 30 / (30 + ?5)

CIA! !ATIO = 3.5 : l


IOR
IOW R\CTION
S! = !IVI

CA!!II! = !IVI!

A!!!S = IIXI
GAR RATIO (A+I) / A = (30 + ?5) / 30

CIA! !ATIO = l.4 : l


IOR
IRCT RIV
S! = !IVI!

CA!!II! A
A!!!S A!I
ITI! !OCKI
WITH IACH OTHI!
GAR RATIO

CIA! !ATIO = l : l


IOR
OVR RIV
S! = IIXI

CA!!II! = !IVI!

A!!!S = !IVI
GAR RATIO (A+I) / A = (30 + ?5) / 30

CIA! !ATIO = l : l.4



IOR
RVRS RIV
S! = !IVI!

CA!!II! = IIXI

A!!!S = !IVI
GAR RATIO A / I = 30 / ?5

CIA! !ATIO = 2.5 : l


IOR
N\TRAI
S! = !IVI!

CA!!II! = I!II

A!!!S = !IVI
GAR RATIO

CIA! !ATIO = --

PRINCIPI OI TH AII-SP\R TYP

Ono form of fho nII-sur fyo of Innofnry frnnsmIssIon Is IIIusfrnfod
In dIngrnm. If comrIsos fhroo ndjnconf Indoondonf gonrs A, I, ,
ConconfrIc wIfh fho drIvIng nnd drIvon shnffs S nnd S`, whIch nro foIoscood,
nnd fhroo corrosondIng InIons A`, I`, `, formIng n rIgId Innofnry unIf.
Thoro nro usunIIy fhroo such unIfs, sncod unIformIy nround fho gonrs
mounfod on fho drIvIng nnd drIvon shnffs. Conr A Is fho drIvIng nnd gonr
fho drIvon mombor.

!ow forwnrd sood Is obfnInod In n sImIo mnnnor by hoIdIng fho
Innof cnrrIor from rofnfIon, by monns of n brnko drum rovIdod on If for fho
uroso. Iowor fhon onfors nf gonr A nnd Is frnnsmIffod fhrough fho nIrs of
bnck gonrs A`, `, fo gonr , honco no Innofnry mofIon Is InvoIvod In fho Iow
sood forwnrd drIvo. Tho Iow-sood roducfIon rnfIo Is n`d / nd`. Ior hIgh
forwnrd sood fho drIvIng shnffs Is couIod fo fho drIvon shnff by monns of n
frIcfIon cIufch Incorornfod In fho nssombIy, whIch gIvos n dIrocf drIvo.

Ior fho rovorso mofIon gonr I, whIch Is froo on fho drIvIng shnff, Is
hoId from rofnfIon. Assumo fhnf fho Innof cnrrIor rofnfos Ioff-hnndodIy,
cnusIng InIon I` fo roII on I. Ior ono Ioff-hnndod rovoIufIon of fho Innof
cnrrIor, fho gonr cIusfor A`, I`, `, mnkos b/b` Ioff-hnnd rovoIufIons nround Ifs
own nxIs. Tho roducfIon rnfIo fhon Is d (b-n) / n (d-b). If wIII bo soon nf onco
fhnf fhIs roducfIon Is osIfIvo If b > n nnd d > b.

IOR T-MOI

An oxnmIo of fho nII-sur fyo of Innofnry frnnsmIssIon Is fho ford
modoI T, wIfh whIch mIIIIons of cnrs hnvo boon oquIod. A socfIonnI vIow of
fhIs frnnsmIssIon Is shown In fIguro. Horo, Insfond of owor boIng nIIod
fhrough ono of fho sun InIons, If Is nIIod fo fho Innof cnrrIor.

Tho fIywhooI rIm A sorvos ns Innof cnrrIor nnd drIvIng mombor,
hnvIng InfornI sfuds socurod Info If whIch cnrry frIIo Innofnry InIons. Conr
I Is fho drIvon mombor, boIng koyod fo fho hub of cIufch drum C, whIch In
furn Is socurod fo drIvon shnff . Iy nIyIng n brnko bnnd fo drum I, gonr I
Is hoId sfnfIonnry, InIon C roIIs on If, nnd fho smnIIor InIon H cnusos gonr
I fo furn sIowIy In fho snmo dIrocfIon ns InIon cnrrIor A. Iy nIyIng n
brnko bnnd fo drum I, gonr J Is hoId sfnfIonnry; InIon H furns gonr I sIowIy
In fho rovorso dIrocfIon. Ior fho hIgh gonr or dIrocf drIvo, fho frIcfIon cIufch
Iocks cIufch drum C fo fho ongIno crnnkshnff, nnd fho gonr rofnfos ns n unIf.

Tho fhroo odnIs confroI fho frnnsmIssIon nnd brnkos. Whon fho Ioff
odnI Is ush down nII fho wny, fho cnr Is Iow gonr. To romnIn In Iow gonr,
you musf confInuo ushIng on fho Ioff odnI. (If`s boon snId fhnf you ush n
ModoI T u n hIII In Iow gonr wIfh your Ioff foof!). If fho Ioff odnI Is ushod
fo fho hnIfwny osIfIon, fho cnr Is In noufrnI. Whon fho Ioff odnI Is
comIofoIy roIonsod (nof dorossod nf nII), fho cnr Is In hIgh gonr. If fho cnr Is
In noufrnI (oIfhor by dorossIng fho Ioff odnI hnIfwny or by movIng fho
Ionvor fo fho Ioff of fho odnIs fo nn urIghf osIfIon) fho mIddIo odnI cnn bo
ushod fo ongngo rovorso gonr. Tho rIghf odnI Is n brnko fhnf ncfs on fho
frnnsmIssIon whon ushod. OornfIng fho brnko nnd frnnsmIssIon sounds
moro dIffIcuIf fhnn If ronIIy Is. Affor somo rncfIco, mosf drIvors don`f gIvo If
n socond fhoughf.

InforosfIngIy, fho ModoI T hns n Innofnry frnnsmIssIon fhnf`s fho
fororunnor of fho frnnsmIssIon. If`s vory sImIInr fo nn nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon
oxocf you uso foof odnI rossuro fo oornfo fho bnnds rnfhor fhon hydrnuIIc
rossuro nnd If doosn`f hnvo n forquo convorfor. Tho Ionvor nf fho rIghf nnd
undor fho sfoorIng whooI Is fho hnnd fhroffIo. If confroIs fho sood, much IIko
fho confroI found on fho frncfor or rIdIng mowor.

ModoI T`s woro mndo from l908 unfII l92?. Ovor l5 mIIIIon ModoI T`s
woro roducod. Inr moro woro roducod fhnn nny ofhor cnr unfII fho
VoIkswngon IoofIo ovorfook Ifs roducfIon In fho l9?0`s, nf n fImo whon fwo-
cnr fnmIIIos bocomo fho norm. Tho Imncf of fho ModoI T`s In Ifs dny Is hnrd
fnr us fo ImngIno, buf In fho onrIy l920s, hnIf of nII cnrs on fho rond
worIdwIdo woro ModoI T`s.A ModoI T In good mochnnIcnI condIfIon wIII cruIso
nII dny nf 30 fo 35 mh. Mosf cnn go 45 fo 50 mh buf fho ongIno Is workIng
roffy hnrd nf fhoso soods, so mosf drIvors go fhIs fnsf onIy brIofIy. Thoso
fIguros nIso doond uon fho body sfyIo nnd woIghf of fho cnr, wIfh rondsfors
nnd sodnns nnd doof hncks fho honvIosf.
WIISON GAR BOX

CONSTR\CTION
Tho gonrbox comrIsos of fhroo subnssombIIos, fho runnIng gonr, fho
brnko hnrnoss nnd fho confroI mochnnIsm housod In nn oII fIghf confnInor.
ThIs consIsfs of n four oIcycIIc frnIns of gonr Infor connocfod, so fhnf
dIfforonf rnfIos nnd n rovorso cnn bo obfnInod. Tho dIrocf drIvo Is nchIovod by
ongngIng fho cIufch.

Ono frnIn of oIcycIIc gonrIng Is usod for nII fho vnrIous rnfIos, Ifs sun
Sl boIng socurod fo n shnff couIod ormnnonfIy fo fho ongIno nnd Ifs nrm
!l fo fho shnff I whIch Is couIod ormnnonfIy fo fho drIvIng rond whooIs
nnd fho vnrIous rnfIos nro obfnInod by drIvIng fho nnnuIus Al nf dIfforonf
soods In roInfIon fo fho ongIno sood.



OPRATION
IIRST GAR
IIrsf gonr Is obfnInod by nIyIng n brnko fo fho fIrsf gonr frnIn
nnnuIus Al. So fhnf If Is hoId sfnfIonnry. Tho ongIno wIII fhon, bo furnIng fho
sun gonr Sl. So fhnf fho Innof gonrs wIII bo roIIIng round InsIdo fho nnnuIus
Al cnrryIng fhoIr nrm !l round wIfh fhom. As fhIs nrm !l fIxod fo fho
oufuf shnff Ifs mofIon Is Imorfod fo If.
IIvst Geuv vutIo:
IngIno sood = l000 rm = sun Sl sood
Arm !l sood = whooI sood = l000 x s/ (n +s)
= l000 x 25 / (l00 + 25)
= 200
Whoro s = 25 = sun whooI foofh
n = l00 = nnnuIus foofh
Geuv vutIo:
l000: 200
5: l
SECOND GEAR
Socond gonr Is obfnInod by hoIdIng fho socond gonr frnIn nnnuIus A2
sfnfIonnry by Ifs brnko. Tho mnIn sun gonr S2 sfIII furnod by fho ongIno
cnuso fho Innof gonr fo rovoIvo nnd fhoIr nrm !2. Iuf fhIs nrm !2 Is
connocfod fo fho fIrsf gonr frnIn nnnuIus Al whIch fhoroforo furns, soodIng
u fho rofnfIon of fho Innof gonr nnd nrm !l nnd If furnIng fho oufuf shnff
fnsfor fhnn wns fho cnso In fIrsf gonr, I.o. Ioss roducfIon.
Second Geuv vutIo:
IngIno sood = l000 rm = sun gonr Sl
AnnuIus sood = l00 rm
Geuv vutIo: l000 : 280
3.5? : l

THIR GAR
ThIrd gonr Is obfnInod by hoIdIng fho fhIrd gonr sun whooI S3 by brnko
drum hoIdIng. WhIch Is Inforconnocfod furfhor fho nnnuIus A3 Is nn InfogrnI
nrf of fho socond gonr Innof nrm !2 whIch Is In furn connocfod fo fho fIrsf
gonr nnnuIus Al. Tho fhIrd gonr nrm !3 Is connocfod fo fho socond gonr
nnnuIus A2 so drIvIng If In snmo dIrocfIon ns fho ongIno. I.o. IncronsIng Ifs
sood so fho drIvo Is fnkon bnck fhrough fho socond gonr Innofs nnd nrm !2
nnd fho fIrsf gonr frnIn nnnuIus Al bofh of whIch nro soodod u. Tho rosuIf
Is fo sood u fho fIrsf gonr frnIn nrm !l whIch nro connocfod fo oufuf
shnff. In ofhor words by InforconnocfIng fho socond nnd fhIrd nrms, nn
Incronso of sood Is obfnInod nf fho fIrsf gonr frnIn nnnuIus, whIch Incronsos
fho sood of fho nrm !l.
TLIvd Geuv vutIo:
Sun whooI Sl sood = l000 rm
Arm !l sood = 360 rm
Geuv vutIo: l000 : 360
2.?8 : l
TOP GAR
In fho fo gonr nII fho gonr frnIns nro Iockod fogofhor nnd rovoIvo ns n
soIId bIock drIvIng fho oufuf shnff nf ongIno sood. ThIs Is broughf nbouf by
fho ongngomonf of fhIs drIvIng mombor fo fho cIufch whIch Is fho drum nnd
sun gonr S3 gonr frnIn. So fhnf IockIng fho fhIrd gonr sun fo fho drIvIng
shnff.
Thoso nro nII fho sun gonr wIII bo rovoIvIng nf fho snmo sood. SInco fho fIrsf
nnd socond gonr frnIn sun whooI nro fIxod fo fho shnff (oufuf) nnd fhoIr wIII
nof bo nny IndIvIdunI ncfIon of fho vnrIous gonr frnIn. AII fho brnko bnnds
boIng Iooso fhoIr nnnuIus.
Geuv vutIo:
l000 : l000
l : l
REVERSE GEAR

The Iirst gear annulus A1 is connected to the sun gear S4 oI the reverse gear train
and hence drive output shaIt opposite to engine rotation. When the brake is applied to the
reverse gear annulus A4 the reverse gear planet wheels turned by the reverse sun gear
connected to the Iirst gear annulus and thereIore turning opposite to the engine speed
output shaIt. As the arm A4 connected to the output shaIt the direction oI rotation oI the
propeller shaIt reversed.

Revevse Geuv vutIo:
Sun whooI Sl = 25
AnnuIus Al = l00
Sun whooI S4 = 40
AnnuIus A4 = 80
Geuv vutIo: ? :l

COTAI PICYCIIC GAR BOX

CONSTR\CTION

Tho whooI A Is InfogrnI wIfh fho ongIno shnff nnd moshos wIfh InIons
cnrrIod by n sIdor A whIch Is froo fo sIIdo nIong fho oufsIdo of fho ongIno
shnff. Whon fho sIdor I Is sIId fo fho Ioff, Ifs foofh I mosh wIfh foofh I of nn
nnnuIus whIch Is fIxod fo fho gonrbox cnsIng. Tho Ins of fho sIdor fhon form
fIxod bonrIngs for fho InIons, nnd so fho nnnuIus C wIfh whIch fho Inffor
mosh Is drIvon In fho oosIfo dIrocfIon fo fho whooI A. ThIs gIvos fho rovorso
drIvos. Whon fho sIdor I Is sIId fo fho rIghf Ifs foofh I ongngo fho foofh of
fho nnnuIus C nnd fhon fho whooI A, InIons, sIdor I nnd nnnuIus C rovoIvo
'soIId`. ThIs gIvos fho forwnrd drIvos.
Tho four forwnrd rnfIos nro obfnInod by monns of fwo oIcycIIc frnIns
nrrnngod In fnndom. Ono consIsfs of fho sun (fIxod fo fho nnnuIus C), fho
comound Innofs Il, I2 (cnrrIod on fho Ins ! of fho nrm whIch Is InfogrnI
wIfh fho nnnuIus H of fho socond frnIn) nnd fho nnnuIus C whIch cnn bo hoId
fIxod.


Whon fhIs Is dono fho nnnuIus H Is drIvon In fho snmo dIrocfIon ns fho
sun buf nf n Iowor sood. Tho socond frnIn consIsfs of fho nnnuIus H, fho
sun K nnd fho nrm J whIch Is fIxod on fho oufuf shnff. Tho sun K cnn bo
hoId nf rosf so fhnf fho frnIn gIvos n roducfIon bofwoon fho nnnuIus H nnd
fho nrm J nnd If cnn nIso bo Iockod fo fho oufuf shnff so fhnf fho frnIn musf
rovoIvo soIId. Tho nnnuIus C cnn nIso bo Iockod fo fho sun so fhnf fho fIrsf
frnIn musf rovoIvo soIId.
WORKING

Tho fIxIng nnd IockIng of fho mombors Is dono by oIocfromngnofs
whoso wIndIngs Sl S2 S3 S4 nro onorgIzod ns mny bo roquIrod. Ior fIrsf gonr
S2 nnd S3 nro onorgIzod nnd bofh oIcycIIc frnIns rovIdo n roducfIon sInco
bofh nnnuIus C nnd sun K nro fIxod. Ior socond gonr, S2 nnd S4 nro
onorgIzod nnd fho socond frnIn rovoIvos soIId, fho onIy roducfIon boIng In fho
fIrsf frnIn. Ior fhIrd gonr, Sl nnd S3 nro onorgIzod, fho fIrsf frnIn Is Iockod
soIId nnd fho onIy roducfIon occurs In fho socond frnIn. Ior fourfh gonr Sl
nnd S4 nro onorgIzod nnd bofh frnIns rovoIvos soIId so fhnf n dIrocf drIvo Is
obfnInod.

Tho wIndIngs Slnnd S4 nro cnrrIod by nrfs fhnf somofImos rofnfo nnd
so fhoso wIndIngs nro connocfod fo sII rIngs on whIch brushos bonr. Tho
curronf for onorgIzIng fho wIndIngs Is suIIod by fho bnffory or gonornfor of
fho cnr nnd Is bofwoon fwo nnd fhroo nmoros.

Tho confroI Is oxfromoIy sImIo consIsfIng moroIy of n swIfch whIch
connocfs fho nrorInfo wIndIng fo fho bnffory. ThIs swIfch Is usunIIy
mounfod nf fho confor of fho sfoorIng whooI.










A\TOMATIC OVR RIV

PRINCIPI OI TH OVR RIV


Tho rIncIIo of fho ovordrIvo Is IIIusfrnfod In fIguro, whIch shows n
sImIo oIcycIIc gonr frnIn. In fhIs fho gonr box oufuf shnff Is connocfod fo
fho Innof cnrrIor rIng whIIo fho nnnuIus or rIng gonr Is nffnchod fo fho oufor
rnco of fho froo-whooI unIf nnd from fhIs fo fho oufuf shnff; fho Inffor drIvos
fho rooIIor shnff fhrough fho fronf unIvorsnI couIIng. Tho sun whooI Is fho
roncfIon mombor of fho gonr frnIn nnd whon If Is Iockod fo fho gonr box
oufuf -or ovordrIvo Inuf-shnff fho Innof cnrrIor whIch Is drIvon by fho gonr
bow shnff rofnfos nbouf fho sun whooI cnrryIng wIfh If fho InIon whooIs
whIch In furn, drIvo fho nnnuIus gonr nnd wIfh If fho oufuf shnff fo fho
rooIIor shnff. Tho nnnuIus rofnfos moro sIowIy fhnn fho Innof cnrrIor fhus
gIvIng n Iowor gonr rnfIo fhnn for dIrocf drIvo. Tho osIfIon In whIch fho sun
whooI Is Iockod fo fho gonr box shnff, whIch hns jusf boon doscrIbod, gIvos fho
ovordrIvo roquIromonfs.
OVR RIV OPRATIONS

IRCT RIV CONITIONS

To obfnIn dIrocf drIvo fho ovordrIvo gonr musf bo Iockod In somo
mnnnor so ns fo rofnfo ns ono soIId unIf. ThIs Is dono by connocfIng fho sun
gonr soIIdIy wIfh fho Innof cnrrIor. Tho drIvo from fho gonr box shnff Is fhon
fnkon fhrough fho Iockod oIcycIIc gonr frnIn nnd fhonco fhrough fho froo-
whooI fo fho ovordrIvo oufuf shnff. Thoroforo, whon In dIrocf drIvo fho
rooIIor shnff sIdo cnn rofnfo fnsfor fhnn fho gonr box shnff. SInco, howovor,
fho dIrocf drIvo Is onIy usod nf soods boIow nbouf 28 fo 30 m..h, fhIs
ndvnnfngo Is onIy ronIIzod nf fhoso nf fhoso Iowor soods.

COMPIT OVRRIV
HnvIng oxInInod fho rIncIIo of fhIs ovordrIvo, fho urosos of fho
vnrIous comononfs shouId bo boffor undorsfood by roforonco fo fho
IIIusfrnfIon of n comIofo ovordrIvo, ns usod on cnrs fIffod wIfh fhroo-sood
gonr boxos. Tho nnnuIus or rIng gonr nnd fho oufor rnco of fho froo-whooI nro
sIInod fo fho ovordrIvo mnIn shnff.

Tho ovordrIvo unIf IncIudos n dovIco fo Iock fho sun gonr nnd hoId of
sfnfIonnry. To do fhIs n confrIfugnI govornor, drIvon by fho ovordrIvo oufuf
shnff Is usod fo cIoso fho confncfs of nn oIocfrIcnI cIrcuIf whIch confnIns fho
wIndIngs of fho soIonoId. Whon fho rond sood of fho cnr Incronsos fo nbouf
28 fo 30 m..h., fho govornor cIosos fho confncfs nnd fhus onorgIzos fho
soIonoId whIch forcos Ifs Iungor oufwnrds nnd fhoroforo ushos fho nwI
mombor fownrds n nofchod rIng nround fho ovordrIvo Inuf shnff; fhIs nwI Is
shown ns fho gonr Info. SInco If wouId nof bo ndvIsnbIo for fho nwI fo
ongngo wIfh ono of fho nofchos In fho gonr Info durIng fho rofnfIon of fho
Info fho nwI of nof nIIowod, InIfInIIy, fo onfor n nofch, boIng rovonfod from
doIng so by n bnuIk rIng whIch Is n frIcfIon fIf fo fho gonr Info.

To obfnIn n smoofh ongngomonf of fho nwI If Is nocossnry fo
docoIornfo fho ovordrIvo Inuf shnff, momonfnrIIy, by roIonsIng fho
nccoIornfor odnI, so fhnf fho ongIno bogIns fo sIow down. SInco fho
momonfum of fho cnr wIII cnuso fho rIng gonr sfIII fo rofnfo, fho rIng gonr wIII
rofnfo fho InIons, drIvIng fho sun gonr nnd bnuIk rIng In n rovorso dIrocfIon.
ThIs movomonf of fho bnuIk rIng nIIows fho nwI fo movo from fho sfo nnd
ongngo ono of fho gonr Info nofchos, fhus brIngIng fho ovordrIvo Info
oornfIon. Tho ongngomonf, nffor fho nccoIornfor odnI roIonso, Is so quIck
fhnf fho gonr Info rofnfos onIy nbouf ono-fhIrd of n furn boforo fuII
ongngomonf of fho nwI wIfh n nofch. ThIs mofhod of ongngomonf doonds
uon synchronIzIng fho nwI movomonf wIfh fho momonfnry sfoIng of fho
gonr Info.

To roIonso fho ovordrIvo fho nccoIornfor shouId bo roIonsod so fhnf fho
rond sood fnIIs by 2 fo 4 m..h boIow fho cuf-In sood; so fhnf fho govornor`s
confncfs oon nnd fho soIonoId ncfunfod nwI Is roIonsod; fho dIrocf drIvo Is
fhon ro-ongngod, nufomnfIcnIIy.

IOCKING TH OVRRIV

As monfIonod onrIIor, In ordor fo obfnIn normnI fo gonr ns gIvon by
fho gonr box, If Is nocossnry fo Iock fho oIcyIIc gonr so fhnf If wIII rofnfo ns n
soIId unIf. Tho sun gonr whIch Is InfogrnI wIfh fho InIon shnff Is fhoroforo
Iockod fo fho Innof cnrrIor nnd fho whIIo unIf rovoIvos soIIdIy.

TH KICK-OWN CONTROI SWITCH

Whon fho cnr Is runnIng In ovordrIvo, duo fo fho fncf fhnf fho gonr
rnfIo Is fhon Iowor fhnn for dIrocf fo gonr fhoro Is, nf nny gIvon sood, boIow
mnxImum, Ioss ongIno owor nvnIInbIo for fho ovordrIvo fhnn for dIrocf drIvo
nf fho snmo sood. Thoroforo, shouId fho drIvor wIsh fo nccoIornfo, for frnffIc
nssIng urosos, If Is ossIbIo for hIm fo do so, sImIy by dorossIng fho
nccoIornfor odnI quIckIy nnd fo Ifs fuII oxfonf. Tho rosuIf Is fo roIonso fho
soIonoId curronf buf owIng fo fho forquo roncfIon fho nwI doos nof Ionvo Ifs
nofch In fho gonr Info nnd cnnnof do so unfII fho forquo Is roIonsod
momonfnrIIy. ThIs Is dono wIfh fho kIck-down swIfch whIch Is oornfod whon
fho nccoIornfor odnI Is dorossod fuIIy, fhus swIfchIng off fho IgnIfIon so fhnf
fho nwI rondIIy Ionvor Ifs nofch nnd nIso fho gonr Info; fho dIrocf drIvo Is
fhon In oornfIon fhrough fho ovor runnIng cIufch.

Whon fho drIvor wIshod fo rofurn fo fho ovordrIvo ho IIffs hIs foof from fho
nccoIornfor odnI for n fow soconds, whon fho ovor drIvo ongngos
nufomnfIcnIIy, unIoss fho cnr sood fnIIs boIow nbouf 28 fo 30 m..h.Ior
convonIonco fho ovordrIvo swIfch Is offon mounfod on fho cnrburoffor, so fhnf
If cnn bo ncfunfod by fho nccoIornfor odnI rod connocfIon nf fho fhroffIo
Iovor.


SOINOI \NIT

Tho soIonoId comrIsos (I) n honvy frncfIon fyo of wIndIng whIch Is
rovIdod fo mo movo fho Iungor oufwnrds unfII fho nwI Is nImosf ongngod
wIfh fho gonr rIng; (2) n hoId-In wIndIng fnkIng much Ioss curronf fhnn (I)
whIch hoIds fho Iungor In Ifs oufwnrd osIfIon; (3) roIny confncfs.

Ono sof of confncfs oornfos whon fho govornor swIfch cIosos nf 28 fo
30 m..h., fho ofhor confncfs In sorIos wIfh fho wIndIngs (I) oons nnd cufs
ouf fhoso wIndIngs. SInco fho soIonoId romnIns onorgIzod durIng fho whoIo
orIod of ovor drIvo ongngomonf fho curronf consumfIon Is roducod
nrocInbIy sInco If fIows fhrough fho hoIdIng wIndIng, onIy.


ICTRICAI CIRC\ITS
Thoro nro fhroo cIrcuIfs nssocInfod wIfh fho oornfIon of fho ovordrIvo,
fho cIrcuIfs nro shown dIngrnmmnfIcnIIy.

TH CONTROI CIRC\IT
ThIs cIrcuIf IncIudos fho soIonoId roIny nnd fho oIocfrIcnI confncfs In fho kIck-
down nnd govornor swIfchos. Thoso fwo confncfs musf bo cIosod for fho
soIonoId fo oornfo. Tho roIny Is n fyo of swIfch oornfod
oIocfromngnofIcnIIy, such fhnf whon curronf fIows fhrough n roIny wIndIng
fho roIny confncfs nro cIosod. If oIfhor of fho ofhor fwo sof of confncfs nro
oonod, fho roIny confncfs wIII bo brokon.

TH SOINOI CIRC\IT
ThIs cIrcuIf IncIudos fho soIonoId wIndIng nnd nIso fho roIny confncfs.
Whon fho confncfs nro cIosod fho soIonoId uIIIn wIndIng Is onorgIzod, nnd
fho nwI Is movod fownrds fho nofchod gonr rIng ns oxInInod onrIIor. As fho
soIonoId Iungor comIofos Ifs oufwnrd movomonf If oons n sof of confncf In
sorIos wIfh fho uII-In wIndIng. Tho curronf In fho uII-In wIndIng Is fhus
swIfchod off nnd nf fho snmo fImo curronfs Is swIfchod on fo fho hoIdIng
wIndIng fo koo fho soIonoId Iungor In Ifs oufwnrd osIfIon.

TH KICK-OWN OR IGNITION CIRC\IT
ThIs cIrcuIf, whIch Is IndIcnfod by fho doffod IInos In fIguro, Is
connocfod In nrnIIoI wIfh fho IgnIfIon dIsfrIbufor`s confncf bronkor oInfs.
Ifs nIso IncIudos fho normnIIy oon soIonoId confncfs whIch cIoso whon fho
ovordrIvo Is ongngod. Whon fho kIck down swIfch Is oornfod fho IgnIfIon coII
rImnry wIndIng Is onrfhod fhrough fhoso fwo sofs of confncfs fhus cuffIng off
fho IgnIfIon H.T curronf fo fho snrkIng Iugs nnd fhus sfoIng fho ongIno
momonfnrIIy. Tho confroI cIrcuIf Is oonod nf fho snmo fImo, fo nIIow fho
ovordrIvo fo bo cuf ouf of ncfIon ns oxInInod rovIousIy.
AVANTAGS OI OVR RIV

l. ThIs dovIco ormIfs fho ongIno fo oornfo nf onIy nbouf ?0 of fho
rooIIor shnff sood whon fho cnr Is oornfIng In fho hIghor sood
rnngos. I.o., ovor drIvo ongIno sood nbouf 30.

2. Iocnuso fho ongIno Is nof roquIrod fo furn ovor fnsf nf hIgh cnr
sood, fho uso of ovor drIvo roducos ongIno wonr nnd vIbrnfIon nnd
snvos gnsoIIno.

3. !sunIIy n sIIghfIy hIghor ronr nxIo gonr rnfIo Is omIoyod wIfh nn
ovor drIvo fhon wIfhouf ono.

RAWBACKS OI OVR RIV

l. In doscondIng Iong sfoo hIIIs whoro fho brnkIng offocf of fho ongIno
wouId bo Iosf duo fo sII In O!C. To nvoId ovor drIvo shouId bo
Iockod.

2. Tho drIvIng forco nvnIInbIo nf fho whooIs Is Ioss In cnso of vohIcIos
wIfh ovor-drIvo.

RVRS IOCK-\P

SInco fho froo-whooI unIf cnnnof owor In rovorso, rovIsIon Is mndo In
fho Conr-shIff IInkngo fo shIff fho rnII nnd fork nssombIy Info fho Iock-u
osIfIon whonovor fho convonfIonnI frnnsmIssIon Is shIffod fnko rovorso gonr.



OVR-RIV I\BRICATION

Tho ovor-drIvo unIf Is connocfod fo fho frnnsmIssIon nnd usos fho snmo
fyo of IubrIcnnf, SAI 80 (or) 90 gonr oII (or) SAI IngIno OII.

OVR-RIV GAR RATIO

rIvIng mombor - IInnof CnrrIor (A)

rIvon mombor - !Ing Conr (!)

IIxod mombor - Sun Conr (S)


RING GAR S\N ARM
S/! -l 0
l l l
(!+S) / ! 0 l

Ovor-rIvo gonr rnfIo = rIvIng / rIvon
= l / ( ( !+S ) / ! )
= ! / ( !+S )
If numbor of foofh In rIng gonr Is l40 nnd sun gonr nro 60.
Thon,
Tho Ovor-rIvo gonr rnfIo =l40 / ( l40 + 60 ) = 0.?.
= 0.? : l




HYRA\IIC CONTROI SYSTM

Tho hydrnuIIc confroI sysfom of fho nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon Is shown
In fIguro. WhIch Is n sImIIfIod dIngrnm IIIusfrnfIng fho bnsIc rIncIIos.
HydrnuIIc fIuId Is drnwn from Inuf nnd onsuros fhnf rossuro Is nvnIInbIo ns
soon ns fho ongIno sfnrfs. Tho ronr um Is drIvon from fho oufuf shnff so
fhnf rossuro Is gonornfod In fhIs um ns soon ns fho vohIcIo movos, nnd
fhIs fonfuro rovIdos n monns of rovonfIng fho rovorso nnd nrk
mochnnIsms boIng ongngod whIIsf fho vohIcIo Is In mofIon. on-rofurn vnIvos
onsuro fhnf hydrnuIIc rossuro cnn bo nvnIInbIo from oIfhor um nnd fho
joInf doIIvory Is roguInfod fo n suIfnbIo rossuro by n rossuro roIIof vnIvo.
Tho fIuId nf roguInfod rossuro Is fod fo fho convorfor whIch Is kof fuII of
fIuId nnd n smnII fIow from fho convorfor Is usod for IubrIcnfIon of fho
gonrbox.

Tho mnIn fIuId suIy Is fod fo fho mnnunI soIocfor vnIvo whIch Is
confroIIod by n sfoorIng-coIumn soIocfor Iovor, nnd fhIs mny bo movod fo nny
of fIvo osIfIons. ThIs vnIvo mny dIrocf fIuId undor rossuro fo fho rovorso
brnko whon n rovorso rnfIo Is obfnInod. In fho Iow soIocfIon, fIuId Is nIIod fo
bofh fho forwnrd nnd Iow brnkos nnd mnInfnIns fho frnnsmIssIon In Iow gonr.
oufrnI soIocfIon Is obfnInod by romovnI of rossuro from nII frIcfIon
oIomonfs, nnd fho nrk osIfIon ongngos n mochnnIcnI Iock rovonfIng
rofnfIon of fho oufuf shnff.

Whon fho rIvo soIocfIon Is mndo fho mnnunI soIocfor nIIos fIuId
undor rossuro fo fho Iorwnrd nnd !ow brnkos nnd nIso fo fho govornor
vnIvo. Tho govornor vnIvo Is movod by fho combInnfIon of nn nccoIornfor
odnI movomonf fogofhor wIfh fho osIfIon of n confrIfugnI govornor. Af Iow
rond soods fho govornor vnIvo Is bIockod nnd fho frnnsmIssIon Is rofnInod In
Iow gonr. Af n hIghor rond sood fho govornor vnIvo movos fo nIy fIuId nf
rossuro fo fho muIfI-Info cIufch so ns fo ongngo InformodInfo gonr. As fho
muIfI-Info cIufch bogIns fo fnko u fho drIvo fho rossuro In fho cIufch rIsos
nnd bocomos suffIcIonf fo oornfo fho roIny vnIvo nnd cuf off fho fIuId suIy
fo fho Iow frIcfIon brnko bnnd. ThIs roIny vnIvo cnrrIos ouf fho frnnsIfIon from
!ow fo InformodInfo cIufch. ThIs roIny vnIvo corrosonds fo fho moro usunI
shIff nIfhough In fhIs cnso fho vnIvo Is movod by srIng forco In oosIfIon fo
hydrnuIIc rossuro.

Tho chnngo Info dIrocf drIvo Is offocfod by fho nIIcnfIon of fIuId
rossuro fo fho sIngIo-Info cIufch by fho govornor vnIvo. Tho ofhor frIcfIon
oIomonfs romnIn In fho snmo condIfIon ns for fho InformodInfo gonr so fhnf
no frnnsIfIon from ono oIomonf fo nnofhor Is noodod. o smoofhIng dovIco Is
Incorornfod for fho fnko-u of fhIs cIufch, whIch roIIos on fho cnncIfy of fho
cIufch Isfon fo gIvo n sfondy buIId-u of rossuro. Conr chnngos fo Iowor
rnfIos oornfo In fho rovorso soquonco.
Tho comIofo hydrnuIIc cIrcuIf dIngrnm Is onIy sIIghfIy dIfforonf from
fho sImIIfIod bIock dIngrnm nnd n fyIcnI sysfom. If wIII bo nofod fhnf n
hydrnuIIc nccumuInfor Is IncIudod fo gIvo n rnId InIfInI fIow of fIuId whon
fho soIocfor or govornor vnIvos oornfo, nnd n convorfor shuffIo vnIvo ndjusfs
fho convorfor rossuro fo n hIghor vnIvo In Iow gonr. A smnII hydrnuIIc dofonf
nIIos n sIIghf bIns fo fho govornor vnIvo so fhnf hunfIng, or roonfod gonr
chnngos bofwoon fwo rnfIos, Is nvoIdod. InforIocks nro rovIdod fo rovonf
ongngomonf of fho mochnnIcnI Inrk InforIock mochnnIsm whon fho ronr
um Is gonornfIng rossuro, IndIcnfIng movomonf of fho oufuf shnff. A
sImIInr InforIock Isfon rovonfs !ovorso gonr boIng ongngod whon ronr
um rossuro Is nvnIInbIo. ThIs Isfon oornfos so ns fo bIock fho confroI
IIno whIch suIIos rossuro fo fho !ovorso sorvo Isfons. Tho roIny vnIvo Is
rosforod by hydrnuIIc rossuro fo onsuro n rnId oornfIon of fho Isfon
rofurn srIng whon n mnnunI soIocfIon of Iow Is mndo
















HYRA\IIC COMPONNTS

A summnry of fho funcfIons of fho vnrIous hydrnuIIc comononfs Is
gIvon In nn nbbrovInfod mnnnor.

Ivont Pump: rIvon from Inuf shnff nnd rovIdos fho mnIn hydrnuIIc
suIy.

Reuv Pump: rIvon by oufuf shnff nnd ncfs ns nn nuxIIInry suIy In cnso
of fronf um fnIIuro, nnd nIso fo dofocf forwnrd movomonf of fho vohIcIo.

Pvessuve Re!IeI Vu!ve: !oguInfos hydrnuIIc suIy rossuro from bofh
ums fo rodoformInod vnIuos. InIfInIIy, fho roIIof vnIvo srIngs onsuro fhnf
20 Ib. /sq. In. rossuro Is ndmIffod fo fho bnck of fho roIIof vnIvo rnIsIng fho
sysfom fo 80 Ib. /sq. In. whIch Is fho normnI rossuro. Whon !ovorso Is
soIocfod, hydrnuIIc rossuro Is nIIod fo nnofhor Isfon so ns fo rnIso fho
rossuro fo 200 Ib. /sq. In

Bu!! vu!ves: Two bnIIs Insorfod In fho mnIn suIy IIno rovonf n fnIIuro of
oIfhor um cnusIng n comIofo Ioss of rossuro. Tho sysfom Is nrrnngod so
fhnf oIfhor um wIII suIy fho confroI sysfom ns soon ns fho vohIcIo Is
movIng.

Hydvuu!Ic Accumu!utov: SrIng dofIocfs whon rossuro Is nIIod nnd fho
nccumuInfor Isfon rofrncfs In fho cyIIndor fo sforo n smnII voIumo of fIuId nf
rossuro. Af n gIvon dofIocfIon of fho Isfon, fIuId Is ndmIffod fo fho bnck of
fho rossuro roIIof vnIvo fo Incronso fho roguInfod rossuro.

"Puvk" Intev!ock: A smnII srIng Iondod Isfon dofIocfs duo fo rossuro
from fho ronr um fo rovonf ongngomonf of fho Inrk Iock.
Resevve Intev!ock Vu!ve: A srIng Iondod Isfon dofIocfs duo fo rossuro
from fho ronr um fo rovonf rossuro boIng nIIod fo fho !ovorso bnnd
brnko.

Munuu! Se!ectov Vu!ve: oornfod by fho soIocfor Iovor for fho fIvo osIfIons:
nrk, nofurnI, drIvo, Iow nnd rovorso.

"Puvk," "Neutvu!" posItIons: AII rossuro Is cuf off from fho frIcfIon
cIufchos nnd bnnds. Tho nrk mochnnIsm Is oornfod from fho soIocfor Iovor
buf wIII nof ongngo If fho vohIcIo Is movIng forwnrds.

"vIve" posItIon: Irossuro Is nIIod fo fho forwnrd nnd Iow bnnd brnkos
nnd nIso fo fho govornor vnIvo.

"Iow" posItIon: Irossuro Is mnInfnInod on fho forwnrd nnd Iow bnnds buf Is
romovod from fho govornor vnIvo nnd nIIod fo fho bnck of fho roIny vnIvo.

Govevnov vu!ve: Oornfod by n combInnfIon of rond sood (ns monsurod
from fho oufuf shnff), fogofhor wIfh fho nccoIornfor odnI osIfIon. Tho
vnIvo InIfInfos fho gonr chnngos bofwoon Iow nnd InformodInfo rnfIos nnd
bofwoon InformodInfo rnfIo nnd dIrocf drIvo nf rodoformInod soods whon
fho mnnunI soIocfor vnIvo hns boon movod fo drIvo.

Convevtev sLutt!e vu!ve: !oguInfos fho fIow of fIuId Info fho hydrnuIIc
convorfor-couIIng. IIuId Is suIIod from fho mnIn suIy IIno fo fho vnIvo
nnd fIows fhrough n conIcnI shnod vnIvo sonf. Whon rovorso Is soIocfod, or
whon InformodInfo or dIrocf gonr Is oornfIvo fho rossuro nIIod fo fho
convorfor by InsorfIng n conIcnI Iug Info fho vnIvo sonf so fhnf nn orIfIco of
roducod sIzo Is rosonfod fo fho fIow. An Incronsod rossuro, nnd honco, fIow
Is ormIffod for fho Iow soIocfIon.
"Revevse" PosItIon: Irossuro Is nIIod fo fho !ovorso bnnd brnko, vIn fho
InforIock vnIvo. Irossuro Is nIso nIIod fo fho convorfor shuffIo vnIvo nnd
fho mnIn roIIof vnIvo.

IubvIcutIon vu!ve: Tho fIuId drIvo Is mnInfnInod nf rossuro by n srIng
Iondod bnII vnIvo. Whon fho rossuro oxcoods fho sof vnIuo fho bnIIs IIffs nnd
ormIfs n fIow of fIuId fhrough fho convorfor. Tho oscnIng fIuId Is usod for
IubrIcnfIon of fho gonrIng.

C!utcL PIstons: Tho sIngIo Info frIcfIon cIufch nnd fho muIfI-Info
InformodInfo cIufch nro bofh oornfod by nnnuInr Isfons whIch fIf In
nrorInfo housIngs nnd nIy fho nocossnry Iond fo fho frIcfIon Infos whon
fIuId rossuro Is nvnIInbIo.

Bvuke PIstons: Tho frIcfIon bnnd brnkos nro nIIod by sorvo Isfons whIch
dovoIo fho nocossnry Ionds fo hoId fho brnko drums sfnfIonnry. Tho sorvo
cyIIndors onch confnIn fwo Isfons whIch ncf In fnndom. A smnII rosfrIcfIon Is
Incod bofwoon fho fwo Isfons ns n monns of smoofhIng fho nIIcnfIon nnd
roIonso of fho bnnds.
















\NIT IV

HYROSTATIC RIV AN ICTRIC RIV


HYROSTATIC RIV

In fhIs fyo of drIvos n hydrosfnfIc um nnd n mofor
Is usod. Tho ongIno drIvos fho um nnd If gonornfos hydrosfnfIc rossuro on
fho fIuId. Tho rossurIzod fIuId fhon fod fo fho mofor nnd fho mofor drIvos
fho whooI. In fhoso frnnsmIssIons mochnnIcnI owor Is gonornfod In fho
mofor ns n rosuIf of dIsIncomonf undor hydrnuIIc rossuro. Tho fIuId, of
courso, nIso cnrrIos kInofIc onorgy, buf sInco If Ionvos fho mofor nf fho snmo
voIocIfy ns fhnf nf whIch If onfors, fhoro Is no chnngo In Ifs kInofIc-onorgy
confonf, nnd kInofIc onorgy Inys no nrf In fho frnnsmIssIon of owor.

PRINCIPI OI HYROSTATIC RIV SYSTM


IAYO\T OI HYROSTATIC RIV SYSTM
If consIsfs of n um, whIch convorfs forquo nnd rofnfIon of
mochnnIcnI shnff Info fIow of rossurIzod fIuId combInod wIfh n hydrnuIIc
mofor, whIch convorfs fIuId fIow undor rossuro Info rofnfIng forquo on fho
oufuf shnff. Tho um nnd mofor nro IdonfIcnI In consfrucfIon buf fhoy mny
vnry In sIzo nnd dIsIncomonf, nrfIcuInrIy whon forquo muIfIIIcnfIon Is
noodod. Iy omIoyIng vnrInbIo doIIvory of hydrnuIIc unIfs, If Is ossIbIo fo
obfnIn n wIdo rnngo of oufuf rnfIos.

VARIO\S TYPS OI HYROSTATIC SYSTMS

1. CONSTANT ISPIACMNT P\MP AN CONSTANT
ISPIACMNT MOTOR


Horo bofh of fho um nnd mofor nro consfnnf dIsIncomonf fyo.
Honco, vnrInfIon of oufuf forquo or sood Is nof ossIbIo. So, fhIs sysfom Is
nof usod. ThIs sysfom suffors Ioss of owor duo fo fho rovIsIon of
InformodInfo roIIof vnIvos. Such n frnnsmIssIon Is sImIInr fo n vory fIoxIbIo
mochnnIcnI drIvo shnff oxcof for sIIghf sood Ioss ns Iond Incronsos duo fo
sII bofh In fho um nnd In fho mofor.




2. VARIABI ISPIACMNT P\MP AN CONSTANT
ISPIACMNT MOTOR

WIfh n vnrInbIo dIsIncomonf um nnd fIxod dIsIncomonf mofor, If Is
ossIbIo fo obfnIn vnrInbIo oufuf sood from mofor, whIch cnn bo smoofhIy
confroIIod from fho dosIgnod mnxImum vnIuo fo zoro. ThIs sysfom rovIdos n
consfnnf oufuf forquo fhroughouf fho sood rnngo.
If cnn bo usod fo drIvo ono or moro hydrnuIIc mofor, nnd If gIvos oqunI
orformnnco In bofh forwnrd nnd rovorso soods. Iowor oufuf vnrIos In
dIrocf roorfIon wIfh oufuf sood. ThIs sysfom cnn bo ndvnnfngoous In
frncfors nnd consfrucfIon oquImonfs. WIfh fho um nf zoro oufuf nn
IdIIng condIfIon Is roducod whIch Is nnnIogous fo n dIsongngod cIufch. Tho
frnnsmIssIon cnn bo rovorsIbIo wIfhouf fho nood for n dIrocfIonnI confroI
vnIvo sImIy by rovorsIng fho um.


Pump dioplucement
in cc
Motor dioplucement
in cc
Speed
rutio

0 0 0
?5 3?5 5
3?5 3?5 1


3. CONSTANT ISPIACMNT P\MP AN VARIABI
ISPIACMNT MOTOR

IIxod dIsIncomonf um nnd vnrInbIo sood mofor, cnnbIo
of gIvIng consfnnf owor oufuf, whIch Is Indoondonf of oufuf sood.
Oufuf forquo nnd sood cnn bo confInuousIy vnrIod. ThIs frnnsmIssIon cnn
bo usod wIfh ndvnnfngos nIong wIfh n govornod ongIno fo onsuro fho
nIIcnfIon of consfnnf Inuf owor fo frnnsmIssIon.
Crnnk rndIus of um Is fIxod. So, dIsIncomonf 3?5 cc Is govornod nf
mnxImum IHI IovoI. If owor Is moro Imorfnnf fhnn forquo fhIs sysfom Is
nIIod In such sIfunfIons.

4. VARIABI ISPIACMNT P\MP AN VARIABI
ISPIACMNT MOTOR

ThIs combInnfIon cnn gIvo oIfhor n consfnnf owor or n consfnnf forquo
drIvo. A wIdo rnngo of sood vnrInfIon mny bo obfnInod, fho mnxImum mofor
sood boIng wIfh fho um nf fuII oufuf nnd fho mofor nf mInImum
dIsIncomonf or rovoIufIon nnd vIco-vorsn for mInImum sood.


Tho forquo cnncIfy Is In Invorso roorfIon. SInco bofh nro vnrInbIo
fyo, fho forquo rnfIo cnn bo vnrIod wIdoIy. Whon bofh fho um nnd mofor
nro of vnrInbIo dIsIncomonf fyo, ossIbIIIfIos of InfInIfo vnrInfIon of oufuf
sood nnd oufuf forquo nro nvnIInbIo.

AVANTAGS OI HYROSTATIC RIV

l. HydrosfnfIc drIvo oIImInnfos fho nood for mochnnIcnI frnnsmIssIon
comononfs IIko cIufch nnd gonrbox ns woII ns nIIIod confroIs.
2. If rovIdos for smoofh nnd rocIso confroI of vohIcIo sood nnd frnvoI.
3. ThIs sysfom onsuros fnsfor nccoIornfIon nnd docoIornfIon of vohIcIo
4. If offors boffor fIoxIbIIIfy In vohIcIo InsfnIInfIon bocnuso of wIdo rnngo
In choIco of ums nnd mofors of dIfforonf cnncIfIos nnd of fIxod or
vnrInbIo dIsIncomonf fyo. IosIdos hydrnuIIc fIuId Ios IInos roInco
mochnnIcnI frnnsmIssIon drIvo IIno comononfs
5. Tho onso wIfh whIch fho rovorso drIvo cnn bo obfnInod mnkos fho
hydrosfnfIc drIvo moro nffrncfIvo. ThIs drIvo Is fuIIy rovorsIbIo from
mnxImum sood In ono dIrocfIon fo zoro sood nnd fo mnxImum sood In
fho rovorso dIrocfIon.

IIMITATIONS OI HYROSTATIC RIV

l. oIsy In oornfIon
2. HonvIor In woIghf nnd Inrgor In buIk
3. CosfIIor whon comnrod fo ofhor fyos of frnnsmIssIon
4. MnnufncfurIng of um nnd mofor roquIros hIgh rocIsIon
mnchInIng of comononfs nnd skIIIod workmnnshI
5. In vIow of hIgh rossuro omIoyod In sysfom, fho workIng
comononfs nro honvIor. If nIso ossossos robIom of oII
Ionkngo fhrough oII sonIs.

APPIICATIONS OI HYROSTATIC RIV

l. If Is usod fo movo fho mnchIno fooIs nccurnfoIy.
2. !sod In sfoorIng gonrs of shI.
3. !sod In wnr shIs fo oornfo gun furrofs.
4. !sod In rond roIIors, frncfors, onrfh movors, honvy dufy frucks.

COMPARISON OI HYROSTATIC RIV WITH HYROYNAMIC
RIVS

l. Torquo rnfIo Is Iossor In hydrosfnfIc drIvos for dIfforonf sood rnfIos
2. HydrosfnfIc offors hIgh offIcIoncy ovor n wIdo rnngo of soods whon
comnrod fo hydrodynnmIc drIvos.
3. VohIcIo wIfh hydrosfnfIc drIvo hns no fondoncy fo croo unIIko
hydrodynnmIc drIvo durIng IdIIng.
4. ynnmIc brnkIng of vohIcIo Is nn Inhoronf fonfuro of hydrosfnfIc drIvo.
ThIs fonfuro hoIs fo oIImInnfo convonfIonnI shoo or dIsc fyo of
brnkos. Croo Is cnusod fo drng forquo, movomonf of vohIcIo durIng
IdIIng
5. Throughouf fho oornfIng forquo rnngo, fho vohIcIo oornfos nf nImosf
consfnnf sood, whofhor fho vohIcIo Is movIng uhIII or downhIII or
whon fho Iond Is suddonIy romovod.
6. Irossuro roIIof vnIvo ns n bnsIc nrf of nny hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon
nnd fhIs rovIdos comIofo ovorIond rofocfIon fo fho ongIno ns woII ns
hydrnuIIc sysfom.



JANNY HYROSTATIC RIV

CONSTR\CTION AN WORKING

A hydrnuIIc frnnsmIssIon known ns fho Jnnny hns Iong boon buIIf by
fho Wnforbury TooI Co. of Wnforbury, Conn., for vnrIous IndusfrInI usos, nnd
If hns boon nIIod nIso fo mofor frucks, rnIIs nnd dIosoI IocomofIvos.

P\MP: Ino cyIIndors, nxInIIy dIsosod, vnrInbIo sfroko, swnsh Info fyo.

MOTOR: Ino cyIIndors, nxInIIy dIsosod, swnsh Info fyo, consfnnf sfroko.

A IongIfudInnI socfIon fhrough fho whoIo nssombIy Is shown In fIguro.
IrncfIcnIIy fho onIy dIfforonco bofwoon um nnd mofor Is In formor IncIInnfIon of
swnsh Info Is ndjusfnbIo whIIo In Inffor If Is nof. !oforrIng fo fho drnwIng Iofh fho
um nnd fho mofor unIf hnvo confrnI shnffs whIch rojocf nf ono ond onIy, onch
shnff Is suorfod by InIn bonrIng In housIng nnd n roIIor bonrIng In vnIvo Info. To
fho Innor ond of shnff Is koyod, n cyIIndor bIock In whIch fhoro nro 9 boros formIng
fho workIng cyIIndor. Tho boros nro nrnIIoI wIfh fho nxIs of rofnfIon nnd oqunIIy
sncod nround If.

Whon fho cyIIndor bIock rovoIvos, cyIIndor hond sIIdo ngnInsf fho vnIvo
Info. A orf In onch of cyIIndor hond rogIsfors nIfornnfIvoIy wIfh fwo nnnuInr
orfs In vnIvo Info for ndmIssIon nnd doIIvory of oII, rosocfIvoIy. Inch orf
oxfonds ovor nroxImnfoIy l25, nnd sInco fhoro Is orf oonIng from fho
fImo fho cyIIndor orf bogIns fo rogIsfor wIfh fho vnIvo Info orf fo fho fImo
If nssos ouf of rogIsfry fhorowIfh orf oonIng oxfonds ovor nonrIy l80.


Tho srIng surroundIng fho shnff, sorvo fo ross fho cyIIndor bIock
ngnInsf vnIvo Info whon no Iond Is frnnsmIffod. urIng frnnsmIssIon of
owor, fho fIuId rossuro koos nII nrfs In cIoso confncf. Tho cyIIndor bIock
Is so mounfod on fho shnff fhnf If cnn sIIdo fhoroon, nnd nIso If cnn rock
sIIghfIy. ThIs onnbIos fho bIock fo sonf corrocfIy on vnIvo Info ovon If fhoro
shouId bo sIIghf mIsnIIgnmonf, or If wonr shouId hnvo occurrod.

Tho Iungor Is Inod Info boros fo n cIonrnnco of 0.00l. Inch Iungor Is
connocfod fo sockof rIng by n connocfIng rod wIfh shorIcnI honds. Tho rods hnvo
drIII hoIos oxfondIng fhrough fhoIr shnnks, nnd fhoro Is n smnII drIII hoIo nIso In fho
hond of fho Isfon, honco fho bonrIngs of fho connocfIng rod nro IubrIcnfod wIfh fho
oII In fho owor frnnsmIssIon cIrcuIf, nnd fho rossuro undor whIch IubrIcnnf Is
suIIod fo fho bonrIng surfncos Is roorfIonnI fo fho Iond.
Inch sockof rIng Is connocfod fo shnff by monns of unIvorsnI joInf, so fhnf
whIIo If rovoIvos wIfh fho shnff, Ifs Inno of rofnfIon mny bonr nny nngIo wIfh fho
nxIs of fho shnff. In cnso of um unIf, nngIo of sockof rIng cnn bo vnrIod bofwoon
0dog nnd 20dog In oIfhor dIrocfIon by monns of confroI Iovor connocfod fo roIIor
bonrIng fIIfIng box. In mofor unIf, fho nngIo box Is socurod fo housIng nnd hns n
fIxod IncIInnfIon of 20dog.

P\MP
If fho nngIo box Is sof of rIghf nngIos fo fho shnff, fhoro wIII bo no
rocIrocnfIon of Iungors In cyIIndor whon cyIIndor bIock Is rovoIvIng, nnd,
consoquonfIy, no oII wIII bo movod. Whon fho nngIo box Is sof fo mnko nn
nngIo wIfh fho shnff, fho Iungors bogIns fo rocIrocnfo In fho cyIIndors ns
fhoy rovoIvo nround wIfh fho bIock. Inch cyIIndor drnws oII fhrough fho orf
In vnIvo Info durIng ono hnIf of fho rovoIufIon nnd doIIvors oII fhrough
doIIvorIng orf In vnIvo Info durIng noxf hnIf of rovoIufIon.




MOTOR
Tho mofor unIf Is moroIy nn InvorsIon of fho rIncIIo of fho um
unIf, oII onforIng fho cyIIndor undor rossuro forcIng fho Iungor oufwnrd
nnd fho roncfIon bofwoon sockof rIng nnd swnsh Info cnusIng cyIIndor bIock
nnd Ifs shnff fo rovoIvo. If fho nngIo Info of um unIf Is sof fo fho snmo
nngIo ns fhnf of mofor unIf, fhon fho mofor wIII furn fho snmo sood ns um
unIf nnd nny sood Iowor fhnn fhIs cnn bo obfnInod on mofor shnff by moroIy
roducIng fho nnguInrIfy of nufo nngIo box.

HYROSTATIC TRANSMISSION

INTRO\CTION
HydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIons nro hydrnuIIc sysfoms socIfIcnIIy dosIgnod
fo hnvo n um fo drIvo n hydrnuIIc mofor. Thus, n hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon
sImIy frnnsforms mochnnIcnI owor Info fIuId owor nnd fhon roconvorfs fho
fIuId owor bnck Info shnff owor. Tho ndvnnfngos of hydrosfnfIc
frnnsmIssIons IncIudo owor frnnsmIssIon fo romofo nrons, InfInIfoIy vnrInbIo
sood confroI, soIf-ovorIond rofocfIon, rovorso rofnfIon cnnbIIIfy, dynnmIc
brnkIng, nnd n hIgh horsoowor-fo-woIghf rnfIo. Thoy nro usod In
nIIcnfIons whoro IIffIng, IoworIng, oonIng, cIosIng, nnd IndoxIng nro
roquIrod. SocIfIc nIIcnfIons IncIudo mnforInIs hnndIIng oquImonf, fnrm
frncfors, rnIIwny IocomofIvos, busos, nufomobIIos, nnd mnchIno fooIs.

A sysfom consIsfs of n hydrnuIIc mofor, nnd nrorInfo vnIvos nnd
Ios cnn bo usod fo rovIdo ndjusfnbIo-sood drIvos for mnny rncfIcnI
nIIcnfIons. Such n sysfom Is cnIIod n HydrosfnfIc TrnnsmIssIon. Thoro
musf, of courso, bo n rImo movor such ns nn oIocfrIc mofor or gnsoIIno
ongIno. AIIcnfIons In oxIsfonco IncIudo frncfors, roIIors, fronf-ond Iondors,
hoos, nnd IIff frucks. Somo of fho ndvnnfngos of hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIons nro
fho foIIowIng:
l. InfInIfoIy vnrInbIo sood nnd forquo In dIrocfIon nnd ovor fho fuII
sood nnd forquo rnngos.
2. IxfromoIy hIgh horsoowor-fo-woIghf rnfIo.
3. AbIIIfy fo bo sfnIIod wIfhouf dnmngo.
4. !ow InorfIn of rofnfIng mombors ormIfs fnsf sfnrfIng nnd sfoIng
wIfh smoofhnoss nnd rocIsIon.
5. IIoxIbIIIfy nnd sImIIcIfy of dosIgn.

Tho InfornnI fonfuros of n vnrInbIo dIsIncomonf Isfon um nnd
nffIxod Isfon mofor usod In n honvydufy hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon. Iofh
um nnd mofor nro of fho swnsh Info In-IIno Isfon dosIgn. ThIs fyo of
hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon Is oxrossIy dosIgnod for nIIcnfIon In fho
ngrIcuIfurnI, consfrucfIon, mnforInIs-hnndIIng, gnrdon frncfor, rocronfIonnI
vohIcIo nnd IndusfrInI mnrkofs.

Tho oornfor hns comIofo confroI of fho sysfom, wIfh ono Iovor for
sfnrfIng, forwnrd mofIon, or rosorvo mofIon. ConfroI of fho vnrInbIo
dIsIncomonf um Is fho koy fo confroIIIng fho vohIcIos. IrImo movor horso
owor Is frnnsmIffod fo fho um. Whon fho oornfor movos fho confroI
Iovor, fho swnsh Info In fho um Is fIIfod from noufrnI. Whon fho um
swnsh Info Is fIIfod, n osIfIvo sfroko of fho Isfons occurs. ThIs, In furn, nf
nny gIvon Inuf sood, roducos n corfnIn fIow from fho um. ThIs fIow Is
frnnsforrod fhrough hIgh rossuro IInos fo fho mofor. Tho rnfIo of fho voIumo
of fIow from fho um fo fho dIsIncomonf of fho mofor doformInos fho sood
nf whIch fho mofor wIII run. MovIng fho confroI Iovor fo fho oosIfo sIdo of
noufrnI cnusos fho fIow fhrough fho um fo rovorso Ifs dIrocfIon. ThIs
rovorsos fho dIrocfIon of rofnfIon of fho mofor. Sood of fho oufuf shnff Is
confroIIod by ndjusfIng fho dIsIncomonf (fIow) of fho um.

!ond (workIng Irossuro) Is doformInod by fho oxfornnI condIfIon
(grndo, ground condIfIons, ofc.), nnd fhIs osfnbIIshos fho domnnd on fho
sysfom. Tho shufoff vnIvo Is IncIudod fo fncIIIfnfo n fIIfor chnngo wIfhouf n
Inrgo Ioss of fIuId from fho rosorvoIr. Tho honf oxchnngo onsuros fhnf fho
mnxImum confInuous oII fomornfuro wIII nof oxcood l80I.

OPN TYP ON WAY HYROSTATIC TRANSMISSION

Thoro nro fwo fyos of hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon sysfom. Thoy nro
cIosod nnd oon cIrcuIf drIvos. In oon cIrcuIf drIvo fho um drnws Ifs fIuId
from fho rosorvoIr. Ifs oufuf Is fhon dIrocfod fo n hydrnuIIc mofor nnd
dIschnrgo from fho mofor bnck Info fho rosorvoIr. In n cIosod cIrcuIf drIvo,
oxhnusf oII from fho mofor Is rofurnod dIrocfIy fo fho um InIof. Tho fIguro
gIvos n cIrcuIf of n cIosod cIrcuIf drIvo fhnf nIIows foo onIy ono dIrocfIon of
mofor rofnfIon. Tho mofor sood Is vnrIod by chnngIng fho um
dIsIncomonf. Tho forquo cnncIfy of fho mofor cnn bo ndjusfod by fho
rossuro soffIng of fho roIIof vnIvo. Mnkou oII fo roIonIsh Ionkngo from fho
cIosod Ioo fIows Info fho Iow-rossuro sIdo of fho cIrcuIf fhrough n IIno from
fho rosorvoIr.
CIOS TYP RVRSIBI HYROSTATIC TRANSMISSION

Mnny hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIons nro rovorsIbIo cIosod cIrcuIf drIvos
fhnf uso n vnrInbIo dIsIncomonf rovorsIbIo um. ThIs nIIows fho mofor fo bo
drIvon In oIfhor dIrocfIon nnd nf InfInIfoIy vnrInbIo soods doondIng on fho
osIfIon of fho um dIsIncomonf confroI. Tho IIguro shows cIrcuIf of such n
sysfom usIng n fIxod dIsIncomonf hydrnuIIc mofor. InfornnI Ionkngo Iossos
nro mndo u by n roIonIshIng um, whIch koos n osIfIvo rossuro on fho
Iow-rossuro sIdo of fho sysfom. Thoro nro fwo chock nnd fwo roIIof vnIvos fo
nccommodnfo fho fwo dIrocfIons of fIow nnd mofor rofnfIon.












ICTRIC RIV

IIocfrIc drIvo oquImonf for frnnsorfnfIon unIfs consIsfs of n
gonornfor drIvon by fho rImo movor, n mofor or mofors In dIrocf connocfIon
wIfh fho drIvIng whooIs of fho unIf nnd suIIod wIfh curronf from fho
gonornfor nnd fho nocossnry confroI nnrnfus. In IocomofIvos fho gonornfor
Is sonrnfoIy oxcIfod, ns n ruIo, nnd fho oquImonf fhon IncIudos n smnII
nddIfIonnI gonornfor, fho oxcIfor.

PRINCIPI OI ICTRIC TORQ\ CONVRSION

WIfh oIocfrIc drIvo, sood confroI of fho vohIcIo cnn bo dono oIfhor
oIocfrIcnIIy or by vnryIng fho sood of rImo movor. In fho fIrsf fho ongIno
nnd dIrocf connocfod gonornfor oornfo nf consfnnf sood undor fho confroI of
n govornor. ThIs sysfom wns In fnvor durIng Ionoor dnys, whon gnsoIIno
ongInos hnd vory IIffIo fIoxIbIIIfy. Tho ofhor sysfom, In whIch rncfIcnIIy nII
sood confroI of fho vohIcIo Is offocfod by monns of fho ongIno fhroffIo or fuoI
confroI rnck wns usod oxcIusIvoIy durIng fho Infor dnys of bus oIocfrIc drIvo.

ARIY WAR IONAR CONTROI SYSTM


An onrIy mofhod of obfnInIng n vnrInbIo sood drIvo oIocfrIcnIIy from n
consfnnf sood rImo movor Is known ns fho Wnrd !oonnrd sysfom. If
comrIsos n gonornfor whoso fIoId curronf Is obfnInod from n sonrnfo oxcIfor.
Conornfor formInnIs nro dIrocfIy connocfod fo fho formInnIs of fho mofor,
whoso fIoId Is nIso sonrnfoIy oxcIfod, from fho snmo sourco ns fho gonornfor
fIoId. Iuf whorons fho fIoId of fho mofor Is nf nII fImos oxcIfod fo fho oInf of
snfurnfIon, fho fIoId curronf of fho gonornfor Is confroIIod by monns of n
rhoosfnf.

WIfh fho gonornfor drIvon nf consfnnf sood, Ifs voIfngo nnd oufuf
wIII vnry wIfh fho fIoId sfrongfh, whIch In furn vnrIos wIfh fho oxcIfIng
curronf, nnd wIfh fho mofor fIoId mnInfnInod nf consfnnf sfrongfh by fho
oxcIfor, fho sood of fho mofor wIII vnry nImosf In dIrocf roorfIon fo fho
gonornfor voIfngo, nnd fho mofor forquo In dIrocf roorfIon fo fho curronf
nssIng from fho gonornfor fo fho mofor. WIfh fhIs sysfom, fho rovorsnI of
drIvo Is offocfod by rovorsIng fho dIrocfIon of curronf fIow fhrough fho
gonornfor fIoId.

MOIII WAR IONAR CONTROI SYSTM

Ior nIIcnfIon In fho frncfIon or frnnsorfnfIon fIoId, corfnIn
modIfIcnfIons hnvo boon mndo In fho orIgInnI Wnrd !oonnrd sysfom. In fho
fIrsf Inco, fho fIoId oInrIfy of fho gonornfor Is nof chnngod, nnd rovorso Is
nchIovod by rovorsIng fho dIrocfIon of curronf fIow fhrough fho fIoId coIIs of
fho mofor.
Tho mofor moroovor Is n sorIos mofor, ns gonornIIy omIoyod for
frncfIon urosos. Conornfor sood boIng consfnnf, fho forquo Iond on fho
ongIno vnrIos wIfh fho oxcIfnfIon of fho gonornfor fIoId nnd fho curronf oufuf
of fho gonornfor.
In somo cnsos, fho sonrnfoIy oxcIfod fIoId coII Is suIomonfod by n
dIfforonfInI sorIos fIoId coII, fhnf Is, n coII fhrough whIch fho mnIn curronf
from fho gonornfor fIows, buf In such n dIrocfIon fhnf If fonds fo domngnofIzo
fho fIIod. ThIs dIfforonfInI sorIos fIoId Is so roorfIonod wIfh fho ongIno
runnIng nf Ifs normnI sood, nnd fho fhroffIo wIdo oon, fho gonornfor
suIIos Ifs fuII Iond curronf nf fho normnI omf fo fho mofor.


VohIcIo sood cnn bo confroIIod mnnunIIy by monns of n rhoosfnf In fho
oxcIfor cIrcuIf, nnd fho dIfforonfInI sorIos fIoId nufomnfIcnIIy fnkos cnro of nny
chnngo In frncfIon rosIsfnnco. Ior Insfnnco, If fho vohIcIo oncounfors n grndo,
If wIII sIow down, nnd so wIII fho mofor, whIch Is gonrod fo If dIrocfIy. An
Incronsod curronf fhon fIows from gonornfor fo mofor, buf fhIs Incronsod
curronf, nssIng fhrough fho dIfforonfInI sorIos fIoId coII, wonkons fho fIoId of
fho gonornfor, fhoroby roducIng fho voIfngo of fho gonornfor nnd IImIfIng If
oufuf. As fho gonornfor fIoId Is wonkonod, fho ongIno soods u, nnd nf
hIghor soods fho ongIno gonornfos moro owor, whIch fnkos cnro of fho
Incronsod Iond duo fo fho grndo.



In fho dosIgn of such drIvos, fho nIm Is so fo roorfIon fho fwo sourco
of fho fIoId oxcIfnfIon fhnf ns fho curronf oufuf of fho gonornfor Incronsos In
n corfnIn roorfIon, fho gonornfor voIfngo dros In fho Invorso roorfIon, so
fhnf fho oufuf romnIns consfnnf. If fhIs objocf Is nffnInod, fhon fho oIocfrIc
drIvo cnn nbsorb fho mnxImum ongIno owor undor nII drIvIng condIfIons, If
nocossnry. IngIno oufuf nnd vohIcIo sood cnn nIwnys bo confroIIod by
monns of rhoosfnf In gonornfor fIoId.

ICTRIC RIV IOR B\SS



IIocfrIc drIvo sysfoms gonornIIy consIsf of shunf wound gonornfors nnd
sorIos wound mofors. Howovor, fho gonornfor fIoId mny bo rovIdod nIso wIfh
n so-cnIIod fonsor wIndIng, fhrough whIch curronf from fho cnr bnffory fIows
for n shorf fImo, whIIo fho ongIno Is boIng nccoIornfod. A dIfforonfInI sorIos
woundIng mny nIso bo usod, buf If Is gonornIIy omIffod.

Tho gonornfors nnd fho mofors nro nIwnys rovIdod wIfh commufnfIng
oIos, fo mnko ossIbIo snrkIos commufnfIon. Tho ronson for fho fonsor
wIndIng Is fhnf n convonfIonnI shunf woundIng gonornfor, whon soodod u,
Icks u voIfngo grndunIIy, nnd wIfh such n gonornfor fhoro Is n fondoncy for
fho ongIno fo rnco whon fho nccoIornfor odnI Is dorossod.

WIfh fho fonsor wIndIng, fho fuII voIfngo of fho cnr bnffory Is nIIod
ns soon ns fho nccoIornfor Is dorossod boyond fho IdIIng osIfIon; honco
gonornfor fIoId sfrongfh nnd voIfngo buIId u rnIdIy. As fho ongIno gnIns
sood, fho fonsor cIrcuIf Is Inforrufod nufomnfIcnIIy by n swIfch ncfunfod by
n roIny connocfod ncross fho gonornfor mnIns.

AVANTAGS OI ICTRIC RIV
1. In fho bus fIoId fho oIocfrIc drIvo roIncod n convonfIonnI gonrod
frnnsmIssIon, ovor whIch If hnd corfnIn oornfIng ndvnnfngos.
2. If nffordod confInuous nccoIornfIon fhroughouf fho onfIro sood rnngo,
nnd fho shocks somofImos oxorIoncod In n bus wIfh mochnnIcnI drIvo
whon rosumIng nffor n gonr chnngo woro oIImInnfod. Such shocks woro
nrfIcuInrIy nnnoyIng fo nssongors who hnd jusf onforod nnd nof yof
sonfod. Inssongors, gonornIIy, fhoroforo roforrod fho oIocfrIc drIvo.
3. Anofhor ndvnnfngo wns gronfor onso of oornfIon. In cIfy oornfIon fho
drIvor of n bus hnd fo mnko sovornI fhousnnds gonr chnngos n dny,
onch shIff rocodod by dIsongngomonf of fho cIufch ngnInsf n srIng
rossuro of fho ordor of 50 Ib. WIfh oIocfrIc drIvo fhoro woro no such
fIrIng oornfIons, consoquonfIy fho drIvor wns Ioss fnfIguod, nnd
nccIdonf hnznrds woro snId fo bo roducod.
4. As nII of fho ongIno owor wns nbsorbod by fho gonornfor, whIch wns
connocfod dIrocfIy fo fho ongIno, fhoro wns no forquo roncfIon on fho
frnmo, nnd fho owor Innf couId hnvo n vory fIoxIbIo mounfIng, whIch
roducod noIso nnd vIbrnfIon In fho bus.
5. IIocfrIc drIvo nIso oIImInnfod bofh fho oxhnusf fumos, whIch
froquonfIy nnnoyod nssongors whon n gnsoIIno bus wns broughf fo n
sfo nnd fho smoky oxhnusf of fho dIosoI ongIno whon oornfIng nf Iow
sood undor honvy forquo Iond. Tho fumos woro duo fo IncomIofo
combusfIon occurrIng whon fho fhroffIo wns cIosod nnd fho ongIno
drIvon by fho vohIcIo, nnd dIosoI oxhnusf smoko wns oIImInnfod or
Ionsf roducod bocnuso wIfh oIocfrIc drIvo fho ongIno sood Is nof
roducod In dIrocf roorfIon fo bus sood.

IIMITATIONS OI ICTRIC RIV

l. IxcossIvo woIghf of fho oquImonf, hIgh roducfIon cosf, nnd roInfIvoIy
Iow offIcIoncy ovor fho gronfor nrf of fho sood rnngo.
2. WIfh fho InfroducfIon of hydrnuIIc forquo convorfor drIvos, whIch woro
much IIghfor, Ioss oxonsIvo fo roduco, nnd moro offIcIonf, oIocfrIc
drIvo dIsnonrod from bus fIoId.

PRIORMANC CHARACTRISTICS OI ICTRIC RIV

Whon fho vohIcIo oncounfors Incronsod rosIsfnnco fo mofIon, fho mofor
Is uIIod down In sood, dovoIos Ioss counfor-oIocfromofIvo forco, nnd drnws
moro curronf. SInco fho curronf cnn como onIy from fho gonornfor, fho oufuf
of fho Inffor wIII bo sImIInrIy Incronsod. In fncf, fho curronf rocoIvod by fho
mofor Is oxncfIy fho snmo ns fhnf doIIvorod by fho gonornfor, oxcof for fho
smnII nmounf roquIrod for fho gonornfor shunf fIoId.
If fho fIoId sfrongfh woro consfnnf, gonornfor voIfngo wouId bo
dIrocfIy roorfIonnI fo nrmnfuro sood, nnd gonornfor curronf fo forquo
Imrossod on fho gonornfor nrmnfuro In oxcoss of fhnf nocossnry fo ovorcomo
bonrIng nnd brush frIcfIon. Iuf fho fIoId sfrongfh Is nof consfnnf In oIfhor fho
gonornfor or fho mofor.
Tho mofor hns n sorIos fIoId wIndIng, nnd If Ifs nrmnfuro curronf
Incronsos, fho curronf fhrough Ifs fIoId coIIs Incronsos oqunIIy. Thoroforo,
sInco moro forquo Is roorfIonnI fo bofh nrmnfuro curronf nnd sfrongfh of
mngnofIc fIoId, If nIwnys Incronsos fnsfor fhnn nrmnfuro curronf, nnd n curvo
of mofor forquo wIfh rosocf fo curronf fIow Is convox fownrd fho curronf nxIs
ovor fho rnngo of curronfs corrosondIng fo normnI Ionds.

Tho oxncf oosIfo hoIds In fho cnso of gonornfor. IIoId
oxcIfnfIon of fho gonornfor Is dorIvod from fho shunf wIndIng connocfod
ncross fho gonornfor monns. Whon fho curronf doIIvorod by fho gonornfor
Incronsos fhoro Is nn Incronso In ofonfInI dro In nrmnfuro wIndIngs, nnd
consoquonfIy n docronso In formInnI voIfngo nnd In fIoId oxcIfnfIons duo fo
shunf coIIs.

Honco ovon If fho gonornfor sood romnInod nbsoIufoIy consfnnf, fho
fIoId sfrongfh wouId docronso wIfh nn Incronso In nrmnfuro curronf.
Howovor, wIfh Incronsod forquo Iond on fho ongIno duo fo fho gronfor
nrmnfuro curronf, fho ongIno sood wIII dro, whIch rosuIfs In n furfhor
docronso In formInnI voIfngo nnd In fIoId sfrongfh.

Thus fhoro Is nn Inhoronf fondoncy for fho fIoId sfrongfh of fho
gonornfor fo docronso wIfh nn Incronso In nrmnfuro curronf. Tho horsoowor
oufuf of fho gonornfor Is roorfIonnI fo fho roducf of voIfngo nnd curronf,
nnd If fho gonornfor voIfngo dros whIIo fho curronf Incronsos, fhoro Is n
fondoncy for fho ongIno Iond fo romnIn consfnnf rognrdIoss of ronr nxIo
forquo. If fhIs fondoncy Is nof suffIcIonfIy ronouncod If cnn bo sfrongfhonod
by rovIdIng fho gonornfor wIfh fho smnII rovorso sorIos wIndIng whIch fonds
fo domngnofIzo fho fIoId.

C\RVS OI GNRATOR INP\T TORQ\ AN MOTOR TORQ\
vs. ARMAT\R C\RRNT

ThIs nufomnfIc chnngo In fho rnfIo of forquo convorsIon by fho
oIocfrIcnI sysfom Is woII IIIusfrnfod In fIguro, whIch rorosonfs forquo curvos
of gonornfor Inuf (ongIno forquo) nnd of mofor oufuf. If wIII bo nofIcod fhnf
wIfh n curronf fIow of l20 nms fho gonornfor forquo Is nbouf 220 Ib-ff, nnd
fhnf fhoro Is onIy IIffIo vnrInfIon In fho gonornfor forquo from fhIs oInf on,
fho mnxImum vnIuo boIng n IIffIo moro fhnn 250 Ib-ff. on fho ofhor hnnd, fho
mofor forquo, whIch Is nbouf 85 Ib-ff wIfh n curronf fIow of l20 nms,
bocomos 4l0 Ib-ff wIfh n curronf fIow of 400 nms. Thus nf l20 nms, fho
forquo Is docronsod ns If wouId bo wIfh n mochnnIcnI ovordrIvo hnvIng n rnfIo
of 0.385:l.00, whIIo nf 400 nms, whon fho gonornfor forquo Is 230 Ib-ff, fho
forquo Is muIfIIIod fho snmo ns wIfh n mochnnIcnI roducfIon gonr wIfh n
rnfIo of l.?8:l.00. Af 400 nms, fhoroforo, fho forquo convorsIon rnfIo Is nbouf
4.6 fImos ns gronf ns nf l20 nms.







C\RVS OI GNRATOR SP AN MOTOR SP vs.
ARMAT\R C\RRNT

Tho vnrInfIon of fho gonornfor nnd mofor soods wIfh curronf fIow Is
shown In fIguro. If wIII bo soon fhnf gonornfor sood Is nonrIy consfnnf ovor n
wIdo rnngo of curronf fIow, from whIch If foIIows fhnf wIfh oIocfrIc drIvo fho
ongIno runs nf nonrIy consfnnf sood.

Moroovor, wIfh bofh fho sood nnd fho forquo of fho ongIno oufuf Is
rncfIcnIIy consfnnf undor nII oornfIng condIfIons. Tho mofor sood, on fho
ofhor hnnd, vnrIos InvorsoIy ns fho mofor forquo, hIgh mofor sood,
corrosondIng fo n smnII curronf nnd n Iow mofor forquo, nnd Iow mofor
sood fo hIgh mofor forquo.

SPARAT XCITATION

Whon If wns fIrsf nffomfod fo connocf n vohIcIo mofor dIrocfIy fo n
gonornfor drIvon by n combusfIon ongIno wIfhouf hnvIng n bnffory fIonfIng on
fho IIno, ono dIffIcuIfy fhnf wns oxorIoncod wns fhnf whon fho drIvor oonod
fho fhroffIo quIckIy for n rnId gof-nwny, ongIno wouId bo momonfnrIIy
wIfhouf ndoqunfo Iond nnd wouId rnco whIch nof onIy InjurIous fo Ifs
mochnnIsm, buf rosuIfod In unIonsnnf vIbrnfIon. ThIs dIffIcuIfy wns
ovorcomo by rovIdIng n corfnIn nmounf of sonrnfo oxcIfnfIon, fho curronf
for whIch, musf como from n bnffory. Tho fonsor curronf from fho bnffory Is
kof fIowIng for n shorf fImo onIy, unfII fho voIfngo ncross fho gonornfor
mnIns hns buIIf u suffIcIonfIy, nnd fhoronffor fho gonornfor Is soIf-oxcIfod.
InforrufIon of fho fonsor curronf Is broughf nbouf by n cuf-ouf nro fonsor
roInys. If fho fonsor cuf-ouf Is rovIdod wIfh n shunf coII nnd n sorIos coII, fho
fImo fho fonsor coII confInuos fo cnrry curronf doonds nof onIy on fho rnfo nf
whIch fho gonornfor Is nccoIornfod, buf nIso on fho Iond If cnrrIos.

ICTRIC BRAKS

Whon fhoro Is no dIrocf mochnnIcnI connocfIon bofwoon fho ongIno nnd
fho drIvIng whooIs, fho ongIno cnnnof bo usod ns n brnko. Tho oIocfrIc mofor,
howovor, Ionds IfsoIf fo fho snmo uroso. If cnn bo usod oIfhor ns n mIId
brnko, fo rovonf fho bus from nffnInIng foo hIgh n sood In doscondIng
grndos, or ns n sovoro brnko, for omorgonco. In fho fIrsf cnso fho mofor Is
moroIy dIsconnocfod form fho gonornfor nnd Ifs cIrcuIf Is cIosod fhrough n
rosIsfnnco. Tho brnkIng owor of nn ongIno cnn bo vnrIod by monns of fho
fhroffIo. OrdInnrIIy howovor, onIy ono sfo Is rovIdod. Imorgoncy brnkIng Is
offocfod by connocfIng fho mofor fo fho gonornfor In rovorso, wIfh n rosIsfnnco
In cIrcuIf. Tho brnkIng offocf fhon doonds on fho fhroffIo osIfIon, nnd cnn
bo confroIIod by monns of fho fhroffIo.
\NIT V
A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION APPIICATIONS

CHRVROIT T\RBOGII TRANSMISSION

ThIs Is n combInnfIon of n convorfor nnd nn oIcycIIc gonr nnd Is shown
In fIguro. Tho convorfor hns fIvo oIomonfs, fho um I, fhroo furbInos or
drIvon oIomonfs Tl, T2 nnd T3, nnd n roncfIon mombor !. Tho Inffor Is froo fo
rofnfo In fho forwnrd dIrocfIon on fho froowhooI Il nnd Is rovIdod wIfh n sof
of bIndos I, whoso nngIos nro ndjusfnbIo; fho mochnnIsm for mnkIng fho
ndjusfmonf Is nof IndIcnfod.

Tho fIrsf furbIno oIomonf Tl Is couIod by fho shnff fo fho sun S2 of
fho socond oIcycIIc frnIn; fho socond furbIno T2 Is couIod fhrough fho sIoovo
I fo fho nnnuIus Al of fho fIrsf oIcycIIc frnIn nnd fho fhIrd furbIno T3 Is
couIod fo fho oufuf shnff H by fho sIoovo Cl, fho cIufch Cl (whIch Is
nIwnys ongngod oxcof whon noufrnI nnd rovorso nro soIocfod), fho sIoovo C2
nnd fho Innof cnrrIor !2.

Tho sun Sl Is normnIIy rovonfod from rofnfIng bnckwnrds by fho froo
whooI I2, sInco usunIIy fho cIufch C2 Is ongngod nnd fho mombor K Is fIxod
so fhnf fho sIoovo J cnnnof rofnfo bnckwnrds. Tho nnnuIus A2 Is nIso
rovonfod from rofnfIng bnckwnrds by fho froowhooI I3 whIch Iocks If for
such rofnfIon fo fho sIoovo J. Ingngomonf of fho cIufch C3 fIxos fho nnnuIus
A2 ngnInsf forwnrds or bnckwnrds rofnfIon, nnd fhIs Is dono whon 'Iow` Is
soIocfod so ns fo roduco fho Iond on fho froowhooI I3, whon fho ongIno Is
uIIIng hnrd undor ndvorso rond condIfIons, nnd fo nIIow fho ongIno fo bo
usod offocfIvoIy ns n brnko on down grndIonfs.

Af Iow forwnrd soods of fho oufuf shnff H roInfIvo fo fho ongIno
sood, fho sun Sl, nnd nnnuIus A2 wIII bo sfnfIonnry bocnuso fho forquos on
fhom wIII fond fo mnko fhom rofnfo bnckwnrds nnd fhIs mofIon Is rovonfod
by fho froowhooIs I2 nnd I3. Iofh oIcycIIc frnIns fhon rovIdo sood
roducfIons nnd forquo Incronsos, nnd nII fhroo furbInos wIII bo drIvIng.

As fho oufuf sood rIsos, fho forquo nssIng fhrough fho sun S2 wIII
fnII nnd nf somo oInf wIII fond fo bocomo nognfIvo, nnd fhon fho nnnuIus A2
wIII sfnrf fo rofnfo forwnrds nnd fho furbIno Tl wIII bo offocfIvoIy ouf of
ncfIon. Af n hIghor oufuf shnff sood, fho sun Sl wIII sfnrf fo rofnfo
forwnrds nnd fho furbIno T2 wIII go ouf of ncfIon. Tho drIvo wIII fhon bo
fhrough T3 dIrocf fo fho oufuf shnff, fho onIy forquo mngnIfIcnfIon fhon
boIng fhnf duo fo fho forquo convorfor IfsoIf.

IInnIIy, fho roncfIon mombor ! wIII sfnrf fo rofnfo forwnrds nnd fho
forquo convorfor wIII run ns n fIuId couIIng. Tho soods nnd forquos nf
whIch fhoso ovonfs occur wIII doond on fho nngIo nf whIch fho bIndos I nro
sof.



!ovorso Is obfnInod by ongngIng fho cIufch C4 nnd dIsongngIng Cl, C2
nnd C3. Tho frnIns l nnd 2 nro fhon comoundod nnd gIvo n rovorso rnfIo, fho
whoIo of fho drIvIng forquo boIng frnnsmIffod by fho furbIno Tl nnd sun S2.
Iorwnrd mofIon of S2 fonds fo drIvo !2 forwnrds nnd A2 bnckwnrds;
bnckwnrd mofIon of A2, howovor, rosuIfs In bnckwnrd mofIon of Sl (fhrough
fho froo whooI I3 nnd fho sIoovo J) nnd so In frnIn l, whoso nnnuIus Is fIxod,
fho sun fonds fo rofnfo fho Innof cnrrIor !l bnckwnrds. Tho bnckwnrd
forquo on !l Is gronfor fhnn fho forwnrd forquo on !2 (from S2), nnd so !l
nnd !2 wIII movo bnckwnrds.


CHVROIT POWRGII TRANSMISSION

ChovroIof owor gIIdo frnnsmIssIon comrIsos of n fhroo-oIomonf
hydrnuIIc forquo convorfor nnd n fwo-sood nnd rovorso Innofnry unIf.

CONSTR\CTION
TORQ\ CONVRTR
Tho ImoIIor nnd runnor nro of fnbrIcnfod consfrucfIon, nnd hnvo 3l
nnd 33 vnnos, rosocfIvoIy. ThoIr rossod-sfooI vnnos hnvo fnbs fhnf fIf Info
sIofs In fho shoIIs, nnd nffor nssombIy fho fnbs nro sun fInf fo hoId fho nrfs
fogofhor. Tho cnsf nIumInum roncfor hns l2 vnnos of hydrofoII socfIon cnsf
InfogrnI wIfh fho hub, nnd n wIdo rIng of concnvo socfIon woIdod fo fho onds
of fho vnnos. Tho roncfor Is mounfod on nn ovor runnIng cIufch of fho roIIor
fyo. Tho forquo rnfIo of fho convorfor nf sfnII Is 2.l0:l

PIANTARY GARBOX
Iy rovIdIng InformodInfo gonrs bofwoon fho sun gonr nnd Innofnry
gonrs moshIng wIfh n rIng gonr, If Is ossIbIo fo uso fho snmo sun gonr nnd
fho snmo Innofnry gonrs for bofh fho Iow forwnrd sood nnd fho rovorso, nnd
fhIs nrrnngomonf Is usod In nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIons IncorornfIng n
hydrodynnmIc forquo convorfor.
Reaction
Gear
Band 1
Band 2
S1
S2
P1
Pc
C
Band 1
Band 2
ntermediate
Gear
Low
High
Reverse
Reverse
Gear
Planet
Carrier
OUTPUT
SHAFT
NPUT
SHAFT
R
Sun
Gear


Two smnII ndjnconf gonrs nro cnrrIod on fho drIvIng shnff-n drIvIng sun
gonr sIInod fhoroon. Tho roncfIon gonr cnn bo hoId from rofnfIon by monns of
n frIcfIon bnnd. Throo Innofnry gonrs mosh wIfh bofh fho rIng gonr nnd fho
roncfIon gonr, nnd fhroo InformodInfo gonrs of sIIghfIy moro fhnn fho
combInod fnco wIdfh of sun gonr nnd roncfIon gonr mosh wIfh bofh fho sun
gonr nnd Innofnry gonrs.

OPRATION



Ior Iow sood fho roncfIon gonr Is hoId from rofnfIon by monns of Ifs
frIcfIon bnnd. Tho sun gonr, whIch Is suosod fo furn Ioff-hnndodIy ns
IndIcnfod by fho nrrow, wIII furn fho InformodInfo gonrs rIghf-hnndodIy nnd
fho Innofnry (or rovorso) gonrs Ioff-hnndodIy nround fhoIr rosocfIvo nxos.
Tho Innofnry gonrs fhon roII on fho roncfIon gonr nnd cnrry fho Innof
cnrrIor--fho drIvon mombornIong wIfh fhom; honco fho drIvon mombor furns
In fho snmo dIrocfIon ns fho drIvIng shnff, buf nf n roducod sood. WhIIo fho
nssombIy Is boIng usod ns n Iow-sood forwnrd gonr fho rIng gonr furns IdIy
In fho snmo dIrocfIon In whIch fho sun gonr nnd Innof cnrrIor nro furnIng.

Ior dIrocf drIvo fho roncfIon gonr Is Iockod fo fho drIvIng shnff by
monns of n muIfIIo-dIsc frIcfIon cIufch. As fho fwo confrnI gonrs nro fhon
Iockod fogofhor, If Is ImossIbIo for fho Innofnry gonrs fo furn on fhoIr sfuds,
nnd fho whoIo nssombIy rofnfos ns n unIf.


Ior rovorso mofIon fho rIng gonr Is hoId from rofnfIon by Ifs frIcfIon
bnnd. Tho sun gonr, furnIng Ioff-hnndodIy, rofnfos fho InformodInfo gonrs
rIghf hnndodIy nnd fho Innofnry or rovorso gonrs Ioff-hnndodIy, nnd fho
Infor, roIIIng on fho rIng gonr, cnrry fho Innof cnrrIor nIong wIfh fhom In fho
rIghf-hnnd dIrocfIon, or In fho dIrocfIon oosIfo fo fhnf of fho sun gonr. Af
fho snmo fImo fho roncfIon gonr, whIch Is now roIonsod by Ifs frIcfIon bnnd,
IdIos In fho dIrocfIon In whIch fho Innof cnrrIor furns.

Whon fho drIvor sofs fho soIocfor Iovor In rIvo nnd dorossos fho
nccoIornfor odnI, fho cnr wIII sfnrf In Iow gonr, nnd nf n sood doformInod by
fho movomonf of fho nccoIornfor odnI wIII nufomnfIcnIIy shIff Info HIgh gonr.
Tho soIocfor Iovor hns fIvo osIfIons: Inrk, oufrnI, rIvo, !ow, nnd !ovorso.
To gof fho Iovor Info fho nrk osIfIon, If musf bo IIffod nbovo Ifs normnI
IovoI, nnd fo gof Info !ovorso If musf bo IIffod ovor n sfo.
GAR RATIOS
IIrsf Conr : l.82 : l
HIgh Conr : l : l
!ovorso Conr : l.82 : l
CI\TCH HYRA\IIC ACT\ATION SYSTM

An nIfornnfIvo nnd convonIonf mofhod of frnnsmIffIng forco nnd
movomonf Is by forcIng fIuId fhrough n fIoxIbIo InsfIc IoIIno runnIng
bofwoon fho foof-odnI nnd fho cIufch boII housIng.

ConfroIIod cIufch ncfIon Is nchIovod by hnvIng n mnsfor-cyIIndor boIfod
fo fho buIk hond nnd n ush-rod connocfIng fho cIufch-odnI movomonf fo fho
sIIdIng Isfon. A socond cyIIndor nnd Isfon-known ns fho sInvo-cyIIndor unIf-
nro Iocnfod nnd suorfod on nn oxfonsIon formod on fho boII-housIng fInngo.
Tho Isfon InsIdo fhIs cyIIndor convoys fho sIIghfosf movomonf fo fho fork-
Iovor fhrough fho sInvo ush rod. Tho fork-Iovor hns fho fhrusf-bonrIng
nssombIy nffnchod fo ono ond, nnd n shorIcnI Ivof Is sIfunfod sIIghfIy In
from fhIs ond.

Whon fho cIufch odnI Is dorossod, fho mnsfor-cyIIndor Isfon movos
forwnrds nnd ushos n confInuous coIumn of fIuId fhrough fho IoIIno.
ConsoquonfIy, nn oqunI voIumo of fIuId musf bo dIsIncod Info fho sInvo-
cyIIndor so fhnf fho Isfon movos ouf nnd fIIfs fho fork-Iovor. Tho nof rosuIf Is
fhnf fho frusf bonrIng dofocfs fho roIonso-fIngors so fhnf fho drIvon-Info wIII
sII.

Ingngomonf of fho cIufch occurs whon fho odnI Is roIonsod-fhIs nIIows
fho fIuId fo rofurn fo fho mnsfor-cyIIndor nnd Ifs rosorvoIr. Tho rofurn-srIng
In fho sInvo-cyIIndor wIII fhon mnInfnIn n sIIghf rossuro on fho fork-Iovor, so
fhnf fho frusf bonrIng wIII nIwnys bo In confncf wIfh fho roIonso-fIngors.

rIvon-Info wonr wIII bo comonsnfod for by fho sInvo rofurn-srIng
nnd Isfon nufomnfIcnIIy movIng ouf fo fnko u fho Incronsod fork-Iovor fIIf.
Whon subjocfod fo Inrgo Iovorngo forcos, hydrnuIIc ncfunfIng mochnnIsms do
nof suffor from frIcfIonnI wonr, ns do cnbIos. ThIs mnkos fhom nrfIcuInrIy
suIfnbIo for honvy-dufy nIIcnfIons on Inrgo frucks.

TOYOTA "CT-I" A NW A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION
WITH INTIIIGNT ICTRONIC CONTROI SYSTM

In roconf yonrs sInco fho oII crIsIs, fochnoIogIcnI dovoIomonfs for
nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIons hnvo boon nImod mnInIy nf fho Imrovomonf of fuoI
oconomy, wIfh omhnsIs Incod In IncronsIng fho offIcIoncy of fho comIofo
owor frnnsmIssIon sysfom, IncIudIng fho ongIno. Tho four-sood nufomnfIc
frnnsmIssIon, fho Iock-u cIufch nnd fhoIr oIocfronIc confroIs hnvo boon
dovoIood nnd fhoIr oIocfronIc confroIs hnvo boon dovoIood nnd uf Info
rncfIcnI nIIcnfIon. CurronfIy, offorfs nro boIng mndo fo Incronso fho
numbor of frnnsmIssIon soods for furfhor Imrovomonf of drIvnbIIIfy nnd
owor orformnnco.
Tho IovoI of vohIcIo orformnnco roquIrod by drIvors Is nIso bocomIng
hIghor nnd hIghor. In nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIons hIghor qunIIfy IovoIs nro
roquIrod nof onIy for fuoI oconomy nnd owor orformnnco buf nIso for shIff
qunIIfy noIso roducfIon, ofc... ConsoquonfIy, smoofhnoss nnd quIofnoss
IncIudIng roor confroIs for fho Incronsod numbor of gonr shIff oornfIons
roquIrod wIfh fho Incronso In frnnsmIssIon soods nro mnjor frnnsmIssIon
dovoIomonfs.
SPCIIICATIONS OI TH TOYOTA CT-I TRANSMISSION
S.O. SIICIIICATIOS VA!!IS
l Torquo CnncIfy 3.6 kg-m (353 -m)
2 Torquo Convorfor
3-IIomonf, 2-Ihnso wIfh !ocku
CIufch Tyo, ImoIIor Inmofor
2?2mm.
3
Conr TrnIn

Conr !nfIo
l
sf
2.53l:l
2
nd
l.53l:l
3
rd
l.000:l
O. 0.?05:l
!ovorso l.830:l
4 IrIcfIon IIomonf
6 Isc CIufchos
l Innd CIufchos
5 ShIff IosIfIons
6 IosIfIons
I-!---2-3
6 ConfroI Sysfom
IIocfronIc HydrnuIIc ConfroI
l9 VnIvos
2 O-OII SoIonoIds
2 !Inonr SoIonoIds
?
AufomnfIc
TrnnsmIssIon IIuId
CnncIfy 8.3 IIfors
8 WoIghf ?? kg (?55 )
!ndor such cIrcumsfnncos, TOYOTA hns dovoIood n now nufomnfIc
frnnsmIssIon, cnIIod fho A34lI. ThIs frnnsmIssIon omIoys n unIquo ongIno
nnd frnnsmIssIon Infogrnfod InfoIIIgonf confroI sysfom. Tho mnIn funcfIon of
fho ongIno nnd frnnsmIssIon Infogrnfod InfoIIIgonf confroI sysfom nro ongIno
forquo confroI nnd cIufch hydrnuIIc rossuro confroI. And fho suor IIow
Torquo convorfor hns n modIfIod goomofry ofImIzod by fho nnnIysIs of
InfornnI fIow by monns of comufor sImuInfIons, nffnInIng fho hIghosf
offIcIoncy In fho worId. WIfh fho uso of such sysfoms, fhIs now nufomnfIc
frnnsmIssIon hns nffnInod vory smoofh shIff chnngos ovor sysfom IIfo.



NGIN AN TRANSMISSION INTGRAT INTIIIGNT
CONTROI SYSTM



NW GNRATION CI\TCH HYRA\IIC ACT\ATION SYSTM

TrndIfIonnIIy mnnunI cIufch ncfunfIon for nufomobIIos wns n sIn-off
from hydrnuIIc brnko fochnoIogy nnmoIy honvy sfooI or cnsf Iron cyIIndors,
sfooI Ios nnd rubbor hosos. Iocnuso of fhIs nrchnIc, InoffIcIonf nnd
oxonsIvo nronch fo rovIdIng n mochnnIcnI ndvnnfngo, nn nIfornnfIvo
Iowor cosf sysfom of cnbIo oornfIon gnInod ouInrIfy fhroughouf fho
Indusfry. Howovor, fho l:l rnfIo of n cnbIo Ius roufIng robIoms, VH
Issuos, offIcIoncy Iossos nnd fho nood for comIox ndjusfmonf mochnnIsms,
oonod u fho oorfunIfy for n robIrfh of fho oId hydrnuIIc concof.

Tho gonI wns fo dosIgn n sysfom wIfh n fofnIIy now nronch fhnf
wouId moof fho foIIowIng crIforIn, hIgh offIcIoncy, Incronsod fomornfuro
rosIsfnnco, Incronsod durnbIIIfy, roducod nckngos sIzo nnd woIghf, cosf
comofIfIvo wIfh cnbIo sysfoms, nnd fInnIIy fo fnko ndvnnfngo of fho Infosf
ndvnncos In mnforInIs nnd rocossos.




















TWO MARKS Q\STIONS

\NIT I CI\TCH AN GARBOX

l. Whnf nro fho roquIromonfs of n frnnsmIssIon sysfom
2. Sfnfo fho rIncIIo of frIcfIon cIufch.
3. Whnf nro fho vnrIous comononfs of n cIufch
4. Whnf nro fho roquIromonfs of n cIufch
5. Whnf Is fho nocossIfy of rovIdIng cIufch froo odnI Iny
6. Why nro coII srIngs InsfnIIod In n cIufch Info (Or) IndIcnfo fho funcfIon
of fho cIufch dnmor srIng.
?. Whnf nro fho vnrIous mnforInIs usod In fho mnnufncfuro of cIufchos
8. Whnf nro fho vnrIous comononfs of fho frnnsmIssIon sysfom
9. Why nro cIufch frIcfIon Info orfornfod
l0. !Isf ouf fho vnrIous fyos of cIufchos usod In rncfIco.
ll. Whnf nro monnf by wof nnd dry cIufchos
l2. ofIno cIufch grnb nnd cInffor.
l3. MonfIon fho ndvnnfngos of dInhrngm srIng cIufch.
l4. WrIfo n nofo on cIufch Info mnforInIs.
l5. IxInIn fho ronsons for usIng conos ns ongngIng surfnco In n cono cIufch.
l6. Why nro wof-fyo of muIfI Info dIsc cIufch roforrod In nufomnfIc
frnnsmIssIon
l?. Whnf nro fho vnrIous mnforInIs In whIch n gonr box Is mndo
l8. Whnf nro fho vnrIous fyos of IubrIcnfIon nvnIInbIo In rncfIco
l9. Sfnfo dIfforonf fyos of gonr boxos usod In rncfIco
20. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of gonr rnfIos formIng goomofrIcnI sorIos (Or)
Why fho gonr rnfIos nro nrrnngod In goomofrIcnI rogrossIon
2l. Whnf Is fho rIncIIo of n synchromosh gonr box
22. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of usIng n sur gonr

23. Whnf Is fho uroso of gonr box In n frnnsmIssIon sysfom (Or)
Sfnfo fho funcfIon of n gonr box
24. Whnf do you monn by fho form sood synchronIzIng
25. Whnf nro fho dIfforonf fnuIfs found In n gonr box
26. !Isf ouf fho vnrIous mnforInIs usod for fho mnnufncfuro of gonrs
2?. Skofch n fhroo sood consfnnf mosh gonr box
28. MonfIon fow mnforInIs usod for frnnsmIssIon shnffs
29. Iscuss fho orformnnco curvos of n gonr box
30. Skofch 3-sood consfnnf mosh gonr box
3l. Whnf Is fho funcfIon of synchronIzor
32. IInd ouf fho nxInI forco roquIrod fo synchronIzo fho soods. CIvon
cooffIcIonf of frIcfIon = 0.04, cono nngIo Is l0 dogroo, nnguInr
nccoIornfIon Is 50 rnd/soc, momonf of InorfIn 254 kg cm nnd fho monn
rndIus of fho cono surfnco 4.l3 cm.
















\NIT II II\I CO\PIING AN TORQ\ CONVNTR

l. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of fho fIuId couIIng
2. ofIno forquo cnncIfy
3. Sfnfo fho rIncIIo of forquo convorsIon
4. Sfnfo n fow ndvnnfngos of oIy hnso forquo convorfors
5. IfforonfInfo cIonrIy bofwoon n forquo convorfor nnd n fIuId couIIng
6. IIucIdnfo fhroo mnIn dIfforoncos bofwoon fIuId couIIng nnd forquo
convorfor.
?. ofIno sII In n fIuId couIIng.
8. Whnf Is fho funcfIon of fho roncfIon mombor In fho forquo convorfor
9. Whnf do you monn by couIIng oInf In fwo hnso forquo convorfor
l0. rnw fho oInr dIngrnm IIIusfrnfIng fho rIncIIo of hydro dynnmIc
forquo convorsIon.
ll. Whnf nro fho vnrIous monns usod fo roduco drng forquo In fIuId couIIng
l2. Whnf nro fho IImIfnfIons of fIuId couIIng
l3. Whnf Is fho funcfIon of n forquo convorfor
l4. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of hydrnuIIc frnnsmIssIon drIvos ovor ofhor
drIvos
l5. Whnf nro fho IImIfnfIons of hydrodynnmIc forquo convorfor
l6. Whnf Is fho offocf of sII In couIIng
l?. Iscuss fho orformnnco chnrncforIsfIcs of fIuId couIIng
l8. Whnf Is n convorfor- couIIng
l9. Whnf Is muIfIsfngo nnd oIy hnso forquo convorfors
20. Whnf Is monnf by drng forquo
2l. A ofroI ongIno dovoIos l0 -m forquo nf mnxImum IHI sood of
4000rm. oformIno fho dInmofor of fho ImoIIor roquIrod fo frnnsmIf fho
forquo for n sII of 3.
22. MonfIon fho roorfIos fo bo snfIsfIod for fho workIng fIuId usod In hydro
dynnmIc drIvo.
\NIT III A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION

l. Whnf nro fho dIsndvnnfngos of AufomnfIc TrnnsmIssIon whon
comnrod fo convonfIonnI frnnsmIssIon
2. Whnf nro fho vnrIous nrfs of nn AufomnfIc TrnnsmIssIon Sysfom
3. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of ovordrIvo
4. In n gonr sysfom, fho fronf unIf hnvIng InfornnI gonr of 6? foofh nnd
run gonr of 30 foofh. IInd fho gonr rnfIo.
5. Whnf Is fho funcfIon of nn ovor- runnIng cIufch In nn ovor- drIvo
frnnsmIssIon
6. Why Is IockIng dovIco nocossnry for ovor runnIng cIufch In ovor drIvo
?. How nro dIfforonf soods obfnInod In n Innofnry gonr box
8. How Is rovorsIng nchIovod In n Innofnry gonr sof
9. !Isf ouf nny fhroo morIfs of nn nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon.
l0. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of fho oIcycIIc honr box ovor fho ordInnry
gonr box

ll. Whnf nro fho roInfIvo morIfs of AufomnfIc TrnnsmIssIon whon
comnrod fo convonfIonnI frnnsmIssIon
l2. In oIcycIIc box fo gof forwnrd sood nnd rovorso sood normnIIy
whIch mombor Is fIxod









\NIT IV HYROSTATIC RIV AN ICTRIC RIV

l. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos nnd IImIfnfIons of IIocfrIcnI drIvo
2. Whnf Is fho vnrIous hydrnuIIc frnnsmIssIon drIvos usod In rncfIco
3. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos of hydrosfnfIc drIvos
4. IfforonfInfo cIonrIy bofwoon n hydrodynnmIc nnd hydrosfnfIc drIvo
sysfoms
5. rnw fho curvos of gonornfor Inuf forquo nnd mofor forquo vorsus
nrmnfuro curronf
6. Whnf Is fho rIncIIo of oIocfrIc forquo convorsIon on nn oIocfrIc
drIvos
?. Whnf nro fho dIfforoncos In onrIy nnd Infor wnrd !oonnrd sysfoms of
confroI
8. Whnf nro fho dIsndvnnfngos of hydrosfnfIc drIvos
9. IxInIn fho nood for rovIdIng n foof swIfch oornfod nddIfIonnI fIoId
rosIsfnnco In fho gonornfor fIoId of n modorn oIocfrIc drIvos for busos
l0. Skofch fho offIcIoncy nnd forquo chnrncforIsfIcs for hydrosfnfIc
drIvos hnvIng fIxod dIsIncomonf um n vnrInbIo mofor.
ll. Skofch fho offIcIoncy nnd forquo chnrncforIsfIcs for hydrosfnfIcs
drIvo hnvIng vnrInbIo dIsIncomonf um n fIxod dIsIncomonf
mofor.


\NIT V A\TOMATIC TRANSMISSION APPIICATIONS
l. Whnf nro fho funcfIons of InfoIIIgonf oIocfronIc confroI sysfom of Toyofn
frnnsmIssIon
2. IrIof nbouf fho confroIs usod In Toyofn ICT-I nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon
wIfh InfoIIIgonf confroI sysfom.
3. WrIfo n nofo on now gonornfIon hydrnuIIc ncfunfIon sysfom of n cIufch


MOI Q\STION PAPR

B.. A\TOMOBII NGINRING

AT 335 - A\TOMOTIV TRANSMISSION

TIme: 3 Houvs Mux. Muvks: 100

Answev AII QuestIons

PART A (10 x 2 = 20 Muvks)

l. Whnf nro fho roquIromonfs of n frnnsmIssIon sysfom
2. IxInIn fho ronsons for usIng cono ns ongngIng surfnco In cono cIufch.
3. oscrIbo fho rocoduro for nrrIvIng of suIfnbIo gonr rnfIos for Trncfors.
4. IfforonfInfo Torquo Convorfor nnd IIuId CouIIng.
5. How fho forquo rnfIo of n forquo convorfor vnrIos wIfh sood rnfIo
6. Comnro fho orformnnco chnrncforIsfIcs of dIfforonf hydrnuIIc ums
nnd hydrnuIIc mofors combInnfIons.
?. !Isf ouf fho morIfs nnd domorIfs of HydrosfnfIc drIvo.
8. Whnf nro fho ndvnnfngos nnd IImIfnfIons of oIocfrIc drIvo
9. IxInIn AufomnfIc nnd SomI-AufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon.
l0. WrIfo n brIof nofo on AufomnfIc OvordrIvo.

PART B (5 x 16 = B0 Muvks)


ll. Skofch fho WIIson Innofnry gonrbox. IxInIn cIonrIy how fho fhIrd
gonr rnfIo Is obfnInod for fhIs gonrbox.






l2. n) IxInIn fho consfrucfIon nnd oornfIon of dInhrngm srIng
cIufch wIfh n nonf skofch.

(OR)

l2. b)I)Skofch nnd oxInIn fho vnrInfIon of TrncfIvo offorf wIfh vohIcIo sood.

II) IxInIn fho nocossIfy of gonrbox for n vohIcIo usIng orformnnco curvos
nnnIysIs.




l3.n) IfforonfInfo MuIfIsfngo nnd IoIy hnso forquo convorfor.
Skofch nnd oxInIn fho orformnnco chnrncforIsfIcs for fho nbovo fwo
fyos of forquo convorfors.

(OR)

l3.b) Skofch nnd oxInIn WHITI`s hydro forquo drIvo.


l4.n) IxInIn fho Jnnny hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon wIfh n skofch.

(OR)

l4.b) WIfh n cIrcuIf dIngrnm oxInIn fho oornfIon of IIocfrIc drIvo for
cIfy busos.

l5.n) WIfh n bnsIc hydrnuIIc cIrcuIf dIngrnm, oxInIn fho funcfIons of
vnrIous vnIvos whIIo ongngIng socond gonr.

(OR)

l5.b) oscrIbo ChovroIof 'Turbo gIIdo` nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon sysfom.


* * * * *




I.I./I.Toch. IC!II IXAMIATIO, OVIMII!/ICIMII! 2003.
IIffh Somosfor
AufomobIIo IngInoorIng
AT 335 A!TOMOTIVI T!ASMISSIO
TImo: Throo hours MnxImum : l00 mnrks
Answor A!! fho quosfIons.
IA!T A (l0 2 = 20 mnrks)
l. Whnf nro fho roquIromonfs for nn nufomofIvo cIufch
2. WIfh n skofch IIIusfrnfo fho rIncIIo of frIcfIon cIufch.
3. rnw fho Inyouf of sIIdIng mosh gonr box.
4. Whnf IInd ouf fho nxInI forco roquIrod fo synchronIzo fho soods. CIvon
cooffIcIonf of frIcfIon = 0.04, cono nngIo Is l0 dogroo, nnguInr nccoIornfIon Is 50
rnd/soc, momonf of InorfIn 254 kg cm nnd fho monn rndIus of fho cono surfnco 4.l3
cm.
5. A ofroI ongIno dovoIos l0 -m forquo nf n mnxImum IHI sood of 4000rm.
oformIno fho dInmofor of fho ImoIIor roquIrod fo frnnsmIf fho forquo for n sII of
3.
6. Whnf Is monnf by drng forquo IxInIn n mofhod of mInImIzIng If
?. How fho offIcIoncy of n forquo convorfor vnrIos wIfh sood rnfIo
8. Whnf nro fho dIfforonf fyos of hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon combInnfIon SocIfy
fho fonfuros of fhom.
9. WrIfo n nofo on now gonornfIon hydrnuIIc ncfunfIon sysfom of n cIufch
l0. !Isf ouf fho morIfs nnd domorIfs of oIocfrIc drIvo.
1?0
B13
IA!T I (5 l6 = 80 mnrks)
ll. Tho b. of n vohIcIo Is 94.2 kW nf 3300 rm. Tho fofnI frncfIvo rosIsfnnco on Iow
gonr IncIudIng grndIonf rosIsfnnco Is 5395.5 nnd fhnf In fho fo gonr Is l69?
. fho dInmofor of fho whooIs Is 0.9l44 m nnd fho offIcIoncy of fho
frnnsmIssIon Is ?5 on Iow gonr nnd 85 In fo gonr. CnIcuInfo fho gonr rnfIo
for n fhroo-sood gonr box.

l2. (n) IxInIn fho rIncIIo of oornfIon of hydrodynnmIc fIuId couIIng wIfh
roIovnnf skofch.
Or
(b) IxInIn fho rIncIIo of oornfIon of hydrodynnmIc forquo convorfor wIfh n
oInr dIngrnm.

l3. (n) IxInIn how socond gonr Is obfnInod In WIIson gonr box wIfh n nonf skofch.
oduco fho socond gonr rnfIo.

Or
(b) How shIff vnIvos nro confroIIod by fhroffIo nnd govornor vnIvos / wIfh n
hydrnuIIc cIrcuIf oxInIn how socond gonr Is ongngod

l4. (n) oscrIbo Jnnny hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon sysfom wIfh n nonf skofch.
Or
(b) IxInIn fho rIncIIo of modIfIod wnrd !oonnrd fyo of confroI for oIocfrIc
drIvo In vohIcIos.

l5. (n) IxInIn fho consfrucfIon nnd oornfIon of sIngIo Info dInhrngm srIng
cIufch wIfh n nonf skofch.
Or
(b) IxInIn ChovroIof 'furbo gIIdo` nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon sysfom wIfh n
skofch.





I.I./I.Toch. IC!II IXAMIATIO, OVIMII!/ICIMII! 2004.
IIffh Somosfor
AufomobIIo IngInoorIng
AT 335 A!TOMOTIVI T!ASMISSIO
TImo: Throo hours MnxImum: l00 mnrks
Answor A!! fho quosfIons.
IA!T A (l0 2 = 20 mnrks)
l. Inumornfo fho vnrIous roquIromonfs f bo snfIsfIod by n cIufch.
2. Whnf nro fho mnIn funcfIons fo bo orformod by fho vohIcIo frnnsmIssIon
sysfom
3. WrIfo fho roquIromonfs fo bo snfIsfIod by nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon fIuIds.
4. WrIfo fho ndvnnfngos of fIuId couIIng.
5. WrIfo fho ndvnnfngos of oIcycIIc gonr sysfom.
6. Whnf Is monnf by drng forquo nnd how If cnn bo roducod
?. WrIfo fho ndvnnfngos of hydrosfnfIc drIvos.
8. IrIof nbouf fho ndvnnfngos of oIocfrIc drIvos In n nufomnfIc vohIcIo.
9. IrIof nbouf fho confroIs usod In Toyofn ICT-I nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon wIfh
InfoIIIgonf confroI sysfom.
l0. wrIfo fho ndvnnfngos of dInhrngm fyo of cIufch

K 100?
1?0 B13
IA!T I (5 l6 = 80 mnrks)
ll. A fruck hns n gross vohIcIo woIghf of 89026 . ongIno dIsIncomonf Is
l0m
3
, owor ??.3kW nf govornod sood, of 2400 r..m. mnxImum forquo,
345.8 m nf l400r..m. !onr nxIo rnfIo, 6.l66: l. fourfh sood roducfIon
rnfIo In frnnsmIssIon,l.605 :l, drIvo IIno Iossos nmounf fo l0.?kW nf
2400r..m nnd 6.3kW nf l400r..m.fyo sIzo 0.45?2 m xl.0l6m(offocfIvo
whooI dInmofor 0.950m),fronfnI nron of fruck 6.95mcnIcuInfo fho grndos
whIch fho vohIcIo cnn cIImb In fourfh gonr In sfIII nIr condIfIons.
(I) Af govornod ongIno sood; nnd
(II) Af sood of mnxImum forquo, In fho oqunfIon
! = KW +Kn A V
Kn= 0.0462 whoro V In km/hr
l2. (n) Iy usIng fho IIno skofch oxInIn fho workIng of hydrodynnmIc forquo
convorfor.
(Or)
(b) rnw grnh for chnrncforIsfIcs of n convonfIonnI fhroo oIomonf convorfor
by usIng fhIs oxInIn fho gonornI roorfIos of fho hydrodynnmIc forquo
convorfor.
l3. (n) doscrIbo fho workIng rIncIIo of ford modoI T Innofnry frnnsmIssIon
wIfh n suIfnbIo skofch.
(Or)
(b) IxInIn fho workIng rIncIIo of WIIson Innofnry frnnsmIssIon. rnw
nonf IIno skofch of fho sysfom.
l4. (n) Iy usIng sImIo IIno skofch oxInIn fho workIng of jnnnoy hydrosfnfIc
drIvo. (Or)
(b) oscrIbo fho workIng of onrIy wnrd !oonnrd confroI sysfom.
l5. (n) oscrIbo fho workIng of ChovroIof furbogIIdo frnnsmIssIon.
(Or)
(b) oscrIbo fho consfrucfIon nnd workIng of sIngIo Info srIng cIufch.
---------------

I.I./I.Toch. IC!II IXAMIATIO, AI!I!/MAY 2005.
IIffh Somosfor
AufomobIIo IngInoorIng
AT 335 A!TOMOTIVI T!ASMISSIO
TImo: Throo hours MnxImum: l00 mnrks
Answor A!! fho quosfIons.
IA!T A (l0 2 = 20 mnrks)
l. Whnf Is monnf by doubIo doducfIng
2. How cIufchos nro cInssIfIod
3. Whnf Is fho rIncIIo of synchronIzIng
4. Whnf nro fho dIfforoncos bofwoon fIuId couIIng nnd forquo convorfor
5. ofIno sII wIfh rosocf fo forquo convorfor.
6. Sfnfo somo ndvnnfngos of hydromofrIc frnnsmIssIon.
?. Whnf nro hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon combInnfIons
8. Whnf Is monnf by furbo gIIdo
9. Whnf Is monnf by InfoIIIgonf confroI
l0. Comnro n mochnnIcnI cIufch wIfh fIuIds couIIng.
IA!T I (5 l6 = 80 mnrks)
ll. In n gonr box fho cIufch shnff InIon hns l4 foofh nnd Iow gonr mnIn shnff InIon
32 foofh. Tho corrosondIng Iny shnff InIons hnvo 36 foofh nnd l8 foofh. Tho
nxIo rnfIo Is 3.?:l nnd offocfIvo rndIus of fho ronr fyo Is 35.5 cm. cnIcuInfo fho
cnr sood In fho nbovo nrrnngomonf nf nn ongIno sood of 2500rm.
S 202
l2. (n) (I)dIscuss vnrIous fyo of gonr boxos usod In nn nufomobIIo. (6)
(II) Whnf Is n synchronIzIng dovIco How fhIs dovIco hoIs smoofh gonr
ongngomonf. (l0)
Or
(b) (I) Whnf Is fho funcfIons of n cIufch (3)
(II) rnw n nonf skofch of n confrIfugnI cIufch nnd oxInIn Ifs
consfrucfIon nnd oornfIon. (l3)

l3. (n) Whnf Is n fIuId couIIng IxInIn Ifs consfrucfIonnI dofnIIs. rnw nnd
oxInIn Ifs orformnnco curvos. (l6)

Or
(b) rnw n nonf skofch of n muIfIsfngo forquo convorfor nnd oxInIn Ifs
consfrucfIon nnd workIng rIncIIo. (l6)

l4. (n) (I) Whnf Is monnf by nufomnfIc drIvo (4)
(II)rnw n schomnfIc dIngrnm of hydrnuIIc confroI sysfom for nufomnfIc
frnnsmIssIon nnd oxInIn. (l2)
Or
(b) (I) Whnf nro fho rIncIIos InvoIvod In hydrosfnfIc drIvo Whnf nro If
ndvnnfngos nnd IImIfnfIons (8)
(II) Comnro hydrosfnfIc nnd hydrodynnmIc frnnsmIssIon. (8)

l5. (n) rnw n nonf skofch of n ChovroIof Turbo gIIdo frnnsmIssIon nnd oxInIn
Ifs snIIonf fonfuros. (l6)
Or
(b) (I) Iscuss nbouf Toyofn ICT-I TrnnsmIssIon. (8)
(II) Iscuss nbouf HydrnuIIc AcfunfIon sysfom. (8)





I.I./I.Toch. IC!II IXAMIATIO, AI!I!/MAY 2004.
IIffh Somosfor
AufomobIIo IngInoorIng
AT 335 A!TOMOTIVI T!ASMISSIO
TImo: Throo hours MnxImum: l00 mnrks
Answor A!! fho quosfIons.
IA!T A (l0 2 = 20 mnrks)
l. !Isf ouf fho roquIromonfs of frnnsmIssIon sysfom.
2. How ongngomonf nnd dIsongngomonf cnn bo nffocfod In nn oIocfromngnofIc
cIufch.
3. Whnf Is monnf by frncfIvo offorf How Is If obfnInod from ongIno forquo
4. Whnf Is fho funcfIon of n gonr synchronIzor
5. How fho forquo rnfIo of n forquo convorfor vnrIos wIfh sood rnfIo
6. Comnro fho orformnnco chnrncforIsfIcs of dIfforonf hydrnuIIc um nnd
mofor combInnfIons.
?. Whnf nro ndvnnfngos nnd IImIfnfIons of oIocfrIc drIvo
8. Whnf Is fho offocf of curronf on vnrInfIon of forquo of nn oIocfrIc drIvos
9. Whnf nro fho funcfIons of InfoIIIgonf oIocfronIc confroI sysfom of Toyofn
frnnsmIssIon
l0. A ofroI ongIno dovoIos l3 m forquo nf n mnxImum b.h. sood of
3500rm.doformIno of fho ImoIIor roquIrod fo frnnsmIf If fho forquo for n
sII of 3.
IA!T I (5 l6 = 80 mnrks)
ll. IxInIn ChovroIof furbo gIIdo nufomnfIc frnnsmIssIon sysfom wIfh n
skofch.
J 2?1
l2. (n) A moforcnr ongIno dovoIos 5.9 b.k W nf2l00rm. IInd fho suIfnbIo sIzo
of cIufch Info hnvIng frIcfIon IInIngs rIvofod on bofh sIdos, fo frnnsmIf fho
owor, undor fho foIIowIng condIfIons:
(v) InfonsIfy of rossuro on fho surfnco nof fo oxcood 6.8?xl0 n.
(vI) SII forquo nnd Iossos duo fo wonr ofc. Is 35 of ongIno forquo.
(vII) CooffIcIonf of frIcfIon on confncf surfnco Is 0.3.
(vIII) InsIdo dInmofor of fho frIcfIon Info Is 0.55 fImos fho oufsIdo
dInmofor.
AIso cnIcuInfo fho dImonsIons of rossuro Info.
Or
(b) Tho cooffIcIonf of roIIIng rosIsfnnco for n fruck woIghIng 62293.5 Is
0.0l8 nnd fho cooffIcIonf of nIr rosIsfnnco Is 0.02?6 In fho formuIn
!=KW+Kn AV, , whoro A Is m of fronfnI nron nnd V fho sood In
km/hr. fho frnnsmIssIon offIcIoncy In fo gonr of 6.2:l Is 90 nnd fhnf In
fho socond gonr of l5:l Is 88. Tho fronfnI nron Is 5.5?4 m. If fho fruck
hns fo hnvo mnxImum sood of88km/hr. In fo gonr cnIcuInfo.
(I) fho ongIno b. roquIrod;
(II) fho ongIno sood If fho drIvIng whooIs hnvo nn offocfIvo dInmofor of
0.8l25m;
(III) Tho mnxImum grndo fho fruck cnn nogofInfo nf fho nbovo ongIno
sood In socond gonr.
l3. (n) IxInIn fho rIncIIo nnd oornfIon of fIuId couIIng wIfh skofchos.
Or
(b) IxInIn fho nocossnry, consfrucfIon nnd oornfIon of muIfI-sfngo forquo
convorfor wIfh n nonf skofch.
l4. (n) IxInIn how socond gonr Is obfnInod In WIIson gonr box wIfh n nonf
skofch. oduco fhnf gonr rnfIo.
Or
(b) IxInIn fho consfrucfIon nnd oornfIon of cofnI oIocfromngnofIc
frnnsmIssIon wIfh n skofch.
l5. (n) oscrIbo jnnny hydrosfnfIc frnnsmIssIon sysfom wIfh n nonf skofch.(Or)
(b) IxInIn fho rIncIIo of wnrd !oonnrd fyo of confroI for oIocfrIc drIvo.