RFID Quan Li Nhan Su

AI HOC QUOC GIA TP HO CH MINH
TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA

KHOA IEN - IEN T
BO MON VIEN THONG
------------o0o------------
LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP
NG DUNG CONG NGHE RFID

VAO HE THONG QUAN LY NHAN S
GVHD: ThS. NGUYEN CH NGOC

SVTH: NGUYEN NH THANH
MSSV: 40502604
Tp.Ho Ch Minh 1/2010
NHAN XET ANH GIA (Ngi phan bien)

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NHAN XET ANH GIA (GVHD)

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TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA Tp.HCM CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM
KHOA IEN IEN T
oc lap T do Hanh phuc

-----------------------------Ngay
Thang
Nam
PHIEU CHAM BAO VE LUAN VAN

(Danh cho ngi phan bien)
1. Ho va ten sinh vien: NGUYEN NH THANH
MSSV: 40502604
Nganh : ien t - Vien thong
2. e tai: ng dung cong nghe RFID vao he thong quan ly nhan s
3. Ho va ten ngi hng dan: .........................................................................
4. Tong quat ve ban thuyet minh
So trang
......................
So chng
......................
So bang so lieu
......................
So hnh ve
......................
So tai lieu tham khao
......................
Phan mem tnh toan
......................
Hien vat (san pham)
......................
5. Tong quat ve cac bang ve
- So ban ve:
.............. ban A1
............. ban A2
.............. kho khac
- So ban ve tay: ..............
So ban ve tren may tnh:
.............
6. Nhng u iem chnh cua LVTN:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
7. Nhng thieu sot chnh cua LVTN:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
8. e ngh: c bao ve
Bo sung them e bao ve
Khong c bao ve
9. Ba cau hoi sinh vien phai tra li trc hoi ong:
a) .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
b) ......................................................................................................................................
c) .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
10. anh gia chung (bang ch: gioi, kha,TB)..
iem
/10
Ky ten
(ghi ro ho ten)
TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA Tp.HCM CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM
KHOA IEN IEN T

-----------------------------Ngay
Thang
Nam
PHIEU CHAM BAO VE LUAN VAN

(Danh cho CBHD)
1. Ho va ten sinh vien: NGUYEN NH THANH
MSSV: 40502604
Nganh : ien t - Vien thong
2. e tai: ng dung cong nghe RFID vao he thong quan ly nhan s
3. Ho va ten ngi hng dan: ............................................................................
4. Tong quat ve ban thuyet minh
So trang
......................
So chng
......................
So bang so lieu
......................
So hnh ve
......................
So tai lieu tham khao
......................
Phan mem tnh toan
......................
Hien vat (san pham)
......................
5. Tong quat ve cac bang ve
- So ban ve:
.............. ban A1
............. ban A2
.............. kho khac
- So ban ve tay: ..............
So ban ve tren may tnh: .............
6. Nhng u iem chnh cua LVTN:
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................
7. Nhng thieu sot chnh cua LVTN:
............................................................................................................................................
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............................................................................................................................................
8. e ngh: c bao ve
Bo sung them e bao ve
Khong c bao ve
9. Ba cau hoi sinh vien phai tra li trc hoi ong:
a) ......................................................................................................................................
b) ......................................................................................................................................
c) .....................................................................................................................................
10. anh gia chung (bang ch: gioi, kha,TB). iem
/10
Ky ten
(ghi ro ho ten)
AI HOC QUOC GIA Tp.HCM

CONG HOA XA HOI CHU NGHA VIET NAM
TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA Tp.HCM
------------
-----------------------
So: __________/BKNT
NHIEM VU LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP
KHOA: IEN IEN T

BO MON VIEN THONG
HO VA TEN: NGUYEN NH THANH

NGANH: IEN T VIEN THONG
MSSV: 40502604
1. au e luan van: NG DUNG CONG NGHE RFID

VAO HE THONG QUAN LY NHAN S
2. Nhiem vu (yeu cau noi dung va so lieu ban au) :
..... ......................................................................................................................................
..... ......................................................................................................................................
..... ......................................................................................................................................
..... ......................................................................................................................................
..... ......................................................................................................................................
..... ......................................................................................................................................
..... ......................................................................................................................................
3. Ngay giao nhiem vu luan van:
/
/ 2009
4. Ngay hoan thanh luan van:
/
/ 2010
5. Ho va ten ngi hng dan :
Phan hng dan :
Th.S NGUYEN CH NGOC
Noi dung va yeu cau luan van a c thong qua bo mon Vien Thong
Ngay
Thang
Nam 2010
CHU NHIEM BO MON

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten)
PHAN DANH CHO KHOA, BO MON
NGI HNG DAN CHNH

(Ky va ghi ro ho ten)
Ngi duyet (cham s bo): ......................................

n v: ....................................................................
Ngay bao ve: ..........................................................
iem tong ket: ........................................................
Ni lu tr luan van: ...............................................
LI CM N
Em xin gi en thay giao - Th.s Nguyen Ch Ngoc li cam n sau sac, chan thanh
nhat v s tan tam, hng dan chu ao va tao moi ieu kien thuan li e em hoan
thanh tot e tai luan van nay.
ong thi em cung xin chan thanh cam n Trng ai hoc Bach Khoa, Khoa ien
- ien t, cac thay co trong Bo mon Vien Thong a truyen at nhng kien thc
quy bau trong suot nhng nam qua va tao ieu kien tot nhat cho em trong thi gian
thc hien luan van nay.
Nhan dp nay, em cung xin gi en cac anh ch, cac ban trong khoa ien - ien t
a giup , ong vien, tao ieu kien cho em hoan thanh luan van tot nghiep nay.
Tuy nhien, trong qua trnh thc hien e tai luan van cua mnh, em chac chan se
khong tranh khoi nhng sai lam va thieu sot, knh mong cac thay co thong cam, ch
bao them.
Xin tran trong cam n!
Sinh vien thc hien
Nguyn nh Thanh
Tp.H Ch Minh 1/2010
ii
TOM TAT LUAN VAN

YEU CAU LUAN VAN
Tm hieu cong nghe RFID.
Truyen nhan d lieu gia reader va the qua PC.
Viet chng trnh He thong quan ly nhan s.
CONG VIEC A THC HIEN

Hoan thanh chng trnh oc va ghi thong tin vao the hoat ong on nh, chnh xac.
Chng trnh He thong quan ly nhan s hoat ong tot, tuy nhien e a vao ng
dung thc te mot cach rong rai va a dang can cai tien them mot so hang muc lien quan
khac.
TOM TAT NOI DUNG BAO CAO

Phan 1. Tm hieu cong nghe nhan dang vo tuyen - RFID
Phan nay trnh bay tong quan ve ly thuyet va i sau tm hieu chi tiet cac thanh phan
lien quan en cong nghe RFID va cac ng dung cua no trong thc te.
Phan 2. Thiet ke va thi cong
Trnh bay ve s o khoi, giai thuat, chng trnh va ket qua thi cong.
iii
MUC LUC
Trang ba ............................................................................................................................... i
Nhiem vu luan van ................................................................................................................
Li cam n ........................................................................................................................... ii
Tom tat................................................................................................................................ iii
Muc luc ............................................................................................................................... iv
Danh sach hnh ve ............................................................................................................... v
Danh sach bang bieu .......................................................................................................... vi
Danh sach cac t viet tat ................................................................................................... vii
PHAN 1
TM HIEU CONG NGHE NHAN DANG VO TUYEN - RFID

----------------------Chng 1. TONG QUAN VE CONG NGHE RFID
1.1. S lc ve cac he thong nhan dang t ong ...................................................... 1
1.1.1. He thong ma vach (Barcode system) ..................................................................... 1
1.1.2. Nhan dang ky t quang hoc (Optical character recognition - OCR) ...................... 1
1.1.3. Phng thc sinh trac hoc (Biometric procedures) ................................................ 2
1.1.4. The thong minh (Smart Cards) ............................................................................... 2
1.1.5. He thong RFID (RFID System).............................................................................. 4
1.2. Gii thieu chung ve nhan dang vo tuyen RFID ............................................................ 5
1.2.1. Lch s phat trien cua he thong RFID ................................................................... 5
1.2.2. Khai niem RFID ..................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3. So sanh cac he thong ID khac nhau ....................................................................... 8
1.3. Cac thanh phan cua mot he thong RFID ...................................................................... 9
1.3.1. The RFID ............................................................................................................. 10
iv
1.3.2. Reader .................................................................................................................. 17

1.3.3. Database............................................................................................................... 25
1.4. Giao thc the RFID ..................................................................................................... 25
1.4.1. Thuat ng va khai niem ....................................................................................... 25
1.4.2. Phng thc lu tr d lieu tren the .................................................................... 27
1.4.3. Thu tuc SINGULATION va ANTI-COLLISION ................................................. 28
1.5. ieu le va chuan hoa .................................................................................................. 33
1.6. Mot so tieu chuan xay dng cho cong nghe RFID ..................................................... 33
1.7. Tan so vo tuyen hoat ong cua RFID ......................................................................... 34
1.8. Cac ng dung RFID hien hanh ................................................................................... 35
1.8.1. RFID trong viec x phat....................................................................................... 36
1.8.2. RFID trong an ninh quoc gia ................................................................................ 36
1.8.3. Trong he thong vien thong ................................................................................... 37
1.8.4. ng dung trong quan ly th vien ......................................................................... 37
1.8.5. ng dung trong quan ly ban hang ........................................................................ 38
1.8.6. Nhan dang ong vat ............................................................................................. 39
1.8.7. Cay ghep vao con ngi ...................................................................................... 39
1.8.8. Tnh ph trong giao thong ..................................................................................... 40
1.9. u, nhc iem cua he thong RFID ........................................................................... 40
1.9.1. u iem ................................................................................................................ 40
1.9.2. Nhc iem .......................................................................................................... 41
1.10. Phng thc lam viec cua RFID .............................................................................. 42
Chng 2. CAC HE THONG RFID C BAN

2.1. He thong 1 bit ............................................................................................................. 46
2.1.1. Tan so vo tuyen.................................................................................................... 46
2.1.2. Song viba.............................................................................................................. 48
iv
2.1.3. Bo chia tan so....................................................................................................... 50

2.1.4. Transponder trng ien t ................................................................................. 51
2.2. He thong song cong va ban song cong ....................................................................... 53
2.2.1. Ghep cam ng ...................................................................................................... 54
2.2.2. Ghep ien t tan xa lui ........................................................................................ 57
2.2.3. Ghep gan .............................................................................................................. 59
2.2.4. Ghep ien ............................................................................................................. 61
2.2.5. Truyen d lieu t reader en transponder ........................................................... 62
2.3. He thong tuan t ........................................................................................................ 62
2.3.1. Ghep cam ng ...................................................................................................... 62
Chng 3. CAU TRUC CUA THIET B MANG D LIEU

3.1. Transponder co bo nh ............................................................................................... 66
3.1.1. Giao tiep HF ......................................................................................................... 67
3.1.2. Address and security logic ................................................................................... 68
3.1.3. Cau truc bo nh .................................................................................................... 69
3.2. Bo vi x ly .................................................................................................................. 74
3.2.1. The co hai giao tiep ............................................................................................. 76
3.3. Bo nh ......................................................................................................................... 77
3.4. o lng cac bien vat ly ............................................................................................ 77
3.4.1. Transponder co cam bien ..................................................................................... 77
Chng 4. CAU TRUC CUA READER

4.1. Luong d lieu trong ng dung..................................................................................... 79
4.2. Cac thanh phan cua reader ......................................................................................... 80
4.2.1. Mach HF .............................................................................................................. 81
4.2.2. n v ieu khien ................................................................................................. 84
4.3. Ket noi antenna trong he thong lien ket cam ng ..................................................... 86
iv
4.3.1. Ket noi s dung dong ien phoi hp .................................................................... 86

4.3.2. Cung cap thong qua cap ....................................................................................... 87
4.3.3. Anh hng cua he so Q ........................................................................................ 88
Chng 5. MA HOA VA IEU CHE D LIEU

5.1. Cac loai ma bieu dien tn hieu nh phan ..................................................................... 89
5.2. Cac ky thuat ieu che so ............................................................................................ 91
5.2.1. ieu che ASK ...................................................................................................... 91
5.2.2. ieu che 2FSK ..................................................................................................... 92
5.2.3. ieu che PSK ....................................................................................................... 92
5.2.4. ieu che vi song mang phu ............................................................................... 93
Chng 6. S CHNH XAC CUA D LIEU

6.1. Phng phap kiem tra loi ............................................................................................ 95
6.1.1. Kiem tra chan le .................................................................................................. 95
6.1.2. Phng phap LRC ................................................................................................ 95
6.1.3. Phng phap CRC ................................................................................................ 96
6.2. a truy cap, chong xung ot d lieu ........................................................................... 97
6.2.1. SDMA .................................................................................................................. 98
6.2.2. FDMA .................................................................................................................. 99
6.2.3. TDMA .................................................................................................................. 99
PHAN 2
THIET KE VA THI CONG

----------------------Chng 1. TONG QUAN VE HE THONG
1.1. Gii thieu .................................................................................................................. 105
iv
1.1.1. Gii thieu e tai ................................................................................................. 105

1.1.2. Yeu cau e tai .................................................................................................... 105
1.1.3. Noi dung cua e tai ............................................................................................ 106
1.2. Yeu cau he thong ...................................................................................................... 106
1.2.1. Nhu cau he thong ............................................................................................... 106
1.2.2. Quan ly d an ..................................................................................................... 106
1.3. Tong quan ve s o khoi cua he thong ..................................................................... 107
1.3.1. Cac thong so cua Reader (DL910)..................................................................... 107
1.3.2. Cac thong so cua the .......................................................................................... 108
1.4. Ket qua o ac thc te viec oc the ......................................................................... 115
Chng 2. PHAN TCH HE THONG

2.1. Khao xac hien trang.................................................................................................. 117
2.1.1. Gii thieu chung ................................................................................................. 117
2.1.2. Cac van e at ra cho he thong mi .................................................................. 117
2.1.3. Pham vi nghien cu............................................................................................ 118
2.1.4. Gii han he thong .............................................................................................. 118
2.1.5. Cac chc nang cua he thong mi ....................................................................... 118
2.2. Thiet ke s o ........................................................................................................... 119
2.2.1. S o chc nang ................................................................................................ 119
2.2.2. S o ng canh ................................................................................................... 120
2.2.3. S o luong d lieu ............................................................................................ 120
2.2.4. Mo hnh c s d lieu......................................................................................... 121
Chng 3. CHNG TRNH VA KET QUA THI CONG

3.1. Muc Quan ly he thong .............................................................................................. 123
3.1.1. Lu o giai thuat ................................................................................................ 123
3.1.2. Ket qua thi cong ................................................................................................. 123
iv
3.2. Giao dien chng trnh chnh .................................................................................... 125

3.3. Mc oc, ghi the....................................................................................................... 125
3.3.1. Lu o giai thuat ............................................................................................... 125
3.3.2. Ket qua thi cong ................................................................................................. 126
3.4. Muc cham cong......................................................................................................... 127
3.4.1. Lu o giai thuat ................................................................................................ 127
3.4.2 Ket qua thi cong .................................................................................................. 127
3.4. Cac Danh muc khac .................................................................................................. 128
Chng 4. TONG KET VA ANH GIA

4.1. anh gia.................................................................................................................... 129
4.2. Han che ..................................................................................................................... 129
4.3. Hng phat trien e tai ............................................................................................. 129
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ................................................................................ 130
iv
DANH SACH HNH VE

PHAN 1
TM HIEU CONG NGHE NHAN DANG VO TUYEN RFID

Hnh 1.1. Ma vach ................................................................................................................ 1
Hnh 1.2. Ky t quang hoc .................................................................................................... 2
Hnh 1.3. Kien truc tieu bieu cua the bo nh co logic bao mat ............................................ 3
Hnh 1.4. Kien truc c ban cua mot the vi x ly ................................................................... 3
Hnh 1.5. He thong RFID ..................................................................................................... 4
Hnh 1.6. Lch s phat trien RFID giai oan 1880-1960 ...................................................... 5
Hnh 1.9. He thong RFID toan dien.................................................................................... 10
Hnh 1.10. Layout cua thiet b mang d lieu, transponder. Hnh ben trai transponder ghep cam
ng vi antenna cuon day, hnh ben phai transponder viba vi antenna dipole ................. 10
Hnh 1.11.Cau truc cua mot the thu ong .......................................................................... 11
Hnh 1.12. Mot so loai the tch cc .................................................................................... 14
Hnh 1.13. Cau truc cua mot the ban tch cc .................................................................... 15
Hnh 1.14. Cau truc layout c ban cua mot reader............................................................. 18
Hnh 1.15. C che truyen trng gan, trng xa gia the va reader ............................... 22
Hnh 1.16. C che truyen modulated backscatter cua the thu ong .................................... 24
Hnh 1.17. C che truyen modulated backscatter cua the ban thu ong ............................. 24
Hnh 1.18. C che truyen kieu may phat cua the tch cc .................................................. 24
Hnh 1.19. Layout bo nh cua mot the minh hoa ................................................................ 27
Hnh 1.20. S o cay nh phan ............................................................................................ 31
v
Hnh 1.21. ng dung cong nghe RFID vao th vien ........................................................... 38

Hnh 1.22. ng dung cong nghe RFID trong sieu th ......................................................... 39
Hnh 1.23. ng dung cong nghe RFID vao cay ghep ........................................................ 40
Hnh 1.24. Qua trnh lam viec cua the va reader ............................................................... 43
Hnh 1.25. Qua trnh truyen nhan d lieu gia the va reader............................................. 44

Hnh 2.1. Cac he thong RFID khac nhau ............................................................................ 45
Hnh 2.2. Gii thieu hoat ong cua he thong EAS tan so vo tuyen ..................................... 47
Hnh 2.3. Antenna khung cua he thong RF (cao 1,2 - 1,6m) va transponder ....................... 48
Hnh 2.4. Mach c ban va hnh dang cu the cua transponder viba ..................................... 49
Hnh 2.5. Transponder viba nam trong vung truy van cua detector .................................... 49
Hnh 2.6. S o mach ien va hoat ong cua EAS s dung bo chia tan so ......................... 50
Hnh 2.7. Antenna cua he thong RFID ien t (cao 1.40 m) va transponder ...................... 52
Hnh 2.8. Truyen d lieu trong he thong song cong, ban song cong va tuan t ................. .53
Hnh 2.9. Nang lng cung cap cho transponder thong qua t trng phat ra cua reader . 54
Hnh 2.10. Truyen d lieu bang load modulation t transponder en reader ..................... 55
Hnh 2.11. Pho cua ieu che song mang phu...................................................................... 56
Hnh 2.12. S o mach cua transponder hai phu ................................................................ 57
Hnh 2.13. Hoat ong cua transponder tan xa lui .............................................................. 59
Hnh 2.14. Transponder ghep gan c a vao trong reader ........................................... 60
Hnh 2.15. He thong ghep ien s dung ien trng e truyen nang lng va d lieu ....... 61
Hnh 2.16. S o mach tng ng cua he thong RFID ghep ien ................................... 62
Hnh 2.17. S o khoi cua transponder tuan t s dung ghep cam ng .............................. 64
Hnh 2.18. S o ien ap cua tu nap .................................................................................. 64

Hnh 3.1. S o phan loai cac thiet b mang d lieu dung trong RFID ............................... 66
Hnh 3.2. S o khoi cua tranpsonder co bo nh ................................................................ 67
Hnh 3.3. S o khoi cua mot mach HF cua transponder lien ket cam ng vi bo load
modulator ........................................................................................................................... 67
Hnh 3.4. S o khoi cua Address and Security logic .......................................................... 68
Hnh 3.5. S o khoi cua mot transponder ch oc ............................................................. 69
Hnh 3.6. S o khoi cua mot transponder ghi c co chc nang bao mat e thc hien xac
nhan gia transponder va reader ....................................................................................... 71
Hnh 3.7. Transponder co 2 bo nh khoa e cap quyen truy xuat khac nhau .........................
Hnh 3.8. Mot transponder co the dung cho nhieu ng dung bang cach phan oan bo nh cua
no ....................................................................................................................................... 72
Hnh 3.9. S khac nhau gia segment co nh va segment t do ......................................... 74
Hnh 3.10. S o khoi cua mot transponder co dung bo vi x ly ........................................ 74
Hnh 3.11. Qua trnh x ly lenh trong he ieu hanh the thong minh .................................. 75
Hnh 3.12. S o khoi cua mot the hai giao tiep ................................................................. 76
Hnh 3.13. Transponder lien ket cam ng co them cam bien nhiet o ................................ 78

Hnh 4.1. Nguyen ly Master-Slave gia phan mem, reader va tranpsonder ........................ 79
Hnh 4.2. S o khoi cua mot reader gom co he thong ieu khien va mach HF. Toan bo he
thong c ieu khien bang nhng lenh ............................................................................. 81
Hnh 4.3. S o khoi mach HF cua he thong RFID lien ket cam ng ................................. 82
Hnh 4.4. S o khoi cua mot mach HF trong he thong viba .............................................. 83
Hnh 4.5. Hoat ong cua mot bo directional coupler vi he thong RFID tan xa lui ........... 83
Hnh 4.6. S o khoi HF cua reader trong he thong SEQ ................................................... 84
Hnh 4.7. S o khoi n v ieu khien cua reader ............................................................. 85
Hnh 4.8. Qua trnh ma hoa va giai ma tn hieu bang n v ieu khien cua reader .......... 85
Hnh 4.9. Ket noi cuon day antenna bang ky thuat 50 .................................................... .87
Hnh 4.10. Mach ien phoi hp tr khang cho cuon day antenna....................................... 87

v
Hnh 5.1. S o khoi he thong vien thong so ...................................................................... 89

Hnh 5.2. Cac loai ma ng truyen trong he thong RFID ................................................. 90
Hnh 5.3. Ma Pulse-pause .................................................................................................. 91
Hnh 5.4. ieu che ASK ...................................................................................................... 92
Hnh 5.5. ieu che FSK ...................................................................................................... 92
Hnh 5.6. ieu che PSK ...................................................................................................... 93
Hnh 5.7. S o ieu che ghep kenh vi kieu ieu che ASK song mang phu ...................... .93
Hnh 5.8. Pho cua tn hieu ieu che song mang phu........................................................... 94

Hnh 6.1. Kiem tra LRC ...................................................................................................... 95
Hnh 6.2. Truyen d lieu en nhieu the .............................................................................. 97
Hnh 6.3. Nhan d lieu t nhieu the ................................................................................... 97
Hnh 6.4. Cac phng phap tranh xung ot d lieu ............................................................ 98
Hnh 6.5. SDMA, anten nh hng ch lan lt en cac transponder ................................ 98
Hnh 6.6. FMDA, vai kenh truyen vi cac tan so khac nhau dung cho viec truyen d lieu gia
transponder va reader ........................................................................................................ 99
Hnh 6.7. Cac phng phap ieu khien reader ................................................................. 100
Hnh 6.8. Ma NRZ ............................................................................................................ 101
Hnh 6.9. Ma hoa NRZ khong the phat hien s xung ot d lieu gia cac transponder ... 101
Hnh 6.10. Ma Manchester ............................................................................................... 102
Hnh 6.11. Ma hoa Manchester giup phat hien bit xung ot ............................................. 102
Hnh 6.12. Qua trnh tm kiem transponder hp le ........................................................... 103
Hnh 6.13. So lan thc hien trung bnh e xac nh a ch transponder .......................... 104
PHAN 2

----------------------v
Chng 1. TONG QUAN VE HE THONG

Hnh 1.1. Reader (DL910) ................................................................................................ 107
Hnh 1.2. S o khoi cua the SL3 ICS10 ........................................................................... 111
Hnh 1.3. Mo hnh thc te khao sat .................................................................................. 116

Hnh 2.1. S o chc nang................................................................................................ 119
Hnh 2.2. S o ng canh ................................................................................................. 120
Hnh 2.3. S o luong d lieu ........................................................................................... 121

Hnh 3.1. Lu o giai thuat quan ly he thong ................................................................... 123
Hnh 3.2. Giao dien ang nhap he thong .......................................................................... 124
Hnh 3.3. Giao dien chng trnh chnh ............................................................................ 125
Hnh 3.4. Lu o giai thuat muc oc ghi ......................................................................... 126
Hnh 3.5. Giao dien oc ghi ............................................................................................. 126
Hnh 3.6. Lu o giai thuat muc Cham cong .................................................................... 127
Hnh 3.7. Giao dien Cham cong ....................................................................................... 128
DANH SACH BANG BIEU

PHAN 1

Bang 1.1: So sanh mot so he thong nhan dang.................................................................... 9
Bang 1.2: Tan so hoat ong cua RFID .............................................................................. 35

Bang 2.1: Cac tham so he thong cho cac he thong RF ...................................................... 48
Bang 2.2: Dai tan so cua cac he thong bao mat khac nhau ............................................... 48
Bang 2.3: Cac thong so c ban cua he thong .................................................................... 50
Bang 2.4: Suy hao ng truyen trong khong gian t do ng vi nhng tan so khac nhau (o
li cua antenna transponder la 1,64, cua antenna reader la 1) .......................................... 58

Bang 4.1: V du ve qua trnh thc thi mot lenh oc bi phan mem, reader va transponder .
........................................................................................................................................... 80
PHAN 2

Bang 1.1: Ke hoach thc hien va phan cong nhiem vu................................................... 106
Bang 1.2: Cac thong so c ban cua Reader (DL910) ...................................................... 107
vi
Bang 1.3: Cac thong so ve oc ghi cua Reader (DL910) ................................................ 107
Bang 1.4: Cong ho tr cua Reader (DL910).................................................................... 108
Bang 1.5: Cac thong so ve ien cua Reader (DL910) ..................................................... 108
Bang 1.6: Kch thc Reader (DL910) ............................................................................ 108
Bang 1.7: Ma ket noi, ngat ket noi, oc ghi the .............................................................. 108
Bang 1.8: Tan so hoat ong theo chuan cua the SL3 ICS10 ........................................... 111
Bang 1.9: Khoang cach hoat ong cua the UCODE HSL trong cac bang tan so ............ 113
Bang 1.10: Ket qua o ac thc te tam o thang goc cc ai cua Reader
(UHF_R_G2_232_2A) vi hai loai the thu ong (SL3 ICS10 va SL3 ICS30 chuan UCODE
EPC GEN2) di chuyen vi van toc cc ai ...................................................................... 116

Bang 2.1: Mo hnh c s d lieu ...................................................................................... 122
vi
DANH SACH CAC T VIET TAT

Bd (Baud bit/s): Toc o truyen
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access): a truy cap phan chia mat ma
EAS (Electronic Article Surveillance): Thiet b giam sat ien t
EEPROM (Electric Erasable and Programmable Read-Only Memory): Kieu EPROM co the
xoa bang tn hieu ien
ERP (Equivalen Radiated Power):
FDMA(Frequency Domain Multiple Access):
FDX (Full-Duplex): Song cong
FSK (Frequency Shift Keying): ieu che dch tan so
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication/Groupe Special Mobile): He thong truyen
thong di ong toan cau
HDX (Half-Duplex): Ban song cong
HSL (High Frequency Smart Label): He thong ghi nhan thong minh dung tan so cao
ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical (frequency range)): Ngng tan so c ng dung trong y
khoa
ISO (International Organization for Standardization): To chc ISO
LAN (Local Area Network): Mang ket noi cuc bo
NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero): Khong tr ve 0
OCR (Optical Character Recognition): Nhan dang ky t quang hoc
PC (Personal Computer): May tnh ca nhan
RFID(Radio Frequency Identification): Ky thuat nhan dang bang vo tuyen
RO (Read Only): Ch oc
RW (Read Write): oc ghi
SAW (Surface Acoustic Wave):
SDMA(Space Division Multiple Access):
vii
SEQ (Sequential System): He thong tuan t

STAC (Slotted Terminal Adaptive Collection):
TDMA(Time Domain Multiple Access): a truy cap theo mien thi gian
UHF (Ultra High Frequency): Tan so sieu cao (300MHz 3GHz)
UPC (Universal Product Code): Ma san pham chuan toan cau
WORM (Write Once, Read Many): ghi mot lan, oc nhieu lan
vii
Luan van tot nghiep: ng dung cong nghe RFID vao he thong quan ly nhan s
PHAN 1

1.1. S lc ve cac he thong nhan dang t ong
1.1.1. He thong ma vach (Barcode system)
Ma vach la hnh gom nhieu soc ng, rong va hep c in e ai dien cho cac
ma so di dang may co the oc c.
Cac ma soc phu hp vi tieu chuan Universal Product Code (UPC) c in tren
hau het cac san pham hang hoa bay ban trong cac sieu th hien nay. Khi hnh ma soc
c keo lt qua mot dung cu quet quang hoc quay kiem tra thu tien, may tnh se oi
chieu so hieu san pham vi c s d lieu cac danh sach gia va in ra gia tien ung vi
ma o.
Hnh 1.1. Ma vach

1.1.2. Nhan dang ky t quang hoc (Optical character recognition - OCR)
Nhan dang ky t quang hoc la s cam nhan bang may cac ch in va ch anh
may. Bang phan mem OCR, cac may quet co the quet tren mot trang ch in, va cac ky
t se c bien thanh cac van ban theo qui cach tai lieu cua chng trnh x ly t.
SVTH: Nguyen nh Thanh
GVHD: Ths. Nguyen Ch Ngoc

-1-
Hnh 1.2. Ky t quang hoc

1.1.3. Phng thc sinh trac hoc (Biometric procedures)
Nhan dang giong noi (Voice identication)
La phng thc c thc hien bang cach kiem tra cac ac trng cua giong noi
cua ngi noi vi mot mau tham khao co trc, neu tng ng th ap ng se thc hien
theo yeu cau cua ngi noi.
Nhan dang dau van tay (Fingerprinting procedures (dactyloscopy))
Tien trnh nay da tren s so sanh mau nhu va lp da tren au ngon tay. He
thong se phan tch d lieu t cac mau no oc c va em so sanh vi mau tham khao
a c lu tr.
1.1.4. The thong minh (Smart Cards)
The thong minh la mot he thong lu tr d lieu ien t. No co kch thc

khoang bang the tn dung co the cha thong tin va trong hau het cac trng hp
th no cha ca mot bo vi x ly ieu khien nhieu chc nang ap ng nhu cau
ngi s dung. Khong giong nh the t co nhng soc t ngoai mat the, the thong
minh gi thong tin ben trong no ma v the an toan hn nhieu. The thong minh
thng c dung cho nhng thiet b can xac minh chu quyen cua ngi s dung,
va no tao ra nhng ma truy cap cho he thong bao an. The thong minh au tien la
the thong minh ien thoai tra trc c a vao s dung nam 1984.
Co 2 loai the thong minh c ban khac nhau da vao tnh nang ben trong
cua no: the nh va the vi x ly.

-2-
The nh (Memory cards)
Trong the nh, bo nh - thng la EEPROM c truy cap s dung he

thong logic tuan t, no cung co the c ket hp vi giai thuat bao mat n gian
bang cach s dung he thong nay. Cac chc nang cua the nh thng c toi u
hoa cho mot ng dung cu the. Tnh linh hoat cua no b gii han, tuy nhien ve mat
tch cc the bo nh co u the ve gia ca. Chnh v ly do o ma the bo nh c
dung rong rai.
Hnh 1.3. Kien truc tieu bieu cua the bo nh co logic bao mat
The vi x ly (Microprocessor cards)
The vi x ly cha mot bo vi x ly c noi ti cac o bo nh (RAM, ROM va
EEPROM). The vi x ly rat linh hoat. Trong he thong the thong minh hien ai, no cung
co the tch hp cac ng dung khac nhau trong mot the (a ng dung).
Hnh 1.4. Kien truc c ban cua mot the vi x ly


-3-
ROM c lap trnh mat na tao ket hp thanh he thong hoat ong (ma lap trnh
cao hn) cho bo vi x ly va c chen vao trong qua trnh san xuat chip. Noi dung cua
no c xac lap trong qua trnh san xuat, tng t cho tat ca cac chip khac trong cung
t san pham, va chung khong the lap trnh lai c.
EEPROM cua chip cha d lieu ng dung va cac ma chng trnh lien quan ti
ng dung. Viec oc hay ghi d lieu c ieu khien bi he ieu hanh.
RAM la bo nh lam viec tam thi cua bo vi x ly. D lieu cua no co the b mat
khi mat ien.
Cac loai the vi x ly c dung trong cac ng dung co o bao mat. Cac loai the
thong minh c dung trong cac he thong ien thoai di ong GSM. Tuy chon cua viec
lap trnh the vi x ly cung thuan tien cho viec tao ra cac ng dung mi.
1.1.5. He thong RFID (RFID System)
He thong RFID lien he rat gan vi the thong minh. Cung nh he thong the thong
minh, d lieu c lu tr tren thiet b mang d lieu ien t la bo phat ap. Tuy nhien,
khong giong nh the thong minh, nang lng cung cap cho thiet b mang d lieu va cho
viec trao oi d lieu gia no va au oc/phat tn hieu khong da tren s tiep xuc ien
ma thay va o la s dung t tnh va trng ien t.
Hnh 1.5. He thong RFID

-4-
1.2. Gii thieu chung ve nhan dang vo tuyen RFID

1.2.1. Lch s phat trien cua he thong RFID
Cac cong nghe ngay nay luon hng ti s n gian, tien li va ac trng luon
c u tien hang au la kha nang khong day (wireless). Thiet b khong day cang ngay
cang phat trien rong rai lam cho con ngi c giai phong, t do va thoai mai hn.
Cong nghe RFID ra i a tao ra cuoc cach mang trong moi trng tng tac hien nay.
RFID la mot trong nhng ky thuat c anh gia cao va phat trien nhanh chong
trong khoang thi gian ngan. Lan au tien mot cong nghe tng t o la bo tach song
IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) c phat minh nam 1937 bi ngi Anh va c
quan ong minh s dung trong The Chien lan th II e nhan dang may bay ta va ch.
Ky thuat nay tr thanh nen tang cho he thong kiem soat khong lu the gii vao thap
nien 50. Nhng trong khoang thi gian nay do chi ph qua cao va kch thc qua ln cua
he thong nen chung ch c s dung trong quan oi, phong nghien cu va nhng trung
tam thng mai ln.
Hnh 1.6. Lch s phat trien RFID giai oan 1880-1960

-5-

Cuoi thap nien 60 va au thap nien 70, bat au xuat hien nhng cong ty gii
thieu nhng ng dung mi cho RFID ma khong qua phc tap va at tien. Ban au phat
trien nhng thiet b giam sat ien t (Electronic Article Surveillance - EAS) e kiem
soat hang hoa chang han nh quan ao hay sach trong th vien.
Ky thuat RFID ngay cang c nhieu ngi biet en trong nhng thap nien 60
va 70, bat au xuat hien nhieu hn ng dung cua ky thuat nay trong nhieu mat cua cuoc
song. Ky thuat nay cang c hoan thien, t nhan biet tr thanh nhan dang.
en nam 1973, Mario Cardullo (USA) chnh thc tr thanh ngi au tien hoan
thien cong nghe RFID.
Viec khao sat t m ky thuat radio c em nghien cu va phat trien trong cac
hoat ong thng mai cho en thap nien 1960 va tien trien ro vao nhng nam 1970 bi
cac cong ty, hoc vien va chnh phu My. Chang han, Bo nang lng Los Alamos Nation
Laboratory a phat trien he thong theo doi nguyen lieu hat nhan bang cach at the vao
xe tai va at cac reader tai cac cong cua bo phan bao ve. ay la he thong c s dung
ngay nay trong cac he thong tra tien le ph t ong. Ky thuat nay cai tien so vi cac ky
thuat trc nh cac ma vach tren hang hoa va cac the card vien co tnh t.
RFID tien tien vao au nhng nam 80, co nhng ng dung rong rai trong viec
kiem soat xe tai My hay anh dau an gia suc tai Chau Au. He thong RFID cung c

-6-
ng dung trong viec nghien cu i song hoang da, cac the RFID c gan vao trong
nhng con vat, nh o co the lan theo dau vet cua chung trong moi trng hoang da.
en thap nien 90, khi ma tan so UHF c s dung va the hien c nhng u iem
cua mnh ve khoang cach va toc o truyen d lieu th cong nghe RFID a at c
nhng thanh tu rc r.

Mac du nhng nguyen ly c ban cua ky thuat RFID a ton tai t thi Marconi
nhng chung ta ch mi bat au ban en nhng tiem nang to ln cua no t cuoi the ky
20. Nhng nam au cua the ky 21 a anh dau nhng iem moc chuyen bien quan
trong cua RFID. Ky thuat RFID hien nay ang c s dung trong ca khu vc kinh te t
nhan va nha nc, t viec theo doi sach trong th vien en viec xac nhan mot chiec
cha khoa khi ong xe. Cac nha ban le tam c ang yeu cau cac nha cung cap ln s
dung the RFID, cung vi nhng tien bo ky thuat va giam gia ca a thuc ay s phat
trien cua RFID.
Tai Viet Nam hien nay, nhu cau s dung RFID ngay cang nhieu va m ra mot th
trng vo cung tiem nang cho cac nha nghien cu, sinh vien va cac nha san xuat. Tuy
nhien e co the van dung va phat trien mot he thong, chung ra cung can phai co s hieu
biet nhat nh ve chung.
1.2.2. Khai niem RFID

-7-
La cong nghe xac nhan d lieu oi tng bang song vo tuyen e nhan dang,
theo doi va lu thong tin trong mot the (Tag). Reader quet d lieu the va gi thong tin
en c s d lieu lu tr d lieu cua the.
Ky thuat RFID co lien quan en he thong khong day cho phep mot thiet b oc
thong tin c cha trong mot chip khong tiep xuc trc tiep khoang cach xa, ma
khong thc hien bat ky giao tiep vat ly nao hoac yeu cau mot s nhn thay gia hai cai.
No cho ta phng phap truyen va nhan d lieu t mot iem en iem khac.
Dang n gian nhat c s dung hien nay he thong RFID b ong lam viec nh
sau: mot RFID reader truyen mot tn hieu tan so vo tuyen ien t qua antenna cua no
en mot con chip khong tiep xuc. Reader nhan thong tin tr lai t chip va gi no en
may tnh ieu khien au oc va x ly thong tin tm c t con chip. Cac con chip
khong tiep xuc, khong tch ien, chung hoat ong bang cach s dung nang lng chung
nhan t tn hieu c gi bi mot reader.
Ky thuat RFID s dung truyen thong khong day trong dai tan song vo tuyen e
truyen d lieu t cac the en cac reader. The co the c nh kem hoac gan vao oi
tng c nhan dang chang han san pham, hop hoac pallet.
1.2.3. So sanh cac he thong ID khac nhau
T cach phan tch cac he thong nhan dang mo ta tren cho ta thay u iem va
nhc iem cua RFID vi cac he thong khac (Bang 1.1).
Bang 1.1: So sanh mot so he thong nhan dang

Cac thong so
Ma vach
OCR
Nhan
The
RFID

-8-
dang
bang
giong noi
thong
minh
So lng d lieu(byte)
1 100
1 100
Mat o d lieu
Kha nang oc cua
thiet b
Thap
Thap
Cao
Rat cao
96 bits en
64K
Rat cao
Tot
Tot
at tien
Tot
Tot
oc c user
Han che
n
gian
n gian
Khong
the
Khong the
Tac ong cua chat

ban/o am
Rat cao
Rat cao
Tac ong cua vo boc
Sai hoan
toan
Sai hoan
toan
Tac ong theo chieu

va v tr
Thap
Thap
Mot
chieu
S thoai hoa
Han che
Han che
Tiep xuc
Chi ph mua
Rat thap
Trung
bnh
Chi ph hoat ong
Thap
Thap
Khong can s xac

nhan
Co chut t
Co chut
t
Co the
Toc o oc d lieu
4 giay
3 giay
> 5 giay
4 giay
Rat nhanh
0,5 giay
Khoang cach toi a

gia au oc va thiet
b mang d lieu
0 50 cm
Di 1
cm
0 50 cm
Chieu
tiep xuc
0 60 m
16 64K
Co the
Rat cao
Thap
Trung
bnh
Khong
the
Khong anh
hng
Khong anh
hng
Khong anh
hng
Khong anh
hng
Trung bnh
thap
Khong
Khong the
1.3. Cac thanh phan cua mot he thong RFID

Cac thanh phan chnh trong he thong RFID la the, reader va c s d lieu.
Mot he thong RFID toan dien bao gom bom thanh phan:
- The RFID (RFID Tag, Transponder - bo phat ap) c lap trnh ien t
vi thong tin duy nhat.
- Cac reader (au oc) hoac sensor (cai cam bien) e truy van cac the.
- Antenna thu, phat song vo tuyen.

-9-
- Host computer - server, ni ma may chu va he thong phan mem giao

dien vi he thong c tai. No cung co the phan phoi phan mem trong cac reader va
cam bien. C s ha tang truyen thong: la thanh phan bat buoc, no la mot tap gom ca hai
mang co day va khong day va cac bo phan ket noi tuan t e ket noi cac thanh phan a
liet ke tren vi nhau e chung truyen vi nhau hieu qua.
Hnh 1.9. He thong RFID toan dien

1.3.1. The RFID
The RFID (bo phat ap), thiet b lu tr d lieu thc te cua mot he thong RFID,
thng bao gom mot phan t ket noi (Coupling element) va mot vi chp ien t.
Hnh 1.10. Layout cua thiet b mang d lieu, transponder. Hnh ben trai transponder ghep
cam ng vi antenna cuon day, hnh ben phai transponder viba vi antenna dipole
The gom co 2 phan chnh:

-10-
- Chip: lu tr mot so th t duy nhat hoac thong tin khac da tren loai
the: read-only, read-write, hoac write-once-read-many.
- Antenna c gan vi vi mach truyen thong tin t chip en reader.
Antenna cang ln cho biet pham vi oc cang ln.
Cac the RFID c phan loai da tren viec the co cha mot cung cap nguon gan
ben trong hay la c cung cap bi thiet b chuyen dung:
- Thu ong (Passive)
- Tch cc (Active)
- Ban tch cc (Semi-active, con goi ban thu ong - semi-passive)
The thu ong
Hnh 1.11.Cau truc cua mot the thu ong

Loai the nay khong co nguon ben trong (on-board), s dung nguon nhan c t
reader e t tiep sinh lc hoat ong va truyen d lieu c lu tr trong no cho reader.
The thu ong co cau truc n gian va khong co cac thanh phan ong. The nh the co
mot thi gian song dai va thng co sc chu ng vi ieu kien moi trng khac
nghiet.
oi vi loai the nay, khi the va reader truyen thong vi nhau th reader luon
truyen trc roi mi en the. Cho nen bat buoc phai co reader e the co the truyen d
lieu cua no.

-11-
The thu ong c oc khoang cach t 11cm trng gan (ISO 14443), en
10m trng xa (ISO 18000-6), va co the len en 183m khi ket hp vi ma tran.
The thu ong nho hn va cung re hn the tch cc hoac ban tch cc.
Cac the thu ong co the thc thi tan so low, high, ultrahigh, hoac microwave
The thu ong bao gom nhng thanh phan chnh sau:
- Vi mach (microchip).
- Antenna.
Vi mach
Vi mach thong thng gom co:
- Bo chnh lu (power control/rectifier): chuyen nguon AC t tn hieu
antenna cua reader thanh nguon DC. No cung cap nguon en cac thanh phan khac cua
vi mach.
- May tach xung (Clock extractor): rut tn hieu xung t tn hieu antenna
cua reader.
- Bo ieu che (Modulator): ieu chnh tn hieu nhan c t reader. ap
ng cua the c gan trong tn hieu a ieu che, sau o no c truyen tr lai reader.
- n v luan ly (Logic unit): chu trach nhiem cung cap giao thc truyen
gia the va reader.
- Bo nh vi mach (memory): c dung lu tr d lieu. Bo nh nay
thng c phan oan (gom vai block hoac field). Addressability co ngha la co kha
nang phan tch (oc hoac ghi) vao bo nh rieng cua mot vi mach cua the. Mot block
nh cua the co the gi nhieu loai d lieu khac nhau, v du nh mot phan cua d lieu
nhan dang oi tng c gan the, cac bit checksum (chang han kiem tra loi CRC)
kiem tra o chnh xac cua d lieu c truyen v.v S tien bo cua ky thuat cho phep
kch thc cua vi mach nho en mc nho hn hat cat. Tuy nhien, kch c cua the khong
c xac nh bi kch thc vi mach cua no ma bi chieu dai antenna cua no.

-12-
Antenna
Antenna cua the c dung e lay nang lng t tn hieu cua reader e lam tang
sinh lc cho the hoat ong, gi hoac nhan d lieu t reader. Antenna nay c gan vao
vi mach, antenna la trung tam oi vi hoat ong cua the.
Co the co nhieu dang antenna, nhat la UHF, chieu dai antenna tng ng vi
bc song hoat ong cua the. Mot antenna lng cc bao gom mot day dan ien (chang
han ong) ma no b ngat trung tam. Chieu dai tong cong cua mot antenna lng cc
bang na bc song tan so c dung nham toi u nang lng truyen t tn hieu
antenna cua reader en the. Reader co the oc the nay nhieu hng khac nhau.
Chieu dai antenna cua the thng ln hn nhieu so vi vi mach cua the v vay
no quyet nh kch c vat ly cua the. Mot antenna co the c thiet ke da tren mot so
nhan to sau ay:
- Khoang cach oc cua the vi reader.
- Hng co nh cua the oi vi reader.
- Hng tuy y cua the oi vi reader.
- Loai san pham rieng biet.
- Van toc cua oi tng c gan the.
- o phan cc antenna cua reader.
Nhng iem ket noi gia vi mach cua the va antenna la nhng ket noi yeu nhat
cua the. Neu co bat ky iem ket noi nao b hong th xem nh the khong lam viec c
hoac co the hieu suat lam viec giam ang ke.
Hien tai, antenna cua the c xay dng bang mot manh kim loai mong (chang
han ong, bac hoac nhom). Tuy nhien, trong tng lai co the se in trc tiep antenna len
nhan the, hop va san pham ong goi bang cach s dung mot loai mc dan co cha
ong, cacbon va niken.

-13-
The tch cc
Hnh 1.12. Mot so loai the tch cc

The tch cc co mot nguon nang lng ben trong (chang han mot bo pin, hoac co
the la nhng nguon nang lng khac nh s dung nguon nang lng mat tri) va ien t
hoc e thc thi nhng nhiem vu chuyen dung. The tch cc s dung nguon nang lng
ben trong e truyen d lieu cho reader. No khong can nguon nang lng t reader e
truyen d lieu. ien t hoc ben trong gom bo vi mach, cam bien va cac cong vao/ra
c cap nguon bi nguon nang lng ben trong no.
oi vi loai the nay, trong qua trnh truyen gia the va reader, the luon truyen
trc, roi mi en reader. V s hien dien cua reader khong can thiet cho viec truyen
d lieu nen the tch cc co the phat d lieu cua no cho nhng vung lan can no tham ch
trong ca trng hp reader khong co ni o
Khoang cach oc cua the tch cc la 100 feet (xap x 30.5 m) hoac hn na khi
may phat tch cc cua loai the nay c dung en.
The tch cc bao gom 4 thanh phan chnh sau:
- Vi mach: Kch c va kha nang lam viec vi mach thng ln hn vi mach
trong the thu ong.
- Antenna: co the truyen tn hieu cua the va nhan tn hieu reader. oi vi
the ban tch cc, gom mot hoac nhieu manh kim loai nh ong, tng t nh the thu
ong.
- Cung cap nguon ben trong.

-14-
- ien t hoc ben trong

Hai thanh phan au tien (vi mach, antenna) a c mo ta trong phan trc. Sau
ay, hai thanh phan sau se c c trnh bay:
Nguon nang lng ben trong
Tat ca cac the tch cc eu mang mot nguon nang lng ben trong e cung cap
nguon cho ien t hoc ben trong va truyen d lieu. Neu s dung bo pin th the tch cc
thng keo dai tuoi tho t 2 en 7 nam tuy thuoc vao thi gian song cua bo pin. Mot
trong nhng nhan to quyet nh thi gian song cua bo pin la toc o truyen d lieu cua
the. Neu khoang cach o cang rong th bo pin cang ton tai lau va v the thi gian song
cua the cung dai hn.
ien t hoc ben trong
ien t hoc ben trong cho phep the hoat ong nh mot may phat va cho phep no
thc thi nhng nhiem vu chuyen dung nh tnh toan, hien th gia tr cac tham so ong
nao o, hoac hoat ong nh mot cam bien, v.v Thanh phan nay cung co the cho phep
chon la ket noi vi cac cam bien ben ngoai. V vay the co the thc thi nhieu nhiem vu
thong minh, tuy thuoc vao loai cam bien c gan vao.
The ban tch cc (ban thu ong)
The ban tch cc co mot nguon nang lng ben trong (chang han la bo pin) va
ien t hoc ben trong e thc thi nhng nhiem vu chuyen dung. Nguon ben trong cung
cap sinh lc cho the hoat ong. Tuy nhien trong qua trnh truyen d lieu, the ban tch
cc s dung nguon t reader. The ban tch cc c goi la the co ho tr pin (batteryassisted tag).
Hnh 1.13. Cau truc cua mot the ban tch cc


-15-
oi vi loai the nay, trong qua trnh truyen gia the va reader th reader luon
truyen trc roi en the. Tai sao s dung the ban tch cc ma khong s dung the thu
ong? Bi v the ban tch cc khong s dung tn hieu cua reader nh the thu ong, no t
kch ong, no co the oc khoang cach xa hn the thu ong. Bi v khong can thi gian
tiep sinh lc cho the ban tch cc, the co the nam trong pham vi oc cua reader t hn
thi gian oc quy nh (khong giong nh the thu ong). V vay neu oi tng c gan
the ang di chuyen toc o cao, d lieu the co the van c oc neu s dung the ban
tch cc. The ban tch cc cung cho phep oc tot hn ngay ca khi gan the bang nhng
vat lieu chan tan so vo tuyen (RF-opaque va RF-absorbent). S co mat cua nhng vat
lieu nay co the ngan khong cho the thu ong hoat ong ung dan en viec truyen d
lieu khong thanh cong. Tuy nhien, ay khong phai la van e kho khan oi vi the ban
tch cc.
Pham vi oc cua the ban tch cc co the len en 100 feet (xap x 30.5 m) vi
ieu kien ly .
Viec phan loai tiep theo da tren kha nang ho tr ghi chep d lieu:
- Ch oc (RO)
- Ghi mot lan, oc nhieu lan (WORM)
- oc-Ghi (RW)
The read only (RO)
The RO co the c lap trnh (tc la ghi d lieu len the RO) ch mot lan. D lieu
co the c lu vao the tai x nghiep trong luc san xuat. Viec nay c thc hien nh
sau: cac fuse rieng le tren vi mach cua the c lu co nh bang cach s dung chum tia
laser. Sau khi thc hien xong, khong the ghi e d lieu len the c na. The nay c
goi la factory programmed. Nha san xuat loai the nay se a d lieu len the va ngi s
dung the khong the ieu chnh c. Loai the nay ch tot oi vi nhng ng dung nho
ma khong thc te oi vi quy mo san xuat ln hoac khi d lieu cua the can c lam

-16-
theo yeu cau cua khac hang da tren ng dung. Loai the nay c s dung trong cac
ng dung kinh doanh va hang khong nho.
The write once, read many (WORM)
The WORM co the c ghi d lieu mot lan, ma thng th khong phai c ghi
bi nha san xuat ma bi ngi s dung the ngay luc the can c ghi. Tuy nhien trong
thc te th co the ghi c vai lan (khoang 100 lan). Neu ghi qua so lan cho phep, the
co the b pha hong vnh vien. The WORM c goi la field programmable.
Loai the nay co gia ca va hieu suat tot, co an toan d lieu va la loai the pho bien
nhat trong lnh vc kinh doanh ngay nay.
The read write (RW)
The RW co the ghi d lieu c nhieu lan, khoang t 10.000 en 100.000 lan
hoac co the hn na. Viec nay em lai li ch rat ln v d lieu co the c ghi bi
reader hoac bi the (neu la the tch cc). The RW gom thiet b nh Flash va FRAM e
lu d lieu. The RW c goi la field programmable hoac reprogrammable. S an toan
d lieu la mot thach thc oi vi the RW. Them vao na la loai the nay thng at
nhat. The RW khong c s dung rong rai trong cac ng dung ngay nay, trong tng
lai co the cong nghe the phat trien th chi ph the giam xuong.
1.3.2. Reader
Mot reader ien hnh cha mot Module tan so vo tuyen (may phat va may thu)
la mot n v ieu khien va la phan t ket noi en bo phat ap. Ngoai ra cac reader con
c gan vi 1 mot giao dien bo sung (RS232, RS485) e chung co the chuyen tiep d
lieu oc c en mot he thong khac (PC, he thong ieu khien robot)
Reader RFID c goi la vat tra hoi (interrogator), la mot thiet b oc va ghi d
lieu cac the RFID tng thch. Hoat ong ghi d lieu len the bang reader c goi la
tao the. Qua trnh tao the va ket hp the vi mot oi tng c goi la a the vao hoat
ong (commissioning the tag).

-17-
Reader la he than kinh trung ng cua toan he thong, phan cng RFID thiet lap
viec truyen vi thanh phan nay va ieu khien no, la thao tac quan trong nhat cua bat ky
thc the nao muon lien ket vi thc the phan cng nay.
Mot reader co cau truc layout nh Hnh 1.14 di ay:
Hnh 1.14. Cau truc layout c ban cua mot reader

Cac thanh phan chnh cua reader bao gom:
- May phat (Transmitter)
- May thu (Receiver)
- Vi mach (Microprocessor)
- Bo nh.
- Kenh vao/ra oi vi cac cam bien, c cau truyen ong au t, bang tn
hieu ien bao ben ngoai (mac du noi ung ra ay la nhng thanh phan khong bat buoc,
chung hau nh luon c cung cap vi mot reader thng mai).
- Mach ieu khien (co the no c at ben ngoai)
- Mach truyen thong.

-18-
- Nguon nang lng.

Cac thanh phan chnh cua reader
May phat
May phat cua reader truyen nguon AC va chu ky xung ong ho qua antenna cua
no en the trong pham vi oc cho phep, no chu trach nhiem gi tn hieu cua reader en
moi trng xung quanh va nhan lai ap ng cua the qua antenna cua reader.
May thu
May thu nhan tn hieu tng t t the qua antenna cua reader. Sau o no gi
nhng tn hieu nay cho vi mach cua reader, tai ni nay no c chuyen thanh tn hieu so
tng ng (co ngha la d lieu ma the a truyen cho reader c bieu dien dang
so).
Vi mach
Thanh phan nay chu trach nhiem cung cap giao thc cho reader e no truyen
thong vi the tng thch vi no. No thc hien viec giai ma va kiem tra loi tn hieu
tng t nhan t may thu.
Bo nh
Bo nh dung lu tr d lieu nh cac tham so cau hnh reader va mot ban ke khai
cac lan oc the. V vay neu viec ket noi gia reader va he thong mach ieu khien/phan
mem b hong th tat ca d lieu the a c oc khong b mat.
Cac kenh nhap/xuat cua cac cam bien, c cau truyen ong au t va bang
tn hieu ien bao ben ngoai
Cac reader khong can bat suot. Cac the co the ch xuat hien luc nao o va ri
khoi reader mai cho nen viec bat reader suot se gay lang ph nang lng. Them na la
gii han va e cap tren cung anh hng en chu ky lam viec cua reader. Thanh
phan nay cung cap mot c che bat va tat reader tuy thuoc vao cac s kien ben ngoai.
Co mot so loai cam bien nh cam bien ve anh sang hoac s chuyen ong e phat hien
cac oi tng c gan the trong pham vi oc cua reader. Cam bien nay cho phep

-19-
reader bat len e oc the. Thanh phan nay cung cho phep reader cung cap xuat cuc bo
tuy thuoc vao mot so ieu kien qua mot bang tn hieu ien bao (chang han, bao bang
am thanh) hoac c cau truyen ong au t (chang han, m hoac ong van an toan, di
chuyen mot canh tay robot, v.v).
Mach ieu khien
Mach ieu khien la mot thc the cho phep thc the ben ngoai la con ngi hoac
chng trnh may tnh giao tiep, ieu khien cac chc nang cua reader, ieu khien bang
tn hieu ien bao va c cau truyen ong au t ket hp vi reader nay. Thng th cac
nha san xuat hp nhat thanh phan nay vao reader (nh phan mem he thong (firmware)
chang han).
Giao dien truyen thong
Thanh phan giao dien truyen thong cung cap cac lenh truyen en reader, no cho
phep tng tac vi cac thc the ben ngoai qua mach ieu khien, e truyen d lieu cua
no, nhan lenh va gi lai ap ng. Thanh phan giao dien nay cung co the xem la mot
phan cua mach ieu khien hoac la phng tien truyen gia mach ieu khien va cac thc
the ben ngoai. Thc the nay co nhng ac iem quan trong can xem no nh mot thanh
phan oc lap. Reader co the co mot giao dien tuan t. Giao dien tuan t la loai giao
dien pho bien nhat nhng cac reader the he sau se c phat trien giao dien mang
thanh mot tnh nang chuan. Cac reader phc tap co cac tnh nang nh t phat hien bang
chng trnh ng dung, co gan cac Web server cho phep reader nhan lenh va trnh bay
ket qua dung mot trnh duyet Web chuan.
Nguon nang lng
Thanh phan nay cung cap nguon nang lng cho cac thanh phan cua reader.
Nguon nang lng c cung cap cho cac thanh phan nay qua mot day dan ien c
ket noi vi mot ngo ra ben ngoai thch hp.
Phan loai reader

-20-
Reader c phan loai chu yeu theo tieu chuan la giao dien ma reader cung cap
cho viec truyen thong. Trong tieu chuan nay, reader co the c phan loai ra nh sau:
- Serial.
- Network.
Serial reader
Serial reader s dung lien ket serial e truyen vi mot ng dung. Reader ket noi
en cong serial cua may tnh dung ket noi tuan t RS232 hoac RS485. Ca hai loai ket
noi nay eu co gii han tren ve chieu dai cap s dung ket noi reader vi may tnh.
Chuan RS485 cho phep cap dai hn chuan RS232.
u iem cua serial reader la co o tin cay cao hn network reader. V vay s
dung reader loai nay c khuyen khch nham lam toi thieu s phu thuoc vao mot kenh
truyen.
Nhc iem cua serial reader la phu thuoc vao chieu dai toi a cua cap s dung
e ket noi mot reader vi mot may tnh. Them na, thng th tren mot may chu th so
cong serial b han che. Toc o truyen d lieu serial thng thap hn toc o truyen d
lieu mang. Nhng nhan to nay dan en chi ph bao dng cao hn va thi gian chet
ang ke.
Network reader
Network reader ket noi vi may tnh s dung ca mang day va khong day. Thc
te, reader hoat ong nh thiet b mang.
u iem cua network reader la khong phu thuoc vao chieu dai toi a cua cap ket
noi reader vi may tnh. S dung t may chu hn so vi serial reader. Them na la phan
mem he thong cua reader co the c cap nhat t xa qua mang.
Nhc iem cua network reader la viec truyen khong ang tin cay bang serial
reader.
C che truyen c ban gia the va reader

-21-
Tuy thuoc vao loai the, viec truyen gia reader va the co the theo mot trong
nhng cach sau ay:
- Modulated backscatter.
- Kieu may phat (transmitter type).
Trc khi nghien cu sau vao loai truyen thong, ta phai hieu c khai niem
near field va far field.
Pham vi gia antenna cua reader va mot bc song cua song RF c phat bi
antenna c goi la near field. Pham vi ngoai bc song cua song RF a phat t
antenna cua reader c goi la far field. Cac he thong RFID thu ong hoat ong bang
tan LF va HF s dung viec truyen thong near field trong khi trong bang tan UHF va
song vi ba s dung far field. Cng o tn hieu trong truyen thong near field yeu i lap
phng khoang cach t antenna cua reader. Trong far field, no giam i bnh phng
khoang cach t antenna cua reader. Cho nen truyen thong far field c ket hp vi
pham vi oc dai hn truyen thong near field.
Hnh 1.15. C che truyen trng gan, trng xa gia the va reader

-22-
Tiep theo so sanh viec oc the va ghi the. Viec ghi the mat nhieu thi gian hn
viec oc the trong cung ieu kien v hoat ong ghi gom nhieu bc, bao gom viec xac
minh ban au, xoa d lieu con ton tai tren the, ghi d lieu mi len the, va giai oan xac
minh lan cuoi. Them na la d lieu c ghi tren the theo khoi bang nhieu bc. V vay
viec ghi the co the mat ca tram giay mi hoan thanh cung vi viec tang kch thc d
lieu. Ngc lai, co mot so the co the c oc trong khoang thi gian nay vi cung
reader. Viec ghi the la mot qua trnh de b anh hng can at the gan antenna cua
reader hn khoang cach oc tng ng. Viec at gan nham cho phep antenna cua the co
the nhan c u nang lng t tn hieu antenna cua reader e cap nguon cho vi mach
cua no giup no co the thc thi cac lenh ghi. Nhu cau nang lng oi vi qua trnh ghi
thng cao hn qua trnh oc.
Modulated backscatter
Viec truyen modulated backscatter ap dung cho ca the thu ong va ban tch cc.
Trong kieu truyen thong nay, reader gi i tn hieu RF song lien tuc (continuos waveCW) gom co nguon AC va tn hieu xung cho the cung tan so mang (carrier frequencytan so ma reader hoat ong). Nh viec ket noi (ngha la c che truyen nang lng gia
reader va the) ma antenna cua the cung cap nguon ien cho vi mach. T kch thch
thng am ch viec vi mach cua the thu ong nhan nang lng t tn hieu cua reader e
t tiep sinh lc. Vi mach can khoang 1.2V t tn hieu cua reader e tiep sinh lc oi vi
viec oc. Con oi vi viec ghi th vi mach thng can khoang 2.2V t tn hieu cua
reader. Hien nay vi mach ieu chnh, thay oi tn hieu nhap thanh mot chuoi mo hnh
m, tat trnh bay d lieu cua no va truyen no tr lai. Khi reader nhan tn hieu a ieu
che, no giai ma mo hnh va thu c d lieu the.
V vay trong mo hnh truyen modulated backscatter, reader luon talks trc
sau o mi ti the. The s dung mo hnh nay khong the truyen khi khong co mat reader
v no phu thuoc hoan toan vao nang lng cua reader e truyen d lieu cua no.

-23-
Hnh 1.16. C che truyen modulated backscatter cua the thu ong
Hnh 1.17. C che truyen modulated backscatter cua the ban thu ong
Kieu may phat
Kieu truyen nay ch ap dung cho the tch cc. Trong kieu truyen nay, the phat
tan thong iep xung quanh moi trng vi khoang cach theo qui nh, bat ke reader co
hay khong co mat o. V vay, trong kieu truyen nay, the luon luon talks trc
reader.
Hnh 1.18. C che truyen kieu may phat cua the tch cc

-24-
1.3.3. Database
Database la he thong thong tin phu tr e theo doi va cha thong tin ve item co
nh the.
Thong tin c lu trong database bao gom nh danh item, phan mo ta, nha san
xuat, hoat ong cua item, v tr. Kieu thong tin cha trong database se bien oi tuy theo
ng dung. Chang han d lieu c lu tr trong he thong thu le ph ng se khac vi
d lieu c lu tr cho mot day chuyen cung cap cung nh khac vi quan ly nhan vien
trong mot cong ty. Cac database cung co the c ket noi en cac mang khac nh mang
LAN e ket noi database qua Internet. Viec ket noi nay cho phep d lieu chia se vi
mot database cuc bo ma thong tin c thu thap trc tien t no.
1.4. Giao thc the RFID

e co the hieu c c che truyen va cac ky thuat lien quan en cong nghe
RFID chung ta se i tm hieu nhng thuat ng va khai niem ban au cung nh cach lu
d lieu tren the va hai thu tuc rat quan trong la Singulation va Anti_Collision.
1.4.1. Thuat ng va khai niem
Trong phan nay, ta se nghien cu cac giao thc ma reader va the s dung e trao
oi thong iep thong qua giao dien khong gian (air interface) cung nh xem xet chi tiet
thong tin c lu tr tren the.
Giao thc: Mot tap cac quy tac chnh thc mo ta cach truyen d lieu, ac biet la
qua mot mang. Cac giao thc cap thap xac nh cac tieu chuan ve ien, ve vat ly c
tien hanh theo kieu bit va kieu byte, viec truyen, viec phat hien loi va hieu chnh chuoi
bit. Cac giao thc cap cao e cap en nh dang d lieu bao gom cu phap cua thong
iep, oan oi thoai gia au cuoi ti may tnh, cac bo ky t, s sap xep th t cua
thong iep, v.v
Vi nh ngha nay, cac giao dien khong gian se la cac giao thc cap thap, con
cac giao thc c mo ta di ay la cac giao thc cap cao. No xac nh cu phap cua
thong iep va cau truc cua oan oi thoai gia reader va the. Phan au xoay quanh mot

-25-
so thuat ng va khai niem quan trong e hieu c giao thc the va giai thch nhieu hn
ve moi quan he gia cac chuan ma vach va ma hoa the, no se hu ch cho ngi phat
trien xay dng cac ng dung EPC (Electronic Product Code). Sau ay ta thao luan mot
so loai thu tuc chong ung o va singulation e minh hoa cach reader nhan dang the.
Phan nay gan giong phan chc nang security & privacy va mot so meo g roi trong viec
truyen cua the.
Ban au giao thc singulation dng nh ch nhng ngi quan tam mi biet
nhng chung a c tap trung tranh luan soi noi trong suot thi gian gan ay va la
nguyen nhan gay ra nhng quyet nh then chot trong thi gian thong qua ky thuat RFID
trong nhieu nganh cong nghiep.
Thuat ng ky thuat phat trien khi co bat ky mot ky thuat nao mi ra i khong
ngoai tr RFID. Mot so thuat ng nay kha hu ch e mo ta cac khai niem khac se xuat
hien trong phan nay. Cac thuat ng nay la:
Singulation
Thuat ng nay mo ta mot thu tuc giam mot nhom (group) thanh mot luong
(stream) e quan ly ke tiep nhau c. Chang han mot ca xe ien ngam la mot thiet b
e giam mot nhom ngi thanh mot luong ngi ma he thong co the em va yeu cau
xuat trnh the. Singulation cung tng t khi co s truyen thong vi cac the RFID, v
khong co c che nao cho phep the reply tach biet, nhieu the se ap ng mot reader
ong thi va co the pha v viec truyen thong nay. Singulation cung co ham y rang
reader hoc cac ID cua moi the e no kiem ke.
Anti-collision
Thuat ng nay mo ta mot tap thu tuc ngan chan cac the ngat moi the khac va
khong cho phep co thay oi. Singulation nhan dang cac the rieng biet, ngc lai anticollision ieu chnh thi gian ap ng va tm cac phng thc sap xep ngau nhien nhng
ap ng nay e reader co the hieu tng the trong tnh trang qua tai nay.

-26-
Identity la mot cai ten, mot so hoac a ch ma no ch duy nhat mot vat hoac mot
ni nao o. Nguyen nh Chieu la mot identity ch mot con ngi cu the. 259/11/13
Kinh Dng Vng, Phng An Lac, Quan Bnh Tan la identity ch mot ni cu the.
1.4.2. Phng thc lu tr d lieu tren the
Giao thc truyen thong the cap cao hieu c cac loai ID va phng thc lu tr
lieu tren the. Tuy nhien v mot reader ch lien lac vi mot the nen layout ve mat vat ly
thc te cua bo nh tren the tuy thuoc vao nha san xuat. Layout co cau truc logic nh
hnh ve:
Hnh 1.19. Layout bo nh cua mot the minh hoa

Trong o:
- CRC la mot checksum (xem chi tiet trong CCITT-CRC).
- EPC la ID cua the.
- Password la mot ma chet e lam mat kha nang hoat ong cua the.
CCITT-CRC:

-27-
- CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) la mot phng phap xac minh mot
khoi d lieu khong thch hp do a b sa oi. Ngi gi khoi d lieu nay se tnh mot
gia tr bang cach x ly toan khoi thanh mot so ln va chia no bi mot so c goi la a
thc CRC. So d cua phep toan nay la CRC. Ngi gi se gi CRC nay cung vi d lieu
va ngi nhan dung phng phap tng t e tnh CRC qua khoi d lieu e so sanh.
Neu CRC t ngi gi khong thoa vi CRC a c tnh bi ngi nhan th ngi nhan
yeu cau d lieu c gi lai. e phat sinh CRC, cac giao thc EPC s dung a thc
CCITT-CRC. Giao thc nay dung chuoi 16 bit CRC s dung a thc x16+x12+x5+1. No
co the bat c 99.998% loi.
- Thuat toan tnh CRC: au tien tnh gia tr hex cho a thc. Thc hien
bang cach tnh t 15 xuong (v ay la chuoi CRC 16 bit) va anh dau 1 cho moi luy tha
xuat hien trong a thc. oi vi moi luy tha khong co trong a thc ta anh dau 0.
ieu nay co ngha so o la so 0001000000100001 hoac so hex 1021(so nay la CCITT).
Lay a thc khoi d lieu chia cho a thc nay, so d la CRC.
1.4.3. Thu tuc SINGULATION va ANTI-COLLISION
Van e ke tiep lien quan ti phng thc ma mot reader va mot the s dung giao
dien khong gian (air interface). Co nhieu phng thc khac nhau cho cac reader va the
lien lac vi nhau nhng tat ca co the c phan loai thanh Tag Talks First (TTF) hoac
Reader Talks First (RTF). Trong phan nay, ta se nghien cu cac giao thc pho bien nhat
cho RFID: Slotted Aloha, Adaptive Binary Tree, Slotted Terminal Adaptive Collection
va ac ta EPC Gen2 mi.
Slotted Aloha
Slotted Aloha xuat phat t mot thu tuc n gian Aloha va c phat trien trong
nhng nam 1970 bi Norman Abramson cua Aloha Network tai Hawaii trong truyen vo
tuyen goi. Aloha a la nguon cam hng cho giao thc Ethernet va s bien oi cua thu
tuc nay van c dung trong thong tin ve tinh cung nh cho cac the RFID ISO 18000-6
Type B va EPC Gen2.

-28-
oi vi thu tuc nay, cac the bat au broadcast ID cua chung ngay khi reader nap
nang lng cho chung. Moi the gi ID cua no va ch mot khoang thi gian random
trc khi broadcast lai. Reader nhan cac ID, moi the se broadcast trong khoang thi
gian cac the khac im lang. Dau sao th reader cung khong tra li cac the. u iem cua
thu tuc nay la toc o va tnh n gian. Luan ly cua the rat nho va vi giao thc yeu nh
the nay th toc o oc ch at cao nhat khi ch co mot vai the hien dien.
Tuy nhien, cac the them vao lam giam c hoi truyen. Co ngha la ch cac the
truyen lai en khi truyen het, no phu thuoc vao khoang cach truyen, va khong the thc
thi theo doi item c khoang 8 en 12 the. Cung may la Slotted Aloha cai tien giao
thc bang cach them vao khai niem singulation va yeu cau cac the ch broadcast vao
luc bat au mot khe thi gian nao o v the no lam giam ung o mot cach ang ke. Va
co kha nang oc gan 1.000 the trong mot giay.
Slotted Aloha s dung 3 lenh chon the: REQUEST, SELECT va READ. Lenh
au tien la REQUEST cung cap mot anh dau thi gian cho bat ky the nao co trong
day. Lenh REQUEST cung cho biet phng thc cac the s dung cac khe co san. Moi
the chon mot trong nhng khe o, no da vao tong so tuy chon cua reader, chung chon
ngau nhien khoang thi gian ch trc khi tra li lenh REQUEST. Sau o cac the
broadcast ID nhng khe a chon. Khi nhan ID, reader phat lenh SELECT cha ID o.
Ch the nao co ID nay mi tra li. Sau o reader phat lenh READ. Sau o reader phat
lai lenh REQUEST.
Cang t khe th viec oc cang nhanh, cang nhieu khe th ung o cang t. Reader
co the tang tong so khe neu REQUEST b ung o va tiep tuc tang lenh REQUEST cho
en khi viec truyen ID khong con ung o na. Reader cung co the s dung mot lenh
BREAK cho biet cac the ch i. Trong mot so trng hp, the se vao trang thai
SLEEP khi oc thanh cong, v vay cho phep cac the con lai co nhieu c hoi c chon
hn.

-29-
V du: Co 1 au oc A va 3 the B1, B2, B3 va cac khe thi gian t+10, t+20, t+30,
t+40, t+50. 3 the se chon ngau nhien 1 khe thi gian. V du B3 chon khe thi gian t+10,
B1 chon khe thi gian t+50, B2 chon khe thi gian t+30. Va au oc A quet theo thi
gian tuan t t t en t+10, gap the B3, no se hoi B3 co d lieu chia se khong, B3 tra li
vi chuoi hex FFF1305000181CB50C8000001070. The A ghi nhan va B3 ri vao trang
thai SLEEP, tng t cho B2 va B1. Giao thc chong ung o s dung cac tn hieu nay
c goi la cac giao thc Slot Marker. Slot Marker cua giao thc Slotted Aloha cung
lam viec nh a mo ta tren, ngoai tr ket thuc cua mot khe c cho biet bi mot tn
hieu ch khong phai bi s ket thuc cua mot thi gian thiet lap. ieu nay cho phep mot
so khe dai hn cac khe khac va nh the co nhieu c hoi oc moi khe hn.
Cay nh phan thch ng(Adaptive Binary Tree)
Cac the UHF EPC lp 0 va lp 1 phien ban 1.0 (Generation 1) s dung mot cach
tiep can phc tap hn cho singulation va chong ung o la thu tuc Adaptive Binary
Tree. Thu tuc nay s dung tm kiem nh phan e tm mot the trong nhieu the. Ta a
quen thuoc vi cay nh phan nhng e hieu ro ta se xem lai nhng khai niem c ban.
Sau o ta se giai thch mot so sac thai tm kiem nh phan s dung cach tiep can
query/response tng t nh phan Slotted Aloha. Khong giong vi Slotted Aloha, cac
the s dung giao thc nay se tra li ngay tc th. ac ta EPC oi vi giao dien khong
gian cua cac the UHF se s dung 2 subcarrier rieng cho bit 1 va bit 0 trong ap ng the.
Bi v giao thc nay khong chu y en phng thc ap ng nhieu the vi bit 1 hoac bit 0
ma ch chu y en mot the c ap ng hoac hn na.
Mot phng thc de dang la oan tng so. Khi ta bat au ta khong co thong tin,
v the ta hoi So au tien la 1 phai khong?. Neu tra li vang th ta co the them 1 vao
chuoi so va hoi So ke tiep la 1 phai khong?. Neu tra li khong th ta co the them 0
vao chuoi so. Cau hoi va cau tra li lap lai cho tng so cho en khi ta biet het toan bo
so. Cac mui ten trnh bay cac so chnh xac moi bc.

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Hnh 1.20. S o cay nh phan

Bay gi ap dung chien lc nay e tm mot the trong nhieu the bang nhng bit
trong ID cua the. Nh a noi la ta bat au khong co thong tin. Reader gi mot cau truy
van Co the nao co bit au (MSB) la 1 khong?. Tat ca tra li khong th dng ap
ng, con nhng the tra li co th c hoi cau hoi tng t cho bit ke tiep. Vi cach
nay, cac the tiep tuc b thu hep dan cho en khi ch con mot the tra li. Bang phng
thc nay reader co the thu hep ve mot the ma khong i het toan ID, mac du trong
trng hp xau nhat th co the tm kiem ID tuan t se can i en bit cuoi cung (LSB).
Slotted Terminal Adaptive Collection (STAC)
Giao thc STAC tng t ve nhieu mat vi Slotted Aloha, nhng co mot so ac
iem lam cho no phc tap hn va phai co cach giai quyet rieng. STAC c xac nh la
mot thanh phan cua ac ta EPC oi vi cac the HF. Bi v no xac nh en 512 khe co
chieu dai khac nhau, ac biet la no phu hp vi singulation vi mat o the day ac.
Giao thc nay cung cho phep chon cac nhom the da tren chieu dai cua ma EPC bat
au bang MSB. Bi v ma EPC c to chc bi Header, Domain Manager Number,
Object Class va Serial Number t MSB en LSB, c che nay co the de dang chon
nhng the ch thuoc ve mot Domain Manager hoac Object Class nao o. V cac the HF
thng c dung xac thc item rieng le nen ieu nay rat hu dung chang han nh neu
ng dung muon biet co bao nhieu item tren mot pallet hon hp la nhng thung giay A4.

-31-
Cung nh Slotted Aloha, STAC cung s dung cac khe. So khe chnh xac c
reader chon va c ieu chnh lien tuc e can bang gia nhu cau oc nhanh va mot vai
s ung o. Cang t khe hn th viec oc nhanh hn nhng nhieu khe hn th se lam cho
ung o t hn.
STAC ch nh ngha mot tap nho cac trang thai va cac lenh.
EPC UHF lp 1 Gen 2
Viec nghien cu mi ay ve giao dien trung gian EPC UHF lp 1 c goi la
Giao thc Gen2. Gen2 phan tch mot so gii han cua giao thc UHF au tien bang
cach nh ngha cac s bien oi giao thc ma no co the lam viec theo quy tac RF cua
Chau Au (CEPT) va Bac My (FCC).
Giao thc EPC Gen 2 ho tr singulation the nhanh hn giao thc trc, toc o
oc la 1.600 the tren giay Bac My va 600 the tren giay Chau Au. ieu then chot
cua Gen2 la cac tn hieu reader phat ra c mot khoang cach xa. Neu 2 reader cach
nhau 1km th van xem chung cung moi trng hoat ong.
Giao thc mo ta 3 thu tuc truyen gia reader vi the. Reader chon cac the bang
cach so sanh the vi mot bitmask, hoac kiem the bang cach singulate the, hoac truy cap
the e oc thong tin, ghi thong tin, lam mat kha nang hoat ong hoac cai at trang thai
khoa bang memory bank number.
Cach khac phuc s co communication the
Trong trng hp reader mat lien lac vi the ta co the hoi o la do reader hay
the. Th the vi reader o, neu the mi lam viec c th the kia a hong, neu the mi
khong lam viec c th reader hong (hoac trong trng hp hai the eu hong th tot
nhat la th vai the cho chac). Reader dung mot antenna hoac nhieu hn na e lien lac
vi the. Ta co the oi antenna vi reader khac khong? Ta nen can than, ch oi antenna
t nhng reader y nh nhau. Hau het reader ho tr nhieu loai the: the ISO, the EPC, HF
hay UHF. Con the th co the lam viec vi hop kim loai hay vo cao su.

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B quyet n gian e kiem tra la di chuyen the xung quanh va xem anh sang oc
sang hay tat. e dau the th ta ch viec at mnh gia the va reader.
1.5. ieu le va chuan hoa

Khong co to chc toan cau nao quan ly tan so s dung cho RFID. Ve nguyen tac,
moi quoc gia eu co the thiet lap cac qui nh cho rieng mnh. Cac to chc chnh quan
ly cap phat tan so cho RFID la:
- My: FCC (Federal Communications Commision) - Uy ban vien thong
lien bang
- Canada: DOC (Department of Communication): Bo vien thong
- Chau Au: ERO, CEPT, ETSI, va cac uy ban quoc gia (cac uy ban quoc
gia phai phe chuan mot tan so xac nh e s dung trc khi no co the s dung quoc
gia nay).
- Nhat: MPHPT (Ministry of Public Management, Home Affair, Post and
Telecommunication) - Bo quan ly van eu chung trong nc va cong ong ve bu chnh
vien thong)
- Trung Quoc: Bo cong nghe thong tin
- Uc: Uy ban truyen thong a phng tien Uc
- NewZealand: Bo phat trien kinh te
Cac the RFID tan so thap (LF: 125kHz -134,2kHz and 140kHz - 148,5kHz) va
tan so cao (HF: 13,56MHz) co the c s dung toan cau ma khong can cap phep. Cac
tan so UHF (UHF: 868MHz - 928MHz) khong c s dung toan cau do no khong co
chuan toan cau rieng.
1.6. Mot so tieu chuan xay dng cho cong nghe RFID
ISO 11784 & 11785: cac chuan nay qui nh nhan dang tan so vo tuyen cho ong
vat a ra khai niem ky thuat va cau truc ma.
ISO 14223/1: nhan dang tan so vo tuyen vi ong vat, bo thu phat cao cap - giao
dien vo tuyen.

-33-
ISO 10536: quy nh ve tan so song mang phu va qua trnh ieu che
ISO 14443
ISO 15693
ISO 18000
EPC global: ay la nen tang chuan no gan nh c chuan hoa quoc te theo qui
tac cua ISO.
1.7. Tan so vo tuyen hoat ong cua RFID

Viec chon tan so radio la ac iem hoat ong chnh cua he thong RFID. Tan so
xac nh toc o truyen thong va khoang cach oc the. Noi chung, tan so cao hn cho
biet pham vi oc dai hn. Moi ng dung phu hp vi mot kieu tan so cu the do moi
tan so th song radio co ac iem khac nhau. Chang han song co tan so thap (lowfrequency) co the xuyen qua tng tot hn song co tan so cao hn no, nhng tan so cao
co toc o oc nhanh.
Co 4 tan so chnh c s dung cho he thong RFID: low, high, ultrahigh,
microwave.
- Low-frequency: bang tan t 125KHz - 134KHz. Bang tan nay phu hp
vi pham vi ngan nh he thong chong trom, nhan dang ong vat va he thong khoa t
ong.
- High-frequency: bang tan 13,56MHz. Tan so cao cho phep o chnh xac
cao hn vi pham vi 3foot (3*0,3048m xap x 1m), v the giam rui ro oc sai the. V vay
no thch hp vi viec oc item. Cac the thu ong 13,56 MHz c oc toc o 10 en
100 the tren giay va pham vi 3feet. Cac the high-frequency c dung trong viec theo
doi vat lieu trong cac th vien va kiem soat hieu sach, theo doi pallet, truy cap, theo doi
hanh ly van chuyen bang may bay va theo doi item o trang sc.
- Ultrahigh-frequency: cac the hoat ong 900MHz va co the c oc
khoang cach dai hn cac the high-frequency, pham vi t 3 en 15feet. Tuy nhien cac
the nay de b anh hng bi cac nhan to moi trng hn cac the hoat ong cac tan so

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khac. Bang tan 900MHz thc s phu hp cho cac ng dung day chuyen cung cap v toc
o va pham vi cua no. Cac the thu ong ultrahigh-frequency co the c oc toc o
100 en 1000 the tren giay. Cac the nay thng c s dung trong viec kiem tra pallet
va container, xe ch hang va toa trong van chuyen tau bien.
- Microwave frequency: bang tan 2,45GHz va 5,8GHz, co nhieu song
radio bc xa t cac vat the gan co the can tr kha nang truyen thong gia reader va
the tag. Cac the microwave RFID thng c dung trong quan ly day chuyen cung
cap.
Bang 1.2: Tan so hoat ong cua RFID
Tan so
Tan so thap (100 - 500kHz)
ac tnh
S dung trong pham vi ngan va trung bnh.
Chi ph thap
Toc o oc d lieu thap
Tan so trung bnh (10 - 15MHz)
S dung trong pham vi ngan va trung bnh.

Chi ph thap
Toc o oc d lieu trung bnh
Tan so cao (850 -950MHz, 2,4 -
S dung trong pham vi ban knh rong.
5,8 GHz)
Chi ph cao
Toc o oc d lieu cao
1.8. Cac ng dung RFID hien hanh

Cac ng dung thng mai cho au t va cung cap viec quan ly chuyen ang
khien cho s phat trien va gia tang cong nghe RFID. Wal-Mart, trung tam ban le ln
nhat the a thuc s gia tang nay bi viec yeu cau cac nha cung cap s dung the RFID.
Wal-Mart yeu cau 100 nha cung cap ln nhat bat au lam the pallet va cho vao hop cac
the RFID thu ong trc thang 1 nam 2005, thuc ay cac nha ban le khac thc hien ke

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hoach tng t. Vi s phat trien cua Wal-Mart, nhiem vu RFID la a cong nghe nay
thanh xu the chu ao va lam cho no sinh li nhieu hn.
1.8.1. RFID trong viec x phat
Cung cung nhng kha nang lam cho y tng RFID quan ly day chuyen co the
manh trong viec phat, an ninh quoc gia, va luat phap. Cac ng dung gom ac tnh kiem
tra (chang han sung cam tay, thiet b lien lac, may tnh), kiem tra bang chng, passport
va kiem tra visa, kiem tra can bo trong cac tien nghi va xam nhap he thong ieu khien
trong cac toa nha hoac cac phong (chang han nh cac thiet b ra vao khong khoa). Cong
nghe RFID c xay dng trong viec x phat va an ninh quoc gia rong hn trong luat
phap.
Cong nghe RFID tao ieu kien x phat de dang, thay oi cac nhiem vu thng
le ma no oi hoi nhieu thi gian thanh cac nhiem vu ien t c thc thi t ong vi
chi ph thap. Them na la thuc ay hoat ong lu, tao he thong hoan chnh, hieu qua
hn. Viec s dung he thong RFID lam tang an ninh, giam bao lc, tao ra moi trng an
toan cho bo phan nhan vien.
1.8.2. RFID trong an ninh quoc gia
Hoi an ninh quoc gia My (DHS) a nam bat RFID nh mot cong nghe c chon
cho viec cai tien an ninh bien gii My va ca khau. Cong nghe RFID la y tng xac
nh v tr, theo doi va xac thc s i lai cua moi ngi va cac oi tng ma ho vao ra
My. No dung ky thuat sinh trac hoc e xac minh nhan dang cua cac khach nc ngoai
san bay va cang. Mot ngon tay tro cua khach c scan e lay dau tay va mot anh so
c chup. Dau tay va anh c dung e xac thc tai lieu thong hanh cua khach, c
ghi lai va c kiem tra oi chieu vi cac danh sach phan t khung bo. Cac du khach
the co mot so ID duy nhat ma no lien ket vi dau tay so cua ho, hnh anh va thong tin
ca nhan khac trong c s d lieu an ninh quoc gia. Y tng nay la se s dung cac the
ch oc thu ong khong the thay oi g c tren no. Thong tin ca nhan se khong c
lu tren the. Cong nghe RFID cai tien kha nang cua hai quan My va nhan vien bao ve

-36-
bien gii e so khp s vao ra bien gii lanh tho nhanh chong, chnh xac va ang tin
cay. The se cho phep t ong ghi viec ra vao cua du khach trong khach bo hanh, xe co
va co the cho nhan vien bien gii kiem tra nhanh lng thi gian hanh khach lai My
va ho co qua mc visa hay khong.
1.8.3. Trong he thong vien thong
Ngay nay, cac hoat ong bu chnh a trien khai RFID tren he thong khep kn
khac nhau e o kiem, giam sat va nang cao hoat ong bu chnh. V du, RFID c s
dung e giam sat dch vu bu pham quoc te gia cac trung tam bu chnh ln. C bu
pham nao co gan nhan c a vao khay chia chon, thi gian chuyen phat co the c
tnh toan. ieu nay cho phep cac van e dch vu c xac nh va c giai quyet tin
cay va tiet kiem.
Cac hoat ong bu chnh khac la theo doi container bu pham e anh gia viec
s dung ngi theo doi va e theo doi cac v tr container. Cac he thong theo doi
container bang tay co xu hng t dan khi khoi lng tang va co thi han chot e ap
ng cac thi iem khi hanh. Bang cach cho phep thong tin c lu t ong, RFID
am bao va tham ch hoat ong trong nhng ieu kien cang thang. Cac giam oc bu
chnh co the da tren thong tin e quyet nh nang cac chi ph van tai va xac nh lai
cac container khi can.
- Cac tui bu pham c theo doi bang RFID se thong bao tnh trang phat a
c danh cho cac dch vu bu pham u tien. Cac tui bu pham c gan the se t ong
c oc mot so iem cu the tren mang e cung cap kha nang nh v va theo doi
c t ong hoa.
1.8.4. ng dung trong quan ly th vien
Tat ca cac sach bao trong th vien se c gan chip RFID len tng cuon. Tai khu
vc kiem soat cho mn va tra sach (check in/out) eu c gan au oc the e nhan
vien de dang nap the cho sach bao va kiem tra tnh trang cua sach bao cho mn.
Ngoai ra, con co mot thiet b oc the cam tay e co the tm kiem va kiem tra thong tin

-37-
ve sach bao trong th vien. ieu nay a lam giam chi ph ve mat quan ly nhan s cung
nh tao ra s thuan tien trong viec quan ly va tm kiem sach bao.
Hnh 1.21. ng dung cong nghe RFID vao th vien

1.8.5. ng dung trong quan ly ban hang
Hng sat nhap cong nghe RFID thanh day chuyen c thuc ay bi s co li
ma de thay trong ban kiem ke: tang lt van chuyen, nhan, cung cap co nang suat,
giam gia cho viec lao ong chan tay, xep hang va s that thoat kiem ke. Cac reader
c cai luc chat hang cac ca ben tau co the phat hien the tren hang hoa hoac cac
pallet qua cac ca. au oc gi mot lenh en the e phat cac nhan dang cua chung, thu
thap thong tin nay va chuyen tiep en may tnh. Va may tnh ghi c s d lieu kiem ke
da vao hang hoa o la nhap hay xuat. Neu he thong s dung cac the thong minh, th
may tnh co the ghi ngay giao/nhan va thi gian tren the.
The RFID la s phat trien hu ch va la cong nghe hap dan, giup cho cac n v
ban le n gian hoa viec kiem ke hang hoa va han che viec mat mat trong qua trnh
ban hang. Vi viec the RFID em lai hieu qua kinh te cho cac doanh nghiep, ngi tieu
dung se co them nhieu s la chon va gia ca thap hn. Ben canh o, viec thanh toan khi
i mua sam se thuan li hn v c thanh toan t ong nh vao the thanh toan co s
dung RFID. Khach hang khong con phai xep hang e i nhan vien kiem tra, tnh gia

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cho tng mat hang a mua. The RFID a thay the he thong the d lieu. Nha cung cap
a tng ghi thong tin ve ten, noi dung cua mat hang, cung nh thong tin ve khoang thi
gian mon hang c trng bay trong the d lieu, va at the nay theo cung vi mat hang.
Tuy nhien, cac the nay thng xuyen b mat hoac h hong. Cac d lieu tng t gi ay
c ghi vao the RFID tren san pham, va c oc ghi bang tan so radio (khoang 13
MHz). Cac the RFID khong de dang b pha huy do dch chuyen, thi tiet hay cac tac
nhan khac, d lieu c am bao an toan cho en khi c ghi lai bang cac thiet b
chuyen dung.
Hnh 1.22. ng dung cong nghe RFID trong sieu th

1.8.6. Nhan dang ong vat
Cac the RFID c cay ghep cho ong vat e giup trong viec nhan dang chung.
RFID ang c ng dung trong nen cong nghiep chan nuoi gia suc vi hy vong co the
giup phat hien ra c cac mam mong cua benh tat, chang hang nh benh bo ien. Viec
cay cac the co cha thong tin ve tien s benh tat cua gia suc khong ch giup chung c
cham soc khoe manh ma con la can thiet trong viec t ong hoa quan ly trong chan
nuoi.
1.8.7. Cay ghep vao con ngi

-39-
Cac chp RFID cay vao mo c thiet ke e quan ly ong vat hien ang c s
dung cho ngi. Mot th nghiem gan ay vi cac mo cay RFID c thc hien bi giao
s Kevin Warwick ngi Anh, ong a thc hien cay mo mot con chp vao canh tay cua
mnh nam 1998. Barcelona, Tay Ban Nha va Rotterdam, Ha Lan ngi ta s dung
mot con chp cay mo e nhan dang khach hang VIP, va nhng v khach nay s dung
chp o e thanh toan tien uong. Trong nam 2004, van phong luat s Mexico a cay
chp Verichip vao 18 nhan vien cua mnh e giam sat truy nhap vao phong d lieu mat.
Hnh 1.23. ng dung cong nghe RFID vao cay ghep

1.8.8. Tnh ph trong giao thong
Cac he thong giao thong co the s dung cac the RFID a c lap trnh nh la
mot phng tien thanh toan. The c s dung e tra tien cac ca hang bach hoa,
tram xang cung nh tra ph cho tau ien ngam, xe buyt, bai o xe va taxi. He thong nay
cung c ap dung cho viec tnh ph cac tram thu ph tren cac xa lo. Oto se khong
phai dng lai e tra ph, trong khi cac au thu at cac tram se quet cac the a c
gan tren xe va se gi hoa n thang ve nha. ng dung nay se giup giam bt tnh trang
ket xe cac tuyen ng chnh va cac xa lo. Viec nay cung giup thu ph lu thong cac
ni b han che trong thanh pho.
1.9. u, nhc iem cua he thong RFID

1.9.1. u iem
S nhan dang ma khong can s nhn thay cho phep nhieu thiet b c oc cung
mot luc. V vay cung cho phep cac thiet b c at nhng ni ma au oc khong can
quan tam la co nhn thay c thiet b hay khong.

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oc thiet b ma khong can phan tch thiet b se lam cho tien trnh nhanh hn va
cung co the xac nh nhng thiet b ac biet va bao ve chung tranh khoi nhieu nguon
phan tch co the gay h hong.
Tiet kiem thi gian x ly, lam tang tuoi tho cua thiet b.
Bo nh va lu tr d lieu, mot the RFID co the lu tr t 96 bits en 64 Kbytes
bo nh, co the m rong ng dung va cung co the lam mot c s d lieu di ong.
Tnh linh hoat va tnh ong bo cho kha nang quan ly chi ph trong nhieu nam va
cung cho kha nang them nhieu tnh nang va san pham mi.
The RFID ben hn ma vach. Chung co c che tao t cac hp chat ac biet e
chong lai s pha huy cua hoa chat va nhiet o.
The RFID khong nhng co the oc ma con co the ghi thong tin. Ma vach ch
cha thong tin co nh, khong thay oi c.
Gia thanh: ban au ky thuat RFID co gia thanh rat cao vi au oc va bo cam
ng c dung e oc thong tin co gia ngoai 2000$ en 3500$ moi cai, va cac the tr
gia 40$ en 75$ moi cai. Nhng en thi iem hien tai nh cong nghe ngay cang hoan
thien, san xuat hang loat c cung cap bi rat nhieu nha san xuat tren the gii nen gia
thanh cua reader cung nh the giam con 1/10 so vi luc ban au.
1.9.2. Nhc iem
De b anh hng gay ton thng: co the lam ton hai mot he thong RFID bi viec
phu vat lieu bao ve t 2 en 3 lp kim loai thong thng e ngan chan tn hieu radio.
Cung co the ton hai he thong RFID bi viec at hai item oi ngc vi cai khac e mot
the che cai khac. ieu o co the huy cac tn hieu. ieu nay oi hoi kien thc ve ky
thuat va s canh thang hang can than.
Viec thu tieu cac the pho ra: cac the RFID c dan ben trong bao b va c
pho ra de thu tieu. ieu nay co ngha la se co nhieu van e khi ngi s dung biet ro
hn ve vai tro cua the. V du: An o a trien khai cong nghe RFID vao th vien nhng
van e gi cho cac the tranh b tiep xuc la mot thach thc ln.

-41-
Nhng lien quan rieng t cua ngi s dung

ung o au oc: tn hieu t mot au oc co the giao tiep vi tn hieu t ni
khac ma ni o tin tc chong cheo nhau. ieu nay c goi la ung o au oc. Mot
phng phap tranh van e tren thng c s dung la ky thuat c goi la phan chia
thi gian a truy cap
ung o the.
Chuan cong nghe cha co: quy nh quoc te va tieu chuan cho cong nghe RFID
hien con ang rat s khai. Tuy nhien, cong ty Auto-ID, lien doanh gia Uy Ban Ma
Thong Nhat va Hiep Hoi Cac Nha Ban Le va San Xuat cua 12 nc chau Au ang phat
trien mot chuan EPC lu tr d lieu trong the. Microsoft cung a gia nhap lien doanh
nay. To chc Tieu Chuan Quoc Te ISO th va phoi hp cung Uy Ban Ky Thuat ien
T Quoc Te thanh lap Hoi ong Ky Thuat Chung nham xay dng cac tieu chuan lien
quan en RFID.
1.10. Phng thc lam viec cua RFID

Mot he thong RFID n gian nhat co ba thanh phan c ban: the, au oc, va mot
may chu. The RFID gom chip ban dan nho va antenna c thu nho trong mot so hnh
thc ong goi. Moi the c lap trnh vi mot nhan dang duy nhat cho phep theo doi
khong day oi tng hoac con ngi ang gan the o. Bi v cac chip c s dung
trong the RFID co the gi mot so lng ln d lieu, chung co the cha thong tin nh
chuoi so, thi dau, hng dan cau hnh, d lieu ky thuat, so sach y hoc, va lch trnh.

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Hnh 1.24. Qua trnh lam viec cua the va reader

Cac the co the c cap nguon bi mot bo pin thu nho trong the (cac the tch
cc) hoac bi reader ma no wake up the e yeu cau tra li khi the ang trong pham
vi (the passive).
The tch cc oc xa 100 feet tnh t reader va co the la the thong minh (vi
bo nh c viet len va xoa nh mot o cng may tnh) hoac la the RO. The thu ong co
the c oc xa reader 20 feet va co bo nh RO. Kch thc the va gia ca, dai oc, o
chnh xac oc/ghi, toc o d lieu va chc nang he thong thay oi theo ac iem neu ra
trong thiet ke va dai tan he thong RFID s dung. The nhan song truyen t reader va
nh bo chuyen oi sang DC va nh bo ieu che e nhan chuoi bit t reader truyen ti.
Tiep en the gi song mang cha d lieu phat en reader. Sau o c ieu che (gia s
dung QAM) la mot so phc va c xep vao bieu o chom sao theo quy luat ma Gray
tren 2 truc Re (thc) va Im(ao). V tr cua moi iem tn hieu (so phc) tren bieu o
chom sao phan anh thong tin ve bien o va pha cua cac song mang. Qua trnh bien oi
IFFT se bien oi cac so phc bieu dien cac song mang trong mien tan so thanh cac so
phc bieu dien cac song mang trong mien thi gian ri rac. Trong thc te cac thanh
phan Re va Im c bieu dien bang chuoi nh phan c bo ieu che IQ s dung e

-43-
ieu che song mang cung c bieu dien bang mot chuoi nh phan. Chuoi nh phan sau
ieu che IQ c bien oi DA e nhan c tn hieu trong bang tan c ban. Qua trnh
x ly pha the se thc hien bien oi FFT e tao cac iem ieu che phc cua tng song
mang phu trong symbol OFDM (ban chat cua qua trnh tao tn hieu OFDM la phan tch
chuoi bit au vao thanh cac song mang a c ieu che theo mot kieu nao o trong
mien thi gian lien tuc), sau khi giai nh v (Demapping) xac nh bieu o bit tng
ng cac to hp bit c cong lai e khoi phuc dong d lieu a truyen.
Hnh 1.25. Qua trnh truyen nhan d lieu gia the va reader
Reader gom mot antenna lien lac vi the va mot n v o ien t hoc a c
noi mang vi may chu. n v o tiep song gia may chu va tat ca cac the trong pham
vi oc cua antenna, cho phep mot au oc lien lac vi hang tram the ong thi. No
cung thc thi cac chc nang bao mat nh ma hoa/ giai ma va xac thc ngi dung.
Reader co the phat hien the ngay ca khi khong nhn thay chung. Hau het cac
mang RFID gom nhieu the va nhieu au oc c noi mang vi nhau bi mot may tnh
trung tam, hau nh thng la mot tram lam viec gon e ban. May chu x ly d lieu ma
cac reader thu thap t cac the va dch no gia mang RFID va cac he thong cong nghe
thong tin ln hn, ma ni o quan ly day chuyen hoac c s d lieu quan ly co the thc
thi. Middleware phan mem noi he thong RFID vi mot he thong quan ly luong d
lieu.

-44-

Trong phan nay toi se gii thieu cac he thong RFID c ban, cach thc hoat ong
cung nh moi lien he gia transponder va reader. Chung ta quan tam en 2 van e
chnh: nang lng cung cap cho transponder va phng thc truyen d lieu gia
transponder va reader. Trong thc te he thong RFID co the chia lam 3 loai c ban o la:
he thong 1 bit, he thong song cong va ban song cong va he thong tuan t.
- He thong 1 bit.
- He thong n bit:
+ He thong song cong va ban song cong.
+ He thong tuan t.
Hnh 2.1. Cac he thong RFID khac nhau

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2.1. He thong 1 bit

Mot bit la ai lng nho nhat cua thong tin, no co 2 trang thai: 1 hay 0. ieu nay
co ngha la ch co 2 trang thai c trnh bay bi transponder 1 bit: transponder trong
vung tham van va khong co transponder trong vung tham van. Mac du b gii han,
cac transponder 1 bit van rat pho bien, ng dung chnh cua chung la cac thiet b chong
trom trong cac ca hang (EAS, giam sat hang hoa ien t).
Mot he thong EAS c lam bi cac linh kien sau: antenna cua reader hay bo do
hoi, phan t bao mat hay the bao mat va mot thiet b vo hieu hoa he thong sau khi ket
thuc giao dch. Trong cac he thong hien ai, viec vo hieu hoa c thc hien khi ma
cua mon hang c ang k tai quay tnh tien. Mot vai he thong cung at them bo kch
hoat e kch hoat lai phan t bao mat sau khi vo hieu hoa he thong. Mot ac iem quan
trong cua he thong la toc o phat hien phu thuoc vao o rong cua cong (khoang cach
ln nhat gia transponder va antenna cua reader).
Transponder 1 bit gom 5 thanh phan:
- Tan so vo tuyen
- Song vi ba
- Bo chia tan so
- ien t
- Acoustomagnetic
2.1.1. Tan so vo tuyen
Tan so vo tuyen da tren mach cong hng (LC) c chnh tai tan so cong
hng xac nh fR. nhng phien ban cu, cuon cam lam t cac cuon day ong trang
men noi vi mot tu ien va c gan vao mot mieng plastic (hard tag). Trong cac he
thong hien ai th cuon cam c khac vao mot tam kim loai tren the.
Reader phat ra mot trng t vi fG 10% trong dai tan so vo tuyen. Neu mach
LC i vao vung lan can cua trng t, nang lng cua trng t nay se cam ng vao
mach cong hng thong qua cuon day (nh luat Faraday). Neu tan so fG cua trng

-46-
bang vi tan so cong hng fR th mach LC se sinh ra mot dao ong cong hng. Dong
ien cam ng c sinh ra trong mach cong hng chong lai s bien thien cua trng t
a sinh ra no, do o gay ra mot sut ap trong cuon phat, dan en lam suy yeu trng t.
S thay oi cua ien ap cam ng c nhan biet nh vao mot cuon day cam bien. V
vay ma reader phat hien co mot mach cong hng i vao t trng cua no.
Hnh 2.2. Gii thieu hoat ong cua he thong EAS tan so vo tuyen
S thay oi ien ap pha phat va cac cuon day cam ng noi chung la rat thap
nen rat kho nhan biet. Tuy nhien, s thay oi nho nay cung u e cho reader co the
nhan dang transponder mot cach tin cay. ieu nay at c bang cach s dung: tan so
cua trng t c phat ra khong phai la hang so ma no la tan so quet. ieu nay co
ngha la tan so cua bo phat lien tuc thay oi t min ti max. Khoang tan so nay thng
la 8,2MHz 10%.
Bat c khi nao tan so quet bang ung tan so cong hng cua mach cong
hng tren transponder. Transponder bat au dao ong, t o sinh ra mot sut ap pha
phat va cuon day cam bien. Dung sai tan so cua transponder phu thuoc vao dung sai cua
nha san xuat va s thay oi cua moi trng kim loai, khong ong vai tro nh la ket qua
cua qua trnh quet toan bo khoang tan so.
Bi v transponder khong c phep di chuyen qua quay tnh tien cho nen chung
can phai b vo hieu hoa e khong kch hoat he thong chong trom. Viec nay c thc
hien nh sau: thiet b vo hieu hoa at tai quay thu ngan se phat ra mot trng t u

-47-
manh e ien ap cam ng anh thung tu ien cua transponder. Tu ien c thiet ke
sao cho viec anh thung khong the thay oi ngc lai va lam cho mach cong hng
khong the hoat ong c di tac ong cua tn hieu quet.
Cac antenna khung dien tch ln dung e phat ra trng t can thiet trong vung
truy van. Antenna khung c tch hp vao cot va c noi vi cong. Neu cong co be
rong di 2m th ta co the s dung he thong RFID tan so vo tuyen.
Hnh 2.3. Antenna khung cua he thong RF (cao 1,2 - 1,6 m) va transponder
Bang 2.1: Cac tham so he thong cho cac he thong RF
He so pham chat Q cua phan t bao mat
> 60 80
Cng o trng vo hieu hoa cc tieu HD
1,5 (A/m)
Cng o trng cc ai trong tam vo hieu 0,9 (A/m)

hoa
Bang 2.2: Dai tan so cua cac he thong bao mat khac nhau
Tan so (MHz)
He thong 1
He thong 2
He thong 3
He thong 4
1,86 2,18
7,44 8,73
7,30 8,70
7,40 8,60
141
141
85
85
Tan so quet (Hz)

2.1.2. Song viba
Cac he thong EAS trong dai viba s dung viec tao ra cac hai bang cac linh kien
co ac tuyen phi tuyen (v du: diode). Hai cua mot ien ap hnh sin A co tan so fA la

-48-
mot ien ap hnh sin B vi tan so fB la so nguyen lan tan so fA. Cac hai bac cao cua tan
so fA la 2fA, 3fA, 4fA.
Mach cua transponder 1 bit e tao ra cac hai rat n gian: mot diode ien dung
c noi vi mot antenna dipole c chnh tan so song mang (Hnh 2.4). Antenna
dipole tan so 2,45GHz co chieu dai tong cong la 6cm. Cac tan so song mang c dung
la 915MHz, 2,45GHz, 5,6GHz. Neu transponder nam trong tam cua antenna phat, dong
ien trong diode se tao ra hai cua song mang, ac biet la cac hai bac 2 hay bac 3, tuy
thuoc vao loai diode c chon.
Hnh 2.4. Mach c ban va hnh dang cu the cua transponder viba
Hnh 2.5 bieu dien transponder c at trong tam cua antenna phat hoat ong
tan so 2,45GHz. Hai bac 2 cua song mang co tan so 4,9GHz c phat lai va c tach
bi bo thu. S xuat hien hai bac 2 cua tn hieu co the kch hoat he thong bao ong.
Hnh 2.5. Transponder viba nam trong vung truy van cua detector

-49-
Neu song mang c ieu che ASK hay FSK th tat ca cac hai cung se co cung
mot dang ieu che nh vay. ieu nay giup cho he thong phan biet tn hieu nhieu va tn
hieu co ch, ngan chan bao ong sai do cac tn hieu ben ngoai tac ong vao.
v du tren, song mang c ieu che ASK vi tn hieu 1kHz tn hieu nhan
c bo thu c giai ieu che roi a en bo tach song 1kHz. Tn hieu nhieu xuat
hien tan so 4,9GHz khong the kch hoat bao ong sai v chung thng khong c
ieu che va neu co th chung se co mot cach ieu che khac.
2.1.3. Bo chia tan so
He thong nay hoat ong vi bc song dai t 100 -135,5kHz. Transponder gom
co mot vi mach va mot cuon day cong hng bang ong trang men. Mach cong hng
c han vi tu e cong hng tai tan so hoat ong cua he thong. Nhng transponder
nay co the lam bang plastic va co the lay i khi hang hoa c mua.
Hnh 2.6. S o mach ien va hoat ong cua EAS s dung bo chia tan so
Vi mach trong transponder nhan nang lng t trng t cua thiet b an ninh
(Security device). Tan so cuon t cam c chia 2 bang vi mach va c gi ngc
tr lai thiet b an ninh. Tn hieu nay hoi tiep ve bang mot day re nhanh en cuon day.
Bang 2.3: Cac thong so c ban cua he thong
Tan so
130kHz
Kieu ieu che
100% ASK
Tan so ieu che/tn hieu ieu che
12,5Hz hay 25Hz

-50-
Trng t cua transponder xung mot tan so thap (ieu che ASK) e cai thien
toc o nhan dang. Tng t nh nhan dang bang cac hai, viec ieu che song mang
(ASK hay FSK) c duy tr phan na tan so phat (subharmics). No c dung e
phan biet gia nhieu va tn hieu co ch. Antenna khung c dung lam antenna cam
bien.
2.1.4. Transponder trng ien t
Transponder trng ien t s dung t trng mach trong khoang NF t 10Hz
en 20Hz. Transponder cha mot dai kim loai t tnh de bien dang di tac ong cua
ngoai lc. S t hoa cua nhng dai kim loai nay thng c lap lai theo chu ky va
chung se b bao hoa cua trng t nh vao mot t trng manh. Moi quan he khong
tuyen tnh cua cng o trng H va thong lng cam ng t B gan bao hoa cong vi s
thay oi cua cam ng t B lan can cua iem zero cua cng o trng t H, phat sinh
ra cac hai tan so c ban cua transponder. Nhng hai nay co the c nhan va c
c lung bi transponder.
Transponder trng ien t c toi u hoa bang cach then vao nhng thanh
phan tn hieu co tan so cao hn tn hieu chnh. Ngoai nhng hai cua tan so chnh, con co
them cac tan so tong hay hieu cua cac tn hieu a cung cap. Gia s tn hieu chnh co tan
so fS = 20Hz va cac tn hieu them vao f1 = 3,5kHz va f2 = 5,3kHz th nhng tn hieu sau
ay c phat ra:
f1 + f2 = f1+2 = 8,8kHz
f1 f2 = f1-2 = 1,8kHz
fS + f1 = fS-1 = 3,52kHz
Transponder khong phan ng lai vi hai cua tan so c ban nhng lai b tac ong
bi tan so tong hay hieu cua cac tn hieu them vao.
Cac transponder nay dang cac dai bang dnh co chieu dai khoang cach t vai
cm en 20cm. Do tan so hoat ong cc thap, cac he thong trng ien t ch thch hp
vi nhng san pham co cha kim loai. Tuy nhien, nhng he thong nay co khuyet iem

-51-
la hoat ong cua transponder phu thuoc vao v tr: e qua trnh nhan dang la tin cay th
trng t cua transponder phai nam doc xuyen qua cac dai kim loai.
Hnh 2.7. Antenna cua he thong RFID ien t (cao 1.40 m) va transponder
e vo hieu hoa, transponder c khoac len hay phu mot phan bang nhng tam
kim loai t cng. quay thu ngan, ngi nhan vien chay mot nam cham vnh cu doc
theo tam kim loai e vo hieu hoa transponder. Viec lam nay se t hoa nhng tam kim
loai che phu. Cac dai kim loai c thiet ke sao cho o t d cua nhng tam kim loai
thuan tien cho nhng dai kim loai de bien dang nay iem bao hao nham lam cho
trng t cua he thong an ninh khong the b kch hoat c na.
Transponder co the kch hoat tr lai bat c thi iem nao bang qua trnh tai t
hoa. Qua trnh nay co the thc hien vi so lan khong han che. Do nhng transponder
nho va re tien, nhng he thong nay bay gi c s dung ngay cang nhieu trong cong
nghiep.
e at c o manh trng can thiet cho qua trnh tai t hoa cac dai kim loai,
trng c phat ra bang he thong 2 cuon day tren cac cot loi i. Vai cuon day rieng,
thng la t 9 en 12, nam tren 2 cot va chung phat ra trng t yeu trung tam va
manh hn oi vi trng t ben ngoai. o rong cua cong len en 1,5m co the thc
hien bang cach nay trong khi toc o nhan dang at c bang 70%.

-52-
2.2. He thong song cong va ban song cong

Trai vi cac transponder 1 bit thng khai thac nhng hieu ng vat ly n gian
cho qua trnh nhan dang, cac transponder di ay s dung mot vi mach lam thiet b
mang d lieu. No co mot vung lu tr d lieu len ti vai kByte. e oc hay ghi d lieu
vao thiet b mang d lieu nay th phai thc hien viec truyen d lieu gia transponder va
reader. Viec truyen d lieu nay co the la song cong hoac ban song cong hay tuan t
Trong truyen ban song cong: d lieu t transponder en reader c truyen xen
ke vi d lieu t reader en transponder. tan so di 30MHz, he thong thng s
dung phng phap load modulator co hay khong co song mang phu e ieu che d lieu.
Trong truyen song cong: d lieu t transponder va reader co the truyen cung mot
luc.
Tuy nhien, ca 2 phng phap eu phai truyen nang lng lien tuc t reader en
rransponder va oc lap vi hng truyen luong d lieu. Trai lai trong cac he thong tuan
t (SEQ: Sequential system), viec truyen nang lng t transponder en reader c
gii han trong mot chu ky thi gian. D lieu truyen t transponder en reader xuat hien
trong nhng khoang dng cua nang lng cung cap cho transponder.
Hnh 2.8. Truyen d lieu trong he thong song cong, ban song cong va tuan t
Trong Hnh 2.8, d lieu c truyen t reader en transponder theo ng
downlink. Ngc lai, d lieu truyen t transponder en reader theo ng uplink.

-53-
2.2.1. Ghep cam ng

Cung cap nang lng cho transponder thu ong
Mot transponder ghep cam ng bao gom mot thiet b mang d lieu, thng la
mot vi mach va mot cuon cam ong vai tro cua mot antenna.
Cac transponder ghep cam ng hau nh eu hoat ong thu ong co ngha la tat
ca cac nang lng can thiet cho hoat ong cua vi mach c cung cap t reader. V vay
ma cuon day antenna cua reader phat ra mot ien trng cao tan va manh e lot vao
mat cat va dien tch xung quanh cuon day transponder. Do bc song cua tan so s dung
(<135kHz: 2.540 m, 13,56MHz: 22,1 m) trong mot so trng hp co the ln hn khoang
cach gia antenna cua reader va transponder, trng ien t co the c xem nh mot
trng t.
Hnh 2.9. Nang lng cung cap cho transponder thong qua t trng phat ra cua reader
Mot phan nho nang lng nay lot vao antenna cua transponder sinh ra mot ien
the cam ng Ui. ien the nay c chnh lu va s dung nh la nguon cung cap cho vi
mach. Tu Cr cung vi cuon cam cua antenna phat tao thanh mach cong hng, quyet
nh tan so hoat ong cua reader.
Cuon day antenna va tu C1 cua transponder cung tao thanh mot mach cong
hng tng ng vi tan so phat ra cua reader. ien the U cua transponder at cc ai
nh vao s gia tang cong hng cua mach cong hng. Hai cuon day co the c xem

-54-
nh la nh la mot bien ap ma trong trng hp ma ch co mot lien ket rat yeu gia
chung.
Truyen d lieu t transponder en reader
Load moudulation: cac he thong ghep cam ng eu da tren mot loai ghep bien
ap (Transformer-type coupling) gia cuon s cap trong reader va cuon th cap trong
transponder nam trong trng gan cua antenna phat.
Neu mot transponder cong hng (chang han nh mot transponder co mot mach
cong hng ng vi tan so truyen i cua reader) nam trong trng t cua reader th
transponder se lay nang lng t thong t o. Ket qua hoi tiep cua transponder tren
antenna cua reader co the tng trng cho tr khang ZT cua bien ap trong cuon day cua
reader. ong m mot ien tr tai tai antenna cua transponder se gay ra s thay oi tr
khang cua ZT va nh vay se lam thay oi ien ap antenna cua reader. ieu nay co tac
dung nh la ieu che bien o cua ien ap UL cua antenna reader bi mot transponder
xa.
Neu viec ong khoa c ieu khien bi luong d lieu th d lieu nay co the c
truyen i t transponder en reader. Loai truyen d lieu nh vay co the goi la Load
modulation.
e khoi phuc d lieu cua reader, ien ap antenna cua reader c chnh lu.
Viec nay giong nh giai ieu che mot tn hieu ieu bien.
Hnh 2.10. Truyen d lieu bang load modulation t transponder en reader


-55-
Load modulation song mang phu: do lien ket yeu gia antenna cua reader va
transponder, ien ap dao ong tren antenna cua reader c xem nh la tn hieu co ch
co bien o nho hn ien ap ngo ra cua reader.
Trong thc te, vi he thong 13,56MHz, gia s antenna co ien ap xap x 100V
(ien ap tang theo cong hng), mot tn hieu co ch thay oi trong khoang 10mV c
mong i (S/N=80 dB). Do viec nhan biet s thay oi ien ap nho nay can mot mach
ien vo cung phc tap nen pho cua tn hieu ieu che c tao ra bi qua trnh ieu bien
ien ap cua antenna c s dung.
Neu ien tr tai tren transponder c ong m tan so fS rat cao th 2 vach pho
c tao ra khoang cach fS xung quanh tan so truyen fReader cua reader va chung co
the tach ra de dang (tuy nhien fS phai nho hn fReader). Trong thuat ng cua ky thuat vo
tuyen, nhng thanh phan nay cua tan so c goi la song mang phu (Subcarrier).
Load moulation vi song mang phu tao ra 2 pho antenna cua reader. Nhng
pho nay co the c tach ra t mot tn hieu manh hn cua reader bang bo loc thong dai.
Mot khi no c khuech ai, tn hieu song mang phu c giai ieu che het sc n
gian.
Do o rong cua bang thong can thiet e truyen mot song mang phu, phng
phap nay ch dung trong khoang tan so ISM (thng la 6,78MHz, 13,56MHz,
27,125MHz).
Hnh 2.11. Pho cua ieu che song mang phu


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Phng phap hai phu (Subharmonic): hai phu cua mot tn hieu hnh sin bien o A
co tan so la fA la mot tn hieu hnh sin co bien o B, tan so fB bang vi mot trong nhng
gia tr sau : fA/2, fA/3, fA/4.
Trong nhng phng phap hai phu, tan so fB co c bang cach lay tan so fA do
reader phat i chia cho 2. Tn hieu ngo ra fB cua mot bo chia nh phan c ieu che vi
luong d lieu t transponder. Tn hieu a ieu che sau o c hoi tiep ve antenna cua
transponder thong qua mot bo lai. Thng ngi ta s dung tan so fA = 128kHz va tan
so fB = 64kHz.
Hnh 2.12. S o mach cua transponder hai phu

Antenna cua transponder gom co mot cuon day vi mot van trung tam. ay cung
la ni nang lng c cung cap lay t iem cuoi. Tn hieu quay ve cua transponder
c hoi tiep vao cuon th 2.
2.2.2. Ghep ien t tan xa lui
Cung cap nang lng cho transponder
Cac he thong RFID co khoang cach gia reader va transponder ln hn 1 m c
goi la he thong co khoang cach dai (long range). Nhng he thong nay hoat ong tan
so 868MHz (Europe) va 915MHz (USA), tan so vi ba 2,5GHz va 5,8GHz. Bc song
ngan cua nhng dai tan nay phu hp vi cau truc cua antenna co kch thc nho va hieu
suat cao hn khi s dung tan so di 30MHz.
e co the truy xuat nang lng co san cho hoat ong cua mot transponder chung
ta pha tnh suy hao ng truyen trong khong gian t do F :

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(2.1)
F = -146.7 + 20 log( r ) + 20 log(f) 10 log(GT) -10 log(GR)

Trong o :
r
: khoang cach t reader en transponder.
GT, GR : o li cua antenna transponder va reader.

f
: tan so phat cua reader.
Bang 2.4: Suy hao ng truyen trong khong gian t do ng vi nhng tan so khac
nhau (o li cua antenna transponder la 1,64, cua antenna reader la 1)
Khoang cach r
868 MHz
915 MHz
2.45 GHz
0,3 m
18,6 dB
19,0 db
27,6 dB
1m
29,0 dB
29,5 dB
38,0 dB
3m
38,6 dB
39,0 dB
47,6 dB
10 m
49,0 dB
49,5 dB
58,0 dB
Vi ky thuat san xuat hien nay, nhng con chip trong transponder ch tieu thu
mot lung cong suat khong ln 5W. e hoat ong c khoang cach 15m,
transponder tan xa lui thng co mot nguon pin e cung cap nang lng cho chip. e
tiet kiem pin, vi mach thng co che o power down hay stand by. Neu di chuyen
ra khoi vung truy van cua reader th chip t ong chuyen sang che o power down.
trang thai nay dong ien trong mach khoang vai A. Chip khong kch hoat tr lai cho
en khi mot tn hieu u manh c nhan trong khoang oc cua reader. Luc nay no se
chuyen khoa sang che o hoat ong bnh thng. Tuy nhien, pin cua mot transponder
chu ong khong bao gi cung cap nang lng e truyen d lieu gia transponder va
reader nhng ch cung cap nang lng rieng cho chip. D lieu truyen i gia
transponder va reader ch s dung duy nhat vao nang lng cua trng ien t phat ra
t reader.

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Truyen d lieu en reader

Modulated reflection cross-section: chung ta biet la song ien t phan xa lai vi
nhng vat the co kch thc ln hn mot na chieu dai bc song. Hieu suat phan xa
song ien t cua mot vat the c goi la s phan xa mat cat ngang (reflection crosssection). Cac vat the cong hng vi song tac ong vao be mat cua chung giong nh
trng hp cua antenna tan so tng ng.
Hnh 2.13. Hoat ong cua transponder tan xa lui

Goi P1 la cong suat phat ra t antenna cua reader, mot lng nho cong suat nay
se en c antenna cua transponder. P1 la cong suat cung cap cho antenna di dang
ien ap HF, sau khi c chnh lu bang diode D1 va D2 th no the c s dung nh la
ien ap turn-on cho viec vo hieu hoa hay kch hoat che o power down. Cac diode
ay la cac diode Schottky co ngng ien ap thap. ien ap co c u e cung cap
nang lng cho khoang cach ngan.
Goi P2 la cong suat phan xa lai tai antenna ng vi cong suat en antenna la P1.
ac tnh phan xa cua antenna co the b tac ong do s thay oi tai ket noi vi antenna.
e phat d lieu t transponder en reader, ien tr RL mac song song vi antenna c
ong m ung luc vi luong d lieu. Bien o cua tn hieu phan xa tai transponder co
the c ieu che (ieu che tan xa lui).
2.2.3. Ghep gan

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He thong ghep gan c thiet ke cho khoang cach t 0,1cm en toi a la 1cm.
transponder c chen vao trong reader hoac at vao trong be mat anh dau e hoat
ong.
Hnh 2.14. Transponder ghep gan c a vao trong reader

a transponder vao trong reader sao cho cuon cam cua no nam ung v tr trong
khe khong kh. Reader la cuon s cap va transponder la cuon th cap tao thanh mot
bien ap. Mot dong ien cao tan bien thien trong cuon s cap phat ra mot trng t cao
tan trong loi, khe khong kh cuon cam cua transponder. Tn hieu nay c chnh lu roi
dung e cung cap nang lng cho chip.
Do ien ap cam ng U trong cuon cam cua transponder t le vi tan so f cua
dong ien kch thch nen tan so c chon e truyen nang lng cang cao cang tot.
Trong thc te, tan so trong khoang t 1-10MHz thng c s dung. e gi cho suy
hao trong bien ap thap th loi ferrite phai phu hp vi tan so c chon.
Khac vi he thong ghep cam ng hay viba, hieu suat truyen t reader en
transponder rat cao. Do o he thong ghep gan la mot la chon rat tot cho nhng chip
tieu thu nang lng nhieu. Chnh v ly do nay ma nhng the ghep gan eu co cha vi x
ly.
Ghep t: load modulation vi song mang phu cung c dung e truyen d lieu
trong ghep t t transponder en reader trong he thong ghep gan. Tan so song mang
phu va qua trnh ieu che c qui nh trong ISO 10536.

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2.2.4. Ghep ien

Cung cap nang lng cho transponder thu ong
Vi cac he thong ghep ien, reader phat ra mot trng ien cao tan kha manh.
Antenna cua reader co mot ban kim loai dien tch ln va dan ien (ien cc). Neu mot
ien the cao tan c at vao ien cc, mot ien trng cao tan c hnh thanh gia
ien cc va iem at. ien the nay trong khoang vai tram en vai ngan volt c phat
ra t reader bang cach tang ien the trong mach cong hng lam t cuon L 1 mac song
song vi tu C1 va tu kch hoat CR-GND gia ien cc va at. Tan so cong hng cua
mach cong hng bang vi tan so truyen cua reader.
Antenna cua transponder la 2 day dan nam tren ien cc. Neu transponder nam
trong ien trng cua reader th mot ien the se sinh ra gia 2 cc cua no. ien the nay
c dung e cung cap cho chip cua transponder.
Hnh 2.15. He thong ghep ien s dung ien trng e truyen nang lng va d lieu
Khi mot tu ien c kch hoat th ca tu CR-T gia transponder va antenna phat
vi tu CT-GND gia antenna cua transponder va iem at tng ng vi s o mach
cua mot lien ket ien va co the c xem nh la mot bo chia the n gian. Dong ien
chay tren be mat ien cc cua transponder la rat nho.

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Hnh 2.16. S o mach tng ng cua he thong RFID ghep ien

Neu mot transponder lien ket ien nam trong vung truy van cua reader, ien tr
vao RL cua no hoat ong nh vao mach cong hng cua reader thong qua tu kch hoat
CR-T gia reader va ien cc cua transponder, lam suy giam mach cong hng t t. S
suy giam nay co the c chuyen mach gia 2 gia tr bang cach tat m tai ieu che Rmod
cua transponder. T o, mot tn hieu ieu bien c phat ra mach L1 va C1 bi
transponder xa ong thi d lieu se c truyen en reader.
2.2.5. Truyen d lieu t reader en transponder
Noi chung th tat ca nhng ky thuat ieu che so eu c s dung e truyen d
lieu t reader en transponder vi he thong song cong va ban song cong. Bat chap tan
so hoat ong hay phng phap lien ket. Do tnh n gian cua qua trnh giai ieu che, a
phan cac he thong eu s dung ky thuat ieu che ASK.
2.3. He thong tuan t

Neu truyen d lieu va nang lng t reader en thiet b mang d lieu roi sau o
d lieu se c truyen ngc t transponder en reader th chung ta goi ay la he thong
tuan t SEQ.
2.3.1. Ghep cam ng
Cac he thong tuan t s dung lien ket t hoat ong rieng tan so di 135kHz.
Mot may bien the loai lien ket c tao ra gia cuon day cua reader va cuon day cua

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transponder. ien ap cam ng phat ra trong cuon cam cua transponder do tac ong cua
trng bien thien t reader c chnh lu va s dung trong mach.
e nang cao hieu suat truyen d lieu, tan so hoat ong cua transponder phai
chnh xac vi reader va chat lng cua cuon cam cua transponder phai that phu hp. V
ly do nay ma transponder co mot tu ien tren chip e bu cho dung sai cua mach cong
hng.
Tuy nhien, khong giong nh he thong song cong va ban song cong, he thong
tuan t, bo phat cua reader khong hoat ong mot cach lien tuc. Nang lng truyen en
may phat trong suot qua trnh nap cho tu e cung cap mot nang lng lu tr. Chip cua
transponder c chuyen sang che o hoat ong tiet kiem nang lng trong suot qua
trnh hoat ong. Hau nh nang lng nhan c eu s dung e nap cho tu nap. Sau
mot chu ky co nh, may phat cua reader c tat.
Nang lng tch tr trong transponder c dung e gi mot thong iep ap lai
cho reader. ien dung nho nhat cua tu nap co the c tnh t cong thc:
Q
I .t
U Vmax Vmin
(2.2)
Trong o :
Vmin, Vmax : la nhng gia tr gii han cho ien ap hoat ong khong qua mc cho
phep.
I: la dong tieu thu cua chip trong suot thi gian hoat ong.
t: thi gian can thiet e truyen d lieu t transponder en reader.
Trong cac he thong tuan t, mot chu ky oc gom co 2 pha, pha nap va pha oc.

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Hnh 2.17. S o khoi cua transponder tuan t s dung ghep cam ng
Hnh 2.18. S o ien ap cua tu nap

Cuoi pha nap c tach bi mot bo end of burts detector. Bo nay giam sat s
thay oi ien ap tren cuon cam cua transponder, t o nhan biet ngay khi t trng cua
reader b tat. cuoi pha nap, mot bo dao ong on chip c kch hoat. Bo dao ong nay
s dung mach cong hng nh vao cuon cam cua transponder nh la thanh phan nhan
dang tan so. Cuon cam cua transponder phat ra mot trng t yeu. Reader co the nhan
c trng t nay. Trng nay cai thien t so S/N tang len mot lng khoang 20 dB so
vi he thong song cong/ ban song cong.
Tan so truyen cua transponder bang vi tan so cong hng cua cuon cam cua
transponder. Tan so nay c hieu chnh lai cho giong vi tan so truyen i cua reader
khi no c phat.

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e co the ieu che tn hieu HF phat ra trong khi khong co nang lng cung cap,
mot tuc ien c mac song song vi mach cong hng ung luc vi luong d lieu. Ket
qua la tao ra c 2 tn hieu FSK.
Sau khi toan bo d lieu c phat, che o xa c kch hoat e xa toan bo tu
nap. ieu o am bao an toan cho qua trnh reset nguon au chu ky nap ke tiep.

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chng 1 chung ta a e cap en the RFID (RFID Tag, Transponder - bo phat
ap), qua o e co cai nhn s bo ve thiet b mang d lieu. Chng nay toi se i sau chi
tiet ve thiet b mang d lieu.
Trong he thong RFID, co 2 loai thiet b mang d lieu ien t: mot loai la cac
mach ien tch hp (vi mach) va mot loai mang d lieu da vao cac tac ong vat ly e
lu d lieu. Cac transponder 1 bit thuoc ve loai th 2. Thiet b mang d lieu ien t con
c phan thanh: mang d lieu vi bo nh sach va mang d lieu ket hp vi mot bo vi
x ly lap trnh c.
Hnh 3.1. S o phan loai cac thiet b mang d lieu dung trong RFID
3.1. Transponder co bo nh
Transponder co bo nh gom t loai n gian la transponder ch oc en loai
high-end transponder co chc nang bao mat thong minh. Transponder co bo nh gom
co:
- RAM
- ROM
- EEPROM
- FRAM

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- Mach HF: e cung cap nang lng va cho phep truyen thong vi reader.
ac iem chu yeu e phan biet ho cua transponder la s thc hien address and security
logic tren chip bang cach s dung mot trang thai may (state machine).
Hnh 3.2. S o khoi cua tranpsonder co bo nh

3.1.1. Giao tiep HF
Mach HF la ni giao tiep gia tn hieu analog, kenh truyen cao tan t reader en
transponder va mach so cua transponder. Cho nen mach HF thc hien chc nang cua
mot modem (modulator-demodulator) co ien dung e truyen d lieu analog thong qua
ng day ien thoai.
Tn hieu HF a ieu che t reader c khoi phuc trong mach HF bang cach giai
ieu che e tao ra mot luong d lieu nh phan. Luong d lieu nay c x ly lai trong
bo address and security logic. Mot mach ien phat ra xung clock c lay t song mang
cua trng HF e truyen d lieu.
Hnh 3.3. S o khoi cua mot mach HF cua transponder lien ket cam ng vi bo load
modulator

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Mach HF lien ket vi mot bo ieu che load modulation hay bo ieu che tan xa
lui c ieu khien bi d lieu nh phan ang truyen e tra lai d lieu cho reader.
Transponder thu ong, transponder khong co nguon rieng c cung cap nang
lng thong qua HF cua reader. e at c ieu nay, mach HF lay dong t antenna
cua transponder sau o chnh lu (rectifier) cung cap cho chip nh mot nguon ap thong
thng.
3.1.2. Address and security logic
Address and security logic la trung tam cua thiet b mang d lieu va ieu khien
tat ca cac qua trnh x ly tren chip.
Hnh 3.4. S o khoi cua Address and Security logic

- Power on logic: am bao thiet b mang d lieu cam nhan trang thai mac nh
sau khi no nhan mot nang lng ay u khi xam nhap vao trng HF cua reader.
- Nhng thanh ghi ac biet I/O: thc hien trao oi d lieu vi reader.
- n v bao mat (Cryptological unit): co nhiem vu thc hien thu tuc xac nhan,
mat ma hoa d lieu va quan ly khoa (key).
- Bo nh d lieu bao gom: mot ROM dung e lu d lieu co nh (chang han nh
cac so seri), EEPROM hay FRAM c noi vi bo address and security logic thong qua
bus a ch va bus data ben trong chip.

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- Xung clock: rat can thiet cho viec ieu khien tuan t va ong bo he thong.
Xung nay c lay t trng HF nh vao mach HF va cung cap cho module address and
security logic.
- Mot trang thai may: la mot trat t dung e thc thi cac hoat ong logic ma co
kha nang lu tr cac bien trang thai. Viec ieu khien trang thai phu thuoc vao tat ca cac
qui trnh c thc hien bi mot trang thai may. Tuy nhien, trnh t lap trnh cua nhng
may nay c xac nh khi thiet ke chip. Chc nang nay ch co the b thay oi khi chnh
sa lai viec thiet ke chip va viec lam nay ch can thiet khi thiet ke cac san pham mi.
3.1.3. Cau truc bo nh
Transponder ch oc
Loai transponder tieu bieu cho he thong RFID low-end. Ngay khi transponder
ch oc vao vung truy van cua reader, no bat au truyen lien tiep so ID cua mnh. So
nhan dang nay thng dai khoang vai byte. Nha san xuat phai bao am la moi so seri
nay la duy nhat. Nhng ma phc tap hn th co them nhng chc nang ac biet khac.
Hnh 3.5. S o khoi cua mot transponder ch oc

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So nhan dang duy nhat cua transponder tch hp vao trong transponder trong qua
trnh san xuat chip. User khong the thay oi so seri nay cung nh bat ky d lieu nao
tren chip.
Trong hnh tren, khi transponder vao vung truy van cua reader, mot bo em bat
au truy van tuan t tat ca cac a ch trong bo nh (PROM). D lieu au ra cua bo
nh c noi vi mot bo ieu che load modulator. Toan bo noi dung cua bo nh (128bit so seri) co the c phat i theo chu ky nh la mot luong d lieu noi tiep.
Qua trnh trao oi thong tin vi reader la mot chieu ngha la transponder ch gi
so nhan dang cua no cho reader ma thoi. Viec truyen d lieu t reader en transponder
khong thc hien c. Tuy nhien, do s n gian cua thiet b mang d lieu va reader,
nhng transponder ch oc co gia thanh thap.
Transponder ch oc dung trong nhng ng dung ve gia cua hang hoa ma khong
oi hoi phai lu d lieu cho transponder. Trc ay, loai transponder nay dung e nhan
dang gia suc, ieu khien truy xuat va nhng qua trnh cong nghiep t ong vi mot
trung tam quan ly d lieu.
Transponder ghi c
Nhng transponder cho phep reader ghi d lieu vao co dung lng bo nh t
1byte en 64KByte (transponder viba co SRAM).
Qua trnh oc va ghi vao transponder thng la theo cac khoi. Mot khoi cha so
seri a c bien dch va sau o co the oc hay ghi nh mot n v rieng biet. e thay
oi noi dung d lieu cua mot khoi, au tien toan bo khoi phai c oc t transponder,
sau o khoi nay c sa lai va ghi tr lai transponder.
Nhng he thong hien nay s dung khoi kch thc 16bits, 4bytes hay 16bytes.
Cau truc khoi cua bo nh phai thuan tien cho a ch cua chip va cua reader.
Transponder co chc nang bao mat
Neu mot transponder co kha nang ghi nhng khong c bao ve th tat ca cac
reader nao cua cung mot he thong RFID o cung co the oc hay ghi no. ieu nay la

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khong chap nhan c, nhat la nhng ng dung nhay cam co the b pha hoai do qua
trnh oc va ghi khong hp phap vao transponder.
Co nhieu nhieu bien phap e ngan nga mot ngi khong phai la chu s hu the
truy xuat ti mot transponder. Mot trong nhng ky thuat n gian nhat la bao ve qua
trnh oc ghi bang cach kiem tra password. Trong phng phap nay, the se so sanh
password a phat i vi mot password c lu tr e oi chieu va cho phep truy xuat
en bo nh d lieu neu nh password hp le.
Tuy nhien, neu viec kiem tra chu s hu c thc hien hoac can phai kiem tra
ca 2 thanh phan thuoc cung mot ng dung th thu tuc xac nhan c s dung. Mot thu
tuc xac nhan thng lien quan en mot phep so sanh 2 khoa b mat. Cac khoa nay
khong c phat i thong qua giao tiep. Thu tuc xac nhan thng c ket hp vi qua
trnh mat ma hoa (encrytion) luong d lieu c phat i. Phng phap nay cho hieu qua
bao ve cao, chong lai c nhng y o lay cap d lieu ang truyen i bang cach giam
sat giao tiep khong day bang cach s dung may thu vo tuyen.
Hnh 3.6. S o khoi cua mot transponder ghi c co chc nang bao mat e thc hien
xac nhan gia transponder va reader

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Hn na, transponder co chc nang bao mat luon co mot bo nh d tr e lu tr

nhng khoa b mat va mot thanh ghi cau hnh configuration register (access register,
Acc) e la chon vung a ch c ghi nao can bao ve. Khoa b mat c nha san xuat
ghi vao bo nh khoa (key memory) trc khi transponder c trao cho user. V ly do
bao mat, bo nh khoa khong the oc c.
Khai niem ve cap bac cua khoa: mot so he thong cho phep la chon lu tr 2
khoa rieng biet, khoa A va khoa B, e cung cap quyen truy xuat khac nhau. Thu tuc xac
nhan gia transponder va reader co the c thc hien bi khoa A va B. Viec cap phat
quyen truy xuat (Access right Acc) khac nhau cho 2 khoa co the c nh ngha mc
o bao mat cho mot ng dung.
Hnh 3.7. Transponder co 2 bo nh khoa e cap quyen truy xuat khac nhau
Trong hnh tren, transponder ket hp vi 2 bo nh khoa c xac nh trc bi
2 khoa A va B. Quyen truy xuat do reader phat ra sau khi thu tuc xac nhan thanh cong
phu thuoc vao qua trnh cai at. Qua trnh nay c la chon transponder (thanh ghi
truy xuat: Access Register) cho nhng khoa a c s dung.
Reader1 ch s hu khoa A. Sau khi xac nhan thanh cong, nhng cai at c
la chon trong thanh ghi truy xuat (Acc) ch cho phep no oc t bo nh cua transponder.
Reader2 s hu khoa B. Sau khi xac nhan thanh cong bang khoa B, nhng cai at c

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la chon trong thanh ghi Acc cho phep no ghi vao bo nh cua transponder cung nh no
oc.
Phan oan bo nh
Cac transponder cung c bao ve t qua trnh truy xuat bi reader, tuy thuoc
vao ng dung s dung cac thu tuc xac nhan nao. Vi nhng transponder co dung lng
bo nh ln, chung ta co the chia bo nh thanh nhng n v nho goi la segment va bao
ve chung bang nhng khoa rieng biet. Mot transponder co bo nh b phan oan cho
phep d lieu t nhng ng dung khac nhau c lu tr rieng biet.
Hnh 3.8. Mot transponder co the dung cho nhieu ng dung

bang cach phan oan bo nh cua no
Truy xuat en mot segment ch co the thc hien c sau khi kiem tra thanh
cong khoa bao ve tng ng. Cho nen mot reader cua mot ng dung ch co the truy xuat
ti nhng segment cua no neu no biet nhng khoa rieng cua ng dung o.
a so cac segment cua bo nh he thong co kch thc xac nh. Trong nhng he
thong nay, user khong the thay oi khong gian lu tr cua mot segment. Kch thc co
nh cua mot segment co u iem la no rat n gian va re tien nh vao cac vi mach cua
transponder.
Tuy nhien mot ng dung cung rat hiem oi hoi khong gian lu tr bang vi kch
thc cua segment. Vi nhng ng dung nho, khong gian lu tr tren transponder c

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s dung rat lang ph v cac segment ch c s dung mot phan. nhng ng dung ln
th can phai s dung en vai segment. ieu nay co ngha la khoa cua ng dung phai
c lu tr tren moi segment.
Mot cach toi u e s dung bo nh la s dung nhng segment co chieu dai thay
oi. Bo nh phan phoi cho mot segment tuy thuoc vao yeu cau cua tng ng dung. Do
s kho khan trong viec thc hien segment co kch thc thay oi, nen no se khong s
dung cho transponder co trang thai nay.
Hnh 3.9. S khac nhau gia segment co nh va segment t do
3.2. Bo vi x ly
Nhng transponder co bo vi x ly ngay cang c s dung nhieu trong the thong
minh. e cai thien o linh ong cua trang thai may, transponder trong nhng the nay
c ket hp vi bo vi x ly.
Hnh 3.10. S o khoi cua mot transponder co dung bo vi x ly

Nhng bo vi x ly nh 8051 hay 6850 c s dung la trung tam cua chip. Hn
na, mot vai nha san xuat ang cung cap mot bo ong x ly (cryptological unit) tren
cung mot chip. No cho phep thc hien tnh toan lap lai can thiet cho thu tuc mat ma.

-74-
Nhng the thong minh co bo vi x ly thng ket hp vi he ieu hanh rieng cua
chung. Nhiem vu cua he ieu hanh la trao oi d lieu qua lai vi the thong minh, ieu
khien chuoi lenh, quan ly file va thc thi cac giai thuat bao mat (chang han nh mat ma
hoa, thu tuc xac nhan).
Cac module chng trnh c ghi vao ROM va c tch hp vao chip luc san
xuat chip. Thong thng mot lenh c he ieu hanh x ly theo nhng bc sau: nhng
lenh gi t reader en the thong minh khong tiep xuc c nhan thong qua mach HF.
Kiem tra loi va sa loi c thc hien bi bo quan ly I/O. Lenh b loi c giai ma hoac
kiem tra loi. Sau khi giai mat ma, mot lenh bien dch cap cao hn se giai ma lenh o.
Neu khong giai ma c th bo phan quan ly ma tra ve c goi. Bo phan nay phat ra
ma tra ve tng ng va gi no tr lai reader thong qua bo phan quan ly I/O (I/O
manager).
Hnh 3.11. Qua trnh x ly lenh trong he ieu hanh the thong minh
Neu nhan c mot lenh hp le, ma chng trnh thc s cung vi lenh cua ng
dung nay c thc thi. Viec truy xuat en d lieu cua ng dung trong EEPROM ch
c he thong quan ly file va quan ly bo nh thi hanh. Chung se chuyen oi tat ca a

-75-
ch thanh a ch vat ly tng ng cua bo nh. Bo phan quan ly file cung kiem tra ieu
kien truy xuat (thu tuc xac nhan) cho d lieu.
3.2.1. The co hai giao tiep
Th trng truyen thong cua the thong minh tiep xuc la nhng ng dung trong chi
tra tien va ien thoai di ong (SIM card cho he thong di ong GSM), nhng ng dung
can co bao mat trong qua trnh x ly va truyen d lieu. Ket qua can thiet co the thc
hien nhanh chong va n gian nhng giai thuat bao mat dan en viec phat trien cac bo
coprocessor tren the.
Cac the thong minh khong tiep xuc c s dung trong nhng ng dung oi hoi
mot s lien ket vi user mot cach than thien (ieu khien truy xuat) va thi gian giao
dch ngan (ve xe). Khuynh hng lien ket cac ng dung chi tra tien vi cac loai ng
dung khong tiep xuc cuoi cung dan en viec phat trien the co hai giao tiep. Loai the
nay co ca giao dien tiep xuc va khong tiep xuc tren cung mot chip. Mot the hai giao
tiep co the c nhan dang thong qua giao dien tiep xuc hoac khong tiep xuc.
Hnh 3.12. S o khoi cua mot the hai giao tiep

S khac nhau ln nhat gia mot the thong minh khong tiep xuc va tiep xuc la
nang lng s dung. Mot the thong minh khong tiep xuc theo tieu chuan ISO14443 ch
co 5mW c s dung e hoat ong khoang cach toi a so vi reader (Hmin = 1,5
A/m). Mot the thong minh tiep xuc co the co 7,2mW (GSM 11,13), 50mW (GSM 11,11)
hoac co the len en 300 mW (ISO 7816 Class A: 5V, 60mA) phu thuoc vao tng loai.

-76-
ay la mot khai niem mi trong viec phat trien cac bo vi x ly khong tiep xuc. V du
nh: viec s dung mot bo PMU (Power management unit) tren chip. Bo nay co the t
ong tach ri nhng phan mach cua chip khong s dung nguon cung cap e tiet kiem
nang lng. Hn na, cac ky thuat sieu tiet kiem nang lng c s dung trong tat ca
cac chip hai giao tiep la cho nang lng c tieu thu mot cach toi u nhat.
Mot khoa chuyen oi gia 2 che o tiep xuc va khong tiep xuc tren chip la
khong can thiet. Trong trng hp n gian nhat no u e s dung cho nhng d lieu
hp le nhan c thong qua mot trong hai giao tiep nh tieu chuan qui nh cho nhng
hoat ong xa hn. Mot vai chip cung cap chng trnh co cac c trang thai cho phep che
o hoat ong hien tai c truy van. Hn na, cac tn hieu (tan so, ien ap) xuat hien
mach HF hay tren chip tiep xuc c c lng.
3.3. Bo nh
Sau trang thai may hay bo vi x ly, thanh phan quan trong nhat cua mot
transponder la bo nh ma d lieu cua user c oc hay ghi vao. D lieu ch oc c
ghi bi nha san xuat bang mat na chip hay ghi vnh vien vao bo nh bang tia laser.
Neu d lieu c ghi vao trong transponder th cac cell RAM, EEPROM hay
FRAM cung tch hp vao chip. Tuy nhien, ch co cac cell EEPROM va cell FRAM co
the lu tr d lieu a c ghi trong nhng chu ky dai (thng la 8 nam) ma khong can
nguon cung cap.
3.4. o lng cac bien vat ly

3.4.1. Transponder co cam bien
Viec phat trien cac transponder RFID ac biet ket hp vi mot bo chuyen oi
A/D tren chip ASIC rat thuan tien e o cac bien vat ly. Noi chung tat ca cac bien vat
ly nao cung co the c s dung. Nh vao cac bo cam bien nhiet o ma chung ta co the
theo doi c nhiet o.

-77-
Hnh 3.13. Transponder lien ket cam ng co them cam bien nhiet o
Cam bien nhiet o, transponder ASIC, cuon day cua transponder va tu ien
backup eu nam tren mot vo thuy tinh hnh nhong giong nh he thong nhan dang gia
suc. Trong trng hp nay ngi ta se s dung transponder thu ong e tao ra mot moi
trng than thien.
Gia tr o c cua bo chuyen oi A/D co the c oc bang mot lenh oc t
reader. Vi cac transponder ch oc, gia tr o c cung co the c ghep vao mot so
ID phat i theo chu ky.
Ngay nay, lnh vc ng dung chu yeu cho nhng transponder co cam bien la o
nhiet o khong day trong chan gia suc. Trong ng dung nay, than nhiet cua gia suc c
o e theo doi sc khoe, s sinh san. Qua trnh o co the c thc hien t ong luc cho
an va tam ra hay t lam bang tay thong qua mot reader di chuyen c.
Trong lnh vc cong nghiep, cac transponder co cam bien co the c dung bat
ky ni nao co nhng bien vat ly can phai o ma viec noi cap la khong thc hien c.

-78-

4.1. Luong d lieu trong ng dung
Mot phan mem c thiet ke e oc hay ghi vao mot thiet b mang d lieu
khong tiep xuc (transponder) oi hoi reader cung phai co giao tiep khong tiep xuc. Phan
mem yeu cau viec truy xuat vao thiet b mang d lieu cang thong suot cang tot.
Qua trnh oc va ghi mot thiet b mang d lieu khong tiep xuc c thc hien
da vao nguyen ly Master - Slave ngha la tat ca cac hoat ong cua reader ch c
kch hoat khi nhng lenh oc ghi nhan c t phan mem.
Hnh 4.1. Nguyen ly Master-Slave gia phan mem, reader va tranpsonder

e thc hien mot lenh t phan mem, trc het transponder phai nam trong vung
lien lac cua reader. Reader bay gi ong vai tro la master trong moi lien he vi
transponder. transponder ch ap ng lai nhng lenh t reader va khong bao gi hoat
ong oc lap (ngoai tr nhng transponder ch oc).
Mot lenh oc n gian nhat t phan mem en reader co the xac nh mot chuoi
lien tiep cac bc lien lac gia reader va mot transponder. Bang di ay cho thay: mot
lenh oc se dan en viec kch hoat mot transponder, ke o la thc thi chuoi thu tuc xac
nhan va cuoi cung la lenh truyen d lieu yeu cau.

-79-
Bang 4.1: V du ve qua trnh thc thi mot lenh oc bi phan mem, reader va
transponder
Phan mem Reader
Reader Transponder
Blockread_Address[00]
Chu thch
oc
bo
nh
cua
Transponder [address]
Request
Transponder co trong vung

truy van?
ATR_SNR [4712]
Transponder hoat ong vi

seri
Get_Random
Khi tao viec xac nhan
Random [081514]
SEND_Token1
GET_ Token2
Viec xac nhan c hoan

tat
Read_@[00]
Lenh oc [address]
Data [9876543210]
D lieu t transponder
Data [9876543210]
D lieu en t phan mem
Chc nang chu yeu cua reader la kch hoat thiet b mang d lieu (transponder),
cau truc th t lien lac vi theit b mang d lieu va truyen d lieu gia phan mem va
thiet b mang d lieu khong tiep xuc. Tat ca nhng tnh chat lien lac khong day chang
han nh thc hien ket noi, thc hien chong xung ot va thu tuc xac nhan c ieu
khien hoan toan bi reader.
4.2. Cac thanh phan cua reader

Du khac nhau chu yeu ve kieu lien ket (cam ng - ien t), th t giao tiep
(FDX, HDX, SEQ), thu tuc truyen d lieu t transponder en reader (load modulation

-80-
tan xa lui, hai phu) va khoang tan so nhng tat ca cac reader eu tng t nhau ve hoat
ong cung nh cach thiet ke chung.
Reader cua tat ca cac he thong co the c n gian hoa thanh 2 khoi chc nang
chu yeu: he thong ieu khien va mach HF (bao gom mot bo phat va mot bo thu).
Hnh 4.2. S o khoi cua mot reader gom co he thong ieu khien va mach HF. Toan bo
he thong c ieu khien bang nhng lenh
4.2.1. Mach HF
Mach HF cua reader thc hien nhng chc nang chu yeu sau :
- Phat mot tn hieu tan so cao mang nang lng nham kch hoat cho
transponder va cung cap nang lng cho no.
- ieu che tn hieu truyen i e gi d lieu en cho transponder.
- Kiem tra va giai ieu che cho tn hieu HF nhan c t transponder.
Mach HF co 2 ng tn hieu rieng tng ng vi 2 chieu d lieu t/en
transponder. D lieu truyen en transponder thong qua Transmitter Arm. Ngc lai, d
lieu nhan c t transponder c x ly trong Reciever Arm.

-81-
Hnh 4.3. S o khoi mach HF cua he thong RFID lien ket cam ng
He thong lien ket cam ng
Trc het, mot tn hieu tan so hoat ong cua he thong (v du nh 135kHz,
13.56MHz) c phat ra trong Transmitter Arm bi mot bo dao ong on nh.
Tn hieu dao ong c nap vao module ieu che c ieu khien bi tn hieu
baseband cua he thong ma hoa tn hieu. Tn hieu baseband nay la mc TTL cha
chuoi tn hieu nh phan c ma hoa theo kieu Manchester, Miller, NRZ. Tn hieu ngo
ra c ieu che nh the nao tuy thuoc vao bo ieu che ASK hay PSK. Rieng ieu che
FSK ch s dung trong trng hp tn hieu baseband c nap trc tiep vao bo tong hp
tan so.
Tn hieu c ieu che c khuech ai en mc can thiet bang mach khuech
ai roi c tach en hop antenna.
Reciever Arm bat au hop antenna vi thanh phan au tien la mot bo loc
thong dai co sn doc. nhng he thong FDX/HDX, bo loc nay co nhiem vu ngan chan
nhng tn hieu t ng truyen va loc ra nhng tn hieu ap ng t transponder.
nhng he thong ieu che tn hieu s dung song mang phu, nhiem vu cua bo loc nay
cung khong c xem thng v trong trng hp nay, tn hieu phat va thu khong ch
tach ri nhau bi tan so song mang phu. Nhng song mang phu cua he thong 13,56MHz
la 847kHz hay 212kHz.
He thong viba - ban song cong

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S khac nhau chu yeu gia he thong viba va he thong cam ng tan so thap la bo
tong hp tan so: do tan so hoat ong thng la 2,45 GHz khong the c phat trc tiep
bi mot bo dao ong trc tiep thach anh. No ch co the c tao ra bang cach nhan cac
tan so thap lai vi nhau. Do viec ieu che c duy tr trong suot qua trnh nhan tan so
nen viec ieu che c thc hien tan so thap.
Hnh 4.4. S o khoi cua mot mach HF trong he thong viba

Mot vai he thong viba co mot directional coupler e tach biet tn hieu truyen i
cua he thong t mot tn hieu tan xa lui cua transponder.
Mot bo directional coupler gom co 1 cap ng day. Neu ca 4 port c match
va cong suat P1 c cap cho port 1 th cong suat nay c phan phoi cho port 2 va 3 va
khong co cong suat port 4. Tng t nh vay neu cong suat c cap port 3 th no se
chia cho port 1 va 2.
Hnh 4.5. Hoat ong cua mot bo directional coupler vi he thong RFID tan xa lui

-83-
He thong tuan t - SEQ

oi vi mot he thong RFID tuan t, trng HF cua reader chu yeu c phat i
la e cung cap nang lng cho transponder va gi cac lenh cho no.
Transponder phat d lieu cua no cho reader trong khi reader khong phat. Bo
phat va bo thu tren reader c kch hoat tuan t va nh vay no cung phat va thu tuan
t nhau.
Hnh 4.6. S o khoi HF cua reader trong he thong SEQ

Reader co mot khoa chuyen mach ngay tc thi e chuyen oi gia bo phat va
thu. Chc nang nay thng c thc hien bi diode PIN trong ky thuat vo tuyen.
Khong co nhng yeu cau ac biet nao c danh cho bo thu trong he thong SEQ.
Do o manh cua tn hieu trong may phat khong gay ra nhieu trong qua trnh nhan tn
hieu, bo thu SEQ co the thiet ke vi o nhay cao nhat co the. ieu nay co nghia la
khoang cach cua he thong co the tang len tng ng vi khoang nang lng.
4.2.2. n v ieu khien
n v ieu khien cua reader thc hien nhng nhiem vu sau:
- Trao oi vi phan mem va thc thi nhng lenh t phan mem.
- ieu khien lien lac vi mot transponder (Nguyen ly master - slave).
- Ma hoa va giai ma tn hieu.
Trong nhng he thong phc tap hn th n v ieu khien con co them nhng
chc nang sau:

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- Thc thi cac giai thuat chong xung ot.

- Mat ma va giai thuat ma luong d lieu c truyen i gia transponder
va reader.
- Thc hien thu tuc xac nhan gia transponder va reader.
Hnh 4.7. S o khoi n v ieu khien cua reader

n v ieu khien thng co mot bo vi x ly e thc hien nhng chc nang phc
tap nay. Cac thu tuc bao mat chang han nh luong ciphering gia transponder va reader
cung nh ma hoa tn hieu thng c thc hien trong module ASIC e giam bt cac
bc tnh toan cho bo vi x ly. V ly do thc hien cho nen ASIC c truy xuat thong
qua bus vi x ly.
Hnh 4.8. Qua trnh ma hoa va giai ma tn hieu bang n v ieu khien cua reader

-85-
D lieu trao oi gia phan mem va n v ieu khien cua reader c thc hien
theo giao tiep RS232 va RS485. Tn hieu vao may tnh phai dang ma NRZ (8 - bit bat
ong bo). Toc o baud thng la 1200bd, 4800bd, 9600bd Nhng giao thc khac nhau
c s dung cho giao thc truyen thong.
Giao tiep gia mach HF va n v ieu khien ac trng cho trang thai cua mach
HF la mot so nh phan. Trong he thong ieu che ASK, mc 1 vao mach HF ng vi
trang thai tn hieu HF on va mc 0 ng vi tn hieu HF off.
4.3. Ket noi antenna trong he thong lien ket cam ng

Antenna cua reader trong he thong RFID lien ket cam ng phat ra mot thong
lng . Thong lng nay c dung e cung cap nang lng cho transponder va gi
thong tin gia reader va transponder. Co 3 yeu to c ban ma mot antenna can phai ap
ng:
- Dong ien cc ai i1 trong cuon day cua antenna ng vi thong lng cc ai .
- Cong suat phoi hp e cho nang lng cc ai co the co dung e phat ra thong
lng.
- Bang thong u rong e truyen khong meo tn hieu song mang a c ieu
che.
Antenna phu thuoc vao dai tan so hoat ong lam cac thu tuc khac nhau co the
c s dung e ket noi cuon day cua antenna vi bo phat: ket noi trc tiep cuon day
antenna vi module cung cap nang lng bang cach s dung power matching hay cung
cap thong qua cap xoan cua antenna.
4.3.1. Ket noi s dung dong ien phoi hp
Cac loai reader s dung tan so di 135KHz, mach HF va cuon day antenna
c at gan nhau, thng c in tren board mach. Do kch thc cua ng cung cap
cua antenna va antenna nho hn bc song c dong ien trong mach HF phat ra
(2.200m), tn hieu co the c xem nh khong thay oi. ieu nay co ngha la dong ien

-86-
cua song cao tan co the bo qua. S ket noi cuon day cua antenna so vi s ket noi cua
mot loudspeaker vi ngo ra mot module NF.
4.3.2. Cung cap thong qua cap
tan so tren 1MHz hay trong dai tan 135KHz neu cap dai hn c s dung th
ien ap HF khong con co nh na nhng no phai c xem la song ien t trong cap.
Ket noi cuon day cua antenna s dung hai day dai khong co vo boc trong khoang HF se
dan en nhng hieu ng khong mong muon nh cong suat phan xa, tr khang ng
truyen va cong suat phat ky sinh do ban chat cua the HF. Do nhng hieu ng nay rat
kho ieu khien v khong the lng trc c. V vay, trong ky thuat vo tuyen, ngi ta
ch s dung cap ong truc. Socket, au cam va cap ong truc c phoi hp tr khang
sao cho tr khang la 50. Cac he thong RFID thng s dung cac thanh phan 50.
Hnh 4.9. Ket noi cuon day antenna bang ky thuat 50 .

Cuon day antenna L1 ng vi tr khang ZL trong khoang tan so hoat ong cua he
thong RFID. e at c power matching vi he thong, tr khang nay phai c
chuyen oi thanh 50 (matched) bang mot mach phoi hp tr khang. Cong suat truyen
i t module ngo ra cua reader en mach phoi hp tr khang khong b suy hao hay b
bc xa.
Hnh 4.10. Mach ien phoi hp tr khang cho cuon day antenna

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4.3.3. Anh hng cua he so Q

Antenna reader trong he thong RFID lien ket cam ng c ac trng bi tan so
cong hng va he so Q. Neu he so Q ln dan en dong ien trong antenna se ln va
lam tang cong suat truyen en transponder. Trai lai, bang thong cua antenna t le
nghch vi he so Q. Bang thong hep se tao ra mot he so Q cc ln va co the lam giam
ang ke pho tn hieu ieu che nhan c t transponder.
He so Q cua antenna reader co the c tnh theo bieu thc:
2 . f o .Lcoil
Rtotal
(4.1)
Rtotal : ien tr suy hao trong cuon day.

Lcoil : ien cam cua cuon day.
Bang thong cua antenna co the c tnh t he so Q sau:
fo
Q
(4.2)
Bang thong can thiet la thong nhan lay t bang thong dai bien tn hieu ieu che
cua reader. Trong ieu che ASK, ta se co bieu thc sau:
(4.3)
B.T 1
Vi transponder la thi gian ong khoa cua tn hieu ieu che load modulation.
oi vi nhieu he thong, he so Q toi u la 10 - 30. Tuy nhien, ieu nay khong the at
c do he so Q phu thuoc vao bang thong.

-88-

Di ay la s o khoi cua qua trnh truyen d lieu gia reader va transponder
trong mot he thong RFID. T reader en transponder - theo hng truyen d lieu; tn
hieu (x ly tn hieu) va bo ieu che (modulator) trong reader (pha phat), kenh truyen,
bo giai ieu che (Demodulator) va giai ieu che trong transponder (pha thu).
Hnh 5.1. S o khoi he thong vien thong so
5.1. Cac loai ma bieu dien tn hieu nh phan

Tn hieu nh phan co the c bieu dien bang nhieu loai ma khac nhau thong
qua ky thuat ma hoa ng truyen. Cac he thong RFID thng s dung mot trong nhng
loai ma sau: NRZ, Manchester, Unipolar RZ, DBP (differential bi-phase), Miller,
differential coding on PP coding.
- Ma NRZ: bit 1 c bieu dien mc cao va bit 0 mc thap. Ma NRZ c
dung rieng cho ieu che FSK va PSK.
- Ma Manchester: bit 1 c bieu dien (mc cao, mc thap). Bit 0 c bieu
dien (mc thap, mc cao). Do o ma Manchester con c goi la ma chia pha. Ma
Manchester thng c s dung e truyen d lieu t transponder en reader bang cach
ieu che s dung song mang phu.
- Ma Unipolar RZ: bit 1 c bieu dien mc cao trong na chu ky au va
mc thap trong na chu ky sau. Bit 0 c bieu dien mc thap trong toan bo chu ky
bit.
- Ma DBP: bit 0 c ma hoa bi (mc cao, mc thap) hoac ngc lai. Bit 1 c
ma hoa bang cach chot s chuyen oi mc. Hn na, mc c ao ngc moi chu ky

-89-
bit, cho nen tn hieu nh phan co the de dang thay oi cau truc trong may thu (neu can
thiet).
Hnh 5.2. Cac loai ma ng truyen trong he thong RFID

- Ma Miller: bit 1 c bieu dien bi mot s chuyen oi (mc cao, mc thap)
hoac ngc lai. Bit 0 gi nguyen mc cua bit 1 trc o. Mot chuoi cac bit 0 co the tao
nen s chuyen mc au chu ky bit, do o tn hieu nh phan co the thay oi cau truc lai
may thu.
- Ma Miller modified: Ma nay thay the moi s thay oi mc trong ma Miller
thanh mot xung am. Ma nay rat thch hp trong cac he thong RFID ghep cam ng e
truyen d lieu t reader en transponder. Nh vao o rong xung rat hep (tpulse << Tbit),
no co kha nang am bao nang lng cung cap lien tuc en transponder t trng HF
cua reader ngay ca khi truyen d lieu.

-90-
- Ma Differential (ma sai phan): trong ma nay bit 1 c phat i gay nen s thay
oi (toggle) mc tn hieu, mc tn hieu con lai khong thay oi oi vi bit 0.
- Ma Pulse-pause (PPC): trong ma nay, bit 1 c bieu dien bang mot khoang
thi gian dng t trc xung ke tiep, bit 0 c bieu dien bang mot khoang thi gian
dng 2t trc xung tiep theo. Ma nay rat pho bien trong cac he thong RFID tam gan
ghep cam ng e truyen d lieu t Reader en Transponder. Do o rong xung rat be
tpulse<<Tbit nen van co the cung cap nang lng lien tuc cho Transponder.
Hnh 5.3. Ma Pulse-pause

Co nhieu ieu kien khac nhau c xem xet khi chon la loai ma thch hp cho
he thong RFID. ieu quan trong nhat la pho cua tn hieu sau khi ieu che va kha nang
truyen khong loi. Hn na, trong trng hp cac transponder thu ong, nang lng cung
cap khong c ngat quang bi mot ma khong phu hp va qua trnh ieu che.
5.2. Cac ky thuat ieu che so

Trong cac he thong RFID, ky thuat ieu che so s dung nhieu nhat la ASK, FSK,
PSK. ac biet tai phong th nghiem cua bo mon vien thong RFID s dung ieu che so
ASK.
5.2.1. ieu che ASK
Song mang c ieu che thanh 2 mc ien ap khac nhau, vi he so ieu che m:
(5.1)

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Hnh 5.4. ieu che ASK
5.2.2. ieu che 2FSK

Trong ieu che 2FSK , tan so song mang thay oi gia 2 tan so f1 va f2
Hnh 5.5. ieu che FSK

5.2.3. ieu che PSK
ieu che PSK la mot phng phap hieu qua nhat e truyen tn hieu so. Co the
noi phng phap PSK la phng phap ieu che triet song mang do o bang thong cua
tn hieu PSK nho hn bang thong cua FSK neu dung cung mot tn hieu dai nen. Nhng
may thu phai co mach dao ong tao song mang e thc hien viec giai ieu che; tn
hieu dao ong nay phai co cung tan so va pha cua song mang may phat.
Trong ieu che PSK , cac mc logic 0 va 1 c chuyen thanh cac trang thai pha
ngc nhau cua dao ong song mang. Trong 2PSK th tn hieu thay oi 2 trang thai
pha 0o va 180o.

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Hnh 5.6. ieu che PSK

5.2.4. ieu che vi song mang phu
Trong he thong RFID, ieu che s dung song mang phu chu yeu s dung trong
cac he thong ghep cam ng tan so 6,78MHz, 13,56MHz hoac 27,12 MHz va trong thu
tuc load modulation truyen d lieu t transponder en reader. Load modulation cua he
thong RFID ghep cam ng co hieu qua nh ieu che ASK. Thay v chuyen oi ien tr
tai On-Off theo chuoi bit d lieu th mot song mang phu tan so thap c ieu che trc
theo tn hieu d lieu dai nen. ieu che song mang phu co the s dung cho ASK, FSK,
PSK. Tan so song mang phu thng c lay bang chia nh phan tan so hoat ong cua
he thong. Vi he thong RFID 13,56 MHz, tan so song mang phu thng s dung la
847kHz (13,56MHz 16), 424kHz (13,56MHz 64).
D lieu ieu che song mang phu tao ra 2 vach pho cach tan so hoat ong cua he
thong tan so song mang phu fH. thong tin thc te c phat nhng dai bien cua 2
vach song mang phu tuy thuoc vao loai ma cua d lieu.
Hnh 5.7. S o ieu che ghep kenh vi kieu ieu che ASK song mang phu

-93-
Trong nhng he thong transponder ghep long, s khac biet gia tn hieu song
mang fT cua reader va dai bien cua tn hieu nhan c la t 80 - 90dB. Mot trong 2 song
mang phu co the c loc va giai ieu che bang cach dch tan pho cua d lieu ieu che.
ieu nay khong lien quan ti tan so s dung la fT + fH hay fT fH bi v thong tin cha
tren ca hai dai bien.
Hnh 5.8. Pho cua tn hieu ieu che song mang phu.

-94-

6.1. Phng phap kiem tra loi
Khi truyen d lieu bang cong nghe khong day th viec b can nhieu rat de xay ra,
gay nen nhng thay oi d lieu trong khi truyen dan en cac loi. Do o cac ham kiem
tra c s dung e phat hien cac loi cua d lieu truyen i va lam chnh xac d lieu,
chang han bang cach truyen lai khoi d lieu co loi. Nhng phng phap kiem tra loi
thong dung nhat la kiem tra chan le, XOR va CRC.
6.1.1. Kiem tra chan le
Kiem tra chan le la mot phng phap n gian nen la mot phng phap kiem tra
loi rat pho bien. Trong phng phap nay, mot bit kiem tra c phat kem vi moi byte
d lieu truyen i, do o moi byte truyen i gom 9 bit. Trc khi d lieu truyen i th
phai xac nh la kiem tra chan hay kiem tra le, e bao am la ben phat va ben thu cung
kiem tra chan hoac le.
Tuy nhien phng phap nay ch co the phat hien loi khi so bit b sai la le.
6.1.2. Phng phap LRC
Kiem tra XOR cung c goi la kiem tra LRC
Hnh 6.1. Kiem tra LRC

LRC c tnh bang cach cac byte truyen i c lan lt XOR vi nhau, byte
th 1 XOR vi byte th 2, ket qua tiep tuc c XOR vi byte th 3; va c nh vay en
cuoi khoi khoi d lieu, LRC c nh kem vi khoi va truyen i. ben nhan cung thc

-95-
hien viec kiem tra tng t nh ben phat, neu ket qua la 0 th xac nhan la d lieu nhan
ung.
Tuy nhien phng phap nay cung gap phai mot so nhc iem la khi nhieu loi
byte co the loai bo lan nhau la khong the phat hien sai, phng phap nay thng c
s dung khi truyen cac khoi d lieu rat nho.
6.1.3. Phng phap CRC
Phng phap kiem tra CRC co the ang tin cay khi dung e kiem tra nhng
lng thong tin ln, mac du phng phap nay khong the sa loi.
Trong phng phap CRC, ben thu va ben phat s dung cung mot a thc sinh,
ph phat dung a thc sinh e tnh toan t m bit d lieu se sinh ra r bit kiem tra va tao ra
t ma co o dai n = m + r. Pha thu dung a thc sinh e kiem tra xem t ma nhan c
co sai hay khong. Cac phep toan thc hien ma CRC eu dung modulo-2 thch hp cho
phep tnh nh phan.
V du: xet ma (7,4) tc co m = 4 bit d lieu va r = n - m =3 bit kiem tra. Gia s 4
bit d lieu la 0011 va a thc sinh s dung la 1011 hay H(z)= z3+0z2+z1+z0
Thc hien phep chia z3X(z)/H(z)
1100 | 11
11000
1011
01110
1011
00101 so d=R(z)
T ma sau khi ma hoa co dang Y(z)=zr X(z)+R(z)=z4+z3+z2+1 hay 0011101
Khi ben thu nhan c d lieu, pha thu se chia t ma cho a thc sinh, gia s
khong co sai sot tren ng truyen.
1011 | 11
11101

-96-
1011
01011
1011
00000 so d = 0, xac nhan khong co sai sot tren ng truyen.
6.2. a truy cap, chong xung ot d lieu
Trong hoat ong cua he thong RFID th co the xay ra vec co nhieu transponder
cung nam trong vung phu song cua 1 reader. Trong mot he thong nh vay, chung ta co
the phan biet 2 dang chnh cua s lien lac.
Dang th nhat la viec truyen d lieu t reader en cac transponder
Hnh 6.2. Truyen d lieu en nhieu the

Luong d lieu c truyen i c cac transponder nhan cung luc . Viec nay
giong nh viec cac radio cung nhan chng trnh tin tc cua mot ai phat thanh. Loai
thong tin nay c goi la truyen tin (broadcast).
Dang th hai cua lien lac la viec truyen d lieu cua rat nhieu transponder trong
vung phu song en vi reader. Dang nay c goi la a truy cap.
Hnh 6.3. Nhan d lieu t nhieu the


-97-
Tuy nhien moi kenh thong tin eu co dung lng kenh co nh, do o moi
transponder ch co the truyen mot dung lng nhat nh en reader e khong gay nhieu
lan nhau (va cham). Toc o truyen toi a c quyet nh bi bang thong cua anten
tong transponder ca reader.
Van e cua a truy cap a co t lau trong cong nghe radio. Chang han nh mang
ien thoai di ong, khi co nhieu ngoi muon ket noi vi 1 tram. Do o, nhieu phng
thc a c phat trien nham tach biet cac tn hieu. C ban th co 4 phng phap
SDMA(Space Division Multiple Access), FDMA(Frequency Domain Multiple Access),
TDMA(Time Domain Multiple Access) va CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access).
Hnh 6.4. Cac phng phap tranh xung ot d lieu

6.2.1. SDMA
Cac transponder khac nhau co the c phan biet nh vao goc v tr cua no so
vi reader. e co the nh a ch cua cac transponder, khong gian xung quanh reader
phai c quet bang anten nh hng. Nhc iem cua SDMA la cac he thong anten
nh hng phc tap.
Hnh 6.5. SDMA, anten nh hng ch lan lt en cac transponder


-98-
6.2.2. FDMA
Ky thuat FDMA la ky thuat ma cac kenh truyen dan vi cac tan so song mang
khac nhau cung luc ton tai cho cac thanh phan lien lac. Trong he thong RFID, nang
lng cung cap cho transponder va tn hieu ieu khien cua moi transponder ng vi mot
tan so khac nhau. Nhc iem cua phng phap nay la gia thanh cao cua cac reader, do
o phng phap nay ch mi c ap dung cho mot so lnh vc chuyen biet.
Hnh 6.6. FMDA, vai kenh truyen vi cac tan so khac nhau dung cho viec truyen d lieu
gia transponder va reader
6.2.3. TDMA
Trong RFID, phng thc tranh gay anh hng gia cac tn hieu c dung rong
rai nhat la TDMA. ay la phng thc s dung viec phan chia dung lng kenh co san
lan lt cho cac transponder theo th t thi gian.
Co hai phng thc TDMA la transponder ieu khien va reader ieu khien.
Phng thc transponder ieu khien co toc oc cham va khong linh hoat, do o phng
thc ieu khien bi reader thng c chon thc hien. Phng thc nay co the xem
nh ong bo v tat ca transponder eu c ieu khien cung luc bi reader. Trc tien
mot transponder oc la chon t mot nhom cac transponder da tren mot thuat toan,

-99-
tiep o, viec ket noi c thc hien gia transponder c chon va reader. Ch khi ket
noi nay ket thuc, th viec chon la transponder tiep theo mi oc thc hien.
Phng thc reader ieu khien oc phan chia thanh 2 phng thc nho hn la
th chon (polling) va tm kiem nh phan (binary search). Tat ca phng phap nay eu
da tren c s moi transponder c nhan dang bang mot day ma so rieng biet.
Hnh 6.7. Cac phng phap ieu khien reader

Phng thc th chon
Phng thc th chon yeu cau phai co danh sach tat ca cac ma so cua cac
transponder co the xay ra trong qua trnh. Tat ca cac ma so se lan lt oc reader
kiem tra en khi phat hien c ma so chnh xac can tm. Tuy nhien phng phap nay
co the cham neu so long transponder ln.
Tm kiem nh phan la phng phap linh ong hn va pho bien hn.
Thuat toan tm kiem nh phan

-100-
Viec thc hien thuat toan tm kiem nh phan yeu cau v tr bit va cham phai oc
phat hien trong reader. Ngoai ra, cung can phai co mot s ma hoa bit phu hp. Do o,
troc het chung ta so sanh s va cham cua ma hoa NRZ va Machester.
oi vi ma NRZ, gia tr cua 1 bit oc nh ngha bang mot mc co nh cua
kenh truyen trong 1 ca so bit (tBIT). ay ta gia s bit 1 mc cao, bit 0 mc thap.
Hnh 6.8. Ma NRZ

Neu t nhat 1 trong 2 transponder gi tn hieu mc cao th reader se hieu la tn
hieu mc cao. Reader khong the xac nh day bit nhan c b chong bit nhng
iem nao khi nhan d lieu t vai transponder. Viec s dung cac khoi kiem tra (kiem tra
chan le, CRC) ch co the phat hien co sai ch khong the phat hien v tr sai.
Hnh 6.9. Ma hoa NRZ khong the phat hien s xung ot d lieu gia cac transponder
oi vi ma Manchester, gia tr cua bit c nh ngha bang s thay oi mc
ien ap trong 1 ca so bit (tBIT).

-101-
Hnh 6.10. Ma Manchester

Neu 2 hoac nhieu transponder cung luc truyen cac bit khac nhau th cac gia tr
am va dng cua cac mc ien ap se triet tieu lan nhau. Do o co the xay ra trung hp
mot mc ien ap nhan c ton tai trong ca bit _ trai vi quy luat ma hoa Manchester;
ieu nay cho phep phat hien bit nao a b loi do va cham d lieu. V vay, ma hoa
Manchester c s dung cho thuat toan tm kiem nh phan.
Hnh 6.11. Ma hoa Manchester giup phat hien bit xung ot

Mot thuat toan tm kiem nh phan bao gom mot day c nh ngha truc cua s
tac ong qua lai gia 1 reader va cac transponder nham muc ch chon c nhng
transponder mong muon t nhieu transponder.
Chung ta gia s transponder co the thc hien cac lenh nh sau va cac day so
nhan dang cua moi transponder gom 8 bit.

-102-
Viec au tien cua thuat toan la reader truyen lenh REQUEST(<=11111111),

lenh nay c tra li bi tat ca transponder trong vung phu song cua reader.
Do cac transponder c ong bo nen chung bat au truyen cac ma so nhan
dang cua mnh tai cung mot thi iem
Gia s tai cac bit 0, 4 va 6 co s va cham, dan en ket luan co nhieu hn 1
transponder trong cung phu song cua reader. Day bit nhan c la 1X1X001X, th co tat
ca 8 kha nang cua cac ma so con can phai xac nh.
Bit 6 la bit co trong so ln nhat, cho nen e chon c 1 transponder, ta tiep tuc
tm kiem trong khoang <=10111111, va c tiep tuc en khi chon c ma so hp le.
Hnh 6.12. Qua trnh tm kiem transponder hp le

Bang viec s dung lenh SELECT, transponder 2 c chon va co the c oc
va ghi bi reader ma khong b anh hng cua cac transponder khac.
Sau khi viec oc, ghi ket thuc, transponder 2 co the c ngng hoat ong hoan
toan bi lenh UNSELECT va se khong ap lai lenh REQUEST tiep theo. Tiep o, viec
la chon lai tiep tuc thc hien trong 3 transponder con lai.
So lan L thc hien e xac nh mot transponder phuc thuoc vao so transponder
trong vung phu song:

-103-
L( N ) ld ( N ) 1
log( N )
1
log(2)
(6.1)
Hnh 6.13. So lan thc hien trung bnh e xac nh a ch transponder

-104-
PHAN 2

1.1. Gii thieu
1.1.1. Gii thieu e tai
Ngay nay vi s phat trien cua cong nghe va xu hng t ong hoa ngay cang
cao, nhieu lnh vc con ngi rat kho kiem soat va quan ly oi hoi phai s dung nhieu
nhan cong, chi ph cao. Vi cong nghe RFID chung ta co the giam sat va quan ly mot
cach de dang, giam thieu chi ph va khong ton nhieu cong sc.
Hien nay quan ly nguon nhan lc tai cac cong ty la mot trong nhng van e then
chot e cap lanh ao co cai nhn tong the nhat ve doanh nghiep va con ngi. Nhng
viec quan ly nay thong thng ch trien khai mot cach tho s, khong ong bo, nhat quan
va chu yeu thc hien bang tay. S dung may tnh e quan ly nhan s a c thc hien
nhieu cong ty, n v, to chc va the hien the manh cua no. Tuy nhien, moi cong ty
lai co cach xay dng ac thu rieng trong viec quan ly nguon nhan lc; vi thc te o
ong thi ap dung cong nghe RFID lam cho viec quan ly con ngi tr nen de dang,
nhanh chong, chnh xac.
Do o di s ch hng dan tan tnh cua thay giao Ths. Nguyen Ch Ngoc, toi
thc hien e tai ng dung cong nghe RFID vao he thong quan ly nhan s.
1.1.2. Yeu cau e tai
Nghien cu giao thc oc va ghi the bang PC.
Nghien cu ngon ng lap trnh C# 2005va c s d lieu SQL Server 2005.
Viet chng trnh He thong quan ly nhan s bang ngon ng C# 2005 va ap
dung mot phan cong nghe RFID vao he thong nay.

-105-
1.1.3. Noi dung cua e tai

Dung ngon ng C# e viet chng trnh oc, ghi the khi ket noi reader vi PC.
Viet chng trnh He thong quan ly nhan s
Thc hien viec oc, ghi d lieu t the thong qua reader.
Kiem chng ket qua.
1.2. Yeu cau he thong

1.2.1. Nhu cau he thong
Giam tai cong viec cho ngi quan ly
Tang toc o, tnh chnh xac cua cong viec thong ke, quan ly con ngi, cham
cong, tnh lng
1.2.2. Quan ly d an
Bang 1.1: Ke hoach thc hien va phan cong nhiem vu
STT
Noi dung
Mo ta
Lap ke hoach va phat trien he thong

- Khi tao d an
Tm hieu ke hoach xay dng he thong

va e ra cac bc xay dng nen he
- Quan ly d an
2
thong.
Phan tch
- Ke hoach phan tch
Xac nh yeu cau he thong
- Thu thap cac yeu cau
Lap ke hoach phong van ngi dung

a ra cac yeu cau nghiep vu, yeu
cau chc nang cua he thong
- Xac nh cac mo hnh
Xac nh c nhng tac nhan c ban

cua he thong va nhng hoat ong cua
he thong
Thiet ke

-106-
- Giao dien
Thiet ke chi tiet: d lieu, x ly va
- S o nh hng
giao dien
Xay dng he thong

- Viet code va ong goi he thong
1.3. Tong quan ve s o khoi cua he thong

1.3.1. Cac thong so cua Reader (DL910)
Hnh 1.1. Reader (DL910)

Bang 1.2: Cac thong so c ban cua Reader (DL910)
Nghi thc ho tr
ISO18000-6B/ISO18000-6C(EPC G2)
Tan so lam viec
ISM 902MHz928MHz,Or 920MHz925MHz
Tan so thng s dung
860MHz960MHz
Nang lng truyen tin
20dBm30 dBm(set by software)
Bang 1.3: Cac thong so ve oc ghi cua Reader (DL910)

Toc o oc
Thi gian oc 1Card < 10ms / 64 bits
Khoang cach oc
8m15m(trong moi trng bnh thng)
Toc o ghi
8bits less than 30ms
Khoang cach ghi
4m7m(according tag)
Read prompt
Buzzer

-107-
Bang 1.4: Cong ho tr cua Reader (DL910)

RS232 Port
Co
RS485 Port
Co
Trigger port
Co
ICP/IP Port
Theo yeu cau cua khach hang
Bang 1.5: Cac thong so ve ien cua Reader (DL910)

Nguon
DC: +9V, 4A
Cong suat
6W
Bang 1.6: Kch thc Reader (DL910)

Kch c
450mm450mm60mm
Can nang
3.700g
Moi trng lam viec: trong nhiet o t -3070

1.3.2. Cac thong so cua the
phan nay chung ta se khao sat 2 loai the thng c s dung NPX UCODE
EPC G2, UCODE HSL ISO18000-6B.
Trong qua trnh viet chng trnh oc, ghi ta can quan tam trc het la ma oc
va ghi the di dang ma Hex. Bang ma Hex nay c nh kem khi mua san pham
RFID reader va the (tag)
Ma oc va ghi cua the
Bang 1.7: Ma ket noi, ngat ket noi, oc ghi the
Tag Indentify
Disconnect
#A0#02#65#F9
Connect & Read Version
#A0#02#FE#60#A0#02#50#0E#A0#02#6A#F4

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Read Version
Read Tag (Single mode)
#A0#03#82#04#D7
Read Tag (Multi mode)
#A0#05#63#02#00#70#86#A0#05#60#00#72#03#86#A0#02#65#F9
Select Read Single Tag
#A0#02#FE#60#A0#05#60#00#87#00#74
Select Read Multi-Tag
#A0#05#60#00#87#01#73
Tag Operation
Change to Tag Operation
#A0#02#FE#60
Read Tag (EPC-2-1)
#A0#06#80#04#01#02#01#D2
Read Tag (TID-2-1)
#A0#06#80#04#02#02#01#D1
Read Tag (User-2-1)
#A0#06#80#04#03#02#01#D0
Read Tag (User-3-1)
#A0#06#80#04#03#03#01#CF
Read Tag (EPC-2-3)
#A0#06#80#04#01#02#03#D0
Write Tag (EPC-2-1234)
#A0#09#81#04#00#01#02#01#12#34#88
Write Tag (EPC-2-1232)
#A0#09#81#04#00#01#02#01#12#32#8A
Write Tag (EPC-2-abcd)
#A0#09#81#04#00#01#02#01#AB#CD#5
Initalization Tag
#A0#03#99#04#C0
Khao sat the NXP UCODE EPC G2

Mo ta chung
EPC chuan UHF G2 cho phep cac the thu ong ho tr ky thuat UHF EPC c
thng mai hoa. UCODE EPC G2 ho tr trong day chuyen quan ly va cac ng dung hau
can. Tuy vao khu vc Chau Au hay My ma UCODE EPC G2 co nhng ieu chnh rieng
e co the nhan dang c the trong khoang cach vai met.
IC UCODE EPC G2 phu hp vi cac ng dung hoat ong trong tam vai met va
yeu cau chong va ap cao. No la mot san pham nam trong he thong san pham UCODE
ban dan NXP. Toan bo he thong san pham UCODE a ra eu chong xung ot va chc
nang ieu phoi no. The UCODE EPC G2 khong can nguon cung cap ben ngoai.

-109-
Mat phan cach khong tiep xuc cua no sinh ra nang lng thong qua mach anten
chuyen tai nang lng t bo hoi (thiet b oc/ghi), giai ieu che d lieu nhan c t bo
hoi va ieu che trng ien t e truyen d lieu ngc lai t the en bo hoi.
Khi the ket noi vi mot antenna chuyen dung trong khoang tan so nh san, no
co the hoat ong ma khong can nam trong tam nhn va khong can nguon pin noi. Khi
the nam trong tam hoat ong cua bo hoi (thiet b oc/ghi), d lieu co the truyen theo ca
hai hng vi toc o cao.
ac iem
* ac iem chnh
- Thiet b ghep noi phu hp hoan toan vi chuan UHF EPC G2
- Giai phap tam xa
- Thch ng vi UHF RFID, mot IC co the c dung tren toan the gii
- Toc o d lieu nhanh
- Lien ket hng ti: 40 en 160 Kbit/s
- Lien ket phan hoi: 40 en 640 Kbit/s
- Bo nh tren chip 512 bits
- 96 bits EPC
- The nhan dien 64 bits
- Bo nh lap trnh ngi dung 224 bits
- Mat khau truy cap 32 bits
- Mat khau bac bo 32 bits
- Chay tren cung cau truc ha tang phan cng nh UCODE HSL hay UCODE
EPC 1.19
* Li ch chnh
- The va reader co the s dung t nhieu nguon cung cap khac nhau
- La san pham UHF EPC au tien hoat ong tren toan the gii

-110-
- Chc nang chong xung ot tien tien giup nhan dang c nhieu the vi toc o
cao nhat
- Ky thuat RFID an toan va thiet thc thch hp vi reader kn va moi trng
nhieu
- Truyen thong UHF an toan, reader khong truyen d lieu EPC
- Cong nghe d b (back-up) EPCglobal va ISO 18000-6C
* ac iem thiet b ghep noi RF
- Khoang cach hoat ong tam xa
- Tan so hoat ong trong khoang 860MHz 960Mhz
- Bao am toan ven d lieu: 16 bits CRC, framing
ng dung
- Ho tr day chuyen quan ly
- Quan ly tai san, th vien, cham cong
- Quan ly hang hoa
- Giam sat khay, bao b, container
D lieu tham khao
- Mot trong nhng the trong chuan NXP UCODE EPC G2 la the SL3ICS10 hoat
ong trong cac dai tan so khac nhau, nhng theo quy nh chuan, the SL3ICS10 hoat
ong trong dai tan sau:
Bang 1.8: Tan so hoat ong theo chuan cua the SL3 ICS10
Symbol
Parameter
Min
Max
Unit
UHF
Dai tan so
860
960
MHz
S o khoi SL3 ICS10

The SL3 ICS1 bao gom 3 khoi chnh:
- Thiet b ghep noi analog RF (Analog RF Interface)
- Bo ieu khien so (Digital Controller)

-111-
- EEPROM
Hnh 1.2. S o khoi cua the SL3 ICS10

Khao sat the UCODE HSL ISO18000-6B
Mo ta
IC UCODE HSL (High Frequency Smart Label) la chip thu ong, ho tr trong
day chuyen quan ly va cac ng dung hau can My, nhan dang c trong khoang vai
met. Mat khac, nen ky thuat UCODE HSL c thiet ke hoat ong theo cac quy nh
cua Chau Au.
IC nay la san pham au tien phu hp vi chuan ISO 18000-4 va 18000-6.
He thong UCODE HSL cho phep cac the hoat ong ong thi trong vung
antenna cua reader (canh bao xung ot, phan tch xung ot).
IC UCODE HSL ac biet thiet ke cho cac ng dung tam xa.
The khong can nguoi noi cung cap. C che nh the UCODE EPC G2 trnh bay
muc trc.

-112-
Ngoai ra bo nh thi he thong cua the hoat ong rieng le thong qua bo dao
ong on-board.
* Truyen nang lng va d lieu khong tiep xuc
Khi the UCODE HSL ket noi vi anten chuyen dung trong khoang tan so nh
san, no co the hoat ong ma khong can nam trong tam nhn va khong can nguon nuoi.
Khi the nam trong tam hoat ong cua bo hoi (thiet b oc/ghi), d lieu co the truyen
theo ca hai hng vi toc o cao.
Khoang cach hoat ong toi a phu thuoc vao quy nh tng ni va bang tan tan
so s dung
Bang 1.9: Khoang cach hoat ong cua the UCODE HSL trong cac bang tan so
Khoang tan so
Ni s dung
Gia tr nguon
Khoang cach oc cua

antenna n
869,4869,65MHz
Europe
0,5W ERP
4,0m
Europe
2W ERP
8,0m
902928MHz (UHF)
America
4W EIRP
8,4m
860960Hz (UHF)
Others
2,4GHz-2,4835GHz
Europe
(UHF)
865,5867,6MHz
(UHF)
0,5W
EIRP 0,6m
outdoor
2,4GHz-2,4835GHz
Europe
4W EIRP indoor
1,8m
2,4GHz-2,4835GHz
America
4W EIRP
1,8m
2,4GHz-2,4835GHz
Others
* Phan tch xung ot, chong xung ot

-113-
Chc nang chong xung ot thong minh cho phep cac the hoat ong ong thi. Thuat
toan chong xung ot la chon tng the rieng le va thao tac vi the c chon mot cach
chnh xac ma khong lam sai lac d lieu cua cac the khac.
* Tnh toan ven d lieu
e viec truyen d lieu bao am chnh xac, truyen thong khong tiep xuc gia bo hoi va
the can phai co nhng ac iem sau:
- 16bits CRC
- Bit em kiem tra
- Bit ma phan biet gia 1,0 va khong co thong tin
- Bo giam sat kenh
* Cac ng dung tieu chuan
SL3 ICS30 ho tr ay u cac ng dung tieu chuan. SL3 ICS30 phu hp vi cac
ng dung nh sau:
- MH10.8.4: nhan dang tan so vo tuyen cho cac container hoan lai va cac truc
quan cap.
- AIAG B-11: lop t ong va nhan banh lai chuan nh dang tan so vo tuyen.
- ISO 18185: chuyen ch container, the niem phong ien t gan vao container e
bao mat va nhan dang container.
* To chc bo nh
Bo nh EEPROM 2048bits bao gom bo nh UID, bo nh ngi dung va thong tin khoa
- Cac ieu kien truy xuat ghi: Moi byte trong bo nh ngi dung co the c ghi
bao ve rieng le. Ghi bao ve khoi co the se khong ghi lai c na.
- So ang ky: So ang ky khong the thay oi, am bao s duy nhat cua moi nhan
- Cau hnh IC: UCODE HSL IC co cau hnh theo hang Philips
- So ang ky la duy nhat va ch oc
- Nhng ieu kien truy cap ghi cho phep thay oi tat ca cac byte ngoai tr nhng
byte cha so ang ky

-114-
- Bo nh truy cap ngi dung khong xac nh

ac iem cua the SL3 ICS30
* Giao dien RF
- Truyen d lieu khong tiep xuc tam xa va khong can pin.
- Khoang cach hoat ong phu thuoc vao hnh dang antenna va quy nh tng ni,
t tren 8,4m cho antenna n.
- Tan so hoat ong khoang t 860MHz-960Mhz va 2,4GHz-2,5Ghz.
- Khoang cach ghi bang 70% khoang cach oc.
* Bo nh
- 2048 bits
- Bo nh UID 64bits t byte 0 en byte 7.
- 216 bytes bo nh ngi dung t byte 8 en byte 223.
- Lu tr d lieu 10 nam.
- Gii han ghi 100.000 chu ky.
* Bao mat
- So ang ky duy nhat cho moi thiet b.
- C cau khoa (ghi bao ve) cho moi byte.
1.4. Ket qua o ac thc te viec oc the

Viec the quet qua vung oc cua Reader vi mot toc o khong co nh se dan
en viec oc the khong con chnh xac na. Bi vay viec oc the can c khao sat thc
te e am bao mo hnh hoat ong tot.
Di ay la hnh anh va ket qua thu c thc te.

-115-
Bang 1.10: Ket qua o ac thc te tam o thang goc cc ai cua Reader
(UHF_R_G2_232_2A) vi hai loai the thu ong (SL3 ICS10 va SL3 ICS30 chuan
UCODE EPC GEN2) di chuyen vi van toc cc ai
The
The 1 (SL3 ICS10)
The 2 (SL3 ICS30)
ng yen
5,4m
9,7m
Tam xa
Toc o cc ai
Tam xa
Toc o cc ai
<4m
40km/h
<5m
60km/h
4-5m
35km/h
5-7m
45hm/h
Di chuyen
Ghi chu: Cac thong so toi o ac c tai trng ai hoc Bach Khoa TP. Ho Ch Minh
trong ieu kien moi trng tng oi tot:
- Tam oc the: tam thang goc
- Nhiet o: 340C
- o am: 70%
- Vat can: khong co
- Nhieu: t
Hnh 1.3. Mo hnh thc te khao sat


-116-

2.1. Khao xac hien trang
2.1.1. Gii thieu chung
Chng trnh quan ly nhan s c ap dung cho cong ty va va nho vi lu
lng ngi vao ra ong thi tren cong kiem soat khong qua ln. Neu vi so lng ln
th can phai giai quyet bai toan chong ung o va bai toan ve an ninh nhng toi khong
e cap luan van nay. Viec quan ly nhan s tai cac cong ty hien thi thng c the
hien nh sau:
Phan oc ghi the: s dung ngon ng C# 2005 viet phan mem oc ghi the (ma
the nhan vien se c cat ngan e de dang kiem soat) ng dung cong nghe RFID
Bo phan quan ly nhan s: viet phan mem quan ly nhan s thong qua ma
nhan vien (khac vi ma the e khong trung la kho quan ly) s dung ngon ng C# va s
dung he quan tr c s d lieu SQL server 2005 e quan ly con ngi, tien lng, cac
bao cao
Bo phan giam sat, bao ve: se kiem tra nhan vien cung nh ngi ra vao cong
kiem soat da tren the nhan vien co cha ID rieng va ac iem nhan dang nhan vien
thong qua hnh anh hoac ghi hnh.
2.1.2. Cac van e at ra cho he thong mi
Nhan xet tnh hnh thc te: qua thc te nghien cu trong thi gian thc tap tai
cong ty truyen dan khu vc 3 - Tong cong ty vien thong Quan oi Viettel cung
nh nam bat mot so he thong quan ly nguon nhan lc hien co tren th trng, nhan thay
rang so lng cong viec quan ly nhan s trong mot cong ty th rat nhieu ma hau het cac
cong viec c lam thu cong nen co nhieu bat tien nh:
Ton nhieu thi gian trong viec lap bao cao va thong ke.
Gay nhieu bat tien trong viec quan ly so sach va quan ly nhan vien.
Khong the cho cap lanh ao cai nhn bao quat he thong nhan s cua cong ty.

-117-
Viec ra vao cong ty tr nen lon xon, khong thong nhat.

Xuat phat t nhng nhc iem cua he thong quan ly cu cua cac cong ty nen
viec s dung tin hoc vao cong tac quan ly la viec lam hp ly.
T nhng cong viec thc te, a ra he thong quan ly nhan s vi cac chc nang
sau:
Quan ly nhan vien, to, oi nhom, phong ban
Quan ly cong tac ngh phep
Quan ly cham cong
Quan ly tien lng
He thong ngi dung
Bao cao thong ke
2.1.3. Pham vi nghien cu
Tm hieu cong nghe RFID, xay dng phan mem oc ghi the, nghien cu qua
trnh quan ly nhan s trong thc te va ap dung cong nghe RFID vao mot phan qua trnh
o.
2.1.4. Gii han he thong
He thong van cha toi u va thieu mot so muc hang khac, viec quan ly ve mat
an ninh con han che, cha xay dng mot cach hoan thien cac phan cap.
2.1.5. Cac chc nang cua he thong mi
He thong xay dng tren c s la mot ng dung theo mo hnh client - server
Vi ng dung server:
- e s dung chng trnh ngi s dung phai ang nhap vao he thong .
- oi tng s dung: Admin, trng phong nhan s
Vi ng dung client:
- Khong can thiet phai ang nhap e s dung chng trnh
- oi tng s dung: Nhan vien phong ke toan, tien lng, tong hp gi
cac bao cao

-118-
Chc nang ang nhap: Tuy vao tai khoan ang nhap ma he thong se cho phep
ngi dung s dung nhng chc nang nao. Do database at tai may cha chng trnh
dung cho server nen thong tin ang nhap ngoai tai khoan ngi dung con them ten
server va mat khau server
Chc nang tm kiem: Ngi dung chng trnh co the thc hien cac thao tac tm
kiem ng vi moi muc khac nhau nh: tm theo ten, ma nhan vien, phong ban
Chc nang quan ly tai khoan
Tao tai khoan: Ngi Admin mi co quyen tao tai khoan mi
Phan quyen: Chc nang nay ch co Admin, do yeu cau cong viec quan ly tai
cong ty mot ngi co the am nhiem nhieu cong viec nen muc phan quyen nay mot tai
khoan cung co the co nhieu quyen han tuy vao viec Admin phan cho.
2.2. Thiet ke s o
2.2.1. S o chc nang
Hnh 2.1. S o chc nang

-119-
2.2.2. S o ng canh
Hnh 2.2. S o ng canh

2.2.3. S o luong d lieu
Tac nhan cua he thong la: Nhan vien (thong tin), the nhan vien (tag) va bo phan
tien lng trong cong ty..
Ta co s o luong d lieu mc boi canh nh sau:

-120-
Hnh 2.3. S o luong d lieu

2.2.4. Mo hnh c s d lieu
Viec xay dng c s d lieu la kha ln, s dung 2 cong cu c ban la Table va
View trong SQL Server 2005.
Di ay la mo hnh c s d lieu Bang 2.1

-121-

-122-

Chng trnh He thong quan ly nhan s c viet tren nen C# 2005 va SQL
Server 2005 cong vi cong cu sinh code NetTiers 2.2 va CodeSmithStudio v3.2.
Di ay toi xin trnh bay s o giai thuat va cac giao dien chnh cua chng
trnh.
Chng trnh Quan ly nhan s co the chia lam cac luong thong tin chnh sau:
Quan ly he thong
Giao dien chnh
oc ghi the
Cham cong
Cac danh muc khac
3.1. Muc Quan ly he thong

3.1.1. Lu o giai thuat
Hnh 3.1. Lu o giai thuat quan ly he thong

3.1.2. Ket qua thi cong
Giao dien chng trnh

-123-
Hnh 3.2. Giao dien ang nhap he thong

u nhc iem muc Quan ly he thong
u iem
- Muc quan ly he thong lam viec tren may chu vi phan ang nhap am bao
ong bo vi c s d lieu tao ra
- Muon thay oi ten ang nhap va mat khau phai vao giao dien chnh cua
chng trnh
Nhc iem
- Cha tao ra c cac phan he can thiet
- V c s d lieu c chay tren nen windows va khong tao bao mat nen ten
server va mat khau server cha c thiet lap.

-124-
3.2. Giao dien chng trnh chnh

Giao dien chng trnh
Hnh 3.3. Giao dien chng trnh chnh

u nhc iem Giao dien chng trnh chnh
u iem
- Giao dien c thiet ke kha bat mat
- S dung cac cong cu: MenuStrip, Imagelist, SplitContainer, SplitPanel, Panel,
TreeView, PictureBox, DataGridvv
Nhc iem
- Nen co them ProgressBar va hieu chnh them thuoc tnh 3D
3.3. Mc oc, ghi the


-125-
Hnh 3.4. Lu o giai thuat muc oc ghi

3.3.2. Ket qua thi cong
Giao dien chng trnh
Hnh 3.5. Giao dien oc ghi

u nhc iem muc oc, ghi the
u iem
- oc c ID chnh xac t the (t bank 2 en bank 7)
- Ghi c ID vao the.
- T ong oc lien tuc theo chu ky la 1ms.
- Co the dung chng trnh nay e ghi the chuyen dung.

-126-
Nhc iem
- Trong luan van nay, toi ch i sau tm hieu viec oc ghi, khong tm hieu cac
cach khoa the, vo hieu hoa the, kill the
3.4. Muc cham cong
Hnh 3.6. Lu o giai thuat muc Cham cong

3.4.2 Ket qua thi cong
Giao dien chng trnh

-127-
Hnh 3.7. Giao dien Cham cong

u, nhc iem muc Cham cong
u iem
- Chng trnh oc the nhan vien ng vi gi vao va gi ra chnh xac
- T ong oc gi vao ra theo chu ky 4s.
Nhc iem
- Can thiet lap them chu ky thi gian oc the e ap ng ung vi yeu cau thc
te ng vi lu lng nhan vien vao ra cong nhieu hay t
3.4. Cac Danh muc khac

Cac danh muc khac bao gom nhan s, danh muc, quan ly, tnh lng... c xay
dng da tren c s thc te trong thi gian thc tap tai Cong ty truyen dan khu vc 3
Tong cong ty vien thong quan oi Viettel va nhng thong tin thu c t nhieu nguon
khac nhau.

-128-
Chng 4. TONG KET VA ANH GIA

4.1. anh gia
Chng trnh oc, ghi the chay tot, dung e ghi the nhan vien chuyen dung.
Chng trnh He thong quan ly nhan s hoat ong hieu qua.
C s d lieu c cap nhat lien tuc va lu vao may tnh.
Tien dung trong viec quan ly nhan lc ma khong ton nhieu chi ph va nhan
cong.
4.2. Han che
Cac mo hnh quan ly nhan lc trong nc hien thi ang mc s khai va ch
phu hp vi tng doanh nghiep rieng nen van e tham khao con nhieu mat han che.
Cha thiet lap c cac phan he, bao cao tong hp va mot so hang muc nh
tuyen dung
Viec s dung the e ra vao cong cong ty cho nen van e chong ung o, an
ninh can co them cac giai phap khac
4.3. Hng phat trien e tai
Can tham khao them cac mo hnh thc te cua mot so doanh nghiep e hoan
thien chng trnh.
Ket hp Reader vi ca t ong giup cho viec ra vao cong cua nhan vien dien
ra ong bo va linh hoat. Cach thc thc hien nh sau: trong thi gian oc the khi xac
nh chnh xac nhan vien cua cong ty th ca t ong m ra.
Van e an ninh co the giai quyet neu trang b them camera, trong khoang thi
gian nhan vien vao hoac ra khoi cong se co mot camera ghi nhan lai.
Chng trnh quan ly nhan s ch lu d lieu tren may tnh, neu nang cap
chng trnh e co the Up d lieu len server th rat tien dung cho viec quan ly t xa.

-129-
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

GIAO TRNH
[1]. Klaus Finkenzeller, (2003). RFID Handbook, Second Edition. Giesecke &
Devrient DmbH, Munich, Germany.
[2]. Jerry Banks et al, (2007). RFID Applied. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New
Jersey.
[3]. Shahram Moradpour, Manish Bhuptani, (2005). RFID Field Guide:
Deploying Radio Frequency Identification Systems. Prentice Hall PTR.
TRANG WEB
[1]. Tong hp mot so bai viet tai: http://vnpro.org
[2]. Tham khao cac bai bao tai: http://dientuvietnam.net

-130-

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RFID Quan Li Nhan Su

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AI HOC QUOC GIA TP HO CH MINH

TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA

LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

NG DUNG CONG NGHE RFID

GVHD: ThS. NGUYEN CH NGOC

Tp.Ho Ch Minh 1/2010

NHAN XET ANH GIA (Ngi phan bien)

NHAN XET ANH GIA (GVHD)

KHOA IEN IEN T

oc lap T do Hanh phuc

PHIEU CHAM BAO VE LUAN VAN

KHOA IEN IEN T

oc lap T do Hanh phuc

PHIEU CHAM BAO VE LUAN VAN

AI HOC QUOC GIA Tp.HCM

NHIEM VU LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP

KHOA: IEN IEN T

HO VA TEN: NGUYEN NH THANH

1. au e luan van: NG DUNG CONG NGHE RFID

CHU NHIEM BO MON

PHAN DANH CHO KHOA, BO MON

NGI HNG DAN CHNH

Ngi duyet (cham s bo): ......................................

Tp.H Ch Minh 1/2010

TOM TAT LUAN VAN

CONG VIEC A THC HIEN

TOM TAT NOI DUNG BAO CAO

TM HIEU CONG NGHE NHAN DANG VO TUYEN - RFID

1.3.2. Reader .................................................................................................................. 17

Chng 2. CAC HE THONG RFID C BAN

2.1.3. Bo chia tan so....................................................................................................... 50

Chng 3. CAU TRUC CUA THIET B MANG D LIEU

Chng 4. CAU TRUC CUA READER

4.3.1. Ket noi s dung dong ien phoi hp .................................................................... 86

Chng 5. MA HOA VA IEU CHE D LIEU

Chng 6. S CHNH XAC CUA D LIEU

THIET KE VA THI CONG

1.1.1. Gii thieu e tai ................................................................................................. 105

Chng 2. PHAN TCH HE THONG

Chng 3. CHNG TRNH VA KET QUA THI CONG

3.2. Giao dien chng trnh chnh .................................................................................... 125

Chng 4. TONG KET VA ANH GIA

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO ................................................................................ 130

DANH SACH HNH VE

TM HIEU CONG NGHE NHAN DANG VO TUYEN RFID

Hnh 1.21. ng dung cong nghe RFID vao th vien ........................................................... 38

Chng 2. CAC HE THONG RFID C BAN

Chng 3. CAU TRUC CUA THIET B MANG D LIEU

Chng 4. CAU TRUC CUA READER

Chng 5. MA HOA VA IEU CHE D LIEU

Hnh 5.1. S o khoi he thong vien thong so ...................................................................... 89

Chng 6. S CHNH XAC CUA D LIEU

THIET KE VA THI CONG

Chng 1. TONG QUAN VE HE THONG

Chng 2. PHAN TCH HE THONG

Chng 3. CHNG TRNH VA KET QUA THI CONG

DANH SACH BANG BIEU

TM HIEU CONG NGHE NHAN DANG VO TUYEN - RFID

Chng 2. CAC HE THONG RFID C BAN

Chng 4. CAU TRUC CUA READER

THIET KE VA THI CONG

Chng 2. PHAN TCH HE THONG

DANH SACH CAC T VIET TAT

SEQ (Sequential System): He thong tuan t