Q.

In 3b, question 1, does the time "when a slice is selected" refer specifically to when the RF excitation pulse is given, or the application of the gradient field and the RF excitation pulse. I ask because this has bearing on whether the Larmor frequencies change in the rest of the patient "when a slice is selected".

When a slice is selected refers to the time the slice-selection gradient is on and the RF excitation pulse is given.
Q. Second, I am not clear on what "rotation of magnetization by the RF excitation pulse" means. Does it refer to increased transverse and decreased longitudinal magnetization due to spins getting excited?

Molecules like water contain parts (hydrogen nuclei) that have a magnetic moment. When they are placed in a large magnetic field, like an MR scanner, the magnetic moment tends to align with the magnetic field (z-direction). When an RF excitation pulse is given at the substances resonant frequency, and this pulse is perpendicular to the main magnetic field, the substances net magnetization tips away from the main magnetic field (away from z). That is what is meant by "rotation of magnetization by the RF excitation pulse".
Q. For questions 2 and 3 of part 1, Im a little confused about how to calculate the answers since I dont recall us covering those types of calculations in class. Theres a lot of formulas in chapter 4, and Im guessing most of them are much more complicated than what Id need to answer the question. Would you be able to point me to the appropriate place in the book that covers what Id need for those questions?

You could look at tutorial #2 - this is probably most helpful. Or see the frequency encoding part of the book (page 93 and following) for a conceptual overview. The key is to think about the relationship between spatial gradients and spin velocity. The only formula you need is the Larmor equation.
Q. what should we use for the gyromagnetic ratio of water? It seems like we need that to use the equation but I cant seem to find the correct value.

This is a fundamental physical constant and is almost surely in the book, notes, tutorial, and Google. However, if you look for the gyromagnetic ratio of water per se, you might not find it - this might be the problem. You need the gyromagnetic ratio of the hydrogen nucleus (in water), or just hydrogen.