I. ISO 14000 L G? 1.

ISO 14000 l b tiu chun v qun l mi trng do T chc Tiu chun ha quc t (ISO) ban hnh nhm gip cc t chc/doanh nghip gim thiu tc ng gy tn hi ti mi trng v thng xuyn ci tin kt qu hot ng v mi trng. B tiu chun ISO 14000 gm cc tiu chun lin quan cc kha cnh v qun l mi trng nh h thng qun l mi trng, nh gi vng i sn phm, nhn sinh thi, xc nh v kim k kh nh knh 2. ISO 14001:2004 H thng qun l mi trng --- Cc yu cu v hng dn s dng l tiu chun trong b ISO 14000 quy nh cc yu cu v qun l cc yu t nh hng ti mi trng trong qu trnh hot ng ca t chc, doanh nghip. y l tiu chun dng xy dng v chng nhn h thng qun l mi trng theo ISO 14000. 3. Theo kt qu iu tra kho st ca ISO, tnh n thng 12/2009, ton th gii c t nht 223.149 t chc/doanh nghip c cp chng ch ISO 14001. Tiu chun ny c ph bin, p dng thnh cng ti nhiu quc gia vi mc pht trin v c trng vn ha khc nhau l v ISO 14001 quy nh yu cu i vi thit lp mt h thng qun l cc vn v mi trng ca t chc, doanh nghip nhng cho php linh hot cch thc p ng, v vy cc loi hnh doanh nghip khc nhau, t doanh nghip va v nh n cc tp on a quc gia u c th tm c cch thc ring trong vic xc nh mc tiu mi trng cn ci tin v k hoch cn thc hin p ng cc yu cu ca h thng qun l mi trng. 4. Phin bn hin hnh ca tiu chun ISO 14001 l ISO 14001:2004/ Cor 1:2009. Phin bn iu chnh ny ca ISO 14001 c ban hnh m bo s tng thch sau khi ban hnh tiu chun v h thng qun l cht lng ISO 9001:2008. Tiu chun ISO 14001 c Vit Nam chp thun tr thnh tiu chun quc gia: TCVN ISO 14001:2010 H thng qun l mi trng Cc yu cu v hng dn s dng. II. I TNG P DNG Tiu chun ISO 14001 hng ti mi loi hnh t chc: kinh doanh, trng hc, bnh vin, cc t chc phi li nhun c mong mun thc hin hoc ci tin h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh. Tiu chun ny c th p dng c ti cc t chc sn xut v dch v, vi cc t chc kinh doanh cng nh phi li nhun. III. LI CH a) V qun l: Gip t chc/doanh nghip xc nh v qun l cc vn mi trng mt cch ton din;

Ch ng kim sot m bo p ng cc yu cu ca php lut v mi trng; Phng nga ri ro, tn tht t cc s c v mi trng. b) V to dng thng hiu: Nng cao hnh nh ca t chc/doanh nghip i vi ngi tiu dng v cng ng; Ginh c u th trong cnh tranh khi ngy cng c nhiu cng ty, tp on yu cu hoc u tin la chn cc nh cung cp p dng h thng qun l mi trng theo ISO 14000. c) V ti chnh: Tit kim chi ph sn xut do qun l v s dng cc ngun lc mt cch hiu qu; IV. CC BC TRIN KHAI Bc 1: Xy dng chnh sch mi trng: Chnh sch mi trng l kim ch nam cho vic p dng v ci tin h thng qun l mi trng ca t chc sao cho t chc c th duy tr v c kh nng nng cao kt qu hot ng mi trng ca mnh. Do vy, chnh sch cn phn nh s cam kt ca lnh o cao nht v vic tun theo cc yu cu ca lut php v cc yu cu khc c p dng, v ngn nga nhim v ci tin lin tc. y l giai on u ca cu trc HTQLMT, v l nn tng xy dng v thc hin HTQLMT. Chnh sch mi trng phi c xem xt thng xuyn m bo h thng c thc hin v y . Bc 2: Lp k hoch v qun l mi trng: y l giai on Lp k hoch trong chu trnh Lp k hoch - Thc hin Kim tra - nh gi. Giai on lp k hoch c thit lp mt cch hiu qu l khi t chc phi t c s tun th vi cc yu cu v php lut v tun th vi cc yu cu ca tiu chun ISO 14001 v nhng mong i kt qu mi trng do chnh mnh lp ra. Cc cng vic cn thc hin trong giai on ny gm: Xc nh cc yu cu php lut v cc yu cu khc v mi trng m t chc/doanh nghip phi tun th, cc yu cu ny c th bao gm: cc yu cu php lut ca quc t, quc gia; cc yu cu php lut ca khu vc/tnh/ngnh; cc yu cu php lut ca chnh quyn a phng. Xc nh cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha: T chc cn nh cc kha cnh mi trng trong phm vi h thng qun l mi trng ca mnh, c tnh n u vo v u ra v, y l mt hot ng rt quan trng trong vic xy dng v p dng h thng qun l mi trng. Khi xc nh kha cnh mi trng cn xem xt n cc hot ng, qu trnh kinh doanh, u vo v u ra c lin quan n: S pht thi vo khng kh, x thi nc thi, qun

l cht thi, nhim t, s dng nguyn liu th v ti nguyn thin nhin, cc vn mi trng ca a phng v cng ng xung quanh. Thit lp mc tiu, ch tiu v chng trnh qun l mi trng nhm t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu t ra. Mi chng trnh cn m t cch thc t chc s t c cc mc tiu v ch tiu ca mnh, bao gm c thi gian, cc ngun lc cn thit v ngi chu trch nhim thc hin cc chng trnh ny. Bc 3. Thc hin v iu hnh: Giai on th ba ca m hnh cung cp cc cng c, cc qui trnh v cc ngun lc cn thit vn hnh h thng HTQLMT mt cch bn vng. Giai on thc hin v iu hnh a h thng QLMT vo hot ng. Giai on ny yu cu cp nht lin tc nhng thay i, nh phn cng li trch nhim cho cc nhn vin khi cc hot ng hoc sn phm ca t chc thay i, hay nhng thay i nhu cu o to theo thi gian, hay chnh sch v cc th tc thng qua s ci tin lin tc. Cc cng vic cn thc hin trong giai on ny gm: C cu v trch nhim: T chc ch nh mt hoc mt nhm ngi c trch nhim v quyn hn thc hin v duy tr h thng qun l mi trng v cung cp cc ngun lc cn thit. Nng lc, o to v nhn thc: Thc hin cc ni dung o to thch hp cho cc i tng qun l, cc nhm nhn cng, nhm qun l d n v cc cn b iu hnh ch cht ca nh my. Thng tin lin lc: Thit lp v trin khai h thng thng tin ni b v bn ngoi nhm tip nhn v phn hi cc thng tin v mi trng v ph bin cc thng tin cho nhng c nhn/phng ban lin quan. Cc thng tin ny thng bao gm: lut nh mi, thng tin ca cc nh cung cp, khch hng v cng ng xung quanh, v ph bin cc thng tin v h thng qun l mi trng ti ngi lao ng. Vn bn ha ti liu ca h thng qun l mi trng: Ti liu ca h thng qun l mi trng c th bao gm: s tay, cc qui trnh v cc hng dn s dng. Theo tiu chun, c 11 yu cu cn c lp thnh vn bn, v cc hng dn cng vic. Nu t chc c h thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun ISO 9001, c th kt hp 6 qui trnh c bn ca h thng qun l cht lng vi h thng qun l mi trng. Kim sot iu hnh: Thc hin cc qui trnh iu hnh (cc hng dn cng vic kim sot cc kha cnh mi trng quan trng ca cc qu trnh sn xut v cc hot ng khc m c t chc xc nh. T chc cn lu n cc kha cnh mi trng c ngha lin quan n cc hot ng v sn phm ca cc nh thu v nh cung cp.

S chun b v ng ph vi tnh trng khn cp: Thc hin cc qui trnh nhm xc nh cc tnh trng khn cp tim n v gim thiu tc ng nu tnh trng xy ra (v d : chy n, r r cc nguyn vt liu nguy hi) Bc 4: Kim tra v hnh ng khc phc: Giai on th t ca m hnh th hin hot ng vn hnh ca h thng HTQLMT, y l giai on xem xt ci tin qu trnh hoc quyt nh nhng thay i cho cc giai on khc. Giai on th hin bc Kim tra trong chu trnh Lp k hoch - Thc hin Kim tra - nh gi. Cc cng vic cn thc hin trong giai on ny gm: Gim st v o: Tin hnh th tc gim st v o tin trnh ca cc d n nhm t c cc mc tiu t ra, hiu qu hot ng ca cc qu trnh so vi cc tiu ch t ra, nh k kim tra s tun th ca t chc vi cc yu cu php lut v cc yu cu khc c lin quan n cc hot ng kinh doanh ca mnh. nh gi s tun th: T chc cn chng minh rng t chc nh gi s tun th vi cc yu cu ca php lut nh r. S khng ph hp v hnh ng khc phc v phng nga: Thc hin cc th tc nhm a ra cc hnh ng khc phc v phng nga ph hp khi xy ra nhng s khng ph hp ca h thng qun l mi trng nh cc vn v kim sot qu trnh, khng tun th vi cc yu cu ca php lut, s c v mi trng. H s: thc hin th tc lu gi h s ca h thng qun l mi trng, cc h s c th bao gm: cc h s v gim st qu trnh; cc h s v nh thu v nh cung cp, cc h s v s c, cc h s v th nghim v s chun b sn sng vi cc tnh hung khn cp, h s v cc cuc hp mi trng, h s php lut nh gi h thng qun l mi trng: thc hin th tc nh gi h thng qun l mi trng v cc hot ng ca t chc nhm xc nhn s tun th vi h thng qun l mi trng v vi tiu chun ISO 14001. Cn bo co kt qu nh gi ti lnh o cp cao. Thng thng chu k nh gi l mt nm/ 1 ln nhng tn sut c th thay i ph thuc vo mc quan trng ca cc hot ng Bc 5: Xem xt ca lnh o: L giai on th nm v l giai on cui ca m hnh lin quan n hot ng xem xt ca lnh o v h thng QLMT. Qu trnh xem xt yu cu thu thp cc thng tin lin quan ti h thng QLMT v thng bo cc thng tin ny ti lnh o cp cao theo k hoch nh trc. Mc ch ca qu trnh xem xt ny gm: m bo tnh ph hp lin tc ca h thng HTQLMT; Xc nh tnh y ; Thm tra tnh hiu qu ca h thng;

To iu kin ci tin lin tc h thng HTQLMT, cc qu trnh v thit b mi trng T kt qu xem xt ca lnh o v cc thit b v nhn lc s dng trong qu trnh p dng h thng HTQLMT cng nh cc kt qu hot ng v mi trng, t chc s quyt nh c iu kin hin ti c th chp nhn c, v cn phi thay i nhng g. Giai on ny l bc nh gi trong chu trnh Lp k hoch - Thc hin Kim tra - nh gi. ISO 14001 c thit k linh hot c th p dng vi bt k m hnh t chc no, c trong khu vc kinh t t nhn v khu vc kinh t nh nc. ISO 14001 c th tng hiu qu qun l mi trng v to mt th trng ngy cng "xanh". ISO 14001 cng l xut pht im ca nhiu cng ty mun s dng cc cng c qun l mi trng khc, c pht trin bi ISO/TC 207. V d, ISO 14004 cung cp cc ch dn b sung v hng dn hu ch cho ISO 14001. ISO 19011 - Environmental management systems auditing (kim nh h thng qun l mi trng): thng tin v hiu qu ca h thng qun l mi trng. Mt h thng EMS s ch em li li ch ti a nu c p dng ng. Kim nh mi trng l nhng cng c quan trng trong vic nh gi qu trnh thit lp v duy tr h thng EMS. Tiu chun kim nh ISO 19011 cung cp ch dn v cc nguyn tc kim nh, qun l cc chng trnh kim nh, thc hin kim nh, v v trnh ca kim nh vin. ISO 19011 thay th ISO 14010, ISO 14011 v ISO 14012, l nhng th h tiu chun u tin ca h ISO 14000. ISO 14020 - Environmental labels and declarations (chng nhn v cng b nhn hiu mi trng): thng tin v cc tiu ch mi trng ca sn phm. Truyn thng v cc tiu ch mi trng ca sn phm v dch v l mt cch thc quan trng trong vic s dng sc mnh th trng tc ng ti ci thin mi trng. Thng tin chnh xc v ng tin cy to c s cho khch hng khi a ra quyt nh mua hng sng sut. ISO 14020 a ra nhiu phng php chng nhn v cng b nhn hiu mi trng, bao gm t cng b hiu qu mi trng, xin chng nhn, v cc thng tin mi trng mang tnh nh lng v sn phm v dch v. ISO 14030 - Environmental performance evaluation (nh gi hiu qu mi trng): m t hiu qu mi trng ca t chc. Cc doanh nghip p dng ISO 14001 hon ton c th tin vo kh nng tng hiu qu mi trng. ISO 14031 cung cp ch dn v nh gi hiu qu mi trng. Tiu chun ny cng a ra cc ch bo hiu qu ph hp vi tng tiu ch qun l. Cc thng tin ny c th c s dng lm c s cho cc bo co bn trong v bn ngoi doanh nghip v hiu qu mi trng.

ISO 14040 - Life cycle assessment (nh gi vng i): m t hiu qa mi trng ca sn phm, u tin cc tiu ch mi trng. ISO 14001 khng ch a ra cc tiu ch mi trng ca qu trnh sn xut m ca c cc sn phm v dch v. V vy, ISO/TC 207 pht trin cc cng c b sung nhm h tr cc tiu ch ny. nh gi vng i (Lyfe cycle assessment LCA) l mt cng c xc nh v nh gi cc tiu ch mi trung ca sn phm v dch v t khi ngun lc u vo c phn chia cho ti khi sn phm c hon thnh, c tnh n cht thi v cc sn phm pht sinh. ISO 14040 cung cp ch dn v cc nguyn tc v vic thc hin nghin cu LCA nhm gip doanh nghip gim tc ng tng hp ca mi trng ti cc sn phm v dch v. ISO 14062 - Design for environment (thit k cho mi trng): tng hiu qu mi trng ca sn phm, kt hp cc tiu ch mi trng vo thit k v pht trin. ISO 14063 - Environmental communication (truyn thng mi trng): truyn thng v hiu qa mi trng. ISO 14064 l mt cng c khc, cho php c tnh n cc tiu ch mi trng khi thit k v pht trin sn phm. Mc d cc tiu chun trong h ISO 14000 c thit k nhm h tr ln nhau, chng c th c dng mt cch c lp nhm t c mc tiu mi trng ring. Ton b h ISO 14000 cung cp cc cng c qun l cho doanh nghip nhm kim sot cc tiu ch mi trng v tng hiu qu mi trng/ Cc cng c ny cng to ra nhng li ich kinh t hu hnh, bao gm: * Gim mc s dng nguyn vt liu v cc ngun lc. * Gim tiu th nng lng. * Tng hiu qu quy trnh *Gim cht thi loi v chi ph gii quyt. * S dng cc ngun lc ti thit. Gn vi tng li ch kinh t k trn l cc li ch mi trng tng ng. ISO 14000 qua gp phn vo cc b phn cu thnh v kinh t v mi trng i vi s pht trin bn vng ca doanh nghip. Nhng hn ch ca cc tiu chun ISO 14000 Mc d cc tiu chun ca h thng mi trng v cp nhn hiu mi trng ISO c th ho hp cc tiu chun n phng khc nhau, song chng khng gii quyt c tt c cc vn m cc nc ang pht trin ang gp phi. Cc chi ph cho vic tun th c l s c gim xung ti mt mc no song n vn cn l mt tr ngi ng k cho phn ln cc cng ty ti cc nc ang pht trin. Vn thiu hoc cha c cc c s cp chng ch, cng ngh thch hp cng nh kin thc cn thit v trnh

 chuyn mn ph hp khng th gii quyt c bng cch a ra cc tiu chun quc t. Hin nay, kin thc khoa hc v vic lm th no cn ong c cc tc ng mi trng khc nhau hoc nh gi c tc ng mi trng ca sn phm l cha th c c. Do vy, vic quyt nh l mt sn phm ny thn thin hn v mt mi trng so vi sn phm kia trong cng mt loi s c da vo mt mc no cc nh gi gi tr. Thiu kin thc khoa hc khng th gii quyt c bng cc tiu chun, mc d mt c ch quc t nh quy trnh xy dng tiu chun ca T chc Tiu chun quc t c th y mnh cc hot ng nghin cu trong lnh vc ny trong tng lai. CD 14001 c son tho ra theo cch thc l nhng quyn gii thch cho ngi s dng (nh cc nh t vn v ng k) l nhng ngi c nh hng ln ti thng mi quc t. Mt vn cn li cn gii quyt l lm th no ISO c th m bo rng cc nh ng k tr nn khch quan v c lp vi cc nh ra cc quy nh, cc c quan thm quyn a phng, v nhng ngi xin ng k. ISO 9000 b ph phn l n b thng mi ho qu mc v ng cho cc nh t vn lm dng. Nu iu tng t xy ra vi ISO 14000, th s vic thm ch l nghim trng hn v cc vn mi trng tc ng mnh hn n nhng ngi chu tc ng so vi cc vn v cht lng. CD 14001 khng a ra cc ch tiu hot ng mi trng bt buc. N ch yu cu cc cng ty thc hin tun theo lut php mi trng quc gia. Do vy, mc hot ng mi trng c thc hin s b rng buc vi cc yu cu ca quy ch ti bt k nc no xt n. iu r rng l thm ch i vi vic thc hin ISO 14001 trong mt t nc m cc lut php khng mnh v km hiu lc s tt hu hn so vi cc cng ty ti cc nc c cc quy ch pht trin cao hn. Cc chnh ph ca cc quc gia v vy c mt vai tr quan trng trong vic tng cng cc lut mi trng ca mnh. Gi s cc quy ch khc nhau mi nc, cp chng ch ISO 14001 khng th s dng nh gi hot ng mi trng ca cng ty. N n gin ch l mt bin php cam kt ca cng ty p ng cc yu cu ca nc m cng ty hot ng ti . V vic hp tc gia cc nc, cc tiu chun ISO 14000 khng th m bo c l cc tiu chun cao nht c p dng cho cc hot ng ca h trn quy m ton cu. ISO c t c mc tiu ca mnh l ha hp c cc tiu chun cc quc gia khc nhau, lm gim c cc hng ro thng mi hay khng l cn ph thuc vo tnh sn sng ca cc nc hiu chnh li cc tiu chun hin c theo ISO 14000. Mc d phn ln nhng ngi tham gia vo qu trnh xy dng tiu chun u c thuyt phc rng h thng qun l mi

trng v cc tiu chun lin quan s c phn ln cc nc a p dng, duy ch c cc tiu chun cp nhn hiu mi trng l cha c s chc chn chp thun. Hu ht mi ngi tin rng cc k hoch cp nhn hiu mi trng quc gia hin c s c thch ng dn vi cc ch tiu ca quc t, mc d mt s on i biu cc nc ch ra rng h u tin hn cho cc k hoch quc gia ca mnh. Tin trnh ho hp v vy c th mt thm mt thi gian di. Cc tiu chun ISO c th to c s cho vic cng nhn song phng. Tuy nhin khng chc l cc nc cng nghip s chp thun cc c quan cp chng ch t cc nc ang pht trin. Cc nc ang pht trin cn phi tr nn ng tin cy c cng nhn. ISO 22000:2005 Ngy nay, H thng qun l an ton thc phm ISO 22000:2005 v H thng kim sot an ton thc phm HACCP l hai h thng c ngha ht sc thit thc i vi cc t chc Doanh Nghip (DN) ch bin thc phm. Trn thc t, hai h thng ny c nhng im tng ng l u hng v mc tiu gip cc DN ch bin, sn xut thc phm kim sot cc mi nguy t khu nui trng, nh bt cho ti khi thc phm c s dng bi ngi tiu dng, nhm m bo an ton v thc phm. ISO 22000 v HACCP u quy nh DN mun p dng phi thc hin 7 nguyn tc do y ban Codex a ra nhm xc nh vic kim sot cc mi nguy i vi thc phm. Ngoi ra, khi p dng ISO 22000 hay HACCP, cc DN u phi m bo thc hin cc Chng trnh tin quyt (GMP, SSOP) nhm hn ch cc mi nguy i vi thc phm. Chng trnh ny bao gm cc yu cu v thit k nh xng, thit b; hnh vi v sinh, v sinh c nhn; v sinh nh xng, kh trng; kim sot cn trng; kho tng v.vKhi p dng ISO 22000 hay HACCP, cc DN u phi xy dng mt h thng kim sot bao gm: cc qu trnh, th tc kim sot, h thng vn bn h tr v.v im khc bit ln nht l ISO 22000 qui nh thm cc yu cu v h thng qun l vi cu trc v ni dung c th tng t ISO 9001:2000. ISO 22000 v HACCP c p dng i vi tt c cc DN nm trong chui cung cp thc phm, bao gm cc c s nui trng, nh bt thc phm; DN ch bin v thc phm v cc DN dch v v thc phm (vn ti, phn phi hoc thng mi). ISO 22000:2005 l tiu chun t nguyn, DN ch buc phi p dng khi c qui nh ca c quan c thm quyn hoc ca bn mua hng mt s quc gia nh M , Canada c qui nh bt buc p dng HACCP i vi sn phm tht, thy sn, nc hoa qu Hin nay nc ta cha c quy nh bt buc p dng tiu chun ISO 22000 i vi cc DN thc phm; tuy nhin trong tng lai c th DN p dng HACCP s phi chuyn i sang ISO 22000 trong cc trng hp: Qui nh ca c quan c thm quyn bt

buc phi p dng ISO 22000; do th trng, khch hng yu cu. DN mun c chng ch H thng qun l an ton thc phm m t chc chng nhn ch cp theo ISO 22000. Cho d khng c quy nh bt buc p dng, th xu hng la chn ISO 22000 i vi DN thc phm vn dn tr thnh ph bin. Bi v bn thn tiu chun ISO 22000 bao gm cc yu cu ca HACCP, ngoi ra ISO 22000 cn bao gm cc yu cu v mt H thng qun l, v vy vic la chn ISO 22000 c th s gip DN kim sot mt cch ton din cc kha cnh v qu trnh lin n an ton v sinh thc phm. Khi mun chuyn i t HACCP sang ISO 22000 DN cn thc hin cc cng vic: T chc o to cc cn b c lin quan hiu r cc yu cu ca tiu chun ISO 22000:2005; Xc nh cc qu trnh c lin quan ti H thng qun l an ton thc phm (da trn hot ng thc t ca doanh nghip cng vi cc yu cu ca ISO 22000); Thit lp b sung v/hoc ci tin cc qu trnh hin ti theo cc yu cu ca ISO 22000; Xy dng mt h thng vn bn, bao gm: chnh sch an ton thc phm, cc th tc, hng dn, biu mu, qui nh theo cc qui nh ca tiu chun v yu cu ca kim sot an ton thc phm; Trin khai thc hin theo cc qui nh ca h thng v tin hnh kim tra, gim st; o to v t chc nh gi ni b h thng (tng t ISO 9001:2000); Thng xuyn ci tin nng cao hiu lc, hiu qu ca h thng. Mt DN p dng HACCP v ISO 9001:2000 th vic chuyn i sang ISO 22000 l kh thun li v c kinh nghim v h thng qun l v kim sot mi nguy. i vi nhng DN cha c HACCP m bt tay vo xy dng ISO 22000:2005 ngay t u s gp phi nhng kh khn nh kh khn v p ng yu cu ca cc chng trnh tin quyt (PRPs) v thc hin cc nguyn tc ca HACCP, v d nh: Nh xng, my mc thit b c th cha p ng c cc quy phm v thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP) v thc hnh v sinh tt (SSOP) v vy s cn phi c s thay i hoc u t ng k. Kh khn trong vic xc nh chnh xc cc im kim sot ti hn (CCP); Kh khn trong vic thit lp mt h thng gim st v kim sot CCP; Kh khn trong vic kim sot mi nguy ngay t qu trnh nui trng, nh bt, s ch v.v ca cc n v cung ng nguyn liu. Bt c mt DN thc phm no cng c th xy dng mt H thng tch hp gia Qun l cht lng, Qun l an ton thc phm v Qun l Phng th nghim (theo ISO 9000, ISO 22000:2005 v ISO/IEC 17025). Tch hp h thng s gip doanh nghip hn ch vic phi thit lp thm mt s qu trnh kim sot, hng dn, biu mu ring cho tng h thng m cc cc qu

trnh, ti liu ny u c mc ch kim sot v quy nh tng t nh nhau, v d: kim sot ti liu, kim sot h s, nhn s v.v Tng t ISO 9001:2000 v cc m hnh qun l theo h thng khc, ISO 22000 cng c ring mt yu cu v cam kt ca lnh o i vi vic xy dng, thc hin v ci tin thng xuyn hiu lc ca H thng qun l an ton thc phm (iu 5.1 ISO 22000:2005). Khi bt u trin khai p dng, thng th lnh o ca tt c cc DN u mong mun h thng s c xy dng thnh cng v c cp chng nhn, tuy nhin nu khng nm c cc yu cu ca tiu chun lng trc nhng kh khn th cha chc lnh o doanh nghip duy tr c cam kt ca mnh. iu ny tng xy ra i vi vic p dng ISO 9000, ISO 14000V nh vy, mt s doanh nghip khng th p ng y cc yu cu ca ISO 22000 nu lnh o khng duy tr c cam kt vt qua nhng kh khn c th gp phi trong qu trnh xy dng h thng. H thng qun l an ton thc phm theo ISO 22000 (FM.22000) I. ISO 22000 L G? 1. ISO 22000 l tiu chun an ton thc phm quc t, c chp nhn v c gi tr trn phm vi ton cu. Mt doanh nghip trong chui cung cp thc phm p dng v t c chng ch ISO 22000 c nhn nhn l mt n v c h thng qun l tt an ton v sinh thc phm v m bo cung cp cc sn phm thc phm an ton, cht lng cho ngi tiu dng. 2. Tiu chun ISO 22000 c xy dng bi s ng gp ca 187 quc gia thnh vin trn th gii. Tiu chun ISO 22000 c ban hnh vo ngy 01/09/2005 v nm 2008 ti Vit Nam, c chnh thc tha nhn l tiu chun quc gia (TCVN ISO 22000:2008). 3. Tiu chun ny nhm cung cp mt h thng qun l an ton thc phm ton din bao gm cc yu cu: Qun l ti liu h s, Cam kt ca lnh o, Qun l ngun lc, Hoch nh v to sn phm an ton (cc chng trnh tin quyt, cc phn tch mi nguy v kim sot ti hn HACCP) Kim tra xc nhn, Xc nh ngun gc, Trao i thng tin v Ci tin h thng. T chc c th s dng cc ngun lc bn trong (nhn vin ca t chc) hoc cc ngun lc bn ngoi (t vn) p ng cc yu cu ny. II. I TNG P DNG

Tiu chun ISO 22000 c th p dng cho tt c cc loi hnh doanh nghip sn xut, kinh doanh trong chui cung cp thc phm khng phn bit quy m; bao gm: Sn xut v ch bin thc n gia sc Thc phm chc nng: cho ngi gi, tr em, ngi b bnh Doanh nghip ch bin rau, c, qu, tht trng sa, thy hi sn Doanh nghip sn xut, ch bin ung: nc ngt, nc tinh khit, ru, bia, Caf, ch,.. Doanh nghip sn xut, ch bin gia v Cc hng vn chuyn thc phm Doanh nghip sn xut, ch bin n sn, nh hng H thng siu th, bn bun, bn l Doanh nghip sn xut vt liu bao gi thc phm Trang tri trng trt v chn nui III. LI CH Mt doanh nghip p dng tiu chun qun l an ton thc phm ISO 22000 s c nhn nhn l c h thng qun l an ton thc phm t tiu chun quc t, to c li th cnh tranh cao, c bit to iu kin d dng cho vic xut khu sang cc th tng kh tnh trn th gii. Bn cnh , vic p dng ISO 22000 cn mang li nhiu li ch khc nh: Tiu chun ha ton b hot ng qun l sn xut, kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. C th thay th cho nhiu tiu chun khc nhau: GMP, HACCP, EUROGAP, BRC, SQF, IFS Gim chi ph bn hng Gim ti a cc nguy c ng c, kin co, phn nn ca khch hng Tng cng uy tn, s tin cy, s hi lng ca nh phn phi, khch hng. Ci thin hot ng tng th ca doanh nghip Thun tin trong vic tch hp vi cc h thng qun l khc (ISO 9001, ISO/IEC 17025, ISO 14000) B tiu chun ISO 22000 B tiu chun ISO22000 bao gm: o ISO 22000: 2005: Yu cu tiu chun cho mi t chc trong chui thc phm. o ISO/TS 22004 : 2005: Hng dn p dng tiu chun ISO 22000:2005. o ISO/TS 22003:2007: Yu cu cho cc t chc chng nhn h thng qun l an ton thc phm. o ISO 22005:2007: H thng xc nh ngun gc thc n gia sc v thc phm.

o ISO/CD 22006:2007: Hng dn p dng tiu chun ISO 9001 cho vic sn xut trong trang tri.