CHUONG 6

NN NH
IMAGE COMPRESSION IMAGE COMPRESSION
TRN THANH LUONG
Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin
Trung ai hoc Khoa hoc Hu
Email: ttluong@hueuni.edu.vn
Website: http://www.it.hueuni.edu.vn/personal/~ttluong/
22
NQI DUNG BI GING
t s khai nim
u tha d liu
ac phuong phap nn nh
- Na hoa loat dai (RL
- Na hoa Huffman
- Na hoa LZW
33
C!! TH!U
L do cn nn d liu
- liu duoc luu tr, trao di trn cac phuong tin
x l va truyn ti thng tin.
- Qua trinh x l d liu dt ra cho chng ta nhng yu
cu sau:
Yu cu v luu tr la phi chinh xac va tit kim.
Yu cu v truyn ti phi nhanh chng, hiu qu.
- Nn d liu la mt yu cu tt yu duoc dt ra trong
thi dai bng n thng tin.
44
QT S KHA! N!
Nn d liu (ata ompression
- La qua trinh gim luong thng tin du tha trong d
liu gc.
- Luong thng tin thu duoc sau khi nn nh hon rt
nhiu so vi d liu gc.
- Nn d liu cn c cach goi khac la: gim d du tha
thng tin, ma ha nh gc.
- Trong phn nay chng ta d cp dn vic nn d liu
nh.
SS
QT S KHA! N!
T l nn (ompression rate
- T l nn la mt trong nhng dc trung quan trong
nht ca moi phuong phap nn.
- Ci s 5

la kich thuc ca nh sau khi nn, 5

la
kich thuc ca nh gc. Khi d t l nn duoc tinh theo
cng thc:
- du tha d liu duoc tinh theo cng thc:
1
2
3
3
7
7
/
1
1
66
QT S KHA! N!
T l nn (ompression rate
- vi du nh gc c kich thuc 1000 byte, nh sau khi
nn c kich thuc 100 byte. Khi d t l nn la:
- du tha d liu la:
10
100
1000
7
0 0
10
1
1 /
77
QT S KHA! N!
T l nn (ompression rate
- T l nn Tc d nn.
- T l nn ht luong nn.
3 loai du tha d liu
- u tha ma
- u tha ni tai dim nh
- u tha tam sinh l nhin
88
U THA X
Ci s cac cp xam la cac dai luong ngu nhin,
n
k
la s luong dim nh c gia trj cp xam la k, n
la tng s dim nh trong nh. Khi d xac sut
d xy ra cp xam th k la:
Trong d: L la s cp xam ca nh.
1 ,, 2 , 1 , 0 , ) (
3
3
5

33
U THA X
Coi l(k la s bit d biu din dim nh c cp
xam bng k. Khi d, s bit trung binh d biu
din mt dim nh la:
vy, tng s bit cn d biu din nh c kich
thuc NLN la:
N L N L L
avg

1
0
) ( ) (

,;
5
10 10
U THA X
Ci s mi dim nh duoc biu din bi m bit c
djnh. Khi d L
avg
= m.
nn nh, ta s tim cach gim s bit trung
binh biu din mt dim nh.
L
avg
cang nh F NLNLL
avg
cang nh F t l nn
cang cao.
11 11
\ U THA X
ho mt nh 8 cp xam c cac thng s nhu
bng sau.
k p(k) Code 3

(k) Code 3

(k)
0 0.13 000 3 11 2
1 0.2S 001 3 01 2
2 0.21 010 3 10 2
3 0.16 011 3 001 3
4 0.08 100 3 0001 4
S 0.06 101 3 00001 S
6 0.03 110 3 000001 6
7 0.02 111 3 000000 6
12 12
S bit trung binh d biu din cho mt dim nh theo cach ma
ha 1 (ode 1 la 3.
S bit trung binh d biu din cho mt dim nh theo cach ma
ha 2 (ode 2 la:
k p(k) Code 3

(k) Code 3

(k)
0 0.13 000 3 11 2
1 0.2S 001 3 01 2
2 0.21 010 3 10 2
3 0.16 011 3 001 3
4 0.08 100 3 0001 4
S 0.06 101 3 00001 S
6 0.03 110 3 000001 6
7 0.02 111 3 000000 6
2 ) 02 0 ( 6 ) 03 0 ( 6 ) 06 0 ( 5 ) 08 0 ( 4 ) 16 0 ( 3
) 21 0 ( 2 ) 25 0 ( 2 ) 1 0 ( 2 ) ( ) (

0
2

,;
5
13 13
U THA NQ! TA! !E NH
Nt dim nh nao d c th duoc du bao t cac
dim nh xung quanh.
gim d du tha trong dim nh, ngui ta
bin di dang 2 chiu dng cho vic biu din
nh thanh mt dang khac c hiu qu hon.
hng han, c th s dung su khac nhau gia
hai dim nh k nhau d biu din nh.
14 14
U THA T S!NH L NH!N
Nt ngui khng th dap ng duoc vi tt c
d nhay anh sang.
Thng tin don gin c tm quan trong it hon
nhng thng tin khac trong vng nhin thy.
Nhng thng tin khng ch yu c th loai b
duoc ma khng nh hung dn hinh nh nhn
thc ca con ngui.
S luong mau ma mt ngui c th phan bit
duoc la rt it so vi cac mau c trong tu nhin.
1S 1S
U THA T S!NH L NH!N
vi du: Nt ngui khng th phan bit duoc mt
s mau d gn nhau.
Nghia la, chng ta anh xa mt khong rng cac
gia trj cp xam du vao thanh mt khong hep
cac gia trj cp xam du ra.
2SS,0,0 2SS,10,0 2SS,20,0
2SS,10,10 2SS,20,10 2SS,10,20
16 16
CAC PHU{NC PHAP NN NH
Na ha theo loat dai RL (Run Length oding
Na ha Huffman
Na ha LZW (Lempel ZivWench
17 17
X HOA LOAT U! RLC
uoc ap dung cho nh den trng (c 2 mc
xam, mau den (0, mau trng (1, chng han
nhu van bn trn nn trng, bn v k thut, .
tung co bn la phat hin day cac bit lp,
chng han nhu bit 0 nm gia hai bit 1, hoc bit
1 nm gia hai bit 0 (day nay goi la mach.
Thay th chui d bi mt chui mi gm hai
thng s: chiu dai ca chui va bit lp.
18 18
X HOA LOAT U! RLC
vi du:
000000000000000000000111111111111 F 33
Thay th chui bit 0 bng: 000101010
Thay th chui bit 1 bng: 000011001
Kt qu ta c: 000101010000011001 F 18
bit 0 bit
00000 000000
13 13
X HOA LOAT U! RLC
Nu chui lp c d dai ln hon 2SS, thi ta tach
chui lp d ra thanh nhiu chui.
ac chui du c d dai la 2SS
hui cui cng c d dai la s bit cn lai.
20 20
X HOA LOAT U! RLC
i vi nh khng phi la nh nhj phan, chng
ta cng thuc hin tuong tu.
Thay loat cac gia trj cp xam ging nhau bng
hai thng tin.
- S dim nh c gia trj bng nhau (count.
- Cia trj cp xam (value.
21 21
X HOA LOAT U! RLC
vi du:
1 1 1 3 3 8 8 8
8 3 3 7 7 7 7 7
6 6 6 S S S 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2
(3,) (,3) (4,8)
(,3) (S,7)
(3,6) (3,S) (,3)
(S,) (3,)
ount A S F ount s dung 3 bit d biu din.
value A 3 F value s dung 4 bit d biu din.
S loat sau ma ha: 10 F s bit la: 10L7=70 bit
Ni dim nh s dung 4 bit d biu din F S bit la: 32L4=128
bit
S bit cho 1 loat la:
3+4=7
22 22
X HOA HUFFAN
Huffman la mt trong nhng phuong phap ma
ha thng tin duoc s dung nhiu trong vic
gim kich thuc d liu va truyn tin
K thut ma ha Huffman duoc d nghj vao nam
13S2.
#huong phap nay c th ap dung trong vic nn
d liu tng quat.
23 23
X HOA HUFFAN
Nguyn tc ca phuong phap ma ha Huffman:
- La phuong phap dua vao m hinh thng k d tinh
tn sut xut hin ca cac tin hiu.
- Can cho nhng tin hiu c tn sut xut hin cao mt
t ma c d dai b.
- Can cho nhng tin hiu c tn sut xut hin thp
mt t ma c d dai ln.
F Lam gim d dai tru5g bi5 ca t ma.
24 24
X HOA HUFFAN
Thut toan: Cm 2 buc chinh
1. uyt tp tin gc d tinh xac sut xut hin ca mi
tin hiu, sau d sp xp cac tin hiu nay theo th tu
gim dn ca xac sut. uyt bng xac sut t cui ln
du d thuc hin ghp hai phn t c xac sut thp
thanh mt phan t mi. #hn t nay c xac sut bng
tng xac sut hai phn t thanh phn va loai b hai
thanh phn nay. Lp lai qua trinh cho dn khi ch cn hai
phn t.
2S 2S
X HOA HUFFAN
Thut toan: Cm 2 buc chinh
2. Xay dung cay nhj phan, vi gc la mt phn t gi.
ac cay con trai va cay con phi tuong ng la hai phn
t c xac sut ln nht. va c tip tuc nhu vy cho cac
phn t tip theo cho dn khi hoan chnh. Tin hanh ma
ha cho cac tin hiu. Bt du gc, nu di xung cay con
trai thi thm vao bit 0, cay con phi thi thm vao bit 1.
Qua trinh kt thc khi tt c cac nt la du duoc gan
ma.
26 26
\ X HOA HUFFAN
ho nh 8 cp xam (3 bit kich thuc 100L100
Ngu5 Cim 5gu5
Ti5 iu X/S 3 4
a
2
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6
a
6
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4
a
1
0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3
a
4
0.1 0.1 0.1
a
3
0.06 0.1
a
S
0.04
27 27
\ X HOA HUFFAN
ay Huffman
C
0.6 0.4
0.3
0.3
0. 0.
0.
0.
0.06 0.04
a

a
4
a
3
a
S
00
0000
00
0
00 0
a
6
0
000
000
a

F
a
6
F 00
a

F 0
a
4
F 00
a
3
F 0000
a
S
F 000
28 28
\ X HOA HUFFAN
ho nh 8 cp xam (3 bit kich thuc 100L100
Ngu5 Cim 5gu5
Ti5 iu X/S a 3 4
a
2
0.4 1 0.4 1 0.4 1 0.4 1 0.6 0
a
6
0.3 00 0.3 00 0.3 00 0.3 00 0.4 1
a
1
0.1 011 0.1 011 0.2 010 0.3 01
a
4
0.1 0101 0.1 0101 0.1 011
a
3
0.04 01000 0.1 0100
a
S
0.06 01001
L
avg
=(0.4(1+(0.3(2+(0.1(3+(0.1(4+(0.06(S+(0.04(S=2.2
23 23
T\NH T L NN U
Q U THA L!U
Kich thuc nh gc: 100 L 100 L 3 = 30000 bit
Kich thuc nh sau khi nn: 100 L 100 L 2.2 = 22000 bit
T l nn: 30000/22000 1.36
du tha d liu: 1 - (22000/30000 27
30 30
PHU{NC PHAP LZW
#huong phap LZW xay dung mt t din d luu cac mu
c tn sut xut hin cao trong nh.
Su c mt ca mt chui con trong t din khng djnh
chui d c xut hin trong nh.
Thut toan lin tuc tra cu va cp nht t din sau mi
ln doc mt k tu d liu du vao.
Kich thuc t din gii han 4036 phn t (12 bit
31 31
CU TRUC CA T !EN
2S6 t ma du tin theo th tu 0.2SS
cha cac s nguyn t 0 dn 2SS. ay la
ma ca 2S6 k tu AS co bn.
T ma 2S6 cha ma dc bit goi la ma
xa (lear ode
T ma 2S7 cha ma kt thc (EOEnd
of nformation
ac t ma t 2S8 tr di cha cac mu
thung lp lai trong nh.
0 0
1 1
. .
SS SS
S6 S6
2S7 2S7
2S8 hui
. .
403S hui
32 32
CU TRUC CA T !EN
ac t ma t 0..S11 duoc biu din
bng 3 bit.
ac t ma t S12 dn 1023 biu din bi
10 bit.
ac t ma t 1024 dn 2047 duoc biu
din bi 11 bit.
ac t ma t 2048 dn 403S duoc biu
din bi 12 bit.
0 0
1 1
. .
SS SS
S6 S6
2S7 2S7
2S8 hui
. .
403S hui
33 33
\ NN LZW
ho chui du vao la: ABCBCABCABC.
Na ca A la 6S, B la 66, la 67, la 68.
hui c dang la: 6S666766676S66676S666768
T din ban du da gm 2S6 k tu co bn.
34 34
ABCBCABCABC F 6S66672S32S867262
u vao u ra Tc i5
A(6S A da c trong t din F oc tip
B(66 6S Thm vao t din ma 2S8 dai din cho chui AB
(67 66 Thm vao t din ma 2S3 dai din cho chui B
B 67 Thm vao t din ma 260 dai din cho chui B
B da c trong t din F oc tip
A 2S3 Thm vao t din ma 261 dai din cho chui BA
B AB da c trong t din F oc tip
2S8 Thm vao t din ma 262 dai din cho chui AB
A 67 Thm vao t din ma 263 dai din cho chui A
B AB da c trong t din F oc tip
AB da c trong t din F oc tip
262 Thm vao t din ma 264 dai din cho chui
AB
3S 3S
\ NN LZW
ho chui du vao la: ABCBCABCABC.
u vao: 6S666766676S66676S666768
u ra: 6S66672S32S867262
Kich thuc d liu du vao: 12 L 8 = 36 bit.
Kich thuc d liu du vao: 4 L 8 + 3 L 3 = S3 bit.
T l nn: 36/S3 1.63
du tha d liu: 1 - (S3/36 33.
36 36
Website LZW Website LZW
http://marknelson.us/1383/10/01/lzw http://marknelson.us/1383/10/01/lzw
data datacompression/ compression/
http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/ave/Nultimed http://www.cs.cf.ac.uk/ave/Nultimed
ia/node214.html ia/node214.html