20

IEEE TRANSACTIONS OK ANTENXAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. AP-23, NO.

1,

JhNU?LRY

1975

is consistent, withthe 5X aperture used andthe sidelobes essentially correspond to those for uniform illumination.Scanning the bean1 out t o about 3 was also 0 accomplished. Unfortunately, the results were not tabulated and the equipment has since been dismantled, the researchers having to direct, t.heir att.ention t.0 other areas. Difference patterns with boresight, nulls of a.bout 25 dB Fvere also successfully formed.
DISCUSSION

The Ferroscan concept has been shown t o be a valid means for replacing a number of discret.e radiators in a phased arra.y by a single aperture, externally cont,rolled, ACKNOWLEDGMENT t o elect.ronically scanabeam. There is no theoretical The authorswish to thankD. Bernella for his assistance limit t o how many elementsma.y be replaced. I n this manner one ma.y construct planar a.rrays by juxtaposit.ion in the design of the various nucroFave component,s and J. Alusow for carrying out some of hhe experiments. of Ferroscan apertures. The experimental antenna exhibited a uniform aperture REFERENCES distribution consistent with E-plane sca,n. It is expected B. Lax and K. J. Button, Nicroware Ferrites a d Ferrinzagnetics. that with this type of array antenna, gratinglobes should N e a York: McGraw-Hill, 196:. be substantially lower than those obta.ined with convenW. J. Ince and E. St.ern, Nonreciprocal remanence phase shifters in rectangular waveguide, IEEE T T Q . ~ . Nicrowaee tiona.1 arrays using individual-element, phase shifters. This Theory Tech., vol. MTT-15, pp. 87-95, Feb. 1967. is because the secondary elemental phase cent,ers are not [31 J. J. Green et a?., Rome Air Development Center, Griffiss AFB, Rome, N. Y . , Tech. Rep. TR-69-338,1969. sharply defined due to the overlap of the magnetic f u lx 141 E. SchlBmann, Microwave behavior of partially magnetized regions in the act.ive ferrite. This importantproperty ferrites, J. A p p l . Phys., vol. 47, pp. 204-214, 1970.

makes it possible t o usewiderspacing for t,he external drivers (fewer drivers) than would normally be required in the discrete-aperture case. W e the Ferroscan has horn demonstrated beam steering, the insertion loss is relatively high (3 dB). However, careful matching of t.he components t.ogether with some development work should reduce this loss t o the order of 1 dB. Anot,her problem is the difficult.y of kno&g t.he phase shift setting nith sufficient precision. For this reason a working model should probably employ eithera sensing mire or flux switching t o provide the required control precision.

The Trap-Loaded Cylindrical Antenna

Abstract-The trap-loaded cylindrical antenna is a cylindrical antenna having one or more traps located in its arms. The traps are either parallel inductor-capacitor circuits or short-circuited transmission line stubs thatare designed to be antiresonant (having essentially an infinite input impedance) at someparticular frequency. The location and the antiresonant frequency of the traps are selected to enhance the radiation pattern or input impedance of the antenna. This study is confmed to the properties of trap-loaded cylindrical antennas that contain only one trap in each arm. The effect of the length of the outer section, length of the inner section, diameter of the cylinder and characteristic impedance or inductance-capacitance Manuscript received February 4, 1974; revised June 24, 1974. This work was supported in part by t.he U. S. Air Force Avionics Laboratory, Wright-Patt,erson Air Force Base, Ohio, under Contract F 33615-71-Gl495. A portion of this paper is part, of a dissertation submittedto t.he University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, in partial fulfillment. of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree. The author was a i t h t.he Department. of Elect.rica1 Engineering and Electrical Engineering Technology, Bradley University, Peoria, of Elect,rical Engineering, Ill. He is now with the Department Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, La. 71270.

ratio of the trap on the input impedance, radiation pattern, and current distributionwere studied both experimentally and with the aid of two numerical solutions of an integral equation forthe current distribution. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the design procedure for multiband trap antenna the described by Greenberg [] adjusting the antiresonant I, frequency of the trap to control the upper resonant frequency, is indeed valid. Graphs suitable for designing trap antennas using this procedure are available in this paper. Furthermore, it is shown that the characteristic impedance or inductance-capacitance ratio of the trap can also be adjusted to vary the lower resonant frequency of the antenna. Design graphs using this procedure are also available in this paper. This study also showed that a relatively wide range of upper to lower antenna resonant frequency ratios can be obtained while still maintaining radiation patterns and input impedances close to those of a half-wave dipole at both frequencies. Graphs are available showing the tradeoff in pattern shape and input impedancethat must be made to obtain resonant frequency ratios other than 2 to 1. It was discovered that the trap antenna, sometimescalled a Franklin array, must be operated somewhat below the nominal design frequency have the or spacing between a traps shortenedsomewhat, forit to have radiation pattern similar to

SNITH: TRAP-WADED CYLINDRICAL BNTENSA

21

a collinear array of half-wave dipoles. Furthermore, the thicker the antenna, the more pronounced this effect is. While the nominal design was discovered to give aninputimpedancenearly resistive and near 70 Q (for a dipole), any of the aforementioned modifications resulted in a nonresonant highly capacitive input impedance.

I. INTRODUCTION
TYPICAL symmetric trap-loaded cylindrical antenna is illustratedin Fig. 1. The a.ntenna hasatotal length of 2L, the traps are located a distance s from the center, and the diameter the antenna is 2a. The surface of of the antennais assumed to be perfectly conducting, and both the source and the trap a.re assumed to bevery small. The t,rap ZL is either a parallel inductor-capacitor circuit or a short-circuited quarter-wave transmission line. The trap is usually adjusted t.0 be antiresonant when s is a quarter of a wavelength. When L is approximat,ely 3 of a wavelength, and s is approximately 2 of a wavelength, t,he antenna is a t,ype of Franklin array, an antenna that has been used since the Fig. 1. Geometry of t.raploaded cylindrical antenna. early da.ys of radio [2]. It is frequent.12. used as a radio amateur antenna [3]. The input impedance of a Franklin In this paper, an integral equation for the current disantenna is believed to be about 300 S [3] and the current 2 distribut.ion is assunled to be sinusoidal and of equal tribution on a trap-loaded cylindrical ant.enna is derived amplitude on both the main section (I z I 5 s) and the and solved using two different numerical techniques. The on these parasitic elements (s 5 1 z I L ), [2]. Harringtons re- input impedance and radiation patterns based sults [4] for one parasitic element indicate the current solutions are compared with experimental data to predict that how the properties of the antenna vary as a function of distribution is approximately sinusoidal andthatthe current amplit.ude on the parasitic element is somewhat its length, trap locat.ion, and diameter. IVhile the integral equation approach lacks the conless than on the driven element. ceptual insight of the transmission line approach used by TheFranklinarray is used to produceradiation a pat.tern similar to a collinear array of half-wave dipoles. others [l]-[3] and [5>[7], it does offer a distinct The trap is expected t.o produce an addit.iona1 180 phase advantage. It takesintoaccountradiation losses over shift at t.he nulls in the current distribut.ion so t.hat the the length of the antenna. The result is that the input current is in phase along the entire length of t,he an- impedances, particularly nearresonance, can be predicted accurately. As m-ill be pointed out later, it also predicts tenna [2], [SI. When L is approximately $ of a wavelength and s is an abnormality in the behavior of the Franklin ant.enna approximately 2 of a wavelength, the trap-loaded cylin- not predicted by the transmission line approach. drical antenna is a special case of what is conmonly 11. DERIVATION OF INTEGRAL EQUATIOM referred t.0 as t,he trap ant,enna. Several authors [l], [ 3 ] , [SI, [7] have described how to construct trap antennas Fig. 1 illustrates the coordinate system used to describe that operate as multiband dipoles. a trap-loaded cylindrical antenna of radius u., length 2L, The trap is adjusted to be ant.iresonant, (;.e., an open with Orap 1oca.tions a t As. If exp ( j w t ) time dependence circuit.) atthe upper resonant frequency of the ant,enna. is assumed, Hallgns integral equation for the current disThis forces a null in t.he current distributeion a quarter tribution on a cylindrical antenna with uniform impedance wavelength from the end a.nd effechely suppresses t.he loading can be obtained from Maxwells equations. The current in the out.er section. With t,he current suppressed, result obt.a.inedby Kraus [ll] is that theantenna producesaradiation pattern similar t.0 a half-wavedipole ra.t,her than a full-wavedipole [l], [3], jvo ~ ( z , z ~) ( z ) dz = c1 kz cos +V sin k I z I ~ 6 1 c71. , 4T -L Below the antiresona.nt frequency of the trap, the trap acts as an inductance. dbove the anOiresonant. frequency, the trap act.sas a capacitance. Reacta.nce loaded cylindrical -2 I(z) sin k ( 2 - 2) dz ( 1 ) antennas have been studied for L less .than & a wavelength [SI as well as for L greater than & wavelength [SI. where 70 is the impedance of free space, C1is an undeterResistance loaded cylindrica.1 antennas have also beenminedconst,a.nt., Ti is the input voltage at. the feed point, explored [9], [lo]. k is t.he free space wave number, I ( z ) is the current dis-

<

22

IEEE TRAXSACTIONS ON ANTENXAS AND PROPAGATION,

JAWJARY

1975

tribution on the antenna,Z is the loading impedance, and

The radiation patternof the antennawas calculated by substitutingthe expression for thecurrent dist.ribution into the expression for the far-zone electric field for a linear radiator [5, pp. 2-31. The power radiation pattern calculat.edfor a number was If the loading impedance is considered t o vary with of convenient angles and the results were normalized t o position on the antenna, the integral equation may be the largest, value obtained. ren-ritten as Anot.her solution of (7) was obtained by using the polynomial approximation first used by Popovic [13] on a conventional cylindrical antenna. The approach consists of approximating thecurrentdistributionby anMth L degree polynonlia.1 withundetermined coefficients. The c cos b = K(z,z)I(z) clz (3) coefficients are then determined by point matching. Details -L of the solution are available elsewhere [la]. The unknown coefficients for both the delta function where the coefficients of each term havebeen renormalized and the polynomial solutions were calculated on a digital t o facilitate computation, and C is a new arbitrary computer along with the radiation pattern and the input constant. impedance. Twenty subsections gave acceptable results Assuming thattheterminals of thetrapare small delta function solution. Round off error was enough, the impedance of the traps can be represented as for the noticeable when 40 subsections x-ere used for the thicker Z(z) = Zd(2 - s) (4) antennas since k ,t,he subsection size, \vas approximat.ely equal t o a, the antenna radius. where s is the trap location, and 6 ( z ) is the Dirac delta A fourth degree polynomial gave acceptable results for function. For a shorted transmission line trap t,he polynomial solution, although for some values of ZL = jZotan BE ( 5 ) parameters it proved difficult t o obtain accurate values for the int,egrals needed to evaluat.e the coefficients. Many while points calculated using a. fifth degree polynonlial gave this difficulty. The two solutions agreed m-it.h each other very well, except at those points where the polynomial solution program found it difficult to integrate the for a parallel inductor-capacitor trap. Inthese expressions computer of the theoretical 2, is the characteristic impedance of the transmission line, integrals accurately.However,most /3 is the propagationconstant of the transmission line, data was obtained using the delta function solution rather 1 is its length, is the squareroot of the inductance- than the polynonlial solution since t,he formers computer capacitance rat.io of the inductor-capacitor trap, w is program ran more quickly t,han the latt,ers for t.he same the radian frequency, and wo is the radian resonant degree of a.ccuracy. frequency of the trap. IV. EXPERINEKT Substituting (4) into (3) and noting that thereare traps at z = s and z = -S gives Two sets of trap-loaded cylindrical antennas were constructed so that measurements of the input impedance, radiation patterns, a.nd current distribution could be compared withthe theory. One set of antennas was constructed L out of +nOD copper tubing and i used several transmission *sin k ( l z I - s) c c o s kz = K ( z , z ) l ( z ) dz (7) line traps. The traps were constructed from transmission -L lines with characteristic impedances of 18.5, 34.8, and \-here u - (~ ) is the unit step function. x 62.5 Q. All three typesof measurements were made on this series of antennas to determine how its properties varied 1 1 SOLUTION OF THE INTEGRAL EQUATION 1. as the length of the outer section, length of -the inner Equation (7) was solved numerically using two dif- section, and trapimpedance were varied. ferent approximations for the current distribution. The The other series of antennas was supported on 2 X 4 fmt technique is basedon dividing the length of the frames and used inductor-capacitor traps. Both 53 Q and antenna into subsections and assuming that the kernel 88.5 1;2 traps were constructed. The input impedance was of the integral equation and the current are constant in measured on this series of a.ntennas t o determine how the each subsection. The kernel and the current are assumed input impedance varied a.s a function of the diameter of t o take their respective values at the center of each sub- the cylinder andtrap impedance. Trap impedance for section. T h e delta function approximation, as it will be an inductor-capacitor trap is defined to be the squa.re root called, is more fully described elsewhere [12]. of the ratioof the inductance to the capacitance.

SYITH: TR4P-LOADED CYLISDRICAL

-4NTRhX.4

23

If the dinlensions of the two series are measured in terms of wave length, the two series overlap, although they weredesigned t o operate in different frequency ranges. The copper tubing antennas xere measured from 0.3 t.0 2.0 GHz and their trapswere designed t o be ant,iresonant at 1.5 GHz. The 2 X 4 frame series, however, was measured over a frequency range of 30 to 130 MHz since it is difficult to get inductor-ca.pacitor t,raps to operate properly at frequencies higher than this. All impedance measurements in the 0.3- to 2.0-GHz range were made on monopoles in a 9-ft cube anechoic chamber. The chamberhad provisions for mounting a +-in thick by 4 t square aluminum ground plane on one f side in place of a panel of absorber. The absorber of the chamber has a mininlunl reflection coefficient of -30 dB down to 0.5 GHz and previous experience with t,he chamber indicates that it gives useable results down to 0.1 GHz. The monopoles were screwed a Ohreaded st.ud soldered to to the cent.er conductor of a UG5S/U bulkhead type X connector. The connect.or was modified by turning down the shoulder on t,he face abutting the ground plane so Fig. 2. Input impedance of t,rap ant,enna with 34.8 Q transmission line trap (theory, normalized to 100 a)(s/a = 1O.i, L / s = 2). that it. would fit flush wit.hthe surface of the ground plane. All impedance measurements in the 30 t o 130 MHz range were made on monopoles mounted on top of a $-in thick, 10-ft square aluminum ground mounted plane 93 feet above the roof of a building. The monopoles were bolted with four &in nylon bolts to a wooden 2 X 4 ba.se in the form of a cross. The arms of the cross were 23 in across. The base n-as given twocoats of polyurethane exterior varnish t,o minimize dimensional instability. The radiat.ion patterns were measured on dipoles on a 50-ft antenna range. The antennas were a minimum of 40 ft above the roofof the building on which the range was located, and t.he trammhting ant.enna for this range was a log-periodic a.ntennawith a beam widthnarrow enough so that reflections were insignificant. All patterns taken were horizontal polarizations in the plane of the electric field vector. The dipoles were fed through a broadband 180" hybrid. A special balanced line from the hybrid t o the antenna n-as const,ructed out of RG-5SA4/U coaxial cable. The current distribution was measured in the 9-ft cube anechoic chamber describedearlier. The probe used to measure the current was an 0.108-in OD shieldedloop constructed out of 0.027-in OD coaxia.1cable. Care was Fig. 3. Input, impedance of trap ant.enna with 34.8 9 t,ransmission line trap (comparison of experiment and theorv corrected for trap taken tolevel the antennaso that theprobe would neither gap capacitance both normalized to 100 Q) ( s i a = 10.7). lift off the surface of the antenna, nor bind while being moved along the antenna. Fig. 2 illustrated a comparison of the polynonlial and V. RESULTS delta function solutions for a typical trap antenna. Fig. 3 ht Severa.1checkswere made on the consistency of the compares experimental data to a theoretical solution O a theoretical solutions. The theoret.ica1 results for a half- has been corrected for the detuning effect of the 1.21-pF wave dipole, obtained bylettingthetrap be a short trap gap capacitance observed to bedistorting the excircuit., n-ere compared nit.h other t.heoret,ical and experi- periment.al results. AU the experimental data. t.aken on the mental results for a half-wave dipole [5, ch. 31. The copper tubing series of ant,ennas was affected by t.he trap theoretical solutions were also compared with each other gap capacitance. However, the trap gap capacitance inand wit,h experimental dat,a t,aken on over two dozen troduces con1plicat.ions in t.he design of trap-loaded cylintrp-loaded cylindrical ant,ennas. drical antennas only for thickantennas a t very high

24

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS

APT?)

PROPAGATION, JANUARY

1975

frequencies, as was the case for the copper tubing series of ant.ennas. Its effect can be negated by constructing the trap somewhat shorter than a quarter wavelength so that the transmission line stub is inductive. The inductive trap can be designed to resonate with the gap capacitance. Not,e that the trap causes the antenna to exhibit a resonant input impedance not only when L is approxinlat.ely a quarter wavelength, but also when L is about a half wavelength. The second resonant frequency of a conventional dipole would occur when L is about threequarters of a kwelength. For thinner antennas than the one shown, the input impedances at the first and second resonant frequencies are more nearly equal.. As Figs. 4 . and 5 illustrate, the current is indeed suppressed on the outer sect.ion of the antenna provided the trap is antiresonant when L is a half wavelength. On t,he inner section of the antenna, the amplitudeof the current 'distribution is approximately sinusoidal. The radiat.ion pattern of the antenna at the second resonant frequency is very simiiar to that of a half-wave dipole rather than the pattern 'of a full-wave dipole. Thetheoreticalinputimpedance of a typica.1 threeelement Franklin array is shorn in Fig. 6. The greatest discrepancy between the two theoretical solutions occurred yhen difficulty was encountered. in accurately integrating the integrals of the polynomial solution. Note that the input impedance of the antennais resonant near the antiresonant frequency of the trap andthat the resistive part of the input impedance is near 70 Q. However, the radiation pa.ttern at the second resonant frequency of the antennais not.simiiai t o a collinear array of half-wave dipoles. As Fig. 7 illustrates, there is a null @ the radiation pattern broadside to the antenna, The desired pattern does occur considerably below t.he antiantGesonant frequency of thetrap; at 0.8 the resonant.'frequency of the trapfor this particular antenna. Thus operating the antenna below t,he antiresonant frequency id1 produce t,he desired pattern, but, as Fig. 6 illustrates, atthe price of having a capacitive input impedance. Sote that while the collinear array type radiation pattern occurs at an even lower frequency for the experimentalradiationpatterns, this is due to the detuning effect of the trap gapdiscussed earlier. The asymmetry in the experimental radiat,ion patterns at some frequencies is due to'the 0.7 percent difference in t.he measured antiresonance frequencies of thetraps in each arm of the ant.enna. The failure of the Franklin antenna to give the desired radiationpattern at t.he antiresonantfrequency of the traps can be explained with theaid of the current. distributions shown in Figs. 8 and 9. While the ma.ximum amplitude on the outersections is 2 or 3 dB below the maximum in the center section, the current in the outer sections is not in phase R'ith the currenton t,he inner section, The trap forces a null in the current distribution but not a 180' phase regersal. Hence the radiation pattern has a split beam. '

C C

Theory-Delta h n c t i o Theory-Folgmomiel Sxperirnental

-3.5

-3.4

-0.3

-0.2

-O.?

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.k

0.5

Pig.

-1.

z/h

Amplitude of current distribution on trap antenna antiresonant frequency of trap.

at

6o 33
a
c

-30 < a
5

-60
-90

g
r

' -i20
?

: :

-150

I-

4 A
0

Theory-Co-rrectea

for ~ a p ~

Theory-Delta Functior.

120

90

?./A

Fig. 5. Phase of current distribution on trapantenna resonant, frequency of trap.

at. anti-

Fig. 6. Input impedance of Franklinantenna with 34.8 Q transmission line trap (theory, normalized to 100 Q) (s/a = 10.7, L / s = 3).

SMITH: %P-LOADED

CIZINDRICAI, AXTENNA

25

90

-0.75

-0.50

-C.45

-0.30

-0.15

3.0

0.15

C.30

0.45

0.60

0.75

=n, Fig. 9. Phase of current. distribution on Franklin antenna at antiresonant frequency of trap.

a = 0.0793 A,
L/S
=

Fig. 7. Linear power radiationpat.terns of Franklin ant,enna as function of frequency normalized to ant,iresonant frequency of trap (s/a = 10.7, L/s = 3).
0 * 6375

0.60

Fig. 10. Linear power radiation patterns of Franklin-like t r a p loaded cylindrical antennaas funct,ion of length when trap is antiresonant (theory).

ZlA

Fig. 8. Amplitude of current. distribution on Franklin ant.enna a t antiresonant, frequency of trap.

This phenomenon was found to be more pronouncedfor thick ant,ennas than for thin ones. But even the thinnest antenna studies ( s / a = 937) failed t o have a broadside main lobe. Shortening the length of the outer sect.ion,hon-ever, will producea broadside pattern as Fig. 10 illustrates. But the impedance will become highly capacitive (Fig. 11). Tuning t.he trap to a higher resonant frequency is not as Fig. 11. Input impedance for Franklin antenna as function of LX where trap is ant.iresonant. (theory normalized to 100 n) /o effective in reducing the sidelobes a.ndproducing a broad(s/a = 10.7, L / s = 3).

26
T

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AXTEXKAS AXD PROPAGATION, JLLM?ARY

1975

-r

1.2

1.0

0.5
f/fo
0.4

Fig. 12. Linear porrer radiation patterns of Franklln-like t r a p loaded cylindrical ant.enna as function of ratio of trap antiresonant frequency j , to the nominal trap antirkonant frequency fa (delta function theory).

3.4

3.2

0.0

2
Theory C o r r e c t e d f o r Trzp Gap Czpacitance -Delta ?unction Theory-Delta Function
s/a = 10.7
'

-__26

Experiment

1s

36

L/S

Fig. 14. First two resonant frequencies of trap-loaded cylindrical f is antiresonant ant.enna as function o length of out,er arm frequency of trap).

Fig. 13. Input. impedance for Franklin antenna as function of ratio of trapantiresonant frequency f7 to nominal trapantiresonant frequehcy ( s / a = 10.7, L / s = 3) (delta function theory normalized to 100 Q).

side pattern (Fig. 12). Again, even this modest improvement in the radiation patternis accompanied by a highly capacitive &put impedance, (Fig. 13). A study was also made of the effect of changing various VI. CONCLUSIOKS parameters of a trapantenna on the first and second The following concl~sionscan be made about the trap resonant frequencies. The study was conducted to determine the range of operation of the trap antenna and what antenna. 1) Greenberg's [l] design procedure (adjusting the parameter could be used as design variables. antiresonant frequency of the trap to control the upper The eft'ect of lengthening theouter section wasone frequency of theantennaandadjustingthe parameter studied. Fig. 14 illustrates the results. For resonant L/s bet&een 12 and 22, tbe second resonant freguency is length of the outer sqction to control the lower resonant essentially independent of the length of tbe outer section. frequency) is indeed valid even though not confirmed in The first resonant frequency, however, is highly dependent the original paper. The infornlation in Fig. 14 was not in Greenberg's paper and should prove usefulwhen using of the length of the outer section. The radiation pattern at the second resonant frequency is not appreciably this procedure.
'

affected by t,his lengthening until L/s is between 2g and 2:. Changing the length of t,he inner section while holding the length of the outer section constant changed both the first and second resonant frequencies of a trap ant,enna. The radiation pattern at the second resonant frequency was not appreciably changed as a result. Changing the characteristic impedance of thetransnlission line tra.ps or the inductance-capacitance ratio of the induct.or-capacitor traps did alter the first resonant frequency while not appreciably affecting the second resonant frequency. To make this data more convenient, theratio of the first resonantfrequency t o .theantir e s o n e t frequency of the trap is plotted in Fig. 15 as a function of the inductive reactance of the trap at the first resonant frequency. The theoretical data indicate that the second resonant frequencychangesvery little as a function of antenna diameter. The first resonant frequency, however, increases slightly as the diameter decreases.

SMITH: TRAP-LOADED CYLIXDRICAL bNTENX.4

27

1.0

0.8
f/f0

s/a = 10.7

Ground Plane

Oe6

t
0

0.2

0.0

i
--4-+

20

resistive and highly capacitive reactive component.s as Figs. 6 and 11 illustrate. 3) Thethickertheantenna,the more theradiation pattern at the nominal design frequency deviates from the desired pattern. 4) As Fig. 8 illustrates, the magnitude of the current distribution at the nominal design frequency is sim3a.r to a collinear array of half-wave dipoles, alt.hough the maximum of t,he current on the outer sections is 1 or 2 dB down from the ma.ximum in the center section. However, Fig. 9 clearly illustrates that the traps do not give the desired phase reversal as predicted by the t.ransmission line theory.

- LC Traps Theory - Transmission Traps Line Experiment - LC Traps

Theory Experiment

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Trans. Line Traps

40

60

InductiveReactance

i ohms n

80

100

Fig.15. First resonantfrequency of trap antenna as function of inductive react.ance of trap Cfo is ant.iresonant frequency of trap).

2 ) I n addition, the induchnce-capacitance ratio of an induct.or-capacitor trap, or t,he characteristic impedance of a transmission line trap, can also be used t,o control the REFER.ENCES & t antennaresonant frequency. Fig. 15 shouldprove s [l] A. Greenberg, Simple trap construction for t,he multiband useful in designing tmp antennas using this technique. antenna, &ST, vol. 40,no. 10, pp. 18-19, 120. 3) Varying thelength of the inner section givesno [2] H. P. Williams, Antenna Theory and Design. London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, 1950. design advantage since boththe first andthe second [3] The A.R.R.L. Antenna Book, 11th ed. Newington, Conn.: resonant frequencies are altered. The American Radio Relay League, 1968. [4] R. F. Harringt.on, Field Computation bg :Wonlent Nethods. 4) Data taken for antennas wit.h s/a = 10.7 as shown Ne%-York: Maemillan, 1968, sec. 6.2. in Figs. 14 and 15 are generally applicable tothinner [5] H. Jasik, Ed., Antenna Engineering Ha.ndbook. KeK York: McGraa-Hill, 1961, p. 22-7. antennas. [6] W M. Bell, A trap collinear antenna, &ST, vol. 47, no. 8, . 5 ) Radiation patterns similar t.o those of a half-wave pp. 30-31. [7] D. P. Shafer, Four-band dipole with traps, &ST,vol. 42, no. dipole are obtainableat thesecond resonant frequency for IO, pp. 3840. lt 5 L / s 5 26. [SI C. J. Lin, D. P. Nyquist, and K. M. Chen, Short Cylindrical antennas Tith enhanced radiat.ion o high directivity, ZEEE f 6) The trap does indeed tend to suppress the current Trans. Antennas Propagd. (Commun.), vol.AP-18, pp. 576- . . on t,he outer section of the ant,enna at the antiresonant 580, July 1970. frequency of the trap. Fig. 4 illustrates this phenomenon. [9] Y. P. Liu and D. L. Sengupta, Resistively loaded linear antenna: current d1st.nbut.ionand far field. TJniv. of Michigan The following conclusions can be ma.de about the Radiation Laborat,ory Memo 00494&50i-h, ( a more available reference is: Y. P. Liu, D. L,. Sengupta, and C. T. Tai, KumeriFranklin antenna. cal investigation of wave forms radiated by a pulse excited 1) The Franklin antenna must be operated somewhat resistively loaded linear antenna, Univ. of Michigan Radiat.ion Laboratory Rep. RL-545). below the nominal design frequency (Fig. 7) or the [lo] E. Altshuler, The traveling-wave linear antenna, IRE Trans. lengths of t.he sections must shortened be somewhat Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-9, pp. 324-329, July 1961. (Fig. 10) t o obtain a radiat.ion pattern simila.r t o a col- [Ill J. D. Kraus, Antennas. New York: hlcGraw-Hill, 1950, p. 234. 1121 D. L. Smith,The trap-loaded cylindrical antenna, Ph.D. linear array-like radiation pa.ttern. dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 19i2. 3 2 ) When the antenna is adjusted to give a collinear [13] . D. Popovic, Polynomial approximat.ion of current.along thin symmetrical cylindrical dipoles, Proc. Znsf. EZec. Eng., axmy-like radiation pattern, the input impedance has low vol. 117, no. 5, pp. 878-878.

Theauthor wishes to thank Profs. J. A. M. Lyon, C. T. Tai, and R. Hiatt of the University of Michigan for theirmany helpful suggestions andtheir patience. He also appreciatesthetimeandtrouble Y. P. Liu and T. C. Tongtook to discuss the numerical solution of integral equations. The author also wishes to thank R. Cannon and C. Loftis who assisted with some of the measurements, and C. Grabowski who did an excellent job of constructing the current probe used in the current distribution measurements.