SV Sourn Sok Meng PHN I TNH TT YU CA N Xu hng quc t ho i sng kinh t th gii l kt qu ca qu trnh phn cng lao ng x hi m rng

g trn phm vi ton th gii li ko tt c cc nc v vng lnh th tng bc hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii. Trong xu th , chnh sch ng ca bit lp vi th gii l khng th tn ti. n ch l kim hm qu trnh pht trin ca x hi. Mt quc gia kh c th tch bit khi th gii v nhng thnh tu ca khoa hc v kinh t ko con ngi xch li gn nhau hn v di tc ng quc t buc cc nc phi m ca. Mt khc trong xu hng m ca, cc nc u mun thu ht c nhiu ngun lc t bn ngoi pht trin kinh t c bit l ngun vn u t trc tip nc ngoi FDI: v th cc nc u mun to ra nhng iu kin ht sc u i thu ht c nhiu ngun v mnh. Nhn thc c vn ny chnh ph hong gia cmpuchia thc hin ng li i mi theo hng m ca vi bn ngoi. k t khi thc hin ng li i mi n ny, Cmpuchia thu c nhng thnh tu ng k c trong pht trin kinh t c cng nh trong thu ht ngun vn (FDI) t bn ngoi. hng nm ngun vn FDI t bn ngoi vo trong nc tng nhanh c v s lng d n ln quy m ngun vn. Tu nhin vic thu ht ngun vn FDI ca Cmpuchia vn thuc loi thp so vi cc nc trong khu vc v cha th hin c ht tim nng ca mnh trong vic thu ht vn FDI p ng nhu cu pht trin. Chnh v vy vic nghin cu tnh hnh thc tin v mi trng v kt qu u t trc tip ca cmpuchia l vic quan trng v khng th thiu c th a ra gii php v hng gii quyt mi nhm nng cao kh nng thu ht ngun vn FDI pht trin kinh t. Vi ngha , em chn ti Thu ht u t trc tip nc ngoi vo Cmpuchia - thc trng v mt s gii php". PHN II. NI DUNG CHNG I

SV Sourn Sok Meng C S L LUN V THC TIN V FDI

I. QU TRNH HNH THNH V NGUYN NHN DN TI U T TRC TIP NC NGOI.

1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v nguyn nhn thc hin FDI u t nc ngoi c th ni l xut hin t thi tin t bn. khi cc cng ty ca Anh, Php, H Lan u t vo chu khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin cho cc cng ty ca chnh quc. n th k 19 qa trnh tch t tp trung t bn pht trin nhanh chng, l tin cho xut khu t bn ca cc nc ln. Nm 1913 u t gia nc ngoi ca Anh l 3,5 t, M 13 t ch yu khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin. c th ni t bn tha chnh l tin cho u t ra nc ngoi, xong thc cht l hin tng kinh t mang tnh tt yu, l kt qu m qu trnh tch t tp trung t bn mang li Khi nn cng nghip pht trin vic u t trong nc khng cn mang li nhiu li nhun v li th so snh khng c na. tng li nhun cc nc t bn u t vo cc nc lc hu hn v yu t sn xut r nn li nhun cao. Mt khc cc cng ty t bn ln cn nguyn liu v ti nguyn thin nhin khc m bo ngun cung cp n nh v ng tin cy cho sn xut. iu gip cho h va c li nhun cao va gi c v tr c quyn. ng thi cc nc tip nhn u t cho rng mn t bn pht trin cn hn t thn vn ng hay i vay mua li cng ngh ca cc nc pht trin v cc nc pht trin mun thu ht u t vo nc mnh thi h phi tun thu php lut, s qun l ca mnh v nhng thng l quc t. Tu nhin cc nc t bn pht trin thng chn nhng nc c iu kin tng i pht trin hn u t. Bi mun u t vo nc no phi c iu kin nh c s h tng m bo cho cc hot ng sn xut v mt s ngnh ph tr phc v cho sn xut i sng. Cn nhng nc lc hu th khi u t vo h phi dnh mt phn cho xy dng c s h tng v cc ngnh dch v phc v yu cu sn xut v i sng. V vy m vo u th k 19 u t vo cc nc pht trin tng nhanh.

SV Sourn Sok Meng Khi nn kinh t t bn pht trin, nn kinh t ca n pht trin c tnh chu k, sau mi chu k kinh t nn kinh t cc nc cng nghip li di vo khung hong vt qua vo giai on ny v tip tc pht trin th h phi i mi t bn c nh. u t ra nc ngoi l gii php tt nht v cc nc cng nghip pht trin c th chuyn may mc v thit b cn thay th sang cc nc km pht trin v thu hi chi ph khng nh b p cho mua sm may mc mi. Ngy ny khi khoa hc pht trin mnh, chu k kinh t ngy cng ngn th yu cu i mi l cp bch v th cc nc pht trin phi lun tm cho mnh mt th trng tiu th cng ngh loi hai . Do u t ra nc ngoi l bin php tt nht. Ngy ny cc thuyt kinh t u ch ra rng u t ra nc ngoi th c hai nc u c li. Mt khc chnh sch ca cc nc u c nhn thay i, cc nc cng nghip c xu hng tng thu VAT, thu thu nhp., cc nc ang pht trin dng cc hng ro bo h cht bo v hng trong nc, ng thi tranh thu ngun vn nc ngoi, h ch trng gim thu v dnh nhng u i ln cho nhng nh u t nc ngoi. do vy bin php u t ra nc ngoi l bin php hay nht cc cng ty tranh c cc hng ro bo h v thu. Mt l do khng th khng k n l vic sau khi dnh c c lp cc quc gia u tin hnh cc bc pht trin kinh t theo hng m ca tng cng quan h quc t nn c nhu cu ln v hot ng u t khi phc pht trin kinh t t nc thot khi ngho lc hu. y l c hi cc nc pht trin v chim ly cc th trng ca cc nc ang pht trin. u t nc ngoi l con ng ngn nht c cc nc ang pht trin chp thun. 2. Mt s thuyt v u t nc ngoi. 2.1. L thuyt chu k sng L thuyt ny gii thch ti sao cc nh sn xut li chuyn hng hot ng kinh doanh t xut khu sang thc hin FDI. L thuyt cho rng u tin cc nh sn xut ti chnh quc t c li th c quyn xut khu nh vic

SV Sourn Sok Meng cho gi i nhng sn phm mi, sn xut vn tip tc tp trung ti chnh quc ny c ch khi ph sn xut nc ngoi c th thp hn. Trong thi k ny xm nhp th trng nc ngoi th cc nc thc hin vic xut khu hng ho. Tu nhin khi sn phm tr nn chun ho trong thi k tng trng cc nh sn xut khuyn khch u t ra nc ngoi nhm tn dng chi ph sn xut thp v quan trng hn l ngn chn kh nng ri th trng vo nh sn xut i phng. 2.2. L thuyt v quyn li th trng. L thuyt cho rng FDI tn ti do nhng hnh vi c bit ca c quyn nhm trn phm vi quc t nh phn ng c quyn nhm, hiu qu kinh t bn trong do quy m sn xut v s lin kt u t nc ngoi theo chiu rng. Tt c nhng hnh vi ny u nhm hn ch cnh tranh m rng th trng v ngn khng cho i thu khc xm nhp vo ngnh. FDI theo chiu rng tn ti khi cc cng ty xm nhp vo nc khc v sn xut cc sn phm trung gian, sau cc sn phm ny c xut ngc tr li v c sn xut vi t cch l u vo cho sn xut ca ch nh hay tiu th nhng sn phm hon thnh cho nhng ngi tiu th cui cng. Theo thuyt ny cc cng ty thc hin FDI v mt s l do: th nht: do ngun cung cp nguyn liu ngy cng khan him cc cng ty a phng khng kh nng tham do khai thc. do vy cc MNC tranh th li th cnh tranh trn c s khai thc nguyn liu ti a phng. iu gii thch ti sao FDI theo chiu rng c thc hin cc nc ang pht trin. Th hai, thng qua cc lin kt FDI dc cc cng ty c quyn nhm lp nn cc hng ro khng cho cc cng ty khc tip cn ti nhng ngun nguyn liu ca chung. Th ba, FDI theo chiu rng cn to ra li th v chi ph thng qua vic ci tin k thut bng cch phi hp sn xut v chuyn giao cc sn phm gia cc cng on khc nhau ca qu trnh sn xut. 2.3. L thuyt v tnh khng hon ho ca th trng L thuyt ny cho rng khi xut hin trn th trng cho hot ng kinh doanh km hiu qu i cc cng ty thc hin u t trc tip nc ngoi nhm

SV Sourn Sok Meng khuyn khch hot ng kinh doanh v vt qua yu t khng hon ho . C hai yu t khng hon ho ca th trng l ro cn thng mi v kin thc c bit - Cc ro cn thng mi thu v hn ngch - Kin thc c bit l chuyn mn k thut ca cc k s hay kh nng tip th c bit ca cc nh qun l khi cc kin thc na ch l chuyn mn k thut th cc cng ty c th bn cho cc cng ty nc ngoi vi mt gi nht nh h c th sn xut sn phm tng t. Nhng khi kin thc nm trong con ngi th gii php duy nht s dng c hi th trng ti nc ngoi l thc hin FDI. Mt khc nu cc cng ty bn cc kin thc c bit cho nc ngoi th h li s to ra i th cnh tranh trong tng lai. 2.4. L thuyt chit trung Cc cng ty s thc hin FDI khi h t ba li th: a im, s hu, ni a ho v a im l cc u th c c do tin hnh hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ti mt a im nht nh nhng u th v a im c th l cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, ngun lao ng lnh ngh v r S hu l u th cho mt cng ty c c hi tham gia s hu mt s ti sn nht nh nh nhn hiu sn phm, kin thc k thut hay c hi qun l. Ni a ha l u th t c cho vic ni ho hot ng sn xut thay v chuyn n n mt th trng km hiu qu hn. Thuyt ny khng nh rng khi hi t y cc li th trn, cc cng ty s thc hin FDI.
II. KHI NIM, VAI TR V C IM CA FDI

1. Khi nim FDI Cc quan im v nh ngha v FDI c a ra tu gc nhn nht ca cc nh kinh t nn rt phng ph v a dng. qua , ta c th rt ra mt nh nghi chung nht nh sau . FDI l loi hnh kinh doanh m nh u t nc ngoi b vn, t thit lp cc c s sn xut kinh doanh cho ring mnh, ng ch s hu, t qun l, khi

SV Sourn Sok Meng thc hoc thu ngi qun l, khai thc c s ny, hoc hp tc vi i tc nc s ti thnh lp c s sn xut kinh doanh v tham gia qun l, cng vi i tc nc s ti chia s li nhun v ri ro. 2. Ngun gc v Bn cht ca FDI FDI l i mun hn cc hot ng kinh t i ngoi khc vi ba thp k nhng FDI nhanh chng xc lp v tr ca mnh trong quan h kinh t quc t. FDI tr thnh mt xu th tt yu ca lch s, mt nhu cu khng th thiu ca mi nc trn th gii k c nhng nc ang pht trin, nhng nc cng nghip mi hay nhng nc trong khi OPEC v nhng nc pht trin cao. Bn cht ca FDI l: - C s thit lp v quyn s hu v t bn ca cng ty mt nc mt nc khc - C s kt hp quyn s hu vi quyn qun l cc ngun vn c u t - C km theo quyn chuyn giao cng ngh v k nng qun l - C lin quan n vic m rng th trng ca cc cng ty a quc gia - Gn lin vi s pht trin ca th trng ti chnh quc t v thng mi quc t 3. Vai tr ca FDI Hot ng FDI c tnh hai mt vi nc u t cng nh nc tip nhn u t u c tc ng tiu cc v tc ng tch cc. Trc ht i vi nc i u t( nc ch nh) FDI c vai tr ch yu sau: Tc ng tch cc Do u t l ngi nc ngoi l ngi trc tip iu hnh v qun l vn nn h c trch nhim cao, thng a ra nhng quyt nh c li cho h. V th h c m bo hiu qu ca vn FDI. u t nc ngoi m rng c th trng tiu th sn phm nguyn liu, c cng ngh v thit b trong khu vc m h t cng nh trn th gii. Do khai thc c ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v lao ng r, th trng tiu th rng ln nn c th m rng quy m,

SV Sourn Sok Meng khai thc c li th kinh t ca quy m t c th nng cao nng sut, gim gi thnh sn phm. Trnh c cc hng ro bo h mu dch v ph mu dch ca nc tip nhn u t vi thng qua FDI ch u t hay doanh nghip nc ngoi xy dng c cc doanh nghip ca mnh nm trong lng nc th hnh chnh sch bo h. Tc ng tiu cc. Khi cc doanh nghip thc hin vic u t ra nc ngoi th trong nc s mt i khon vn u t, kh khn hn trong vic tm ngun vn pht trin cng nh gii quyt vic lm. do trong nc c th dn ti nguy c suy thoi, v th m nc ch nh khng a ra nhng chnh sch khuyn khch cho vic u t ra nc ngoi. t ra nc ngoi th doanh nghip s phi i mt vi nhiu ri ro hn trong mi trng mi v chnh tr, s xung t v trang ca cc t chc trong cc quc gia hay nhng tranh chp ni b ca quc gia hay n thun ch l s thay i trong chnh sch v php lut ca quc gia tip nhn tt c nhng iu u khin cho cc doanh nghip c th ri vo tnh trng mt ti sn c s h tng. Do vy m h thng phi u t vo cc nc n nh v chnh tr cng nh trong chnh sch v mi trng kinh t. i vi nc tip nhn u t th hot ng FDI c tc ng: Tc ng tch cc. - Nh ngun vn FDI u t m c th c iu khin tt khai thc tt nht cc li th v ti nguyn thin nhin, v tr a l. Bi cc nc tip nhn th thng l nc ang pht trin c ti nguyn song khng bit cch khai thc. - To iu kin khai thc c ngun vn t bn ngoi do khng quy nh mc vn gp ti a m ch quyt nh mc vn gp ti thiu cho nh u t. - Thng qua vic hp tc vi doanh nghip nc ngoi hay cnh tranh vi doanh nghip nc ngoi v tip thu c k thut cng ngh hin i hay tip thu c knh nghim qun l kinh doanh ca h.

SV Sourn Sok Meng - To iu kin to vic lm, tng tc tng trng ca i tng b vn cng nh tng kim ngch xut khu v tng trng kinh t, qua nng cao i sng nhn dn. - Khuyn khch doanh nghip trong nc tng nng lc kinh doanh, ci tin cng ngh mi nng cao nng sut cht lng gim gi thnh sn phm do phi cnh tranh vi doanh nghip nc ngoi, mt mt khc thng qua hp tc vi nc ngoi c th m rng th trng thng qua tip cn vi bn hng ca i tc t. Tc ng tiu cc - Nu khng c quy hoch c th v khoa hc, c th u t trn lan km hiu qua, ti nguyn thin nhin c th b khai thc ba bi v s gy ra nhim mi trng nghim trng - Mi trng chnh tr trong nc c th b nh hng, cc chnh sch trong nc c th b thay i do khi u t vo th cc nh u t thng c cc bin php vn ng quan chc a phng theo hng c li cho mnh. - Hiu qu ca u t ph thuc vo nc tip nhn c th tip nhn t cc nc i u t nhng cng ngh thit b lc hu khng ph hp vi nn kinh t gy nhim mi trng. - Cc lnh vc v a ban u t phc thuc vo s la chn ca nh u t nc ngoi m khng theo mun ca nc tip nhn. Do vy vic b tr c cu u t s gp kh khn s to ra s pht trin mt cn i gia cc vng. - Gim s lng doanh nghip trong nc do qu trnh cnh tranh nn nhiu doanh nghip trong nc b ph sn. hay nh hng ti can cn thnh ton quc t do s di chuyn ca cc lung vn cng nh lung hng ho ra vo trong nc. - Ngy ny hu ht vic u t l ca cc cng ty a quc gia v th cc nc tip nhn thng b thua thit, tht thu thu hay cc lin doanh s phi chuyn thnh doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi do cc vn chuyn nhng gi ni b ca cc cng ty ny. 4. a im ca FDI

SV Sourn Sok Meng Cc ch u t thc hin u t trn nc s tc phi tun thu php lut ca nc . - Hnh thc ny thng mang tnh kh thi v hiu qu kinh t cao - T l vn quy nh vn phn chia quyn li v ngi v cc ch u t - Thu nhp ch u t phc thuc vo kt qu kinh doanh - Hin tng a cc v a bin trong FDI l hin tng c th, khng ch gm nhiu bn vi t l gp vn khc nhau m cn cc hnh thc khc nhau ca t bn t nhn v t bn nh nc cng tham gia. - Tn ti hin tng hai chiu trong FDI mt nc va nhn u t va thc hin u t ra nc ngoi nhm tn dng li th so sanh gia cc nc -Do nh u t mun u t vo th phi tun thu cc quyt nh ca nc s ti th nn vn t l vn ti thiu ca nh u vo vn php nh ca d n l do lut u t ca mi nc quyt nh. Cmpuchia quyt nh l 40% trong khi M li quyt nh li Quy nh 10% v mt s nc khc li l 20%. - Cc nh u t l ngun b vn v ng thi t mnh trc tip qun l v iu hnh d n. quyn qun l phc thuc vo vn ng gp m ch u t gp trong vn php nh ca d n. nu doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi th h c to quyn quyt nh - Kt qu thu c t d n c phn chia cho cc bn theo t l vn gp vo vn php nh sau khi np thu cho nc s ti v tr li tc c phn cho cc c ng nu l cng ty c phn. - FDI thng c thc hin thng qua vic xy dng mi hay mua li mt phn hoc ton b doanh nghip ang hot ng, thng qua vic mua c phiu thng tin xc nhn 5. Cc l lun khc v FDI 5.1. L lun v chu k sn phm L lun ny cp ti chu k pht trin ca chu k tui th ca sn phm quyt nh cc doanh nghip phi u t ra ngoi chim lnh th trng ra nc ngoi. L thuyt ny c RAYMOND VERNON xy dng nm 1966, nhn mnh v vng i ca mt sn phm bao gm 3 thi k: thi k sn phm

SV Sourn Sok Meng mi, thi k sn phm hon thin, thi k sn phm tiu chun hay chnh mui. L thuyt ny ch ra rng ch c thc hin khi sn phm bc sang thi k chun ho v chi phsi sn xut l yu t quyt nh khi cnh tranh. L lun trn ny vch ra s khc nhau v tm quan trng ca cc yu t sn xut trong cc giai on pht trin sn phm, l ci lm ny ny sinh quy lut chin dch li th 5.2. Quyt cu thnh hu c ca u t Cnh tranh th trng ang c m rng, tin sng ca x nghip l phi tip t tng trng, u t ra nc ngoi nhm bo v v tr ca mnh trn th trng ngy cng m rng. xt di gc ca quy lut u t, mun duy tr nng lc thu li ca u t th phi tin hnh u t mi n khng th thu lao ca u t s gim, cc nh u s u t ra nc ngoi vi mc ch ngn nga i thu cnh tranh chim lnh th trng.

SV Sourn Sok Meng 5.3. L lun v phn tn ri ro H.M. Markawitey cho rng s la chn u t c hiu qu l u t a dng ho sn phm, tc l phn tn ho, mc b tr th lao gia cc hng mc u t thp hoc m s c th khin cho th lao d kin ln gi tr ca bin v th lao. a dng ho lm cho sn phm c s khc bit, s khc bit theo chiu ngang, s khc bit theo chiu rng c th phn tn ri ro
III. XU HNG VN NG CA FDI

1. FDI tng nhanh v chim t trng ngy cng ln trong t trng vn u t. Tng lu chuyn vn quc t ngy cng tng nhanh trong nhng nm gn y khong 20 n 30% mt nm. iu cho th xu th quc t ho i sng ngy cng pht trin mnh, cc nc u phc thuc ln nhau v tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh phn cng lao ng quc t. Nhng nm 1970, vn FDI th gii hng nm tng 25 t o la m, n nhng nm 1980 n 1985 lng vn FDI th gii hng nm tng 50 t USD nm 1988 lng vn FDI th gii l 158 t USD chung nhng nm 1990 n 1993 lng vn FDI th gii khng ngng tng va dng mc di 200 t USD n nm 1994 vn FDI th gii tng 226 t USD nm 1995 cn s l 235 USD n nm 1998 vn FDI ca ton th gii ln ti 4000 t USD tng 20 % vi nm 1997 v cho n ht nm 2002 lng FDI ca th gii l 4500 t USD iu chng t hot ng FDI ngy cng oc nhiu nc tin hnh. Hng pht trin FDI: T sau chin tranh th gii th 2 vn FDI ch yu vo cc nc chu u bi u t thi mnh nht l M, cc cng ty ca M thc hin theo k hoch MARSHAL thc y nn kinh t ca cc nc ng mnh. Thi k sau khi nn kinh t ty u v nht bn phc hi, th gii hnh thnh ba trung tm M, Ty u, Nht Bn, FDI ch yu c thc hin trong cc nc cng nghip nhm cng c tim lc ca mnh. Nhng nm 50 do suy thoi rng khp trong gii t bn th FDI c xu hng chuyn sang cc nc ang pht trin.

SV Sourn Sok Meng Bng 1: u t trc tip nc ngoi trn th gii Nhm nc Tng s Nc CNPT Nc PT 1986 78 64 14 1987 133 108 25 1988 159 129 30 1989 195 165 30 1990 184 152 52 1991 194 114 80 1992 226 142 84

Ngun: World Investment Report, UN, New york Nguyn nhn ca s chuyn hng ny l v: - Suy thoi kinh t c tnh chu k, s t tt gim li sut v li nhun ca nc pht trin t c li nhun cao buc cc nh u t phi tm a ban mi l th trng ca cc nc ang pht trin. - Xu hng ton cu ho v a dng ho nh hng lu di ti s chuyn hng u t v nhim tng nhanh nh hin ny th cc nc ang pht trin chim t trng ln trong sn xut v thng mi quc t, l ni thu ht FDI hp dn. Mt khc khi vic ci cch mnh m th trng ti chnh ca c nc pht trin ln cc nc ang pht trin dn ti s cnh tranh gay gt trong thu ht FDI. - Tc ng ca quc cch mng khoa hc k thut khin cc nc cng nghip phi thng xuyn thay th may mc thit b lc hu lm c iu ny h phi tm c ni chuyn giao cc cng ngh, l cc nc ang pht trin cc nc cng nghip li thu c gi tr mi. - Th gii xut hin nhiu vn m mt mnh cc nc cng nghip khng th gii quyt ht v th cn phi hp tc vi cc nc ang pht trin. - Cc nc ang pht trin t c nhng thanh tu to ln, v kinh t, m bo mi trng v m v ci thit mi trng u t thun li, tham gia ngay cng mnh vo phn cng lao ng quc t, iu ngy cng thu ht c FDI. Tu nhin ngy ny lc vn FDI vn ch yu trong khi OECD, 80% lng FDI vn hng vo cc nc pht trin. Theo d on ca WB lng FDI

SV Sourn Sok Meng vo cc nc song lng FDI vn tip tc tng vo cc nc pht trin, thu ht c nhiu lng FDI hn na cn tip tc to ra s n nh trong mi trng chnh tr x hi v tc tng trng cao l nhn t ln c bn, khng th thiu trong thu ht FDI
IV. S PHN B FDI KHNG U CHO CC KHU VC A L

Nhng nm 1960 tinh t tc tng trng cao, vn u t ch yu tp trung vo khu vc ny. Sau nhng nm 1970 n nm 1980 lm pht tng nhanh c du hiu suy thoi khng hong nn lng vn FDI c xu hng chuyn sang cc nc ang pht trin ng Nam , ni c ci cch mi ang l nn kinh t nng ng nht trn th gii. Bng 2: FDI vo khu vc cc nc ang pht trin thi k 86 n 90 Khu vc M La tinh Ty ng Nam Chu ph FDI bnh qun 1 nm ( t USD) 26 0,4 14 3 Tc tng bnh qun (%) 22 17 37 6

Ngun: World Investment Report, UN, New york Ngun FDI vo ng Nam ch yu l t M, Nht Bn v cc nc cng nghip khc. Trong s cc nc c vn FDI tng phi k n Thi Lan, Singapore, Malaysia, u t vo ng Nam l do: - Tng trng cao v n nh, cng cc ci cch v ti chnh l nn tng thu ht FDI - ng yn tng gi khin Nht u t ra nc ngoi nhiu hn vo ng Nam l th trng quen thuc ca Nht - Kh xut khu ca cc nc ng Nam tng nhanh nn d cn cn thanh ton quc t, to ra t bn tha cn tm ni u t, kt hp vi xu hng lin kt khu vc pht trin mnh nn FDI tng nhanh phn nhiu cng l do cc nh u t khu vc

SV Sourn Sok Meng - Do cc nc ng Nam a dng ho cc hnh thc u t v xy dng nhiu cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut ng thi c nhiu u i cho nh u t khi u t vo cc khu - Chuyn sang nhng nm 90 n 94 lng FDI c xu hng tng tr li trong khu vc M La tnh v khu vc chu ph, ng u nhng nm 96 n 98 do gp phi cuc khung hong ti chnh tin t nn lng FDI trong khu vc ng Nam gim mnh, tu vy n c xu hng tng tr li t u nm 99. Lng FDI tng khng u trong khu vc cc nc ang pht trin song li ch yu tp trung vo mt s nc nh trung quc, Brazil, Nga v mt s nc NEC ng Nam , lng FDI vo cc nc cng nghip pht trin vn l ch yu. M l nc c lng FDI ln nht trn th gii chim hn 1/ 4 lng FDI trn th gii. Tu nhin FDI ca EU ln hn l vo M.
V. KINH NGHIM THU HT FDI CA MT S NC

Trung quc l nc rt thnh cng trong vic thu ht FDI (trong nm 2002,lng FDI vo trung quc t 55 t USD), cn Malaysia l quc gia m nht c vn FDI t EU nhiu nht trong khu vc ng Nam (n cui nm 2002, cc nh u t EU u t gn 98 t USD vo Malaysia.) v vy nhng chnh sch chng vic thu ht FDI ca quc gia ny l kinh nghim rt qu bn vi Cmpuchia tm ra nhng gii php thch hp nhm thu tht FDI ni chung v FDI t Eu ni ring. 5.1 Trung quc T nm 1979 n ny ngun FDI vo trung quc lun c s tng trng, s tng trng gn lin vi chu trng, bin php khuyn khch FDI ca nh lnh o Trung Quc

SV Sourn Sok Meng 5.2 Malaysia Sau cuc khng hong ti chnh tin t Chu nm 1997, Malaysia iu chnh chnh sch thu ht u t nc ngoi.
VI. I VI NGUN VN U T NC NGOI DI HN

- Tip tc chnh sch tht cht tin t n nh mi trng u t nc ngoi. - Phc hi khu vc ti chnh ngn hng tng thm nim tin cho cc nh u t nc ngoi c th l + Thnh lp qu Danaharta mua li cc khon n khng th hon tr ca cc ngn hng v kim sot li vic thu cc khon n ny, cng nh phc hi vic vay vn ca cc cng ty + Xc nhp 58 ngn hng v cng ty ti chnh thnh 10 ngn hng ln hn. + Gii hn tc vay vn mc 15 % gim 1/2 so vi 1997 - Cho php ngi nc ngoi s hu 61 % c phn trong cc d n u t vo ngnh vin thng, sau 5 nm t l ny cn rt xung 49%, trong lnh vc bo him th ti a l 51 % - Cho php nh u t nc ngoi c c phn trong hai doanh nghip ln thuc quyn qun l cht ch ca chnh ph, l hng hng khng Malaysia v tp on sn xut t Protoan. - Cho php ngi nc ngoi c th mua cc ti sn chin lc ca quc gia v c qun l mt s sn bay ca t nc - Khuyn khch cc x nghip va v nh tham gia vo chng trnh ngi cung cp ton cu nm 1999 m rng v lin kt ni a cc cng ty u t nc ngoi ( c bit l TNCs). Theo chng trnh ny, cc cng ty i phng s c TNCs o to k nng lnh o, cng ngh sn xut vi chi ph c chnh ph tr cp 55 % thng qua chng trnh nay, cp k nng. Bang Penang- l bang c mng li cc cng ty in t ln nht ca Malaysia chu trch nhim thc hin chng trnh ny c 8 TNCs v 9 X nghip va v nh tham gia chng trnh ny.

SV Sourn Sok Meng CHNG II THC TRNG THU HT FDI U T NC NGOI TI CMPUCHIA
I KHI QUT V KINH T CHNH TR, X HI CA CMPUCHIA

Cmpuchia l mt nc nng nghip vi khong 80% dn s lm nng nghip. Nn kinh t Cmpuchia b tn ph bi ch ci tr ca Kh me trong giai on 1975 n 1979. Sau khi Vit Nam nh ui kh me , nn kinh t ca Cmpuchia cn chu nhiu kh khn tuy nhin sau nhiu nm Cmpuchia c s phc hi chm chp tri qua nhiu nm ngho i, ni chin, dit chung, o chnh qun s v khng hong kinh t. Cmpuchia phc hi li nn kinh t. S hi phc li ca nng nghip nn kinh t ca Cmpuchia v ngi s dng nhiu nhn lc nht, chm nhng chc n gp phn tng GDP ca t nc, iu kin cho u t tt hn trc y, GDP ca Cmpuchia tng 4,3% nm 1999 t 3,34 t USD sau nhng ln tng rt hn ch vo nm 1997 v 1998. GDP tng 5,5% nm 2000 v c d on tng 6,3% nm 2002. ng ril n nh mc 3800 theo ng USD,v lm pht d on mt con s trong nc ny. Sau khi tng lin tc n 17% vo cui 1998. Tng trng kinh t gn y l kt qa trc tip ca s n nh chnh tr mi lp c Cmpuchia. Hai s kin v i trong 3 nm qua cui cng mang li mt thi k yu n chnh tr ca Cmpuchia, u tin mt quc o chnh qun s tn bo nm 1997 gy nn ci cht ca hng trm cng dn v lm vng chc a v cao nht ca th tng Hun Sen trong chnh ph. Hun Sen xut pht t ng nhn dn, s kin trn lm cho chnh ph li tp trung vo nhng vn lin quan n qun l nn kinh t. S kin quan trng th 2 l ci cht ca Pol Pt, nm 1998 v kt thc ca cuc chin ri rc tin hnh bi nhng thnh vin cui cng ca Kh me , ci cht v mang li ci li cho cc Cmpuchia, cc tnh ty bc ca Cmpuchia dc bin gii thi lan v n ton hn, iu ny s lm tng thng mi dc bin gii.

SV Sourn Sok Meng Chnh ph cng c th mang mt s ngun lc ra khi cc hnh ng qun s chng li kh me . lch s ny c d on s tng v mang li thu nhp cn thit, tu nhin mc d bn nm hot ng nn kinh t v m Cmpuchia c th c m t l mt nn kinh t ang pht trin. Nc ny tip tc chu ng tn tch ca ch kh me , nhng k phi chu trch nhim i vi nhng ci cht ca dn Cmpuchia gn 2 triu ngi t 1975 n 1979, mc d 80% dn s lm nng nghip nhng chnh sn xut cn thp hn so vi kh nng. iu ny l nhng ngi nng dn vn s dng nhng phng php nng nghip truyn thng v cng ngh mi vn c kt hp cht ch v Cmpuchia cng thiu c s vt cht nhng dng nh chnh ph Cmpuchia nhn ra c tm quan trng trong vic nhn mnh. S pht trin ca t nc thc hin mt s sng kin gip tng trng x hi.
II. S VN V MT S D N TRONG NM QUA

Chi tiu cho u t t c 5% vo nm 2002 v gim t mc 18% so vi nm 2001.l do l s tng trng chm hn c hai khu vc u t cng cng v t nhn. u t cng cng tng 5% chm hn ng k so vi nm 2001 khi mc t 24% tng trng gim khng lin quan n chnh tr nhng lin quan n mc thc hin lut chnh sch theo lut chnh sch ca mi nm 2000, 2001 v 2002 u t cng cng phi tng 0,5 % nm 2001 v 0.9 nm 2002. t l tng trng cao ca u t cng cng nm 2001 mc 24%. Nguyn nhn chnh l do vic s dng chi tiu ngn sch vo nm 2000 c vin tr ti chnh t nc ngoi, ch t c 83% ca mc. M khi s dng vn nm 2001 t 117% mc tng trng ca u t nm 2002 m cao hn mc tiu 0.9% b tc ng ca vic s dng vn t 123% mc tiu. Cng vy u t t nhn trong v ngoi nc tng trng chm hn gim t 13% nm 2001 xung 10% nm 2002. Nguyn nhn chnh l do s gim vn 152 triu USD nm 2001, c hai l do c bn cho vic gim u t trc tip ca nc ngoi vo Cmpuchia l s hi phc kinh t chm chp ca khu vc ng nam l phn ln l cc nh u t ca Cmpuchia y v s nng cao nhanh hn ca mi trng u t cc nc cnh tranh nh Vit nam, Philipine, Trung quc, Thi

SV Sourn Sok Meng lan, tin trnh nng cp c s vt cht v mi trng t chc Cmpuchia vn khng bng cc nc cnh tranh. V d nh Vit Nam nng cp giao thng, in, h thng ti tiu v h thng t chc c quan mc m Cmpuchia vn cha t c hin ny. Cmpuchia tt hu sau nhng nc cnh tranh trong vic thit lp mi trng u t thun li hn, FDI hu nh khng th tng, iu ny yu cu i hi mt n lc to ln ca chnh ph thc hin nhiu chnh sch ci t cn thit, c bit nhng chnh sch lin quan n hnh chnh v cuc u tranh chng li tham nhng, mt chnh sch kinh t mi nhn mnh mt chin lc m tin cho nhng hot ng c bit l cn thit da trn nhng nht nh trn, cc nh u t t nhn trong nc m sn xut cho trong nc hoc cho xut khu nn c coi l nhng hot ng chin lc m c th thc y nhng tng trng kinh t bn vng III. Ci cch knh t ti Cmpuchia. S chuyn nn kinh t sang nn kinh t th trng ca Cmpuchia c xc nh vi mt c s h tng yu km, chuyn mn ho trong sn xut gian n mc tit kim thp v s mt n nh v chnh tr, khng nh nhng nn kinh t may mn khc nh Singapore v Hong Kong, Cmpuchia khng c ch ban cho iu kin thun li v l mt nc pht trin in hnh s phi chuyn t mn ho vi dn s 10.7 triu ngi trong nm 1998, t l tng trng dn s ca Cmpuchia l 5% trong giai on nm 1980 n 1990 v 3.1% trong giai on 1990 n 1998. y l mt trong nhng mc cao nht trn th gii, t l tng trng nhanh cng vi mc tng nhanh ca vn v x hi lm cho nn kinh t kh t c s thiu dinh dng tr em di 5 tui 38% nm 1992 n 1997, so snh ch c hn India, Ethiopia, Nepal, ERITHRIA, VitNam, Myama, Lo, Maly, Niger, Negeria, v Chad v 78% dn s sng khu vc nng thn phc thuc vo nng nghip nhng chiu hng trn c ngha l chnh ph s phi iu chnh ti chnh c th p ng tt nhu cu v c s h tng ca ngi dn.

SV Sourn Sok Meng Bn cnh ngun thu ca chnh ph mc thp, cc vn ca Cmpuchia cng tng ln bi s tip tc ca mc chi ph cng cng thp cho nhng nhu cu c bn nh t, gio dc ch chim 2,9 % nm 1997 trong khong 133 nc kinh t, ch cao hn nc Burkina Faso, Chad, China, Dominican Republic, Erica, Indonesia, Laos, Mali, Myamar, Nepal, Philipines,Tajikistan,Turkey,Vietnam, v Zambi khng ging nh Cmpuchia trong vic chi tiu cng cng chim lnh vc u t gio dc, mt s cc nn kinh t nh Philipines v Indonesia s dng mt phn u t t nhn ng k cho gio dc.chi ph cho qun s ca Cmpuchia t 3,1 % GNP nm 1995, ch c Singapore l vt qua mc ny trong khu vc ng Nam . Nn kinh t Cmpuchia hot ng kh tt trong nhng nm 1990, GDP tng hn 7%, 1993 v 1995 n 1996 (bng 1). Ch s gi tiu dng(CPI) c t l tng gim t 112,5% nm 1992 xung cn 3.5% nm 1995. tu nhin xung t v trang nm 1997 theo sau nh hng ca cuc khung hong ti chnh A sean y GDP v CPI xung 1% v 9.1% nm 1997, iu ny nhn quan n vic gim mc tit kim v tng thm ngn sch ca chnh ph Cmpuchia tit kim l mt phn ca GDP. Gim t 7.3% nm 1992 xung 4.7% trong nm 1997 thm ht ti chnh ca chnh ph trung ng, mt phn GDP tng t -3.6 % trong nm 1992. ln -7.8 nm 1995 trc khi gim n -4,2% nm 1997. u t trc tip ca nc ngoi(FDI) tng u tin nm 1997 v khng hong lm tng phn vn GDP trong GDP t 9.8% nm 1992 ln 20.4% nm 1996, FDI gp phn gii quyt c ngun vn khn him trong nc. Trong khi t l tng trng GDP vn rt n tng, nhng n cng c theo thm ht ti khon hin hnh ca GDP tng t -2.5% nm 1992 ln -16.1% nm 1996, gim xung -11.4% khi mc tng trng GDP gim hn nm 1997(bng 1) l kt qu ca s pht trin cng nghip, sn lng cng nghip t c mc tng trng 15.7% nm 1992,13.1% nm 1993 v 18.2% nm 1996 tng trng trong nng nghip tng t trong cng k t mc cao nht 6.5% nm 1995 V ti t nht 1% nm 1998. S ng, nh n tng i trong nng nghip lm gim nng lc ca ngnh nng nghip to ra

SV Sourn Sok Meng ngoi t gim thm ht nhp khu my mc v hng ho trung gian bao gm nhng my mc c bit dt my v vi vc cho s tng trng ca khu vc sn xut lm trm trng hn CA. C cu kinh t Cmpuchia c thng tr bi nng nghip. Trong khi trng la l ch yu nng nghip n in cng tng ng k. Nng nghip chim 51% GDP nm 1994 sn xut ch chim 6% nm 1997 cng ging nh Malaysia khi nc ny mi dnh c c lp t Anh nm 1957. Cng nghip sn xut xy dng m v nhng vn dng chim 15% GDP nm 1997 ca Cmpuchia, cng nghip tng ang k hn nng nghip 10.7% trong nm so vi nng nghip ch tng 2.2% v so vi mc tng GDP l 9.5% trong giai on 1990 n 1998. S phc thuc ca Cmpuchia vo nng nghip cn cao hn khi ni n ngun lao ng chim 78% nm 1996(xem bng) trong khi ngun lc cng nghip ch chim 47%, phn cn li thuc ngnh dch v v thng mi l mt nn kinh t in hnh ang ni ln Cmpuchia ch c 39% dn s trong lc lng lao ng. T l tht nghip l 2.3% trong nm 1993 n 1994. nhng phn cn li lc lng lao ng cng ang ch tuyn dng l nn kinh t in hnh i ln t chin tranh v ni chin di, Cmpuchia c mt lng ln ngi tn tt nm 1996, 7.8% ngi Cmpuchia b d dng vnh cu v 6.8% ngi b tn tt. 1. Thu ht u t nc ngoi ti Cmpuchia u t trong khu vc t nhn mt phn ca tng u t c nh trong nc t c 68.9% nm 1997, nhng con s ny cn c xem xt tht trng v nn kinh t chuyn i vn phi i mt di nhiu vn nghim trng v c phn ho cc ti sn. do vy nhng con s ny ca khu vc u t nc ngoi c xu hng tng qu mc, u bn u t Cmpuchia cho bit u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI) chim 72% ca vn ng k nm 1996, da trn nhng s ph chun t u t trc tip nc ngoi FDI chim 79% trong GDFI thng 8 nm 1994 n thng 6 nm 1997, Malaysia l nc u t dn u vi 40% , sau l M 8%, Php 7%. Tu nhin nu d n v du lch ca Malaysia tr gi 1.2 t

SV Sourn Sok Meng USD khng thnh cng, vn FDI ca Malaysia s gim t 1.7 t USD xung 0.5 t USD ch chim 16% ca GDFI. Dng tin vo D n FDI theo k hoch khuyn khch tng trng ca ngnh du lch v cc ngnh khuyn khch lao ng nh my mc v ch bin g. Vn nc ngoi tham gia u t vo s qun l s hu ton din v ngnh cng nghip nng lc, phn phi xng du v dung c y t trong thng 8 nm 1994 n thng 6 nm 1997. Phn vn u t nc ngoi ch chim t hn 50% trong ngnh phc lm rung in hnh( lm rung bng b v tru ( cattle farming)), ngnh lc lng dch v, nng nghip, cng nghip k s v cung cp y t. Vn ca Cmpuchia ch s hu ton din v lnh vc cung cp y t v mechanics. Nu d n du lch ca Malaysia tht bi b loi tr, ch bin g s thu ht phn u t nhiu nht trong giai on thng 8 nm 1994 n thng 6 nm 1997. sau l ngnh xy dng , khch sn, du lch, trng trt v my mc. Trong khi xy dng, khch sn v du lch khng phi thuc ngoi thng quc t, ch bin g, n in v ngnh my mc l ngnh xut khu chnh ca Cmpuchia. Trong ch ngnh my mc l ph thuc vo cc u vo nhp khu nh si v vi. u t t nhn c xu hng c tn thnh ch ra rng sn xut cung cp nhiu vic lm hn cc ngnh khc trong giai on t thng 8 nm 1994 n thng 6 nm 1997, c d n da trn c tn thnh ch ra rng sn xut to ra hn 75% vic lm mi. My mc l ngnh to ra nhiu vic lm nht vi 39% trong tng s vic lm mi c to ra. Nngnghip ch to ra 10% vic lm mi. Trong ngnh my mc, trong 6 thng t thng 1 n thng 6 nm 1997 cn cao hn t c 61%. Ngnh giy da cng l ngnh cung cp vic lm ln th 2, cung nh my mc, n cng khuyn khch lao ng. Nng nghip ch to ra 2% vic lm mi trong su thng t thng 1 n thng 6 nm 1997. Thm ch nu tnh ton xung n mc u t thc t , v d trong khong 20 n 30% ca d n c thng qua nhn xt rng cng nghip hng xut khu lin quan n u t trc tip nc ngoi c th gp phn cung cp 20% cng vic

SV Sourn Sok Meng lm mi. Mt ngun cung cp ln lao ng r tin cng nh GSP v s min thu rng ri cng khuyn khch FDI vo cc ngnh xut khu nhiu lao ng trong nhng nm 90 vo Cmpuchia. Ngun li ln t u t trc tip nc ngoi gip c chuyn i c cu thng mi ca Cmpuchia, xut khu v nhp khu chnh thc tng t 15 triu USD v 180 Triu USD, nm 1983 ln 330 triu USD v 660 triu USD nm 1997 l kt qu chnh ca a dng ho sn xut hng ho hn hp chim 58.8% xut khu 1995, nhng phn ca n gim xung 44.6% nm 1996 gim 22%. Nguyn liu v sn phm g cng gim ng k phn xut khu ca n gim t 17.1% nm 1995 xung 9.7% nm 1996, gim xung 42% sn phm qun o v phc tng khc tng t l xut khu t 6.5% nm 1995 ln 20.2 % nm 1996 v 52.8% nm 1998 sn xut g v nguyn liu t mc tng t 2% nm 1995 ln 7.7% nm 1996. Th trng xut khu truyn thng ca Cmpuchia cng thay i. S ph thuc ban u vo Vitnam v cc nc x hi ch ngha trc khi chuyn i sang nn kinh t th trng vo nhng nm 1990 vi ngoi thng ln hn vi cc nc kinh t Asean. Thi lan vn gi l th trng xut khu chnh, mc d th phn ca n gim 42% trong nm 1995 xung 27% nm 1996 v 26.2% nm 1997(xem bng 2). Thi lan lun l mt i tc thng mi quan trng vi Cmpuchia, thm ch trong xut chin tranh lnh, tu mt s vic trao i thng mi c thc hin khng hp php. Singapore l th trng xut khu ln th hai, xut khu ca n tng t 25.9% nm 95 ln 26.2% nm 96 nhng gim ln xung 14.7% nm 1997. cc nc chu u cng d nh m rng phn ca h trong xut khu t Cmpuchia khong 6.2% nm 1995 ln 14.0% nm 1997. Trong khi phn ASEAN gim t 72.8% xung cn 50.3% trong cng k, s hi nhp ca Cmpuchia vo ASEAN c chnh thc ln khng chnh thc sau khi s sp nhp ca n tr nn c ngha quan trng vic ton cu ho. Php l mt nc thng tr Cmpuchia trc y l th trng xut khu chnh nm 1996 trong EU vo Cmpuchia t l ca n t 2.1% nm 1995 ln 9.9% vo nm 1996. Nhng li

SV Sourn Sok Meng gim xung cn 1.9% nm 1997, c s thay i trong c cu nhp khu ca Cmpuchia t giai on thi k 80s n thi k 90s. Xng du , xe c, dt may, vi vc, my mc cho cc ngnh dt my v dc phm l nm mt hng nhp khu ln nht nm 1996. Chim tng ung t 11.3% ,7.9% ,4.5%,3.5% v 3.6% nm 1995 n 14%,13.9%,6.3%,5.7% v 5% nm 1996. ngoi s chuyn i t chin tranh lnh ra khng c nhiu s thay i t l nhp khu gia cc nc vo trong thi k 90. Singapore chim phn nhp khu ln nhp vo Cmpuchia nm 1995 n 1996 tip theo l thi lan v vitnam t l nhp khu ca singpore gim t 17.4% nm 1995 xung 16.5% nm 1996 v 10.3% nm 1997. Nhp khu t thi lan vt qua Singapore nm 1997 do s gim mt gi ca ng baht so vi ng la ca Singapore lm cho nhp khu t Thi lan r hn. t l nhp khu t asean vn hn 40% trong giai on 1995 n 1997 s tng nhp khu nhin liu du v phng tin ng b cho thy s tng trng ca nhng yu cu hiu qu trong nn kinh t ca Cmpuchia, s tng trng trong nhp khu dt my ch yu cho khu vc may mt nh hng xut khu do nc ngoi s hu rt nhiu nh my may xut khu dng si dt v vi nhp khu trong khi s pht trin ca ngnh sn xut may mc khng th hin yu cu pht trin c s h tng v xy dng,m cn sn xut. S thay i trong c cu tng nhp khu th hin s tri qua cng nghip sm ca Cmpuchia, gi r rng s chuyn i c cu t sn xut hng ho thit yu. Xut khu sn phm ca Cmpuchia cng tng ng k. L mt phn ca tng lng xut khu, may mc v ch bin g tng tng ng t 6.6 % v 18.9% vo nm 1995 ln 30.8% v 20.1% nm 1997. sn xut may mc c vn u t nc ngoi tng mnh nm 1990s. mang li khuyn khch lao ng lng thp ca vic sn xut may mc, v nhu cu thay i , vic thanh lp lut php v lao ng l vn quan trng m bo hiu qu trong vic qun l bo v. Trong khi nng nghip vn l ngnh dn u, hng xut khu tr nn quan trng. S thiu vn trong nc nh l s phn nh v mc tit kim thp c p ng vi dng FDI. Trong khi s tng trng nhanh trong u t v

SV Sourn Sok Meng thng mi, to ra s tng trng nhanh trong GDP vo nm thi k 90, mt s trong nhiu vn v v m cng ang bao ng. Tng trng nhanh cng vi s tng trng ti khon hin hnh, ti chnh chnh ph v tit kim u t thm ht.
S tng trng ca GDP Nng nghip Cng nghip Dch v Tit kim ni b(% GDP) u t ni b(%GDP) T l tn trng CPI Hot ng chnh ph trung ng(%GDP) Chi tiu Doanh thu Cn bng Ti khon hin hnh (%GDP) 1992 7.1 1.9 15.7 11.2 7.3 9.8 112.5 1993 4.1 -1.0 13.1 7.0 5.6 14.3 41.0 1994 4.0 0.0 7.5 7.5 4.8 18.5 17.9 1995 7.6 6.5 9.9 7.8 5.4 21.2 3.5 1996 7.0 2.4 18.2 7.0 4.9 20.4 9.0 1997 1.0 1.2 -2.9 2.6 4.7 16.1 9.1

9.8 6.2 -3.6 -2.5

11.2 5.4 -5.8 -9.4

16.5 9.6 -6.9 -13.7

16.7 8.9 -7.8 -16.1

16.3 9.1 -7.2 -15.5

13.9 9.7 -4.2 -11.4

Ngun: Chan S.et al(1999:19); bo co t ngn hng th gii(1999)

SV Sourn Sok Meng Bng 2: C cu xut nhp khu ca Cmpuchia, nm 1995_1997(%) 1995 Exports Imports 72.77 45.96 41.96 12.49 25.93 17.39 3.30 11.04 6.23 9.04 2.18 computed 1996 Exports Imports 60.63 48.74 27.70 13.21 26.16 16.46 5.79 12.23 22.48 11.85 1997 Exports Imports 50.30 26.18 14.71 6.99 14.00 44.57 17.78 10.31 9.67 7.75

ASEAN Thailand Singapore Vietnam European Union France Ngun:

5.75 9.93 4.41 from Cambodia, 1998,

1.94 3.72 Cambodia: Imports-

Exports,1995-1996-1997 Theo thng k b k hoch u t ca vng quc Cmpuchia cho thy c 10 nc u t nhiu nht vo Cmpuchia trong thi hn 5 nm, bt u t nm 1994 n 1998: Bng 3. C cu u t ca 10 nc vo Cmpuchia Tn nc Malaysia United States Taiwan Singapore China Korea Hongkong France Thailand England Ngun: bo co Cmpuchia S tin tnh bng USD Phn trm 1.866.908.135 34.63 394.007.692 7.31 367.335.947 6.81 245.496.069 4.55 218.208.704 4.05 200.670.333 3.72 200.190.342 3.71 192.298.054 3.57 156.911.929 2.91 72.814.328 1.35 t thng k ca u ban u t v t vn pht trin ca

SV Sourn Sok Meng 2. i tc v lnh vc u t Cmpuchia c mi quan h thng mi c mi quan h thng mi vng chc vi hu ht cc nc. Chnh ph ca th tng Hun Sen chng t tnh quan trng trong vic thc y pht trin thng mi vi nhiu loi hng ho. Sau khi ginh chnh quyn, ng Hun Sen n mng hai thnh tu v chnh sch vi nc ngoi lu di. C hai thnh tu ny thc y xut khu v thu ht xut khu nh hng u t nc ngoi. u tin Cmpuchia c quan h thng mi bnh thng vi M vo u 1998. vi quan h ny, thu quan i vi hng dt may gim t 40% xung cn 3%. Kt qu t c l s bng n v xut khu ra th trng ln nht ca th gii. Tip theo, Cmpuchia gia nhp hiu h cc nc ng Nam vo thng 4 nm 1999, v Cmpuchia c th bt u hi nhp li vi cng ng cc nc ng Nam . V mt trin vng v thng mi, cc thanh vin ASEAN ca Cmpuchia cho php nc ny xut khu hng ho sang nc h vi t l thu quan u tin. Ch thu quan ca Cmpuchia c li cho u t nc ngoi v tng cng thng mi. Nguyn liu th, cc linh kin ri v cc cng c nhp khu cho sn xut kinh oanh l c i tng c gim thu. Nguyn vt liu xy dng, my mc, v cc dng c khc c min thu nhp khu. Xut khu ca Cmpuchia bao gm phn ln hng dt may, g, go, cao su, ng v cc nng sn khc. ngnh dt may ang mang li thu nhp v xut khu cho Cmpuchia v l mt phn quan trng nht i vi nn kinh t. Cmpuchia ngoi g v khai thc hng dt may l ngun thu v xut khu ln nht ca Cmpuchia nm 1999, dt may xut khu ca Cmpuchia t 606 triu USD, tng 60% so vi nm ngoi, trong na u nm 2000, xut khu tng 53.5% t 422.8 triu USD, theo tin ca b thng mi Cmpuchia xut khu hn mt t USD gi tr hng dt vo nm 2001. Cng tnh Sihanoukville l cng ln nht ca Cmpuchia v l mi lin kt ng bin vi cc i tc thng mi khu vc. Thng mi hng ho trng yu cng pht trin gia Thailand v Cmpuchia vo tnh Koh Kong,

SV Sourn Sok Meng Hng xut khu chnh ca Cmpuchia l cao su, g, u tng, thu sn, Ng, Vng, Bng go v thuc l. Nhp khu chnh l Thuc l, nguyn vt liu xy dng, Xng du, May mc v t. Th trng chnh l Singapore, nht bn, Thailand, Hong kong, Indonesia, Malaysia v M. Th trng nhp khu l: Singapore, Vietnam, Nht bn, c, Hong kong, v Indonesia. Hot ng thng mi ca Cmpuchian ( n v triu USD) Xut khu % thay i Nhp khu % Thay i 1997 621 111.92 1,112 -31.86 1998 796 28.18 1,080 -2.8 1999 1,323 66.20 1,241 14.90 2000 1,358 2.64 1,418 14.26 2001 1,268 -6.62 1,422 0.28 Ngun: www.usembassy.state.gov/cambodia and direction of trade statistics yearbook 2001 Th trng xut khu chnh ca Cmpuchia (n v triu USD) United states Hong Kong(China) United 31 25 53 kingdom Germany 18 72 40 France 10 12 21 China 46 42 9 Thailand 132 77 19 Netherlands 2 7 9 Vietnam 157 42 392 Singapore 74 133 182 Ngun: Direction of Trade statistics yearbook 2001 1997 86 13 1998 293 27 1999 236 38 2000 740 262 82 66 28 24 23 20 19 18

SV Sourn Sok Meng Th trng nhp khu chnh ca Cmpuchia (n v triu USD) Hong Kong (China) United states Thailand Taiwan China Singaporee Vietnam Korea Idonesia Malaysia 1997 67 344 198 79 57 57 108 51 15 60 1998 130 217 169 126 96 96 91 68 28 47 1999 186 231 195 149 86 86 86 80 51 50 2000 254 220 222 175 113 113 92 77 68 64

Ngun: Direction of Trade Statistics yearbook 2001

SV Sourn Sok Meng CHNG III MT S GII PHP Y MNH THU HT U T NC NGOI FDI TI CMPUCHIA
I. MC TIU CHUNG

nh gi ng tm quan trng ca FDI. chnh ph Cmpuchia ban hnh chnh sch thu ht FDI vo mc tiu chnh l tranh thu nguyn tc k thut cng ngh, phng php qun l tin tin, m rng th trng nhm pht trin kinh t x hi. Mc tiu c th trong 5 nm l phi thu ht t 4 t n 5 t USD vn FDI. Mc tiu thu ht FDI ny l xut pht t yu cu tng tc pht trin nn kinh t Cmpuchia tranh nguy c tt hu so vi cc nc trong khu vc ng nam v cn c vo thc tin huy ng FDI trong thi gian gn y cng nh xu hng vn FDI trn th gii v xu hng gia tng FDI vo khu vc ng nam nhng nm qua. Mc tiu c th trn l c th thc hin c, tnh n cui 2002, hai nm trong k hoach 2002-2007 t 1,8671 t USD M d kin n nm 2007 c th t c 4 t USD nu t l FDI thc hin trung bnh 40% vn ng k nh trc. Mc tiu c th vi thu ht FDI c nh gi c s tnh ton kh nng huy ng ngun vn FDI trong nc. Theo nguyn tc tip nhn FDI th Cmpuchia phi c lng vn i ng, nhng thnh tu v pht trin kinh t cng nh trong vic thu ht FDI trong giai on qua khng nh s ng n ng li pht trin kinh t x hi m nh nc ra. To tin vng chc cho giai on tip theo, trong chng tip theo chng ta s tip tc i mi ng li pht trin kinh t theo phng hng chin lng kinh t ra. Trn c s phng hng pht trin kinh t x hi th huy ng FDI cng c thc hin hin nay.

II. TRUYN VNG THU HT FDI

SV Sourn Sok Meng Chnh ph Cmpuchia bit rng Cmpuchia cn mt thi gian di bt kp vi cc nc lang going trong vic pht trin kinh t. Quan trng hn l chnh ph nhn thc rng n s khng bao gi lm nh vy m khng c s tham gia ca cc nh u t nc ngoi v cc t chc a phng. khng c mt s tranh lun trong nc no v vic nn kinh t cn bao nhiu u t nc ngoi. Cmpuchia mun cng nhiu cng tt. Bi vy n ang c bc i quan trng v vng chc to cho mi trng u t hp dn hn vi cc nh u t nc ngoi. chnh ph bit rng FDI gi vai tr ch o i vi s pht trin ca Cmpuchia mt tc nhanh. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng i vi chnh ph l cn nhn thy rng khung t chc m s h tr chnh ph thu ht u t nn c t hp l. Mt yu t cu thanh quan trng ca khung t chc h tr l nng lc cc c quan nh nc, c kinh t ln ti chnh lp k hoch v thc hin cc chnh sch , lun v quy nh tc ng n u t nc ngoi trong cc ngnh khc nhau trong nn kinht . Trong c cu t chc v cc chinh sch v chin lc u t ca chnh ph hon ton tp trung hi ng pht trin Cmpuchia(CDC). CDC ( council for the development of Cambodia) l cp quyt nh cao nht trogn vic xc nh khung chin lc u v trong vic chp nhn hoc phn i cc mc ch u t trong cc trng hp c th. U bn u t Cmpuchia(CIB, Cambodian Invesment Board), nhn nh gi c mc nh u t ca cc nh u t v gi trong mt trng hp vi s nh gi v kinh t v k thut. U ban u t ny cng c trch nhim trong vic xc y u t trong nc v quc t, thu ht u t nc ngoi n thc hin mt nghin cu v cc li th cnh tranh ton din v cng thc hin mt chin dch thc y trong cc trung tm kinh doanh ln v cc trung tm ln trn th gii thng qua chin dch qung cao. Chc nng quan trng nht ca u ban ny l n thnh lp mt dch v cho cc nh u t cung cp cho h tt c cc thng tin cn thit tr gip v hng dn h t c cng nhanh cng tt s gii php ng k cn thit.

SV Sourn Sok Meng Kt qu nhng n lc ca chnh ph v CIB Cmpuchia nhanh chng tr thnh mt khu vc hp dn u t vi chi ph thp, cn nhiu nhn cng, sn xut nh hng xut khu. Cc cng ty nc ngoi lin quan n cc hot ng sn xut s c li nht ca cc iu ny. Trong khi tham nhng ang lan trn mi cp trong x hi Cmpuchia v thng xuyn l thc t ca cc cuc sng doanh nghip hot ng y. thu ht FDI, chnh ph Cmpuchia pht hnh cc giy php u t mt cch nhanh chng v khng mt tin trnh trng thy cho c d n thc hin nhng ch yu xc nh: lut u t cung cp s khuyn khch u t hng ho phng bao gm thu thu nhp cng ty 9% v min thu li nhun 8 nm. Dng u t nc ngoi thc t chy vo Cmpuchia tng hng nm. Phn ln cc quy nh u t nc ngoi tp trung mc tiu vo cc doanh nghip pht trin kinh t truyn thng nh thuc l, sn xut bia, ti sn, du lch v dt may. Cc doanh nghip nc ngoi cng tham gia vo lnh vc g v a qu v bt u tm kim cc c hi to dng c s vt cht cho Cmpuchia nh Trung quc, Hng kng, Thi lan, v Malaysia l c nh u t dn u vo Cmpuchia. Dng FDI hng nm vo Cmpuchia Nm 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Dng FDI (n v Triu USD) 293.6 168 121 135.5 153

Ngun: Bo co u t th gii, 2001

III. KHUYN KHCH THC Y FDI VO CMPUCHIA

Chnh ph Cmpuchia a ra nhng chnh sch khuyn khch thu ht u t vo Campuchai nh sau:

SV Sourn Sok Meng 1. T l thu cng ty l 9% tr thu v khm ph v khai thc cc ngun lc thin nhin, g, du, m, vng v qu s c thit lp trong cc lut ring r. 2. Mt s min thu cng ty trong 8 nm phc thuc vo c tnh ca d n v s u tin ca chnh ph trong trng hp l nhun c ti u t vo nn kinh t th s c min thu. 3. Khng nh thu trong vic phn b cc khon chia hoc li nhun hoc ca u t, k c chuyn gio nc ngoi hay phn phi trong nc. 4. Min thu 100% nhp khu hng ho trung gian, nguyn liu th v cc linh kin c s dng bi a. Mt d n nh hng xut khu vi mc ti thiu 80% b. c quy nh trong danh sch ( a designated special promotion zone) c. Ngnh du lch d. Ngnh khuyn khch lao ng, ngnh ch bin, ngnh agro e. C s h tng v ngnh nng lc 1. 100% min thu xut khu 2. Cho php vo Cmpuchia nhng ngi nc ngoi nh - Qun l nhn s v cc chuyn gia - Nhn s c k thut - Cng nhn c k nng.

SV Sourn Sok Meng PHN III KT LUN Quc t ho i sng l mt xu th tt yu khch quan ca nn sn xut x hi trn c s s pht trin mnh m ca lc lng sn xut. Xu hng ny li ko tt c cc nc trn th gii, d mun hay khng cng phi hi nhp vo nn kinh t th gii. Trong qua trnh quc t ho i sng kinh t quc t , hot ng u t nc ngoi c v tr ngy cng quan trng, n l mt nhn t quan trng cu thnh v quy nh xu th pht trin ca kinh t th gii, ng thi n cng l nhn t thc y nhanh qu trnh hi nhp vo nn kinh t th sgii ca cc nc ang pht trin. K t khi xut hin hot ng u t trc tip n ny c rt nhiu thay i trong hot ng ny. s lng vn FDI ngy cng tng trn th gii, hnh thc u t ngy cng phng ph, a dng v ngy cng c nhiu quc gia tham gia vo c vi t cch l nc tip nhn u t v ng thi l nc i u t, dng FDI trc y tp trung vo thuc a khi thc ti nguyn v lao ng, sau u t ln nhau gia cc nc cng nghip pht trin, n thp k 70s n 80s th dng FDI li c xu hng chy vo cc nc ang pht trin v bt u xut hin hai chiu, a cc v a bin trong u t quc t Tri qua trong qu trnh pht lch s lu di v bng nhng knh nghim ca cc nc khc trn th gii. Chng ta nhn ra c vai tr to ln cu FDI vi tng trng kinh t v th chnh ph Cmpuchia quyt nh i mi t noc theo hng m ca, cng vi vic m ca nn kinh t th u t trc tip ca nc ngoi cng bt u c m ca.

SV Sourn Sok Meng

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh u t ti Cmpuchia xut bn nm 2000 2. Gio trnh AFTA and The Cambodian labor market , published by Cambodian institute for cooperation and peace, issue No.3, Phnom Penh,Kingdom of Cambodia, July 2000 3. B k hoch v u t ti Cmpuchia
4. Ngun t Trang Web ca Cmpuchia. WWW.MOC.GOV.KH

5. B Kinh t v pht trin nng thn 6. Gio trnh u t nc Ngoi FDI (Investment in Cambodia) 7. S liu t trang web: WWW.Google.com

SV Sourn Sok Meng DANH MC CC CH CI VIT TT

Ch vit tt EU EC EEA ECSC EFTA EIB EURATOM CFSP ASEAN GSP MFN FDI ODA WTO OECD GDP Tn ting Anh European community European Economic community European investment bank European Coal and Steel European Free Trade Association European Investment Bank European Econiomic Energy Tn ting vit Lin minh chu u Cng ng kinh t chu u Ngn hng u t chu u Cng ng than v thp chu u Hip hi mu dch t do chu u Ngn hng u t chu u Cng ng nng lng

nguyn t chu u Common Foreign and Security Chnh sch chung v An Policy ninh v i ngoi Association of South- East Asia Hip hi cc quc gia ng Nations Generalized system of preference Nam H thng u i thu quan

ph cp Most- favoured nation Qu ch ti hu quc Foreign Direct Investment u t trc tip nc ngoi Official development Assistance Hi tr pht trin chnh thc World Trade Organization T chc thng mi th gii Organization for Economics T chc hp tc v pht trin Cooperation and Development Gross Domestic Product kinh t Tng sn phm quc ni

SV Sourn Sok Meng

MC LC
Phn I: Tnh tt yu ca n................................................................................1 Phn II: Ni dung Chng I: C s l lun v thc tin v FDI.........................................................2 I. Qu trnh hnh thnh v nguyn nhn dn ti u t trc tip nc ngoi.............2 1. Qu trnh hnh thnh v nguyn nhn thc hin FDI.............................................2 2. Mt s thuyt v u t nc ngoi.......................................................................4 2.1. L thuyt chu k sng.........................................................................................4 2.2. L thuyt v quyn li th trng .......................................................................4 2.3. L thuyt v tnh khng hon ho ca th trng ..............................................5 2.4. L thuyt chit trung...........................................................................................5 II. Khi nim, vai tr v c im ca FDI................................................................6 1. Khi nim FDI.......................................................................................................6 2. Ngun gc v bn cht ca FDI.............................................................................6 3. Vai tr ca FDI......................................................................................................6 4. a im ca FDI..................................................................................................9 5. Cc l lun khc v FDI......................................................................................10 5.1. L lun v chu k sn phm .............................................................................10 5.2. Quyt cu thnh hu c ca u t..................................................................10 5.3. L lun v phn tn ri ro................................................................................11 III. Xu hng vn ng ca FDI..............................................................................11 1. FDI tng nhanh v chim t trng ngy cng ln trong t trng vn u t........11 IV. S phn b FDI khng u cho cc khu vc a l............................................13 V. Kinh nghim thu ht FDI ca mt s nc.........................................................14 5.1. Trung Quc......................................................................................................14 5.2. Malaysia...........................................................................................................15 Chng II: Thc trng thu ht FDI u t trc tip nc ngoi ti Cmpuchia .................................................................................................................................16 I. Khi qut v kinh t, chnh tr, x hi ca Cmpuchia.........................................16 II. S vn v mt s d n trong nm qua...............................................................17

SV Sourn Sok Meng

III. Ci cch kinh t ti Cmpuchia..........................................................................18 1. Thu ht u t nc ngoi ti Cmpuchia...........................................................20 2. i tc v lnh vc u t....................................................................................26 Chng III: Mt s gii php y mnh thu ht u t nc ngoi FDI ti Cmpuchia.............................................................................................................29 I. Mc tiu chung.....................................................................................................29 II. Truyn vng thu ht FDI.....................................................................................30 III. Khuyn khch thc y FDI vo Cmpuchia.....................................................33 Phn III: Kt lun..................................................................................................33