CEN 342 Introduction to Data Transmission

Chapter 8
Multiplexing
Dr. Mostafa Hassan Dahshan
Computer Engineering Department College of Computer and Information Sciences

King Saud University

mdahshan@ccis.ksu.edu.sa

Multiplexing
Communication links are expensive Using one link/party is inefficient Many applications require modest data rates Sharing link is more cost efficient Link sharing requires multiplexing

Multiplexing Types

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Statistical Time Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Possible with large bandwidth Multiple signals carried simultaneously Each signal modulated onto different carrier frequency Carrier frequencies must be sufficiently separated Bandwidths should not overlap

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Frequency Division Multiplexing

Example: FDM of TV Signals

Example FDM of Voice Signals

Bandwidth of voice signal (300-3400 Hz) Generally taken as 4 kHz Using AM with carrier frequency 64 kHz Spectrum of modulated signal is 8 kHz
60 kHz 68 kHz

To make efficient use of bandwidth

transmit only lower sideband

FDM Problems
Crosstalk
spectrum overlap between adjacent component signals guard band should be added e.g. voice 4 kHz instead of 3100 Hz

Intermodulation noise
amplifiers produce frequency components of other channels

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

FDM used in optical fiber Multiple signals use different frequency WDM is the commonly used term Each wavelength carry channel of data More channels, closely spaced
dense wavelength division multiplexing DWDM 160 channels, each 10 Gbps now available

Time Division Multiplexing

Multiple digital signals carried on single path Portions of each signal interleaved in time Interleaving: bit level, blocks of bytes, larger Data from each source is buffered Buffers scanned sequentially Data organized into frames

Time Division Multiplexing

Rate of mc(t) must be ni mi(t)

Time Division Multiplexing

Synchronous TDM
Time slots pre-assigned to sources Slot transmitted even if source has no data May waste capacity but simple to implement Different data rates are possible Fast source can be assigned multiple slots Slots dedicated to source called channel

Framing
Frame sync to identify frame boundaries Added-digit framing
one control bit added to each TDM frame effectively another channel (control channel) bit pattern 101010 unlikely on data channel

Synchronizing Multiple Sources

Most difficult problem in TDM design If each source has separate clock
any variation among clock loss of sync

Input data rates not related by simple rational number Pulse stuffing is used to solve this problem

Pulse Stuffing
Outgoing data rate of multiplexer > sum of max instantaneous incoming rates Extra capacity used to stuff extra bits Dummy bits/pulses added to each input until rate matches local clock Stuffed pulses added at fixed locations Removed by demultiplexer

Example
Input Source 1: Analog, 2 kHz Source 2: Analog, 4 kHz Source 3: Analog, 2 kHz Sources 4-11: Digital, 7200 bps

Example
For analog sources Sources 1, 3 sampled at 4000 samples/s Source 2 at 8000 samples/s PCM, quantized using 4 bits/sample 2 sample / scan for source 2 (8 bits) 1 sample / scan for sources 1, 3 (8 bits) Total sources 1-3 =16 4000 = 64 kbps

Example
For digital sources Pulse stuffing raise each source to 8 kbps For aggregate data rate = 64 kbps Frame bit allocation Suppose frame = 32 bits 16 bits for PCM sources 1-3 (1:4, 2:8, 3:4) 2 bits for each source from 4-11 = 16 bits

Digital Carrier Systems

Synchronous TDM transmission structure TDM performed at multiple levels Hierarchy of TDM structures
US, Canada, Japan use AT&T system Other countries use ITU-T system

DS-1 Transmission Format

Voice Transmission
Voice is PCM digitized 8000 samples/s Frame rate must be 8000 frames/s Frame length = 24 8 + 1 = 193 bits Data rate = 8000 193 = 1.544 Mbps Control bits used in every 6th frame

Data Transmission
Same 1.544 Mbps data rate used 23 channels for data, 1 for sync byte Within channel
7 bits used for data 1 bit indicate channel is user or sys control data 7 8000 = 56 kbps max rate / channel

SONET/SDH
SONET (Synchronous Optical Network)
optical transmission interface proposed by BellCore, standardize by ANSI

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

compatible version published by ITU-T few differences from SONET

Signal Hierarchy
SONET defines hierarchy of data rates
Lowest STS-1 / OC-1: 51.84 Mbps STS-1 carry 1 DS-3 or group of DS-1 Multiple STS-1 combined to form STS-N

SDH
lowest rate is STM-1: 155.52 = STS-3

Signal Hierarchy

Frame Format
Frame consists of 810 octets Transmitted every 125 s = 8000 frame/s 8108 bit/frame 8000 frame/s = 51.84Mbps Frame logically viewed as matrix
9 rows, 90 octets each transmitted one row at time first 3 cols (27 octets) are overhead payload includes a column for path overhead

Statistical TDM
TDM does not efficiently utilize capacity Many times, slots are wasted Statistical TDM allocates slots on demand Number of lines n < number of time slots k Not slots are reserved for specific input line Multiplexer collects data until frame is filled

Statistical TDM
Output data rate < sum input rates Can take
more sources than TDM at same output rate or less output rate for same sources as TDM

More overhead than TDM

slot positions must be identified address information must be included with data

Statistical TDM

Frame Structure
Control information is needed Two possible formats One data source per frame
need to identify address of source work well under light load inefficient under heavy load

Multiple sources per frame

need to identify length of data of each source

Frame Structure

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Subscriber line: customer to central office Carry voice grade signal: 0 4 kHz Wire can support 1 MHz or more Provide high speed data over phone line Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
more downstream rate the upstream most home user traffic is downstream

ADSL Design
Lowest 25 kHz reserved for voice
known as plain old telephone service (POTS) more than 4 kHz to prevent crosstalk

FDM or echo cancellation to allocate bands

smaller upstream, larger downstream

FDM used within each band

bit stream split into multiple parallel bit streams each portion carried in separate frequency band

Echo Cancellation
Allow simultaneous transmission in both directions on the same band To recover received signal, transmitter subtracts echo of its own transmission Frequency band of up/down stream overlap

Echo Cancellation
Advantages
less attenuation in low frequency range more downstream band in good part of spectrum more flexible allocation of up/down stream bands

Disadvantages
logic for EC must be installed both sides more complexity

Discrete Multitone (DMT)

Used in ADSL transmission Multiple carrier signals different frequencies Transmission band divided to 4kHz channels Send some bits on each sub-channel Substream converted to analog using QAM QAM can assign different bits / signal Total data rate = sum of sub-channel rates

Discrete Multitone (DMT)

Initially, DMT modem sends test signals Test signals sent on all channels to test SNR More bits assigned to better SNR channels Each channel carries between 0-60 kbps

ADSL/DMT Transmission

ADSL/DMT Transmission
Design uses 256 downstream sub-channels Each sub-channel is 4 kHz Max possible rate 60 kbps 256 = 15.36 Mbps In practice, limited by impairments Actual rates from 1.5 to 9 Mbps Rate depends on distance and quality

xDSL

ADSL = Asymmetric DSL HDSL = High data rate DSL

SDSL = Single line DSL VDSL = Very high data rate DSL

Additional References
DS0, DS1, DS3, T1, T3 Dedicated FAQ, dedicated-voicedata.alllongdistance.com/dedfaq.shtml An introduction to ADSL, people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/ nu_lectures/lecture13/DSL/DSL.html