Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHNG 1: M U.................................................................................................1
1.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................................................1
1.2. Tnh cp thit ca ti..........................................................................................1
1.3. Mc tiu nghin cu................................................................................................2
1.4. Ni dung nghin cu...............................................................................................2
1.5. Phm vi nghin cu.................................................................................................2
CHNG 2: TNG QUAN..........................................................................................3
2.1. Thnh phn, tnh cht ca nc thi chn nui.......................................................3
2.1.1. Cc cht hu c v v c.....................................................................................3
2.1.2. N v P...................................................................................................................3
2.1.3. Vi sinh vt gy bnh.............................................................................................3
2.2. Cc nghin cu trong v ngoi nc v x l nc thi chn nui heo.................3
2.2.1. Cc nc trn th gii..........................................................................................3
2.2.2. Vit Nam..........................................................................................................5
CC QUY TRNH X L CHT THI CHN NUI THAM KHO........................6
i vi quy m h gia nh................................................................................................6
i vi c s chn nui quy m nh.................................................................................7
i vi c s chn nui quy m va v ln..................................................................7
2.3. Cc phng php x l nc thi chn nui heo....................................................8
2.3.1. Phng php x l c hc....................................................................................8
2.3.2. Phng php x l ha l....................................................................................9
2.3.3. Phng php x l sinh hc...............................................................................10
2.3.3.1. Phng php x l hiu kh...........................................................................10
2.3.3.2. Phng php x l k kh..............................................................................10
2.3.3.3. Cc h thng x l nhn to bng phng php sinh hc...............................11
2.3.3.4. Cc h thng x l t nhin bng phng php sinh hc...............................14
2.3.3.5. ng dng thc vt nc x l nc thi ...................................................18
2.3.3.6. ng dng lc bnh x l nc thi ............................................................19
CHNG 3: XUT CC PHNG N X L NC THI CHN NUI
HEO CNG SUT 500M3/NGY M...................................................................24
3.1. C s la chn phng n x l nc thi...........................................................24
3.2. Phng n 1...........................................................................................................25
3.3. Phng n 2 ..........................................................................................................26
CHNG 4: TNH TON CHI TIT CC CNG TRNH N V THEO
PHNG N 2...........................................................................................................28
4.1. Li chn rc.........................................................................................................28
4.2. Ngn tip nhn.......................................................................................................29
4.3. B lng ct.............................................................................................................30
4.4. B iu ha............................................................................................................31
4.5. B lng t I..........................................................................................................36
4.6. B UASB...............................................................................................................40
4.7. B aerotank............................................................................................................43
4.8. B lng II...............................................................................................................53
4.9. B nn bn.............................................................................................................57
4.10. My p bn..........................................................................................................60
4.11. H sinh hc thc vt............................................................................................61
CHNG 5: TNH KINH T.....................................................................................63
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
CHNG 1: M U
1.1. Gii thiu
T ngn nm nay cuc sng ca ngi nng dn Vit Nam gn lin vi cy la
v chn nui gia sc. Chn nui heo khng ch cung cp phn ln tht tiu th hng
ngy, l ngun cung cp phn hu c cho cy trng, m chn nui heo cn tn dng
thc n v thu ht lao ng d tha trong nng nghip. Vi nhng c tnh ring
ca n nh tng trng nhanh, vng i ngn chn nui heo lun c quan tm v
n tr thnh con vt khng th thiu c ca cuc sng hng ngy trong hu ht
cc gia nh nng dn. Trong nhng nm gn y i sng ca nhn dn ta khng
ngng c ci thin v nng cao, nhu cu tiu th tht trong ch yu l tht heo
ngy mt tng c v s lng v cht lng thc y ngnh chn nui heo bc
sang bc pht trin mi. Hin nay trn c nc ta xy dng nhiu m hnh chn
tri chn nui heo vi quy m ln, ch yu phn b ti 5 vng trng im l Mc
Chu (Sn La), H Ni v cc vng ph cn, khu vc TPHCM v cc tnh xung
quanh, Lm ng v mt s tnh duyn hi min Trung.
Bn cnh nhng mt tch cc, vn mi trng do ngnh chn nui gy ra
ang c d lun v cc nh lm cng tc mi trng quan tm. cc nc c
nn chn nui cng nghip pht trin mnh nh H Lan, Anh, M, Hn Quc, th
y l mt trong nhng ngun gy nhim ln nht. Vit Nam, kha cnh mi
trng ca ngnh chn nui ch c quan tm trong vi nm tr li y khi tc
pht trin chn nui ngy cng tng, lng cht thi do chn nui a vo mi
trng ngy cng nhiu, e da n mi trng t, nc, khng kh xung quanh
mt cch nghim trng.
1.2. Tnh cp thit ca ti
Ngun nc thi chn nui l mt ngun nc thi c cha nhiu hp cht hu
c, virus, vi trng, trng giun sn Ngun nc ny c nguy c gy nhim cc
tng nc mt, nc ngm v tr thnh nguyn nhn trc tip pht sinh dch bnh
cho n gia sc. ng thi n c th ly lan mt s bnh cho con ngi v nh
hng n mi trng xung quanh v nc thi chn nui cn cha nhiu mm
bnh nh: Samonella, Leptospira, Clostridium tetani,nu khng x l kp thi.
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
NCTHI
CHN NUI
B T HOI
H GA
CN LNG
PHN
PHN
PHN BN
NC
THI
X L
THI RA
NGUN
Quy trnh 2:
BIOGAS
NCTHI
CHN NUI
HM BIOGAS
H LNG
NC
THI
X L
THI RA
NGUN
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
HM BIOGAS
H LNG
CN LNG
PHN
PHN
PHN BN
NC
THI
X L
THI RA
NGUN
Quy trnh 1:
NC THI
CHN NUI
PHN
LNG
UASB
PHN
B SC KH
PHN BN
LNG
THI
RA
NGUN
Quy trnh 2:
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
NC
THI
CHN
NUI
PHN
Lp HMT1
H K
KH
LNG
PHN
H TY
NGHI
H HIU
KH
PHN BN
THI RA
NGUN
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
lng to iu kin thun li v gim khi tch ca cc cng trnh x l tip theo.
Ngoi ra c th dng phng php ly tm hoc lc. Hm lng cn l lng trong
nc thi chn nui kh ln (khong vi ngn mg/L) v d lng nn c th lng s
b trc ri a sang cc cng trnh x l pha sau.
Sau khi tch, nc thi c a sang cc cng trnh pha sau, cn phn cht
rn c em i lm phn bn.
2.3.2. Phng php x l ha l
Nc thi chn nui cn cha nhiu cht hu c, cht v c dng ht c kch
thc nh, kh lng, kh c th tch ra bng cc phng php c hc thng thng
v tn nhiu thi gian v hiu qu khng cao. Ta c th p dng phng php keo t
loi b chng. Cc cht keo t thng s dng l phn nhm, phn st, phn
bn, kt hp vi polymer tr keo t tng qu trnh keo t.
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l : cho vo trong nc thi cc ht keo
mang in tch tri du vi cc ht l lng c trong nc thi (cc ht c ngun gc
silic v cht hu c c trong nc thi mang in tch m, cn cc ht nhm
hidroxid v st hidroxi c a vo mang in tch dng). Khi th in ng ca
nc b ph v, cc ht mang in tri du ny s lin kt li thnh cc bng cn c
kch thc ln hn v d lng hn.
Theo nghin cu ca Trng Thanh Cnh (2001) ti tri chn nui heo 2/9:
phng php keo t c th tch c 80-90% hm lng cht l lng c trong nc
thi chn nui heo.
Ngoi keo t cn loi b c P tn ti dng PO43- do to thnh kt ta
AlPO4 v FePO4.
Phng php ny loi b c hu ht cc cht bn c trong nc thi chn
nui. Tuy nhin chi ph x l cao. p dng phng php ny x l nc thi
chn nui l khng hiu qu v mt kinh t.
Ngoi ra, tuyn ni cng l mt phng php tch cc ht c kh nng
lng km nhng c th kt dnh vo cc bt kh ni ln. Tuy nhin chi ph u t,
vn hnh cho phng php ny cao, cng khng hiu qu v mt kinh t i vi cc
tri chn nui.
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
e
En zym
CO2 + H2O + H
Tng hp t bo mi :
CxHyOz + O2 + NH3 T bo vi khun (C5H7O2N) + CO2 + H2O - H
E nzym e
Phn hy ni bo :
C5H7O2N + O2
e
Enzym
tan thnh cht n gin nh acid bo d bay hi, ru, acid lactic, methanol, CO 2,
H2, NH3, H2S v sinh khi mi.
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
acetic, H2, CO2, acid formic v methanol chuyn ha thnh methane, CO2 v sinh
khi mi.
2.3.3.3. Cc h thng x l nhn to bng phng php sinh hc
a. X l theo phng php hiu kh
X l nc thi theo phng php hiu kh nhn to da trn nhu cu oxy cn
cung cp cho vi sinh vt hiu kh c trong nc thi hot ng v pht trin. Cc vi
sinh vt hiu kh s dng cc cht hu c, cc ngun N v P cng vi mt s
nguyn t vi lng khc lm ngun dinh dng xy dng t bo mi, pht trin
tng sinh khi. Bn cnh qu trnh h hp ni bo cng din ra song song, gii
phng CO2 v nc. C hai qu trnh dinh dng v h hp ca vi sinh vt u cn
oxy. p ng nhu cu oxy ha tan trong nc, ngi ta thng s dng h thng
sc kh b mt bng cch khuy o hoc bng h thng kh nn.
Qu trnh x l hiu kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng l lng (bn
hot tnh)
Qu trnh ny s dng bn hot tnh dng l lng x l cc cht hu c ha
tan hoc cc cht hu c dng l lng. Sau mt thi gian thch nghi, cc t bo vi
khun bt u tng trng v pht trin. Cc ht l lng trong nc thi c cc t
bo vi sinh vt bm ln v pht trin thnh cc bng cn c hot tnh phn hy cc
cht hu c. Cc ht bng cn dn dn ln ln do c cung cp oxy v hp th cc
cht hu c lm cht dinh dng sinh trng v pht trin.
Bn hot tnh l tp hp cc vi sinh vt khc nhau, ch yu l vi khun, bn
cnh cn c nm men, nm mc, x khun, nguyn sinh ng vt, giun, sn,
kt thnh dng bng vi trung tm l cc ht l lng trong nc. Trong bn hot
tnh ta thy c loi Zoogelea trong khi nhy. Chng c kh nng sinh ra mt bao
nhy xung quanh t bo, bao nhy ny l mt polymer sinh hc vi thnh phn l
polysaccharide c tc dng kt cc t bo vi khun li to thnh bng.
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
l ph thuc s pht trin ca vi khun hiu kh, k kh, ty nghi, cng vi s pht
trin ca cc loi vi nm, ru, to v mt s loi ng vt khc nhau.
H h sinh hc c th phn loi nh sau:
(1) H hiu kh (Aerobic Pond); (2)H ty nghi (Facultative Pond); (3) H k
kh (Anaerobic Pond); (4) H x l b sung.
H hiu kh (Aerobic Pond)
H lm thong t nhin
Oxy c cung cp cho qu trnh oxy ha cht hu c ch yu do s khuch
tn khng kh qua mt nc v qu trnh quang hp ca cc thc vt nc (rong,
to,). Chiu su ca h phi b (thng ly khong 30-40 cm) m bo cho
iu kin hiu kh c th duy tr ti y h. Trong h, nc thi c x l bi qu
trnh cng sinh gia to v vi khun, cc ng vt bc cao hn nh nguyn sinh
ng vt cng xut hin trong h v nhim v ca chng l lm sch nc thi (n
cc vi khun). Cc nhm vi khun, to hay nguyn sinh ng vt hin din trong h
ty thuc vo cc yu t nh lu lng np cht hu c, khuy trn, pH, dng
cht, nh sng v nhit .
Hiu sut chuyn ha BOD5 ca h rt cao, c th ln n 95%. Tuy nhin, ch
c BOD5 dng ha tan mi b loi khi nc thi u vo, v trong nc thi u ra
cha nhiu t bo to v vi khun, do nu phn tch tng BOD 5 c th s ln hn
c tng BOD5 ca nc thi u vo. Nhiu thng s khng th khng ch c nn
hin nay ngi ta thng thit k theo lu lng np t t cc m hnh th
nghim. Vic iu chnh lu lng np phn nh lng oxy c th t c t
quang hp v trao i kh qua b mt tip xc nc, khng kh.
Do su nh, thi gian lu nc di nn din tch ca h ln. V th h ch
thch hp khi kt hp vic x l nc thi vi nui trng thy sn cho mc ch
chn nui v cng nghip.
H hiu kh lm thong nhn to
Ngun oxy cung cp cho qu trnh sinh hc t cc thit b nh bm kh nn
hay my khuy c hc. V c tip kh nhn to nn chiu su ca h c th t 2 -
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
4,5 m. Sc cha tiu chun khong 400 kg/(ha.ngy). Thi gian lu nc trong h
1-3 ngy.
H hiu kh lm thong nhn to do c chiu su h ln, mt khc vic lm
thong cng kh m bo ton phn v th mt phn ln ca h lm vic nh h
hiu-k kh, ngha l phn trn hiu kh, phn di k kh.
H ty nghi ( Facultative Pond )
Vic x l nc thi tt l do hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt hiu kh, k kh v
ty nghi. T trn xung y h c 3 khu vc chnh.
- Khu vc th nht (hay l khu vc hiu kh) c c trng bi h cng
sinh gia vi khun v to. Ngun oxy c cung cp bi oxy kh tri thng qua qu
trnh trao i t nhin qua b mt h, v oxy c to ra qua qu trnh quang hp
ca to. Oxy c vi khun s dng phn hy cc cht hu c to nn cc dng
cht v CO2, to s dng cc sn phm ny quang hp.
- Khu vc trung gian (hay l khu vc k kh khng bt buc) c trng bi
cc hot ng ca cc vi khun k kh khng bt buc.
- Khu vc th ba (hay l khu vc k kh) c trng bi cc hot ng ca cc
vi khun k kh phn hy cc cht hu c lng ng di y b.
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trang 17
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Quang hp
Cc cht v c ha tan
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Tn khoa hc
Hydrilla verticillata
chm
Myriophyllum spicatum
Eichhornia crassipes
Wolfia arrhiga
Pistia stratiotes
Typha spp
Scirpus spp
Phragmites communis
Water milfoil
Lc bnh
Thc vt nc sng ni Bo tm
Bo tai tng
Thc vt nc sng Cattails(c ui mo)
Bulrush(c li bc)
na chm na ni
Reed(lau sy)
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
L mc theo dng hoa th, cung phng ln thnh phao ni. Cy con phao
ngn v phng to, cy gi cc phao ko di c th ti 30 cm. Tnh ni ca lc bnh
l do t l cao ca kh trong cung l (chim 70% th tch).
Hoa khng u, mu xanh nht hoc tm. i v cnh hoa cng mu dnh lin
vi nhau gc, cnh hoa trn c m vng.
Lc bnh sinh trng v pht trin nhit 10oC 40oC nhng mnh nht
nhit 20oC 30oC, v vy nc ta lc bnh sng quanh nm.
Vai tr ca cc b phn ca thc vt nc trong h thng x l (Chongrak
Polprasert, 1997)
Phn c th
Nhim v
R v/hoc L gi bm cho vi khun pht trin
thn
Lc v hp ph cht rn
Thn v/hoc Hp th nh sng mt tri do ngn cn s pht trin ca to
l mt nc Lm gim nh hng ca gi ln h x l
Lm gim s trao i gia nc v kh quyn
hoc pha trn
mt nc
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
C ch loi N
B hp th bi lc bnh v sau khi lc bnh c thu hoch th N
c loi khi h thng.
S bay hi ca amoniac.
Qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha ca cc vi sinh vt.
Trong qu trnh nitrat ha v kh nitrat ha gp phn ln nht. Lc bnh
cung cp gi bm cho cc vi khun nitrat ha. qu trnh nitrat ha c th xy ra,
hm lng DO phi mc 0,61,0 mg/L. Do su m qu trnh nitrat ha c
th xy ra quan h mt thit vi lu lng np BOD v tc chuyn ha oxy vo
nc. Qu trnh kh nitrat ha din ra trong iu kin thiu kh (anoxic) v qu
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
c tnh
Nng
n v
pH
BOD5
COD
SS
Ntng
Ptng
Coliform
7,2
2817
5210
615
206
37
5,8.109
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
mg/L
MPN/100mL
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
3.2. Phng n 1
Lp HMT1
Nc thi
Li chn rc
Chn lp
B lng ct
B iu ha
My
thi kh
B lng 1
San lp
Nc sau tch bn
B nn bn
My nn
bn
B UASB
B lc sinh
hc cao ti
Lm phn
bn
B lng 2
B tip xc
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
hc cao ti. Nc thu c cho chy qua b lng t 2, sau kh trng bng clo
trc khi a ra ra ngun tip nhn.
u im
Din tch cng trnh nh.
Hiu qu x l tng i cao, nc u ra t tiu chun.
Khuyt im
B lc sinh hc cao ti d b tt nghn theo thi gian.
Tn chi ph ha cht.
Chi ph vn hnh cao.
3.3. Phng n 2
Nc thi
Li chn rc
Chn lp
B lng 1
My
thi kh
B UASB
San lp
Nc sau tch bn
B nn bn
My nn bn
Lm phn
bn
B aerotank
B lng 2
H sinh hc
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trang 27
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Q 500
=
= 83,33 m3 / h
t
6
Q
L
h
A
83,33m / h * 1h * 1000l =
1,98m
700l / ph.m 60 ph
m
2
S li chn rc
n=
A
1,98m2
=
= 2luoi
B.L 0,8m.1, 2m
Q
L =
L*B*n
th
A
83,33m / h * 1h *1000l =
=
723l / ph.m
0,8m*1,2m*2 60 ph
m
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Mt ct 1 - 1
1
= 41, 7(m3 )
60
==> B L =
V 41, 7
=
= 20,85(m 2 )
h
2
Chn B = 4 m , L = 5 m
Vy kch thc ngn tip nhn l: L x B x H = 5 x 4 x 2,5m.
Tnh bm chm bm nc thi
Cng sut ca bm c tnh theo cng thc:
N=
.g .H .Q 1000.9,81.6.83,33
=
= 1, 7(kW )
1000
1000.0,8.3600
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Vi:
Q : lu lng nc thi (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn, H = 6 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca nc (kg/m3).
: hiu sut bm (%).
Tn thng s
Chiu di
Chiu rng
Chiu cao
Thi gian lu nc
n v
m
m
m
pht
Kch thc
5
4
2,5
30
4.3. B lng ct
4.3.1 Nhim v
Nhim v ca b lng ct l lng cc ht cn c kch thc ln nhm bo v cc
thit b my mc khi b mi mn, gim s lng ng cc vt liu nng trong ng,
knh, mng dn
B lng ct dng tch cc hp phn khng tan v c ch yu l ct ra khi
ngun nc.
4.3.2. Tnh ton
B lng ct ngang phi m bo vn tc chuyn ng ca nc l 0,15 m/s v
0,3 m/s v thi gian lu nc trong b l 30s t 60s (iu 6.3.20 TCXD 51
84).
Chn thi gian lu ca b lng ct ngang: t = 60s
Ch vn tc nc trong b lng ngang: vn = 0,2 (m/s)
Th tch tng cng ca b lng ct ngang
W = Qs .t =
83,33.60
= 1, 4(m3 )
3600
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Qs
83,33
=
= 0,12m 2
vn 0, 2.3600
Fn =
Fn 0,12
=
= 0, 4m
H
0,3
W
1, 4
=
= 5,83m
n * B * H 2*0, 4*0,3
Chn L = 6m
Lng ct trung bnh sau mi ngy m
Wc =
Qtbngay * q0
1000
500*0,15
= 0, 075m3 / ngaydem
1000
Wc * t x
0, 075*1
=
= 0, 016m
L * B * n 6*0, 4* 2
Vi tx = 1: chu k ly ct l 1 ngy m
Chiu cao xy dng ca b:
HXD = h + hc + hbv = 0,3 + 0,016 + 0,3 = 0,62m
Trong :
h : chiu cao cng tc ca b lng ct; h = 0,5m.
hc : chiu cao lp ct trong b; hc = 0,0125m.
hbv: chiu cao bo v; hbv = 0,3 m.
4.4. B iu ha
4.4.1. Nhim v
B iu ho c nhim v iu ho lu lng v nng nc thi dng vo,
trnh lng cn v lm thong s b, qua oxy ho mt phn cht hu c trong
nc thi. Nc thi c n nh v lu lng v nng thun li cho vic x
l cc cng trnh x l sau, nht l s trnh c hin tng qu ti ca h thng
x l.
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
Trang 31
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
V 166, 67
=
= 41, 67(m 2 )
H
4
Lu lng kh
(l/pht.ci)
11 96
Chp s - li
14 71
27 39
Bn s - li
57 142
26 33
Dng li
68 113
28 32
85 311
17 28
Cch b tr
a s - li
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n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
57 340
13 25
Dng li
28 198
25 36
57 198
19 37
28 113
22 29
57 170
15 19
ng khoan l b tr:
Dng li
Mt pha theo chiu di
qkk 2500
=
= 30 (a)
r
80
4qkk
4.0, 042
=
= 0, 07(m)
.v
.10
0, 042m3 / s
= 7.103 m3 / s v chn vn tc
6
4qkk
4.7.103
=
= 0, 03(m)
.v
.10
Trang 33
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
hc: tn tht p lc cc b, m
hf: tn tht qua thit b phn phi, m
H: chiu cao hu ch ca b iu ho, H = 4 m
Tng tn tht hd v hc thng khng vt qu 0,4m, tn tht hf khng vt
qu 0,5m, do p lc cn thit l:
Htc = 0,4 + 0,5 + 4 = 4,9 mH2O = 0,49 at
Cng sut my thi kh tnh theo cng thc sau:
0,283
G.R.T P2
P =
1
29, 7.n. P1
Trong :
+ P: Cng sut yu cu ca my (KW)
+ G: trng lng dng kh(Kg/s)
G = qk . kh = 0,042.1,29 = 0,054 (Kg/s)
+R: hng s kh. R = 8,314 (KJ/K.mol.oK )
+ T: nhit tuyt i ca khng kh u vo:
T1= 273 + 25 = 298 oK
+ P1 : p lc tuyt i ca khng kh u vo, P1 = 1at
+ P2: p lc tuyt i ca khng kh u ra, P2 =Htc + 1at = 1,49 at
+n =
k 1 1,395 1
=
= 0, 283 ( k = 1,395 i vi khng kh).
k
1,395
+ 29,7: h s chuyn i.
+ : hiu sut ca my nn kh, = 0,7 0,9, chn = 0,8.
P =
0, 054.8,314.298 1, 49
1 = 2, 4(KW )
0,283
4Q
4.55,56
=
= 0,168(m)
.v.3600
.0, 7.3600
Trang 34
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
4.20,83
= 0, 086( m)
.1.3600
.g .H .Q 1000.9,81.8.20,83
=
= 0,57(kW )
1000
1000.0,8.3600
Vi:
Q : lu lng nc thi (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn, H = 8 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca nc (kg/m3).
: hiu sut bm (%). Chn = 0,8.
Gi tr
Trang 35
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
4,3
30
75
32
ng knh ng dn nc vo b (mm)
160
90
2,4
4.5. B lng t I
4.5.1. Nhim v
Nhim v ca b lng t I l loi b cc tp cht l lng cn li trong nc thi
sau khi qua cc cng trnh x l trc . y cc cht l lng c t trng ln
hn t trng ca nc s lng xung y.
4.5.2. Tnh ton
Gi s sau li chn rc, b lng ct, b iu ha, hm lng cht rn gim
khong 25%. Nng SS vo b lng I l 461 mg/l.
Hiu qu kh SS ca b lng I t 60%. Vy hm lng cn l lng ra khi b
lng I l 184 mg/l.
Chn b lng t I c dng hnh trn trn mt bng, nc thi vo t tm v thu
nc theo chu vi b (b lng ly tm).
Gi tr
Trong khong
c trng
1.5 2.5
2.0
32 48
Lu lng cao im
80 120
102
Trang 36
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Ti trng mng trn, m3/m .ngy
Lp HMT1
125 - 500
248
ng trung tm
ng knh
15 20% D
Chiu cao
55 65% H
Chiu su H ca b lng, m
3.0 4.6
3.6
ng knh D ca b lng, m
3.0 60
12 45
dc y b, mm/m
62 167
83
0.02 0.05
0.03
Q 500
=
= 15, 625(m 2 )
LA 32
Trong :
Q:lu lng nc thi (m3/ng).
LA: ti trng b mt, chn LA = 32 (m3/m2.ngy)
ng knh b lng:
D=
4
4
.A =
.15, 625 = 4, 46(m)
W 45.24
=
= 2,16( h) (1,5 2,5) tho mn
Q
500
Trang 37
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Ti trng b mt:
Ls =
500
Q
= 35, 68 (m3/m.ngy)
=
.4,
46
D
138,3kg / ngay
1
.
= 2,63 (m3/ngy)
0, 05.1, 053kg / l 1000
Mng thu nc
Mng thu nc t vng trn, c ng knh bng 0,8 ng knh b:
Dm = 0,8.D = 0,8.4,46 = 3,57 (m)
Chiu di mng thu nc:
Lm = Dm = .3,57 = 11,2 (m)
Chiu cao mng hm = 0,5m
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
Trang 38
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trong :
Q : lu lng bn bm n b nn bn (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn. H = 10 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca bn (kg/m3). = 1008 kg/m3.
: hiu sut bm (%). Chn = 0,8.
gHQ 1008.9,81.6.20,83
=
= 0, 43( kW )
1000
1000.0,8.3600
Vi:
Q : lu lng nc thi (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn, H = 6 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca nc (kg/m3).
: hiu sut bm (%). Chn = 0,8.
Trang 39
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
NTT = 1, 2 N = 1, 2 0, 43 = 0,52 ( kW )
Gi tr
4,46
4,2
0,9
1,8
3,57
11,2
0,5
138,3
2,63
4.6. B UASB
4.6.1. Nhim v
Lm gim ng k hm lng COD, BOD trong nc thi bng cch s dng
lp cn l lng (c cha rt nhiu vi sinh vt ym kh) trong dch ln men nh h
thng nc thi chy t pha di ln. ng thi to thun li cho qu trnh x l
hiu kh trong b aerotank.
4.6.2. Tnh ton
Gi s sau cc cng trnh x l s b hiu qu x l t c:
ECOD = 20%
EBOD = 20%
Cc thng s u vo:
Lu lng Q=500 m3/ng.
BOD5 = 2254 mg/l
COD = 4168 mg/l
SS = 184 mg/l
Cc thng s u ra:
BOD5 = 451 mg/l (EBOD = 80%)
COD = 834 mg/l (ECOD = 80%)
SS = 147 mg/l (ESS = 20%)
Dung tch phn x l k kh cn thit:
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
Trang 40
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
V=
Lp HMT1
Q.C 500.4168
=
= 260,5 (m3)
LCOD
8.1000
Trong :
C: Hm lng COD u vo (mg/l).
LCOD: Ti trng th tch. LCOD = 8kgCOD/m3.ngy. (Bng 10 10, XLNT
th v cng nghip, Lm Minh Trit).
Din tch b mt b UASB:
F=
Q 500
=
= 41, 66(m 2 )
LA 12
Vi:
W=
V 260.5
=
= 6, 25( m)
F 41, 66
Trang 41
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trong :
A: Din tch b mt b
Akh: Din tch khe h gia cc phu thu kh
Ap: Din tch y phu thu kh
Tnh h thng phn phi nc:
B tr mi n nguyn 10 ng phn phi nc vo, din tch trung bnh cho 1
u phn phi l:
4,56.4,56
= 2,1 m2/u [2 5 m2/u]
10
an =
CSS .V
30.260,5
=
= 156,3 (tn)
TS
0, 05.1000
Trong :
Css: Hm lng bn trong b. Css = 30 kg/m3 (Theo X l nc thi th
v cng nghip, Lm Minh Trit).
TS: Hm lng cht rn trong bn nui cy ban u.
Hm lng COD ca nc thi sau x l k kh:
CODra = (1 ECOD).CODvo = (1 0,8).4168 = 834 mg/l
Hm lng BOD5 ca nc thi sau x l k kh:
BOD5 = (1 EBOD).BODvo = (1 0,8).2254 = 451 mg/l
Lng sinh khi hnh thnh mi ngy:
Px =
Y ( S0 S ) Q
1 + k d c
Trong :
Y: h s sn lng sinh t bo, Y = 0,04 g VSS/g COD
kd: h s phn hy ni bo
c : thi gian lu bn (35 100 ngy), chn c = 90 ngy
VCH 4 = 350,84
1, 42.28, 4
1000
Trang 42
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
3
1atm)
Px: lng sinh khi sinh ra mi ngy (kgVS?ngy)
350,84: h s chuyn i l thuyt lng kh metan sn sinh t 1kg BODL
chuyn thnh kh metan v CO2 (lit CH4 / kg BODL)
Lng bn d bm ra mi ngy:
Qw =
Px
28, 4
=
= 1, 26 (m3/ngy)
0, 75.Css 0, 75.30
4Q
4.500
=
= 0,086 (m)
.v.24.3600
.1.24.3600
4Q / 2
=
.v.24.3600
4.500 / 2
= 0,06 (m)
.1.24.3600
Trang 43
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Thi gian lu bn
: c = 5 15 ngy
T s F/M
Ti trng th tch
Nng MLVSS
H s sn lng bn
: Y = 0,5 mgVSS/mgBOD5.
H s phn hu ni bo
: kd = 0,06 ngy-1.
Trang 44
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
MLVSS 3800
=
= 4750mg / l.
0,8
0,8
160mg
1mg
1,42mg
Trang 45
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Xc nh hiu qu x l E:
Hiu qu x l c xc nh theo phng trnh sau:
S0 S
.100
S0
E=
E=
451 90
100 = 80%
451
Trong :
c : thi gian lu bn, theo quy phm 5 15 ngy, chn c = 10ngy
V 163
=
.24 = 7,8(h)
Q 500
Gi tr
3.0 4.6
0.3 0.6
0.45 0.75
Trang 46
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
T s rng : su ( W: H)
Lp HMT1
1 : 1 2.2 : 1
V .X
Qw . X r + Qc X c
Trang 47
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Qw=
XQ X r Qw 3800.500 8000.4, 7
=
= 443 (m3/ng)
Xr X
8000 3800
Vy, ta c:
=
Qr 443
=
= 0,88
Q 500
Ti trng th tch:
L=
S0 .Q 3 451.500 3
.10 =
.10 = 1, 4 ( kgBOD5/m3.ngy)
V
163
Y
0,5
=
= 0,3125(mg / mg )
1 + kd . c 1 + 0, 06.10
0,3125.500.(451 53)
= 62, 2(kgVSS / ngay )
1000
Trang 48
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Q.( S o S ). 10
f
OCo=
(kg / g )
Lp HMT1
1,42 Px
500.(451 53).103
1, 42.62, 2 = 204,3 (kgO2/ngy)
0, 68
=
Trong :
CS
9, 08
= 203, 4
= 262kgO2 / ngy
CS C L
9, 08 2
Trong :
CS : nng bo ha ca oxy trong nc nhit lm vic, CS = 9,08 mg/l.
CL: lng oxy ha tan cn duy tr trong b, CL = 2mg/l
Trong khng kh, oxy chim 21% th tch. Gi s rng trng lng ring ca
khng kh l 1,2kg/m3. Vy lng khng kh l thuyt cho qu trnh l:
Qkk =
M O2
0, 21.1, 2
262
= 1039 (m3/ngy)
0, 21.1, 2
19481.1,5
= 19481 (m3/ngy) = 0,225 (m3/giy)
0, 08
Trang 49
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Qkk 19481
=
= 38,9 (m3/m3)
Q
500
Qkk
19481
=
= 97,9 (m3kh/kgBOD5)
3
Q( So S ).10
500.(451 53).103
Trong :
: lu lng nc thi.
G.R.T
P =
29, 7.n.
P 0,283
2
1
P
1
Trong :
+ P: Cng sut yu cu ca my (KW)
+ G: trng lng dng kh(Kg/s)
G = Qk .
kh
Trang 50
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
k 1 1,395 1
=
= 0, 283 ( k = 1,395 i vi khng kh).
k
1,395
+ 29,7: h s chuyn i.
+ : hiu sut ca my nn kh, = 0,7 0,9, chn = 0,8.
Vy cng sut ca my nn kh l:
0,283
0, 29.8,314.298 1, 44
Pw =
1 = 11, 6(kW )
4Qk
4.0, 225
=
=0,14 (m) = 140 (mm)
.v
.14
Trong :
Qkhi: lu lng kh ng chnh.
v
4Qn
4.0, 0225
=
=0,049 (m) = 49mm..
.v
.12
Trong :
Qn: lu lng kh trn ng nhnh
Qn = Qkhi/n = 0,225/10 = 0,0225 (m3/s)
n : s hng phn phi a sc kh
v : vn tc kh, chn v =12m/s
Trang 51
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
D=
Lp HMT1
4.Q
= 0,102 (m) = 102 (mm)
v. .3600.24
4.943
4.(Q + Qr )
=
=0,14 (m) = 140 (mm)
24.3600.0, 7.
24.3600.v.
4.443
4.Qr
=
= 0,08 (m) = 80 (mm)
24.3600.1.3,14
24.3600.v.
Gi tr
9m x 5,2m x 4m
4,7
0,88
443
7,8
19481
70
140
50
Trang 52
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
11,6
4.8. B lng II
4.8.1. Nhim v
Nc thi sau khi qua b Aerotank s c a n b lng II, b ny c nhim v
lng cc bng bn hot tnh t b Aerotank a sang. Mt phn bn lng s c
tun hon tr li b Aerotank, phn bn d c thi ra ngoi.
4.8.2. Tnh ton
Chn b lng t II l b lng ly tm.
Cc thng s thit k c trng cho b lng t II vi bn hot tnh khuych tn
bng khng kh nh sau:
Ti trng b mt, m3/m2.ngy
o Trung bnh
16,3 32,6
o Ln nht
40,7 48,8
o Trung bnh
3,9 5,9
o Ln nht
9,8
3,7 6,1
Q 500
=
= 25( m2 )
LA
20
Trong :
Q : lu lng trung bnh ngy, m3/ngy
LA: ti trng b mt, m3/m2.ngy
Din tch b mt b lng tnh theo ti trng cht rn l:
Trang 53
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
AS =
Lp HMT1
Trong :
Qr: lu lng bn tun hon, m3/ngy
LS: ti trng cht rn, kgSS/m2.ngy
Do AL>AS, vy din tch b mt lng tnh theo ti trng b mt l din tch
tnh ton.
ng knh b lng:
D=
.A
4
.33,9 = 6,6 (m)
VL
98, 65.24
=
= 2,5(h)
Q + Qr 500 + 443
Vb
50,85.24
=
= 2, 72(h)
Qw + Qr (4, 7 + 443)
Ti trng b mt:
LS =
Q + Qr (500 + 443)
=
= 46, 2 (m3/m.ngy)
D
.6,5
Trang 54
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
3
4.943
4.QV
=
= 0,14 (m) = 140 (mm)
24.3600.0, 7.
24.3600.v.
4.500
4.Q
=
= 0,1(m) = 100 (mm)
24.3600.0, 7.
24.3600.v.
Trang 55
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
ng knh ng dn l:
D=
4.Qb
4.447, 7
=
= 0,08 (m) = 80 (mm)
24.3600.v.
24.3600.1.
gHQ 1008.9,81.10.443
=
= 0, 63(kW )
1000 1000.0,8.24.3600
Vi:
Q : lu lng bn tun hon (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn. H = 10 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca bn, = 1008 (kg/m3).
: hiu sut bm (%).
Vi:
Q : lu lng bn x ra (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn. H = 10 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca bn, = 1008 (kg/m3).
: hiu sut bm (%).
Trang 56
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Thng s
ng knh b lng , D(m)
Chiu cao b lng, H(m)
ng knh ng trung tm, d(m)
Chiu cao ng trung tm, h(m)
Thi gian lu nc, t(h)
Thi gian lu bn, tb(h)
ng knh ng dn nc thi vo (mm)
ng knh ng dn nc thi ra (mm)
ng knh ng dn bn (mm)
Lp HMT1
Gi tr
6,5
4,8
1,3
1,92
2,5
2,72
140
100
80
4.9. B nn bn
4.9.1. Nhim v
Cn ti t b lng t I v bn hot tnh t b lng II c m tng i cao
(92 96% i vi cn ti v 99,2 99,7% i vi bn hot tnh) nn cn phi
gim m v th tch trc khi a vo cc cng trnh pha sau. Mt phn ln bn
t b lng II c dn tr li aerotank (loi bn ny c gi l bn hot tnh tun
hon), phn bn cn li c gi l bn hot tnh d c dn vo b nn bn.
Nhim v ca b nn bn l lm gim m ca bn hot tnh d bng cch lng
(nn) c hc t m thch hp (95 97%) phc v cho cc qu trnh x l
bn pha sau.
B nn bn tng i ging b lng ly tm. Ti y bn c tch nc gim
th tch. Bn long (hn hp bn - nc) c a vo ng trung tm tm b.
Di tc dng ca trng lc bn s lng v kt cht li. Sau khi nn bn s c rt
ra khi b bng bm ht bn.
4.9.2. Tnh ton
Lu lng bn d cn x l mi ngy:
QV = QI + QUASB + QII = 2,63 + 1,26 + 4,7 = 8,59 (m3/ngy)
Din tch ca b nn bn ng c tnh da theo cng thc:
F=
QV
8,59m3 / ngay
=
= 1,19(m 2 )
qo 0,3m3 / m 2 .h.24h / ngay
Trong :
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
Trang 57
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
4F
4.1,19
=
= 1,23 (m)
Trang 58
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trong :
Q : lu lng bn sau khi nn (m3/s).
H : chiu cao ct p ton phn. H = 8 (mH2O).
: khi lng ring ca bn sau khi nn (kg/m3). = 1200 (kg/m3).
: hiu sut bm (%). Chn = 0,8.
Gi tr
Trang 59
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lu lng bn sau khi nn, Qnn(m3/ngy)
ng knh b nn bn, D(m)
ng knh ng trung tm, d(m)
ng knh phn loe ca ng trung tm, dl(m)
ng knh tm chn, dch(m)
Chiu cao tng cng b nn bn, Htc(m)
Lp HMT1
8,4
1,23
0,123
0,17
0,22
4,4
4.10. My p bn
4.10.1. Nhim v:
Cn sau khi qua b nn bn c nng t 3 8% cn a qua my p bn
gim m xung cn 70 80%, tc nng cn kh t 20 30% vi mc ch:
-
Cn kh d chn lp hay ci to t hn cn t.
t gy mi kh chu v t c tnh.
100 P1
100 99,2
= 0,35 .
= 0,093 m3/h
100 P2
100 97
Trong :
QV: lng bn a n my p, QV = 8,4m3/ngy = 0,35 m3/h
P1: m ca bn d, P1 = 99,2%
P2: m ca bn sau khi nn b nn bn, P2 = 97%
Trang 60
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
3
789,6
= 43,87 kg h
6 .3
G
43,87
=
= 0,44 m
100
100
( La Lt )Q (72 28,8)500
=
= 0,12(ha) = 1200(m 2 )
1000.OM
1000.180
Trang 61
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trong :
La: BOD5 ca nc thi u vo (mg/l).
Lt: BOD5 ca nc thi u ra (mg/l).
Q: lu lng nc thi (m3/ng)
OM: ti trng b mt (kgBOD5/ha.ngy), c th ly 150 350
kgBOD5/ha.ngy ph thuc vo iu kin nhit , lng nng. Chn OM =
180 kgBOD5/ha.ngy.
Th tch ca h:
W = F.H = 1200.0,8 = 960 (m3)
Trong : H: Chiu cao hu ch ca h (m3). Chn H = 0,8 m.
Chiu cao d tr khi tri ma l 0,3 m.
Chiu cao tng cng ca h l H = 1,1m.
V 960.24
=
= 46( h)
Q
500
Trang 62
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Ngn
(m3)
lng
tip
n v
gi Thnh
tin
(VN/m3)
(triu ng)
1,500,000
33,195
B tng
nhn
22,13
B lng ct
4,65
B tng
1,500,000
13,95
B iu ha
59,25
B tng
1,500,000
88,875
B lng I
24,87
B tng
1,500,000
37,305
B UASB
54,65
B tng
1,500,000
163,95
B Aerotank
52,22
B tng
1,500,000
78,33
B lng II
42,64
B tng
1,500,000
63,96
B nn bn
7,13
B tng
1,500,000
10,695
Trang 63
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Nh iu hnh
Lp HMT1
40
Tng cng
530,26
Chi ph thit b
n
gi
Thnh
tin
STT Thit b
S lng
800,000
1,600,000
10,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
20,000,000
8,000,000
16,000,000
sang b UASB
8,000,000
16,000,000
My cp kh
50,000,000
100,000,000
a phn phi kh
90
100,000
10,800,000
Li chn rc
(VN)
(VN)
Bm chm ngn
2
tip nhn
Bm chm b
iu ho
Bm bn ti b
lng I
Bm t b lng I
Mng
rng
ca
b lng
2,000,000
4,000,000
Bm bn b lng II
8,000,000
16,000,000
12,000,000
30,000,000
b nn bn
1,500,000
1,500,000
My p bn
100,000,000
100,000,000
T in iu khin
18,000,000
18,000,000
30,000,000
30,000,000
Bm ht bn b
9
nn bn
Mng
10
11
rng
ca
H thng ng
12
in k thut
Trang 64
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
ng ng dn nc,
13
dn kh
30,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
40,000,000
Cc chi tit ph
14
pht sinh
TNG CNG
410,500,000
sut
(kW)
Bm chm ngn tip nhn
1,4
Bm chm b iu ha
0,7
Bm bn ti lng I
0,6
Bm t b lng I sang b 0,52
UASB
Bm bn b lng II
My thi kh
Bm ht bn b nn
Tng cng
0,78
14
0,3
My
Gi
in nng
hot
hot
tiu
2
2
2
2
ng
1
1
1
1
ng
6
24
0,17
24
(kW)
8,4
28,8
0,1
12,48
2
2
2
1
1
1
24
24
1
18,72
336
0,3
404,8
S
lng
th
chi
ph
nhn
cng
l:
TQL
8,400,000ng/thng
100,800,000ng/nm.
5.4. Chi ph bo dng my mc thit b
Chi ph bo dng hng nm c tnh bng 1% tng s vn u t vo cng
trnh x l.
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
Trang 65
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
332, 083,935
= 1,900 (ng/m3)
500.365
KT LUN
Trong nhng nm gn y, ngnh chn nui nc ta c nhiu bc pht
trin ng k. Nh c mt s chnh sch u t pht trin chn nui heo ca nh
nc nn hin nay trn c nc xy dng nhiu m hnh trang tri chn nui heo
GVHD: ThS. Nguyn Xun Hon
Trang 66
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
vi quy m ln. Tuy nhin cng vi s pht trin cao ca sn xut l nhng vn
nhim mi trng ca ngnh chn nui ang ngy cng trm trng. Nc thi
chn nui cha rt nhiu hp cht hu c, vi khun, giun sn nu khng c x
l kp s gy nn nhiu hu qu xu cho mi trng. Mt s c s chn nui tuy c
xy dng h thng x l nc thi nhng do cn nhiu hn ch v kinh ph v k
thut nn cht lng nc sau x l vn cha t tiu chun cho php.V vy vic
nghin cu tm ra mt quy trnh x l hiu qu v ph hp cho cc tri chn nui l
nhu cu tt yu v cp thit. Thnh phn nc thi chn nui ch yu l cc cht
hu c v vy rt thun tin trong vic x l bng phng php sinh hc. Quy trnh
x l nc thi chn nui m nhm xut c th x l tng i hiu qu cc
thnh phn hu c trong nc thi. V vy cc c s chn nui nu c iu kin nn
p dng quy trnh ny hn ch cc tc ng xu n mi trng do hot ng sn
xut ca mnh gy ra.
Trang 67
n mn hc X L Nc Thi
Lp HMT1
Trang 68