Functional Group

Formula

Name

CnH2n+2

Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol

C=C

CnH2n CnH2n-2 R-OH

R-SH c R-COO-R R-O-R

Thiols Ester Ether

R-COOH Carboxylic acid

R-NH2 R-CHO

Amines Aldehyde

Aromatic

Phenols

Alkane:

Ex: Butane

CH3CH2CH2CH3

>saturated Alkenes: >not soluble in water; they are also generally less dense

than water. > unsaturated

Alkynes: >Unsaturated

Alcohol: > 1. Primary: the OH-bearing C is directly connected to only one other C (e.g., 1-pentanol)
methanol is considered to be a special case 2. Secondary: the OH-bearing C is directly attached to two other carbons (e.g., isopropanol) 3. Tertiary: the OH-bearing C carries three other carbons (e.g., 2-methyl-2butanol)

>Melting and boiling points much higher than corresponding alkanes

(H-bonding)

Ex. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CHOHCH2CH3

Aldehydes: > cannot form hydrogen bonds, and consequently have lower boiling points
than the alcohols

>contains carbonyl (>C=O) group >Aldehydes have one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group,

Amines: >Can be primary, secondary, tertiary >Amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl groups. We indicate the degree of substitution by labeling the amine as either primary (RNH2), secondary (R2NH), or tertiary (R3N). The common names of these compounds are derived from the names of the alkyl groups

Ketones:

the carbonyl group is attached to two carbon atoms.

>

Carboxylic acids: >They are sometimes called fatty acids, since (in combination with
alkanols) they are normal constituents of fats and oils. >Carboxylic acids are relatively weak acids, readily forming salts with alkalis.

Aromatic: >All aromatic compounds are based on benzene, C6H6, which has a ring of six carbon atoms
Phenols: >disinfectants

and antioxidants

>have the OH group directly attached to an aromatic ring Ex. C6H5OH