3/30/2010

1
NHIM MI TRNG
Chng 3: TC NG CA CON NGI N
MI TRNG
NHIM MI TRNG NC
nh ngha: nhim nc l s thay i theo chiu xu
i cc tnh cht vt l ho hc sinh hc ca nc, vi
s xut hin cc cht l th lng, rn lm cho ngun
nc tr nn c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt. Lm
gim a dng sinh vt trong nc.
3/30/2010
2
NHIM MI TRNG NC
Tc nhn gy nhim
Sinh Sinh Ha Ha L L
Kh Kh Lng Lng Rn Rn
Ha tan Ha tan Keo Keo Lng Lng Ni Ni
D x l
Gy bnh Gy bnh Khng gy bnh Khng gy bnh Hu c Hu c V c V c
CHT NHIM CHT NHIM
Thanh phan vat ly: Thanh phan vat ly: c chia thanh 3 nhom tuy vao k. thc:
Nhom Nhom 11: gom cac chat khong tan dang tho (vai, giay, canh la
cay, san, soi, cat, da, long); dang l lng ( > 10-1 mm) va
dang huyen phu, nhu tng, bot ( = 10-1 - 10-4 mm)
Nhom Nhom 22: gom cac chat ban dang keo ( = 10
-4
- 10
-6
mm)
Nhom Nhom 33: gom cac chat ban dang hoa tan co < 10
-6
mm;
chung co the dang ion hoac phan t.
fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc|
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3
Thanh phan hoa hoc: Thanh phan hoa hoc: cac chat ban co cac tnh chat hoa hoc
khac nhau, c chia thanh 3 nhom:
Thanh phan vo c: cat, set, x, axit vo c, kiem vo c, cac ion
cua cac muoi phan ly(khoang 42% oi vi nc thai sinh
hoat);
Thanh phan hu c Thanh phan hu c: cac chat co nguon goc t ong vat, thc
vat, can ba bai tiet (chiem khoang 58%):
Cac hp chat cha nit: ure, protein, amin, acid amin...
Cac hp chat nhom hydratcarbon: m, xa phong, cellulose...
Cac hp chat co cha phospho, lu huynh
fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll) fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll) fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll) fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll)
Tnh chat nc thai Tnh chat nc thai: c the hien qua 3 tnh chat:
Tnh chat vat ly Tnh chat vat ly:
Kha nang lang ong/noi len cua chat ban
Kha nang tao mui va cac anh hng cua mui
Kha nang tao mau va cac anh hng cua mau
Kha nang bien oi nhiet o cua nc thai
Kha nang gi am cua bun/can
Tnh chat hoa hoc Tnh chat hoa hoc:
Kha nang phan ng gia cac chat ban san co trong NT
Kha nang phan ng gia cac chat ban trong nc thai va cac hoa chat
them vao
Kha nang phan huy hoa hoc nh cac lc c hoc va vat ly
Tnh chat sinh hoc Tnh chat sinh hoc: Kha nang phan huy sinh hoc chat ban (hieu kh, k kh,
t nhien va nhan tao)
fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll) fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll) fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll) fhcnh phcn vc l|nh chcl nUcc lhc| (ll)
3/30/2010
4
Thng S Phn Tch NT Thng S Phn Tch NT Thng S Phn Tch NT Thng S Phn Tch NT
Xt nghim Vit tt Vic s dng kt qu xt nghim
Tnh cht vt l
Tng cht rn TS nh gi kh nng s dng li nc thi v
xc nh phng php x l l/ho thch hp.
Tng cht rn bay hi TVS
Tng cht rn c nh TFS
Tng cht rn l lng TSS
Cht rn l lng bay hi VSS
Cht rn l lng c nh FSS
Tng cht rn ho tan bay hi VDS
Tng cht rn ho tan c nh FDS
Cht rn lng c Xc nh lng cht rn lng do trng lc
trong thi gian nh trc
c NTU nh gi cht lng nc sau x l
Mu (nu, vng, en) nh gi iu kin nc thi (k /hiu kh)
Nhit
o
C Rt quan trng trong thit k v vn hnh h
thng x l sinh hc
dn in EC nh gi tnh kh thi ca nc thi x l
p dng cho nng nghip, mn
Thng Thng S Phn Tch NT (tt) S Phn Tch NT (tt) Thng Thng S Phn Tch NT (tt) S Phn Tch NT (tt)
Xt nghim Vit tt Vic s dng kt qu xt nghim
Tnh cht ho hc v c
Ammonia NH
4
+
Xc nh lng cht dinh dng v mc
phn hu trong nc thi
Nit hu c Org N
Tng nit Kjeldahl TKN
Nitrit NO
2
-
Nitrat NO
3
-
Tng nit TN
Photpho v c P
pH o tnh acid v kim
kim o tnh m ca nc thi
Chlorua nh gi tnh kh thi ca nc thi x l p
dng cho nng nghip
Sunfate SO
4
2-
nh gi kh nng to mi
Kim loi (As, Cd, Ni, Zn,
Ca, Cr, Co, Pb, Hg, Mn,
Na)
nh gi tnh kh thi ca vic s dng li nc
thi v nh hng c t trong x l.
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Thng S Phn Tch NT (tt) Thng S Phn Tch NT (tt) Thng S Phn Tch NT (tt) Thng S Phn Tch NT (tt)
Xt nghim vit tt Vic s dng kt qu xt nghim
Tnh cht ho hc hu c
Nhu cu oxy sinh ho
carbon 5 ngy
CBOD
5
Lng oxy cn thit n nh sinh hc cht
thi
Nhu cu oxy sinh ho
cacbon cui cng
UBOD Lng oxy cn thit n nh sinh hc cht
thi
Nhu cu oxy nit NBOD Lng oxy cn thit oxy ho sinh hc nit
ammonia thnh nitrat
Nhu cu oxy ho hc COD Thng s dng thay th cho BOD test
Tnh cht sinh hc
Coliform MPN nh gi s hin din ca vi khun gy bnh
Hiu qu ca qu trnh kh trng
Vi sinh c bit vi khun,
protozoa,
virus,
giun sn
nh gi s hin din ca vi sinh ring bit lin
quan trong vn hnh TXL v cho s dng li.
T Tcc H Hi i n Mi Tr n Mi Tr ng ng T Tcc H Hi i n Mi Tr n Mi Tr ng ng
Thong so Anh hng en moi trng
COD, BOD S khoang hoa/o nh chat hu c thieu hut DO cua nguon
tiep nhan anh hng en thuy sinh, neu thieu hut tram trong
ieu kien yem kh hnh thanh mui hoi
SS Lang ong nguon tiep nhan, gay ieu kien yem kh
pH Anh hng en thuy sinh vat, gay an mon ng ong thiet b
hoac lang can trong mng dan/ng ong
Nhiet o Anh hng en thuy sinh vat
Vi trung gay benh Bnh lan truyen bang ng nc
Ammonia, P Dan en hien tng phu dng hoa
Chat HC kho phan
huy sinh hoc
Ben vng trong cac qua trnh x ly thong thng (thuoc diet co,
thuoc tr sau) gay oc hai va tch luy sinh hoc ung th
Mau Mat i my quan
Dau m Gay mui, ngan can khuech tan oxy tren be mat, trng ca b
nhiem dau h hong
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T Tcc H Hi i n Mi Tr n Mi Tr ng (tt) ng (tt) T Tcc H Hi i n Mi Tr n Mi Tr ng (tt) ng (tt)
Kim loi S dng lin quan
Cr Hp kim v cc cht m ln b
mt nha/kim loi chng n
mn, lp ph bo v ca cc ph
tng xe, thnh phn thuc nhum
v c
Hp cht Cr (VI) gy ung th
v n mn da.
Di hn: tn thng thn v da
mt cm gic
Cd M nhng/tnh in, men s,
thuc chng nm, phim nh, hp
kim ng thau, ng thic, t bo
quang in
Tc hi n gan, thn, tu,
tuyn gip, gy tng huyt p.
Rt c hm lng cao
Pb Pin, acqui, ph gia ca xng, lp
ph dy cp
nh hng n thn kinh v
thn v khuyt tt sinh sn.
Hg Thit b in xc tc, n hi thu
ngn, lp ph gng.
c t cao qua hp th vo da.
Di hn: c cho h thn kinh
trung ng, gy khuyt tt sinh
sn
As Ph gia trong sn xut hp kim,
cc bn trong bnh acqui, lp o
dy cp
Ung th v t bin gen. bin
i sc t da, vim da, gy mt
v thiu nng lng
T Tcc H Hi i n Mi Tr n Mi Tr ng (tt) ng (tt) T Tcc H Hi i n Mi Tr n Mi Tr ng (tt) ng (tt)
Vi sinh Bnh Triu chng
Vi khun
Escherichia coli Vim ng tiu ho Tiu chy
Salmonella Ng c thc n
Legionella pneumophila Bnh legionaire St, nhc u, bnh h
hp
Salmonella typhi Thng hn St cao, tiu chy, lot rut
non
Shigella Kit L
Vibrio cholera Dch t Tiu chy trm trng, mt
nc
Virus
Adenovirus Bnh h hp
Enterovirus Vim ng tiu ho,
vim mng no
Hepatitis A Vng da, st
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Ph dng ha
Hin tng ph dng (ph dng) ha cc ao h
Khi cc thu vc kn tip nhn mt lng ln cc cht
dinh dng (ch yu Nit, Pht pho)
To v cc sinh vt ph du pht trin mnh. To d tha
cht ni kt thnh khi-to mi trng phn hu ym kh.
To ra mi hi thi kh chu, nh hng n cc sinh vt
khc trong h v lm cho h b nng v thu hp dn.
Ngun gc gy ra ph dng ha
Nc thi sinh
hot cha N, P
HC cha N t
khi thi GT,
nh my
P/bn v c
(cha N,P)
Nc thi sau x
l ca TXL NT
(cha N, P)
Cht ty
ra cha P
Nc chy
trn (N, P)
C.Thi t
hot ng
chn nui
NT t ng,
CT xy dng
(cha N, P)
Nc chy trn v
xi mn t trng
trt, m, xy
dng
NO
x
ha tan
H sinh thi
h c nhiu
cht dinh
dng
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Ph dng ha
nhim khng kh l s c mt cc cht sinh ra t hot
ng ca con ngi hoc cc qu trnh t nhin vi
nng ln v thi gian lu lm nh hng
n s thoi mi, sc kho, li ch ca con ngi v mi
trng. (Theo TCVN 5966-1995)
O NHIEM KHONG KH
Cht nhim khng kh l g?
L nhng cht gy ra nhim
khng kh c tc hi ti mi trng
ni chung.
Cc tc nhn gy nhim bao gm
cht thi c th dng rn, lng hoc
kh v cc dng nng lng nh
nhit , ting n.
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9
1. NGUON GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH
1.1 Ngun t nhin
Ni la: SO
2,
H
2
S, HF, bi
Chy rng: tro bi, cc kh NO
x
v CO
2,
CO
.
Bo bi, bi mui:
Cc qu trnh phn hu, thi ra
xc TV: ...
1.2 Ngun nhn to
Giao thng vn ti: thi vo
khng kh 150-200 cht, ch yu l
bi, cc kh oxit cacbon (CO
x
: CO,
CO
2
), hydrocacbon.
Sn xut cng nghip: CO
2
,
CO, 150 triu tn NO
x
, 200 triu
tn SO
2
, 110 triu tn bi
Mi nm lung CO
2
do t
nhin liu trn 5 t tn, tc
gia tng 0,5%/nm.
1. NGUON GAY O NHIEM KHONG KH (tt)
1.3 nhim khng kh trong nh:
Bp un, l si dng nhin liu
than, ci, du la, kh t
Cht ty ra, thuc xt kh mi,
sn, keo dn, thuc nhum,
thuc un tc, hi dung mi hu
c,
Khu vc nh xe, thi hi xng
du l cc hp cht hu c.
Ht thuc l: bi, CO, nicotin
Phn hy cht thi sinh hot:
CH
4
, H
2
S, NH
3
3/30/2010
10
CC CHT NHIM KHNG KH
Cc loi oxit : NO, NO
2
, N
2
O, SO
2
, CO, H
2
S, cc loi
kh halogen (clo, brom, iode).
Cc hp cht flo.
Cc cht tng hp (te, benzen).
Cc cht l lng (bi rn, bi lng, bi vi sinh vt),
nitrate, sulfate, phn t cacbon, sol kh, mui, khi,
sng m, phn hoa.
Cc loi bi nng, bi t, , bi kim loi
Kh quang ho: ozone, NO
X
, aldehyde, etylen...
Cht thi phng x.
Nhit .
Ting n.
CC CHT NHIM KHNG KH
Tc nhn nhim c chia lm hai loi:
S cp: l nhng cht trc tip thot ra t cc ngun v
t chng c c tnh c hi. V d nh kh SO
2
, NO,
H
2
S, NH
3
, CO, HF.
Th cp: Bao gm nhng
cht c to ra trong kh
quyn do tng tc ha hc
gia cc cht gy nhim s
cp vi cc cht vn l thnh
phn ca kh quyn. V d
SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, MeSO
4
, NO
2
,
HNO
3
...
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11
CH S O NHIM KHNG KH
AQI (Air Quality Index): ch s cht lng mi trng
khng kh dng theo di cht lng mi trng khng
kh hng ngy.
EPA tnh ton ch s AQI cho nm cht nhim chnh:
tng cc ht l lng, SO
2
,CO, O
3
, NO
2
c tnh theo
mg/m
3
/gi hoc trong 1 ngy
Gi tr AQI nh hng n sc khe Mu sc
0 50 Tt Xanh l cy
51 100 n ha Vng
101 150 Khng tt i vi nhm nhy cm Cam
151 200 Khng tt cho sc khe
201 300 C nh hng xu Tm
301 500 c hi Nu
CAC TAC ONG DO O NHIEM KHONG KH
3.1 Tc ng i vi con ngi v ng vt
Qua ng
tiu ha
Qua ng
h hp
Qua mt
Qua da
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12
Tac ong oi vi con ngi va ong vat
Nguyn nhn gy nhim c:
Nhim c do c hay do tai
nn, s c: hp th mt lng
kh ln cht c trong mt ln
hay nhiu ln gn nhau (nhim
c cp tnh).
Mi trng lao ng b nhim
vi lng cht c thp, nhng
hp th nhiu ln, thng xuyn,
lu di (nhim c mn tnh).
Tac ong oi vi con ngi va ong vat
Cc ho cht xm nhp vo c th v gy c qua 3 giai
on gm:
Giai on c biu hin lm sng: l
giai on nhim c thc s.
Giai on thm nhim hay tn
thng sinh hc
Giai on tip xc:
3/30/2010
13
Tac ong oi vi thc vat
Hp th vo l cy qua kh khng.
Tc hi:
Cht hoi: cc m pha trn v di l cht.
Tn hi sc t:
Tc ng n s pht trin:
Tac ong oi vi cong trnh
Tc ng xu n vt liu, kt cu cng trnh.
Bi lm mi mn cc cng trnh
Cc kh axit lm n mn vt liu
Sn b sm mu, cc sn phm lm bng da, giy, dt
cng b gim tnh nng
3/30/2010
14
MT S NH HNG TON CU
Hiu ng nh knh
Bin i kh hu
Thng tng ozone
Ma axit
Khi quang ha
Hieu ng nha knh
Nhit b mt cn bng ca T c quyt nh bi
s cn bng gia nng lng mt tri v nng lng
bc x ca tri t
Bc x mt tri: cc tia sng ngn d dng xuyn qua
lp nh knh
Bc x ca tri t: sng di, nng lng thp, d dng
b kh quyn gi li bi lp kh nh knh.
Cc tc nhn gy ra s hp th bc x sng di: CO
2
,
bi, hi nc, kh mtan, kh CFC v.v...
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15
4.1 Hieu ng nha knh (tt)
"Kt qu ca s trao i khng cn bng v nng lng
gia tri t vi khng gian xung quanh, dn n s gia tng
nhit ca kh quyn tri t. Hin tng ny din ra theo
c ch tng t nh nh knh trng cy v c gi l Hiu
ng nh knh".
Hiu ng nh knh
Nguyn nhn:
Gia tng cc hot ng to kh nh knh,
Gia tng s lng cc kh nh knh nh CO
2
, CFC, zn
(O
3
), NO
2
, N
2
O...
T l tc ng ca chng trong hiu ng nh knh l:
CO
2
: 50%, CFC: 20%, CH
4
: 16%, O
3
:8%, N
2
O:6%.
Khai thc qu mc sinh khi, rng, cc h sinh thi
3/30/2010
16
Bien oi kh hau
Bin i kh hu l g?
Bin i kh hu l bt c s thay i kh hu no theo
thi gian c th do bi s dao ng, thay i ca t nhin
hoc l kt qu ca hot ng con ngi (U ban Lin
chnh ph v Bin i Kh hu-IPCC).
Cng c khung ca Lin hp quc v Bin i Kh hu
(UNFCCC) nh ngha rng bin i kh hu (climate
change) l mt s thay i ca kh hu (change of climate),
s bin i m c quy cho l bi cc hnh ng trc
tip hoc gin tip ca con ngi.
Cc biu hin ca s bin i kh hu tri t
S nng ln
ton cu
S thay i thnh
phn v cht
lng kh quyn
S dng cao
mc nc
bin
Di chuyn ca
cc i kh
hu tn ti
hng nghn
nm
S thay i nng
sut sinh hc
3/30/2010
17
Nhit gia tng t
khong nm 1850-1899 ti
2001-2005 l 0.76
o
C.
Hm lng hi nc
bnh qun trong kh quyn
tng k trong thp k 80
khu vc t lin v i
dng cng nh phn trn
ca tng i lu.
Bin i kh hu
Cc bng chng v bin i kh hu
Cc bng chng v bin i kh hu
Cc quan st t nm 1961 ch ra rng nhit trung bnh
ca i dng gia tng n su t nht khong
3.000 m.
Mc nc bin tng vi mc trung bnh khong
1,8 mm hng nm trong giai on 1961-2003. V tc
ny cn nhanh hn trong khong thi gian 1993-2003 (3,1
mm) hng nm.
Bin i kh hu
Nhit trung bnh bc cc
tng gn gp 2 ln mc
tng nhit trung bnh trong
100 nm qua
3/30/2010
18
Cc bng chng v bin i
kh hu
D liu nh v tinh t nm
1978 ch ra rng cc di bng
h bc cc b co rt li vi
mc 2.7% cho mi thp k
v tc gim ln hn vo
ma h khong 7.4% mi thp
k.
Bin i kh hu
Nhit phn nh ca cc
lp bng h vnh cu Bc
cc gia tng (ln n 3
o
C).
Help me!!!
Cc bng chng v bin i kh hu
Bin i kh hu
Lng ma
tng khu
vc pha ng
lc a Nam
v Bc M,
pha bc chu
u, khu vc
bc v trung

Kh hn
c quan st
thy khu
vc Sahara,
a Trung Hi,
pha nam chu
Phi, v cc
phn ca khu
vc Nam .
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19
Bin i kh hu
Bin i kh hu
L hu qu ca
Note: Hiu ng nh knh l mt hin tng t nhin c
t khi tri t c bu kh quyn v hin nay chng ta
ang lm GIA TNG hin tng ny bng vic thi ln
qu nhiu cc kh nh knh
3/30/2010
20
Nguyn nhn
Nhng thay i v nng cc kh nh knh, cc sol kh,
bao ph mt t (land cover), bc x mt tri lm
thay i cn bng nng lng ca h thng kh hu.
Bin i kh hu
Nm 2005, nng CO
2
trong kh quyn l 379 ppm
v CH
4
l 1774 ppb vt
xa con s ghi nhn c trong
khong 650 nghn nm trc
Bin i Kh Hu
T l ng gp v cc ngun pht sinh cc kh nh knh
3/30/2010
21
So snh nng mt s kh nh knh giai onTin Cng
Nghip v 1998
Bin i kh hu
Ai l ngi thi ra nhiu nht cc kh ny
Cc hnh ng pht trin ca con ngi l nguyn nhn gc
r cho vn ny nh l vic t nhin liu ho thch, tn
ph rng
M, Trung Quc, n , Brazil, Nga, Nht,.. l nhng nc
thi ra nhiu nht.
V d: M (22,9 tn), Qatar (54,7 tn), c (25,9 tn),
Malaysia (37,2 tn).
Bin i kh hu
3/30/2010
22
Bin i kh hu
Mc pht thi kh nh knh ca cc quc gia nm 2000
Bin i kh hu
Mc pht thi kh nh knh theo u ngi cc quc gia nm
2000
3/30/2010
23
Lm gia tng tun sut v
cng cc cn bo.
V d: Tn s ca cc thin
tai do thi tit gy ra tng
6 ln t nm 1950 n nay.
10 nc b nh hng nht
bi thin tai do thi tit
(2004) l: Somalia, Cng
ha Dominican, Bangladesh,
Phi Lut Tn, Trung Quc,
Nepal, Madagascar, Nht,
M, Bahamas
Bin i kh hu
Hu qu
nh hng n nn nng nghip, e do an ninh lng
thc, v d:
Nam Phi: c th mt 30% sn lng ng v cc cy lng
thc khc vo nm 2030;
Bc : sn lng go, ng v k c th gim n 10%
Bin i kh hu
Hu qu
Trung quc, sn lng la go
s gim 20-30% khi nhit
tng ln 2-3
o
C
Nam : mt mc tng 3-4
o
C,
c tnh l thu nhp cc nng
trang s gim 9-25%.
3/30/2010
24
Bin i kh hu lm mt mt v suy
gim a dng sinh vt
chu u, khi nhit tng ln 1-
2
o
C th thnh phn loi s thay i
cn bn, ri ro tuyt chng loi cao
Nga, qun th gu Bc cc c
tr ra Bc v loi bo tuyt
Altai-Sayan e do b tuyt chng
Khu vc Bc Cc, nhit tng ln
lm tan bng s y gu Bc cc,
hi m, chim bin, v hi cu
tuyt chng

Bin i kh hu
Hu qu
Bin i kh hu: Hu qu
Hin tng nng ln ton cu lm gia tng mc nc bin
Cc ngun dn n vic gia tng mc nc bin
Mc gia tng mc nc bin (mm/nm)
1961-2003 1993-2003
Gin n nhit 0,420.12 1.6 0.5
Sng bng v bng trn ni cao 0.50 0.18 0.77 0.22
Cc di bng o Greenland 0.05 0.12 0.21 0.07
Cc di bng Nam cc 0.14 0.41 0.21 0.35
Tng cc ng gp kh hu n l i vi s gia tng
nc bin
1.1 0.5 2.8 0.7
Mc gia tng mc nc bin c quan st 1.8 0.5 3.1 0.7
S khc nhau (gia d liu quan st c v d liu
c lng cho s ng gp ca yu t bin kh hu)
0.7 0.7 0.3 1.0
3/30/2010
25
Gia tng mc nc bin
Gia tng xi mn b bin, ngp
lt, hn ch, lm thay i cht
lng nc mt, v tnh cht
nc ngm, mt mt ti sn v
ni sinh c gn b bin,
e do: khong 634 triu
ngi sng cc khu vc
duyn hi v khong 2/3 cc
thnh ph trn th gii vi hn
5 t ngi sng nhng khu
vc t thp ven bin
Bin i kh hu
Tc ng n sc kho con ngi
Lm gia tng cc loi bnh dch, cc bnh v tim mch.
t nng 2003 chu u lm cht 22000-35000 ngi
S ln trn bnh dch, s gia tng nhit to iu kin
truyn bnh (st rt, st xut huyt)
C khong 150.000 ci cht hng nm l lin quan n
bin i kh hu
Bin i kh hu
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26
Chng ta cn lm g ngn chn n:
Ct gim cc ngun thi, tng cng cc b hp th
(rng)
ra chnh sch thch ng thch hp ng u vi
nhng tc ng khng th trnh khi
Bin i kh hu
THNG TNG OZONE
Nm 1987, tng kh
ozone vng tri Bc
cc c hin tng
mng dn,
khong 25 km trong tng bnh lu: tng Ozone
tng Ozone b thng, mt lng ln tia t ngoi s chiu
thng xung Tri t
Thng 10 nm 1985, Nam cc xut hin mt "l thng bng
din tch nc M.
L thng
tng ozone
Nam Cc
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27
Nguyn nhn thng tng ozone: nhn to
Trong h thng ng dn khp kn pha sau t lnh c
dung dch freon th lng
Dung dch freon c th bay hi thnh th kh. bc thng
ln tng ozone v ph v kt cu tng ny, lm gim
nng kh ozone
my lnh, dung dch git ty, bnh cu ho cng s dng
freon v cc cht thuc dng freon.
Tng ozn c chc nng nh mt phn l chn ca kh quyn, bo
v tri t khi nhng nh hng c hi ca tia t ngoi t MT
chiu xung.
Ti sao nh vy???
Cc tia t ngoi c bc sng di 28m rt nguy him i vi
ng v thc vt, b lp ozn tng bnh lu hp ph.
C ch hp ph tia t ngoi ca tng ozn c th trnh by theo
cc PTP sau: (cc phn ng lin tc xy ra)
O
2
+ Bc x tia t ngoi O + O
O + O
2
O
3
O
3
+ Bc x t ngoi O
2
+ O
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28
CFCs (clorofluorocacbons)
C ch tc ng ca CFC:
CFC + O
3
O
2
+ ClO
ClO + O
3
O
2
+ Cl
Cl + O
3
ClO + O
2
Tia t ngoi
MAACID
Ma axit l s kt hp ca
ma, sng m, tuyt,
ma vi oxit lu
hunh, oxit nit sinh ra do
qu trnh t chy cc
nhin liu khong to
thnh axit sunfuric, axit
nitric c nng long
(pH < 5,6), ri theo ma
tuyt ri xung mt t.
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29
MAACID
T nhng nm 1950, nc M xut hin cc trn
ma axit.
Nm 1979, Trung Quc, ma axit ln u tin xut
hin, ch yu khu vc sng Trng Giang, pha ng
cao nguyn Thanh Hi v bn a T Xuyn.
TC HI CA MA ACID
Rng b hy dit: tn thng l cy, cht dinh dng
trong t b tan mt, ph hoi s c nh m ca vi sinh
vt v s phn gii cc cht hu c...
Nc h b axit ho
Sn lng nng nghip
b gim: c ch vic phn
gii cc cht hu c v c
nh m, ra tri cc
nguyn t dinh dng trong
t (Ca, Mg, K)...
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30
KHI QUANG HA
zn cng vi sn phm ca qu trnh quang ha l cc
gc hot tnh nh: OH, NO, O, O
2
, HO
2,
v cc hp cht
hydrocarbua, cc xt nit trong kh quyn s hnh thnh
nhiu cht nhim th cp nh andehyt, v peroxyl
acetyl nitrat hay PAN (C
2
H
3
O
5
N), tp hp tt c cc cht
trn to thnh khi quang ha trong kh quyn.
Bn iu kin quan trng trc
khi xy ra vic hnh thnh khi
quang ha:
NO
x
+ tia nng + hydrocacbon
+ nhit trn 18
0
C.
Nng
lng mt
tri
NO
2
hp thu nng lng mt tri
sinh ra NO v nguyn t O
NO phn ng vi O
3
hoc gc ROO
.
To ra
NO
2
xi nguyn t phn
ng vi O
2
to
thnh zn
Nguyn t O,HO
.
, v zn
phn ng vi cc hidrocarbon
to thnh cc gc hidrocarbon
t do phn ng ngc li
Gc hidrocarbon t do phn ng
thmnh NO
2
to ra PAN,
aldehyt, v v cc thnh phn
khi khc
h
NO
O
2
O
NO
2
NO
O
O
3
O
3
NO
2
Hidrocarbon
Phn ng ngc li
Cc gc
Hidrocarbon t do
Cc gc
Hidrocarbon t do
S hnh thnh khi
quang ha
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31
NHIM MI TRNG T
nhim mi trng t l hu qu cc hot ng ca
con ngi lm thay i cc nhn t sinh thi vt qua
nhng gii hn sinh thi ca cc qun x sng trong t.
Tc ng ca con ngi n Mi trng t
t b thoi ho xi mn
Do rng che ph b cht n
Do thay i s dng t
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32
Axt ho mi trng t
Do ma axit, ra tri, phn bn ho hc
Lm tng kim loi nng, c bit l nhm linh ng (ion nhm)
rt c cho cy trng
Mn ho mi trng t
Xm nhp mn do nc bin tng cao
Vit nam t nhim mn khong 2 triu ha
Ph rng
Lm tng si mn, mt m ca t, khng gi c nc
ngm, tng l lt
Bi t
Xy dng cc p thu in l tng bi t thng lu nhng
li lm si mn t ng bng
Tc ng ca con ngi n Mi trng t
Du canh du c
c bit Vit nam l qu trnh di dn t do min xui ln min
ngc, pht trin vng kinh t mi.
Hn hn
Do bin i kh hu ton cu
Sa mc ho
Do ra tri, bin i kh hu-y l mt mi nguy ln cho loi
ngi, c bit chu Phi v chu
Chn th qu mc
c bit ln i vi cc nc c vng tho nguyn rng ln v
ngnh chn nui pht trin
Tc ng ca con ngi n Mi trng t
3/30/2010
33
Thoi ho cht hu c
Do si mn, ra tri v do lm dng phn bn hu c
nhim t
Do thi ra qu nhiu cht thi. Cht thi rn th c nh
ng, nc thi cht thi nguy hi th x thng vo mi
trng t t cc ngun cng nghip v sinh hot
Do s dng qu nhiu thuc tr su, dit c, cn trng v
cc cht kch thch tng trng
Phn ho, s dng nhiu my mc cng nghip s lm t
b cht li, c cu cy trng khng thch hp, bin php
canh tc lc hu
Tc ng ca con ngi n Mi trng t