UNI1 4

1LLLnCNL NL1WCkkS
NUM8LkING LAN
W 1he ob[ecLlve of numberlng plan ls Lo unlquely
ldenLlfy every subscrlber connecLed Lo a
LelecommunlcaLlon neLwork
W large cenLrally locaLed exchange called Lhe maln
exchange
W Maln buslness cenLre of Lhe Lown and a number of
smaller exchanges known as saLelllLe exchanges
W 1he area conLalnlng Lhe compleLe neLwork of Lhe
maln exchange and Lhe saLelllLes ls known as
mulLlexchange area
W 1he common numberlng scheme ls someLlmes
called a llnked numberlng scheme
W Subscrlber Lrunk dlalllng (S1u) or dlrecL dlsLance
dlalllng (uuu)
W lnLernaLlonal subscrlber dlalllng (lSu)
W A numberlng plan may be open semlopen or
closed
W An open numberlng plan also known as
nonunlform numberlng scheme
W A semlopen plan permlLs number lengLhs Lo dlffer
by aLmosL one or Lwo dlglLs
W Semlopen scheme ls Lhe mosL common and ls used
ln many counLrles lncludlng lndla Sweden
SwlLzerland and Lhe unlLed klngdom
W ln closed numberlng plan or Lhe unlform numberlng
scheme Lhe number of dlglLs ln a subscrlber
number ls flxed
W 1hls scheme ls used by a few counLrles whlch
lnclude lrance 8elglum and Lhe counLrles ln Lhe
norLh Amerlca (uSA Canada PawalleLc)
<lnLernaLlonal numberlng plan or world numberlng
plan has been deflned by CCl11
<numberlng purposes Lhe world ls dlvlded lnLo zones
as shown ln llg
<Lach zone ls glven a slngle dlglL code
<lor Lhe Luropean zone Lwo codes have been
alloLLed because of Lhe large number of counLrles
wlLhln Lhls zone
<Lvery lnLernaLlonal Lelephone number conslsLs of
Lwo parLs as shown ln llg
<1he counLry code conLalns one Lwo or Lhree dlglLs
Lhe flrsL dlglL belng Lhe zone code ln whlch Lhe
counLry lles
W Ior examp|e ln zone 3 lrance has Lhe counLry
code 33
W Albanla 333
W ln zone 9 lndla has Lhen counLry code 91'
W Maldlves 960
W norLh Amerlcan zone code 1'
W uSS8 code 7'
W CommonwealLh of lndependenL SLaLes (ClS)
W number of dlglLs avallable for a naLlonal numberlng
plan ls 11N
W where N ls tbe oombet of Jlqlts lo tbe coootty coJe
nAkGING LAN
W 1he caplLal cosL lncludes LhaL of llne planL swlLchlng
sysLems bulldlngs and land
W CperaLlng cosLs lnclude sLaff salarles malnLenance
cosLs waLer and elecLrlclLy charges and
mlscellaneous expenses
W A LelecommunlcaLlon admlnlsLraLlon recelves lLs
lncome from lLs subscrlbers
W A charglng plan provldes for recoverlng boLh Lhe
caplLal cosLs and Lhe operaLlng cosLs from
subscrlbers
Charglng plan for a LelecommunlcaLlon servlce levles
Lhree dlfferenL charges on a subscrlber
W 1 An lnlLlal charge for provldlng a neLwork
connecLlon
W 2 A renLal or leaslng charge
W 3 Charges for lndlvldual calls made
A subscrlber's share of Lhe caplLal cosLs of Lhe
common resources ls generally covered ln Lhe lnlLlal
connecLlon charge and Lhe renLal componenL
Charglng meLhods for lndlvldual calls fall under
Lwo broad caLegorles
W % uuraLlon lndependenL charglng
W % uuraLlon dependenL charglng
Local calls wlLhln a numberlng area are usually
charged on a duraLlon lndependenL basls 1he
charglng meLer ls lncremenLed once for every
successful call
ln Lhe older days when S1u and lSu faclllLles
were noL avallable Lhe Lrunk calls were
esLabllshed wlLh Lhe help of operaLor who were
also responslble for Lhe call charglng
SIGNALING 1LnNIULS
W Slgnalllng sysLems llnk Lhe varleLy of swlLchlng sysLems
Lransmlsslon sysLems and subscrlber equlpmenLs ln a
LelecommunlcaLlon neLwork Lo enable Lhe neLwork Lo
funcLlon as a whole
W 1hree forms of slgnalllng are lnvolved ln a
LelecommunlcaLlon neLwork
W 1 Subscrlber loop slgnalllng
W 2 lnLraexchange or reglsLer slgnalllng
W 3 lnLerexchange or lnLerreglsLer slgnalllng
5iqno//inq techniques fo// under two mojor c/osses
W lnchannel slgnalllng and common channel slgnalllng (CCS)
lnchannel slgnalllng also known as per trunk
s|gna|||ng uses Lhe same channel whlch carrles
user volce or daLa Lo pass conLrol slgnals relaLed
Lo LhaL call or connecLlon ln conLrasL CCS does
noL use Lhe speech or Lhe daLa paLh for
slgnalllng lL uses a separaLe commom channel
for passlng conLrol slgnals for a group of Lrunks
or lnformaLlon paLhs
5 moy be imp/emented in two woys honne/
ossocioted mode ond honne/ nonossocioted mode
ln Lhe former Lhe common slgnalllng channel closely
Lracks Lhe Lrunk groups along Lhe enLlre lengLh of a
connecLlon ln laLer Lhere ls no close or slmple
asslgnmenL of conLrol channel Lo Lrunk groups
lor assoclaLed mode Lhe slgnalllng paLhs for Lhe
speech paLhs A8 AC8 and 8u are A8 AC8 and
8u respecLlvely
A CCS neLwork conslsLs of Lwo Lypes of nodes
slgnalllng Lransfer polnLs(S1s) and slgnalllng
polnLs(Ss) 1he S1s usually have a connecLlon wlLh
Lhe swlLchlng cenLres alLhough Lhls ls noL essenLlal
ln Lhe nonassoclaLed mode of operaLlon Lhe
slgnalllng may follow a rouLe LhaL ls dlfferenL
from Lhe one Laken by Lhe speech paLh as
shown ln flg 930(b) 1he slgnalllng paLhs for
Lhe speech paLhs A8 and 8C are ACu8 and
8uC respecLlvely 1he neLwork Lopologles for
Lhe slgnalllng and Lhe speech neLworks are
dlfferenL 1here ls no swlLchlng cenLres aL Lhe
polnL u and only a S1 ls presenL