Levnu 0017

I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

KHOA K THUT A CHT V DU KH
---------------oOo---------------

BI GING

TP. HCM, Thng 11/2006
MC LC BI GING

STT NI DUNG Trang
1. Gii thiu mn hc 1
2. Bi 1: Lm quen vi thit b v dng c khoan 14
3. Bi 2: Khoan kho st a cht cng trnh 127
4. Bi 3: Khoan thm d v khai thc nc 189

BI GING HNG DN THC TP KHOAN - KHAI THC
CBGD : ThS. QUANG KHNH
ThS. HONG TRNG QUANG
ThS. BI T AN
B mn : Khoan v Khai thc
Tel : 84-8-8654086
GII THIU MN HC
2 BM. KHOAN & KHAI THC Hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
Mc lc
Mc tiu mn hc
Ni dung mn hc
Ni qui v k thut an ton c bn
Gii thiu cng tc khoan khai thc
(video)
Hnh thc nh gi
Ti liu tham kho
MC TIU MN HC
Gip cho sinh vin c iu kin tip xc v
lm quen vi ngh nghip.
To iu kin cho sinh vin c quan st,
thc hnh mt s cng vic khoan a cht
cng trnh, a cht thy vn ti hin
trng.
Tng kt, lm bo co thc tp khoan
khai thc.
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 1:
LM QUEN VI THIT B V DNG C KHOAN
I. Ni dung v yu cu thc tp
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Thit b khoan
2.2. Dng c khoan
2.3. Cc dng c trong b ko th
2.4. Cc dng c cu s c v tho m cn
III. iu kin thc tp v cch thc t chc
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 2:
KHOAN KHO ST A CHT CNG TRNH
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Gii thiu
2.2. Cc phng php khoan
2.3. Ly mu t
2.4. Bo qun v ghi nhn mu
2.5. Cc th nghim trong h khoan
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 3:
KHOAN THM D KHAI THC NC
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Phn loi ging v cc phng php khoan
2.2. Mt s yu cu c bn i vi ging khoan
2.3. Cng ngh khoan
2.4. Tnh ton s b v ng lc
2.5. Khi phc nh nc ca tng cha nc
2.6 Trm ging khoan
NI QUI V K THUT AN TON C BN
1. Nhng qui nh chung
i nn, mang giy bo h, mang gng tay khi
khoan.
Khng lm vic khi c ging, ma to hoc bo
C bin cnh bo thi cng
Ch n cng tc bo v mi trng
Khng vt rc ph thi
Khng dung dch khoan trn ra ngoi
San lp v phc hi mt bng khi di di
2. An ton khi lp t cc thit b
Chun b nn v khu vc khoan.
Khng t thit b khoan sn dc.
m bo khong cch nh nht t my khoan n
nh , nh xng, ng dy in bng 1,5 ln
chiu cao thp khoan.
Khng lp t thit b trong khu vc cm ca mng
in cao th.
m bo chiu rng ti thiu cc li i trn khoan
trng
0,7m : my khoan t hnh
1m: my khoan c nh
Lp t h thng chng st
3. Mt s iu nghim cm
Thay i chuyn ng khi my cha dng hn.
Dng roto m hoc vn chong khoan v b khoan c.
Kho cht cc tay iu khin ca my khoan, my bm,
my pht lc.
Dng ng cng c vt nt, v, vt hn ngang hoc di qu
2 m cng khi tho cn khoan, vn ng chng.
S dng ng cng m hoc tho dng c khoan m
on ng lng vo kho di 0,2m
4. Mt s ch
Khi c vic cn leo ln thp khoan, cn m bo:
Dng c, c nng phi a ln bng ti
Cho php mang theo ngi nhng dng c gn
nh (km, m lt, tut n vt, ...) nhng khng c
m tay m phi b vo ti xch c quai eo.
Mang tht lng khi lm vic trn cao
Khi c s c hoc do nguyn nhn no m phi dng
khoan th phi ko b khoan c n v tr an ton trong l
khoan
HNH THC NH GI
- Np bo co thc tp: 50%
- Thi vn p hoc vit: 50%
TI LIU THAM KHO
- K thut khoan a cht, NXB Cng nhn k thut,
H Ni, 1980.
- Cng ngh v k thut khoan thm d (ting Nga),
NXB Matxcva, 1983.
- K thut thm d v khai thc du kh (Video),
2001.
- Hng dn Thc hnh khoan khai thc (Video),
2004.
- http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu
- http://www.lifewater.ca/
ThS. BI T AN
Tel : 84-8-8654086
BI 1: LM QUEN VI THIT B
& DNG C KHOAN
Mc lc
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Thit b khoan
2.2. Dng c khoan
I. NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Ni dung:
Tm hiu cng dng, cu to, c tnh k thut v
cch s dng:
Thit b khoan
Dng c khoan
Cc dng c trong b ko th
Cc dng c cu s c v tho m cn
Tm hiu s b tr thit b v dng c phc v
cng tc:
Khoan kho st a cht cng trnh
Khoan khai thc nc ngm
NI DUNG V YU CU THC TP
Yu cu thc tp:
Theo cng tc thc tp ti xng v cng trng,
yu cu sinh vin
Nhn dng, m t cu to, cng dng, c tnh k
thut v cch s dng cc thit b v dng c
khoan.
Tham gia vo vic vn hnh v s dng cc thit
b v dng c khoan.
M t cu to, cng dng, c tnh k thut ca
my khoan XJ-100.
Trnh by v v li s b tr thit b v dng c
trong cng tc khoan - khai thc ti xng v ngoi
hin trng.
II. C S L THUYT
2.1. Thit b khoan
2.2. Dng c khoan
2.1. Thit b khoan
1. My khoan
2. My bm dung dch
3. Thp khoan
1. MY KHOAN
B my khoan trong khoan xoay ly mu gm c: my khoan,
ng c ko (in hoc diesel), my bm dung dch v thp
khoan.
Cc dng c chnh ca my khoan
gm c:
Cn ma st ng m my
Hp s nhiu cp iu chnh
tc quay khi khoan v ko
th cn
Ti, sc ko ca ti phi
tng ng vi ti trng ln
nht ca ct cn khoan hay
ng chng ca l khoan v h
thng rng rc c dng
B phn iu chnh p lc ln y l khoan ty thuc vo h
thng iu chnh p lc, c th phn loi ra cc my khoan
nh sau:
1. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng tay n
by
2. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng thy lc
3. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng vt vi sai
4. My khoan c h thng iu chnh p lc bng n by
vit vi sai
5. iu chnh p lc bng cn ch o v b phanh ti
(khoan rto)
MY KHOAN
Loi 1 4 th s truyn chuyn ng quay cho cn khoan c
truyn qua trc chnh. Cc my c th khoan ng v khoan
nghing.
Loi 5 khng c trc chnh m dng cn ch o kiu lc lng
hay vung 4 cnh quay ct cn khoan. My khoan rto ch
khoan cc l khoan thng ng cc t cng trung
bnh v mm (cp I VII). Trong t mm b ri khoan rto
rt c li v tc khoan thng mi so vi khoan iu p
thy lc v vt vi sai v khng cn phi tho m mm cp.
rt ngn thi gian di chuyn t ni ny sang ni khc ngi ta
thit k t my khoan ln r mc hoc xe t t hnh, ch
yu p dng cho phng php khoan rto.
MY KHOAN
Hin nay cc kiu my khoan t 1 4
c dng ch yu cho khoan kho st
a cht cng trnh v khoan thm d
khong sn cng nhng loi th 2 (iu
chnh bng thy lc ) ng dng rng ri
nht.
Ty theo nhim v m kch thc v qui
m ca my c th khc nhau, c th
gii thiu cc my khoan h ca
Lin X c nh 1200 A,M,MP;
650 A,M; 300; 150;
75 Cc my khoan ca hng
Longer (USA): Longer 300, 800, 100
Cc my khoan ca hng Koken
(Japan).
MY KHOAN
Hnh 1.1a Cc loi my khoan hot
ng theo nguyn l thy lc
Hnh 1.1a gii thiu
cc loi my khoan
1200MR,
650, 150; y l
cc kiu my khoan
iu khin p lc ln
y bng u thy lc
v truyn chuyn ng
thng qua h thng
mm cp v trc
Spindel ch yu dng
cho thm d khon sn
cng v loi nh dng
cho khoan kho st a
cht cng trnh.
MY KHOAN
8. ToI
9. Thap dang roI
10. au quay
11. an pha
1Z. khung bao va
18. LuoI khoan guong
xoan
14. XyIanh Ihuy Iur
1. khung may
Z. ong ro dIasaI 48 hF
8. XyIanh Ihuy Iur nang
va ha Ihap
4. 6o rau dap
6. hop so Iruyan dong
6. 8o phanh
7. Iau khIan
Hnh 1.1b. Thiet b khoan t hnh Yb - 50M
Hnh 1.2. Gii thiu v thit b
khoan thm d v khai thc
nc YPb-3AM (kiu in p
ln y bng h thng cn
khoan v thanh hm, truyn
chuyn ng quay thng qua
bn roto)
MY KHOAN
Thao tc vn hnh my khoan truyn p bng thy lc
Mt s ch khi thao tc my khoan truyn p bng thy lc
Mun s dng my tt cn phi nm vng nguyn l hot
ng ca cc b phn my v mi lin h gia chng vi
nhau.
Khi iu khin my khoan kiu , nht thit phi theo
nhng quy nh sau:
Khng ng ly hp ca my bm nc ra v bm du
khi cha ngt cn diezel.
Mun ng ly hp cho ti v cho u quay lm vic
phi ngt ly hp nc ca my khoan.
Khi nng h b dng c khoan c trng lng ln hn
500kg cm khng c ko th vi vn tc ln v
phanh t ngt trnh qu ti cho cp v thp khoan,
tc th cho php l 5 6 m/s.
Khng c ly hp ma st lm vic qa ti, cc l
ma st b trt s b h hng.
Di y l phng php s dng trong tng trng hp c
th.
1. Chun b cho my khoan lm vic
Trc khi cho my khoan chy phi quan st tnh hnh
chy ca my diesel hoc ng c ko xem c du hiu g
nghi l hng hc khng. Sau tin hnh kim tra
Kim tra cc mi ni gia cc c cu v cc chi tit, s
bt cht chng vi khung my v gia gi my vi
mng my. Trng hp cn thit, phi xit cht cc
bulng li.
Kim tra cng ca cc dy ai, xch truyn,ng m
th cc khp ly hp, kim tra s lm vic ca h thng
phanh ti, trng hp cn thit phi iu chnh cho thch
hp.
Tra du m vo cc b phn chi tit theo s hng
dn ca tng my.
Kim tra du bi trn ca hp s, u quay, du p lc
trong thng cha, tin hnh kim tra li lc ca gi ht,
tin hnh kim tra mi ni ca cc ng dn du nu thy
cn thit.
Mc cp vo trong ti, ch chiu di cp phi m bo
khi t Elevat hay rng rc ng xung sn thp, th
trong ti phi cn t nht 3 vng cp.
Kim tra kh nng d quay ca cc trc truyn ng ca
my, bng cch quay trc Spinden bng tay, khi t
cc tay iu khin v v tr truyn lc vi tc quay khc
nhau.
t cc tay iu khin v v tr trung gian hoc v tr ngt
truyn ng.
Kim tra chiu quay ca ng c in, trng hp khng
ng phi u li u dy in.
2. Cho my chy
Nu my pht lc l ng c t trong th u tin l phi
khi ng my pht lc, ch cho ng h nhit bo 70o
mi ng cn diezel cho hp phn lc hot ng. Lc ny
ly hp ma st ca my khoan v my bm dung dch phi
trng thi ngt lc. Khi hp phn lc lm vic n
nh mi ng ly hp ca my khoan v iu khin cc c
cu ca my lm vic vi cc tc khc nhau. Th li
h thng lc v c th bt u khoan.
Nu my pht lc l ng c in ( trng hp my
khoan v my bm c ng c ring ). Trc ht khi
ng cho ng c my khoan lm vic v tin hnh kim
tra my khoan theo cc bc trn ri mi khi ng cho
ng c my bm lm vic, kim tra kh nng lm vic
ca my ri khoan.
3. Chm sc my trong thi gian lm vic
Mc ch l pht hin cc hng hc ca my.
Lun kim tra cng ca cc ai truyn lc, khng c
qu cng hay qu chng.
Lun ch n nhit ca du bi trn hp s, h
thng thy lc cc chi tit, cc bi, kim tra bng cch t
tay vo cc ch nghi ng, nhit cho php l nhit
tay c th chu c.
Khng du m, dung dch nhy vo cc m phanh ca
ti, cc a ma st ca ly hp ma st.
Khng gi trt ca my khoan bn.
Khi my lm vic, cc bn kp chn my phi c bt
cht, khng my rung, lc gy ra h hng.
Lun theo di ch s p sut trn ng h ca my bm,
trn ng h ca my khoan, khng p sut vt qu
gii hn cho php.
4. Dng my
Th tc gm cc bc:
Tho ti khi u quay hoc ti
tay iu khin hp s v v tr trung gian
Ngt ly hp ma st ca my khoan
Ngt ly hp ca my bm du
Ngt ly hp ma st ca my bm dung dch
Ngt ly hp ma st ca diezel
Dng diezel hoc ng c c in
Lm v sinh v tra du m cho cc c cu ca my
5. Chun b cho h thng thy lc lm vic
Kim tra cc u ni ca h thng ng dn du, c bit
ch cc mi ni ng ht, khng kh lt vo th my
bm s khng ht c du hoc p sut du trong h
thng thy lc s gim.
y du vo thng.
y du vo my bm du.
Bm y du vo cc xilanh u my v h thng ng dn
bng cch h hai pittong xung v tr thp nht, tay van
phn phi v v tr spinden i ln, vn van lu lng
nng pittng ln v tr cao nht, sau gt tay van phn
phi v v tr Spinden i xung, iu chnh van lu lng
bm du vo phn trn xilanh, y pittng i xung v
tr thp nht.
Lm nh vy t 3 5 ln nn ht bt kh ra khi h
thng thy lc.
Sau khi bm y du vo cc xilanh v ng ng dn,
cn thm du vo thng cha cho .
Gii thiu tng qut v my khoan YPb 3AM
c tnh k thut
Cc c cu chnh
Qui trnh s dng, vn hnh
c tnh k thut
y l my khoan t trn xe ti t hnh, s dng phng
php khoan roto v dng cn ch o.
My khoan ny khng c trc spinen ln xung trong qa
trnh khoan m thay vo l 1 bn rto c l nh hnh quay
ti ch truyn lc quay cho b khoan c thng qua cn ch
o.
Cn ch o trong qu trnh quay c th trt dc trong l
rto. Nh cu to nh vy nn my khoan ny c th khoan
lin tc t 5-6m (bng chiu di cn ch o) mi phi dng
li tip cn, khng dng li xit chu mm cp v nng
trc chnh nh cc khoan c trc spinden, do nng sut ca
my khoan ny rt cao trong t mm.
c tnh k thut
B my khoan kiu ny c thit k theo kiu t hnh, ton
b cc thit b ti, bn rto, hp tc , thp khoan, my pht
lc hoc my pht in (8,5kw) cung cp in cho ng c
my trn dung dch v h thng chiu sng, u c t gn
trn xe t. Do vy n c tnh c ng cao.
My khoan ny c dng khoan cc ging thy vn, a
cht cng trnh vi chiu su ln nht l 300m hoc 500m
ty theo ng knh m l.
11. Ly hp
12. Thng du thy
lc
13. Tay iu khin
14. Ti
15. Hp s
16. Bng in
17. My pht in
18. B truyn dn
my pht in
19. Khung
1. t MA3-500A
2. ng c diesel
3. Thng nhin
liu
4. Ben thy lc
nng h thp
5. Thp khoan
6. Rng rc ng
7. Mc
8. Roto
9. Kch
10. My bm khoan
HNH 1.3: THIT B KHOAN YPb-3AM
My khoan thm d v
khai thc nc YPb 3AM
Cc c cu chnh
1. Hp bin tc cu to gm:
V 1, trong v ny b tr mt trc ch ng I, trc b ng II,
trc i chiu quay III, mi trc u trn hai bi.
Trn trc I c vu ly hp 2 lp then hoa vi trc; bnh ai
thang 3 lp quay trn bng bi vi trc, bnh rng Z1 v
nhm hai bnh rng Z2, Z3 lp then hoa vi trc nh hai
tay gt thng ra ngoi v hp thay i s n khp vi
cc trc bnh rng II.
Trn trc II c cc bnh rng tr Z4, Z5, Z6 v bnh rng
cn Z7 lp c nh vi trc; vu ly hp 5 lp then hoa vi
trc; trc truyn ng cho bn roto qua trc 6 lp quay trn
bng bi vi trc.
Trn trc III c cc bnh rng Z8 v Z9 lp c nh, bnh
rng Z8 lun lun n khp vi bnh rng Z4 ca trc II v
bnh rng Z9 c kh nng n khp vi bnh rng Z1.
Vic thay i tc din ra nh sau:
S 1: Gt cho bnh rng Z1 n nkh1p vi bnh rng
Z4.
S 2: Gt cho bnh rng Z3 n khp vi Z6.
S 3: Gt cho bnh rng Z2 n khp vi Z5.
i chiu quay: Gt bnh rng Z1 cho n khp vi Z9.
2. Bn rto: Dng truyn lc quay cho b dng c khoan,
lm gi trong qu trnh ko, th hoc chng ng.
3. Ti
Cu to: Thuc loi ti ma st cu to gm trc ti, tang
ti, bi, b ly hp ma st (moay, a ch ng, n by
p, ai c, vng p, cht hm), l xo, a b ng, cn i.
Cc c cu chnh
Nguyn l truyn ng: Khi con i chuyn ng sang
phi, cnh tay n bn tri ca n by b nng ln lm
cho cnh tay n bn phi t mnh vo a ma st ch
ng, p ton b cc a ca ly hp thnh mt khi, lc
c chuyn t trc ti sang tang ti, ng thi lc ny l
xo b p. Khi con i chuyn sang tri, cnh tay n bn
tri ca n by h xung, cnh tay n bn phi nng
ln, l xo s y cho cc a ly hp tch ri sau ra, lc s
b ngt, trc ti cng cc a ch o tip tc quay cn a
b ng v tng ti cng cc a ch o tip tc quay cn
a b ng v tang ti th khng quay.
Cc c cu chnh
4. H thng thy lc
Trn my khoan YPb 3AM c trang b mt h thng thy
lc vi nhim v dng, h thp v kch nh ng chng
hoc cu s c.
Nguyn l lm vic nh sau: Khi dng thp th dng van
iu tit v van lu lng m cho du vo kch dng
thp, van iu chnh lu lng x du v thng qua
iu chnh tc dng thp, khi h thp van lu lng
m hon ton v dng van iu chnh iu chnh tc
h di lc nn ca trng lng thp, du s qua van
lu lng v van iu tit v thng. Van an ton c tc
dng khng ch p lc lm vic ca h thng thy lc.
Cc c cu chnh
Qui trnh s dng v vn hnh
1. K t xe khoan
Xe khoan phi c t trn mt nn t bng phng,
vng chc. Cc bnh xe t phi c chn cht. Khng
c php dch chuyn trong qu trnh khoan.
2. Chun b dng thp
Tho mc ging, ni hai na ca tng trn li vi nhau.
Lp sn th ph, thang, lan can bo v.
Tho khi rng rc ng t gi gi xe, t n xung
ngang cnh bn rto.
Bm m vo ca rng rc nh thp, rng rc ng.
Kim tra li cc mi ni thp
3. Dng thp
Kim tra lng du p lc trong thng, nu thiu phi
thm vo (du trc khi vo thng phi c lc sch)
Khi ng my pht lc.
M han ton van thy lc iu tit v van lu lng.
Ni vt hm trc iu khin li hp my bm du, ngt ly
hp diezel, ng ly hp my bm du, vn chc vt hm
trc iu khin ly hp my bm du vo.
Vn ng dn van lu lng vo, tng dn p lc du
trong h thng n (45 - 60 at) lc ny thp s bt u
c dng ln. Nu p sut t n 60 at m thp vn
cha dng c, th phi ni van lu lng x ht du v
thng, tm nguyn nhn ri mi tip tc dng li.
Khi hai chn thp chm t, m hon ton van lu
lng, ng cht van iu tit. Cho my bm du ngng
lm vic.
Bt cht thn thp vo sn xe, vn cc kch chu lc
xung v tr lm vic, ko cn ch o ln, ko cng cc
dy chng v iu chnh cho cn ch o ph hp vi l
rto.
4. H thp c tin hnh nh sau:
Kim tra li mc du p lc trong thng.
H cn ch o xung mt t.
Tho xirga ra khi xanhich, ni phanh ti, t h thng
rng rc ng ln tang ti
Tho cc dy chng thp, tho mc gi chn thp sn
xe.
Cho my pht lc lm vic, m van iu tit v van lu
lng cho my bm du lm vic.
ng dn van lu lng, nng p sut du ca h thng
thy lc ln (20 - 25at) gi nh th trong vng 2 pht.
M hon ton van lu lng, ng cht van iu tit, sau
ni van iu tit ra khong 1 vng ren, bt u h thp
xung, u tin phi dng dy cp chng ti nh thp ko
cho thp ri khi v tr cn bng.
MY BM DUNG DCH
Khi nim
Dng dung dch lm sch mn khoan y l dung dch
tun hon lin tc trong l khoan, nhm thc hic cc
chc nng sau:
Lm mt v bi trn dng c
Tch v mang mn khoan ra khi y l khoan.
n nh thnh ging khoan
Truyn dn thng tin t y ln ming ging
Khi nim
Trong khoan a cht ngi ta dng my bm chuyn dng
thng l bm pittng, v my bm ny c kh nng bm
c dung dch, n c sc y ln thng c sc cn trong
lng ct cn khoan, c th bm dung dch nc v ct nhng
tui th vn cao.
Mt u im ni bt ca my bm pittng l hu nh lu
lng bm khng i khi p sut bm tng trong chng mc
cho php.
Ngc li bm ly tm, lu lng bm gim lin tc v c
kh nng bng khng khi p sut bm tng (iu khng
cho php s dng bm ly tm trong tc khoan).
Cu to my bm dung dch
1-Ca y;
2a, 2a-Van y;
3a,3b-Van ht;
4-Qu Piston;
5-Xilanh;
6-ng ht;
7-B phn bt kn cn Piston;
8-Con trt;
9-Cn Piston;
10-Tay bin;
11-Tay quay;
12-Bnh truyn lc;
13-Bnh kh;
14-u ni tuy xa nhch
Cng dng yu cu i vi my bm Piston
1. Cng dng: Trong b thit b khoan, my bm l thit b quan trng
m bo vic vn chuyn mn khoan ra khi l khoan, a dung
dch xung y, nu my bm c p sut nn ln trnh c s
lng mn khoan hoc sp l thnh v s hn ch c kt b khoan
c, gp phn nng cao nng sut khoan.
2. Yu cu: Dung dch trong khoan thng cha mt hm lng cc
cht gy n mn. cc chi tit ca my bm hoc l phi c t trng
v nht ln, do yu cu my bm phi c cc tnh cht sau:
C kh nng bm c dung dch c nht cao t trng ln
nh dung dch nng hoc dung dch ximng.
Cc chi tit nh xilanh, pittng v cc van phi c kh nng
chng n mn v mi mn cao. Khi h hng d thay th.
C kh nng cung cp y p sut lu lng ca dung dch,
duy tr dng tun hon bnh thng v lin tc trnh lng
ng mn khoan.
Phng php s dng my bm
Phn loi my bm pitton
Tu theo tc dng ca mt hnh trnh c th phn ra bm
tc dng n v tc dng kp.
Tc dng n l vi mt hnh trnh kp (i v v) ca
pitton th ch c mt ln ht v mt ln y.
Tc dng kp l vi mt hnh trnh kp i v v ca
pitton s c 2 ln ht v 2 ln y.
Ty theo s xy lanh ca bm ngi ta c th c cc bm
1, 2, 3, 4 xylanh
Hin nay ph bin nht l bm pitton tc dng kp 2 hoc
3 xy lanh
Chun b cho my lm vic
1. Kim tra van 1 chiu, li lc ca gi ht (Krepin), ch ni
ca gi ht v ng ht.
2. Kim tra k ng ht, ng y, xem c b thng, hp, tc, r
r ti cc u ni khng, kim tra cc mi ni c kh cc
my bm.
3. Kim tra h thng cc van.
4. Kim tra du bi trn, bm m vo cc v m ly hp
ma st vo cc ch khc.
5. Kim tra du trong ng cong ca cc ng h p sut.
6. cng ca ai truyn lc ng quy nh.
7. Kim tra k cc b phn chuyn ng. Khng bt c
vt g trn chng.
Cho my bm lm vic
1. Khi cho my bm lm vic ch my im sau:
2. Trc khi khi ng my diezel cn ngt ly hp bm.
3. Sau khi khi ng my diezel, nu puli truyn lc ca my
bm quay th nh nhng ng ly hp ca my bm.
Cn ch khng bnh ai truyn lc quay khng ti
lu, v s lm hng h thng ly hp.
4. Qua van ba ng xem xt s lm vic ca my bm
khc phc nhng hin tng bnh thng khng c.
5. Khi my bm lm vic bnh thng dng van ba ng
iu chnh lung nc vo l khoan.
6. Quay th bng tay xem c vn g khng.
7. Mi y nc vo phn ht qua van y. Vn van ba ng
cho nc x hon ton. Phn loi my bm pitton
Chm sc my bm trong qu trnh lm vic
1. m bo my bm lm vic lu di, khng b hng vt,
to iu kin tng nng sut khoan v trnh s c kt, cn
phi ch kim tra chm sc my bm trong lc lm vic
theo mt s yu cu chnh sau y:
2. Theo di s lm vic ca my bm. Theo di ng h p
sut, khng c my bm lm vic vt qu p sut
ti a v vt qa s vng quay quy nh.
3. Theo di mc du bi trn trong ccte, sau thi gian lm
vic 600 gi phi thay du mi. Theo di cc bi khng
chng lm vic qu nng.
4. Kim tra van an ton, van my bm. Kim tra gi ht,
khng tc.
5. Khng nc pht ra cn pittng. Khng du m
dnh vo dy ai v bnh ai. Khng ly hp ma st
trt hoc du m dnh vo a ma st.
6. Khi iu chnh van ba ng phi theo di ng h p sut
phng nga tc nc, b nc.
Dng my
1. Khi dng my cn phi gim ti bng cch x hon ton
dung dch, sau ngt van ly hp hp phn lc nu c.
Khng nn ngt lu di ly hp ma st.
2. Khi ngng lm vic lu di cn phi ra sch bn trong
cng nh bn ngoi my, sau bm m bo qun cc
chi tit ca c cu thy lc nh van, xilanh, cn pittng v
cc b phn khc.
3. Thp khoan
Thp khoan l mt b phn ca cm thit b khoan, n l mt cng
trnh gm thp khoan v nh khoan. Thp khoan dng ko th cn
khoan, ng chng v dng cn khoan. Nh khoan t thit b
khoan v che ma nng cho cng nhn khi lm vic.
Ty theo hnh dng c th gp cc loi thp nh sau:
1. Thp 3 chn: Dng ch yu cho khoan tay v khoan kho st a
cht cng trnh.
2. Thp 4 chn: Thng dng cho khoan khong sn cng, khoan
du kh v ging khoan su trn t lin, s dng cc gin khoan
c nh.
3. Thp ch A: S dng cho cc ging khoan su nh khoan du
kh.
4. Thp dng ct: Thng dng cho cc gin khoan t hnh
khoan thm d v khai thc nc, khoan thm d v bn , a
cht, c chiu su di 500M.
Thp khoan
Chiu cao thp
Ty theo chiu di cn dng m chn chiu cao thp. Chiu
di cn dng c chn theo chiu su ging khoan. Chiu
cao thp khi khoan ging thng ng c xc nh nh sau:
H = h1+h2+h3+h4 (m)
H: chiu cao ca thp
h1: chiu di cn dng
h2: chiu di b rng rc ng (rng rc ng, mc treo, chp
nng cn)
h3: chiu cao nh ln ca ng nh hng hoc ca my
tho m cn.
h4: khong cch nh nht cho php gia trc rng rc ng
v rng rc tnh khi nng tho cn khi vinca.
Chn thit k H cn c khi phi tun theo chiu di ng chng
hoc b ng mu v b cn d nh s dng.
H rng rc
Cu to rng rc
Khi rng rc tnh: Gm cc rng
rc t treo c nh trn thp
Khi rng rc ng: Gm cc rng
rc chuyn ng ln xung trong
qu trnh lm vic, chng c treo
bi cc nhnh cp, v ng thi
cng l ni mc ni vi ti trng
cn phi nng.
Dy cp: c mc t ti lun qua
cc rng rc tnh v rng rc ng,
k c phn cp ng c chiu di
thay i trong qu trnh ko th b
khoan c.
H rng rc
H rng rc
H rng rc
Xc nh ti trng ln thp
Tu theo cu to ca h thng rng rc m ti trng tc dng ln
thp c xc nh nh sau:
Mc rng rc theo kiu khng c rng rc ng:
Q
T
= 2Q
m
(kg)
Q
T
: ti trng ln thp (kg), Q
m
: ti trng trn mc (kg)
Mc rng rc u cui cp buc vo nh thp hay khi rng
rc ng
trong : : Hiu sut ca h thng rng rc
Mc rng rc c u cp cht buc xung sn
. m
Q
Q Q
m
m T
+ =
.
. 2
m
Q
Q Q
m
m T
+ =
S mt s h thng rng rc
Xc nh lc cng ca cp v iu chnh p lc
Xc nh lc cng ca cp
Thng thng ngi ta s dng h thng rng rc kiu
12, 23 th lc cng trn mi nhnh cp l:
Theo kiu 12 th c s nhnh cp ng m=2 th
(kg) (vi = 1)
Cc bc tin hnh iu chnh p lc
Khi khoan cc l khoan bng my khoan h hay YPb
3AM s dng u quay rto vi cn ch ng. Vic iu
chnh p lc ln chong y s c tin hnh bng ti
thng qua h thng rng rc.
. m
Q
P
m
=
2
m
Q
P =
Xc nh lc cng ca cp v iu chnh p lc
Cc bc tin hnh nh sau:
1. Cn B khoan c: Th ton b dng c vo l khoan, cn ch
o c lun qua l roto hoc u quay, dng ti treo ton
b dng c cch y 0,5m. Cho u roto quay, ng thi bm
dung dch vo l khoan vi cc tr s nh khi khoan. c tr s
i din vi kim trn mt k c tr s P, em vi s nhnh cp
ng, s nhn c tr s trng lng b dng c khoan treo
trn mc. C th trong trng hp ny trng lng b dng c
khoan Qm = 2P
2. iu chnh p lc khi khoan trong trng hp tin hnh khoan
theo ch gim ti.
3. Nu gi p lc ln y l khoan l C, th ti nng bt ln mt lc
l P = Qm C trn mc treo. Mun vy sau khi cn xong ngi
ta th ton b dng c ln y l khoan, sau dng tay ti bt
ti sao sao kim p k ch vo tr s l c th bt u khoan
c.
2.2. Dng c khoan
1. Gii thiu chung
2. B ng mu khoan
3. Li khoan v chong khoan
4. Cc u ni chuyn tip
5. ng slam (ng Slam)
6. Cn khoan
7. Cn nng
1. Gii thiu chung
B dng c khoan hon chnh nht th hin
hnh bn.
Cc dng c ko th v tho lp
1- li khoan, 2- ng mu, 3- Prkht slam, 4-
ng slam, 5- cn khoan, 6- nhippen,7- na
nhippen,
8- u ni chuyn tip ct cn khoan vi u
xanhch, 9- u xa nhch, 10- elevat na t
ng, 11- u ni dng khi ko th b dng c
bng elvat na t ng, 12- elvat n
gin,
13- kho bn l cho cn, 14- khmt bn l cho
cn, 15- vinca cn, 16- vinca tho cn, 17-
kim cp li khoan, 18- kho bn l cho ng
mu, ng chng,
19- ng nn t my bm ln, 20- khmt bt
cht ng nn vi vi dn ca u xanhch
Gii thiu chung
Thng thng ty theo mc ch ca cng tc khoan hay phng
php khoan s dng m ngi ta c thay i tng dng c trong b
khoan c y :
Vi phng php khoan roto ph ton y ngi ta thay li
khoan 1 bng chng 3 chp xoay hoc chong 3 cnh, khng s
dng ng mu 2 v ng slam 4, u ni 3. Trong khoan du kh
bt buc phi s dng cn nh tm.
Khoan kho st a cht cng trnh: nu ly mu li s dng li
khoan 1, nu ly mu nguyn dng thay 1 bng b ng mu
nguyn dng; b ng slam 4, thay u ni 3 bng prkht phay,
b cn nng v cn nh tm.
Khoan khong sn cng: S dng b dng c hon chnh nh
hnh v, nu khi khoan bi thay li khoan hp kim cng 1 bng
li khoan bi, nu khoan ly mu b ri c th thay ng mu 2
bng cc loi ng mu nng i chuyn dng
2. B ng mu khoan
B ng mu bao gm: li khoan, ng b mu, ng mu
v Prkht
B ng mu c nhim v cha mu t y l
khoan, bo v mu v nh hung cho l khoan.
Trong khoan hp kim cng, b ng mu gm: li khoan,
ng b mu, l xo b mu, ng mu.
Trong khoan bi b ng mu gm: li khoan bi, ng mu,
prkht Slam, ng ng mn khoan.
ng mu
1. Cng dng: ng mu l chi tit ni gia li khoan v prkht n c
tc dng n cha mu v nh hng cho l khoan trong qu
trnh khoan.
2. Cu to: ng mu lm bng thp, c dng hnh tr vi chiu di
thng thng l = 1,5, 3, 4,5 v 6m. Hai u ng mu c tin ren
thang, bc ren 4mm on tin ren 40mm ni vi li khoan v
prkht. Trng hp cn tng kh nng nh hng ca ng mu
th cc ng mu c ni li vi nhau tng chiu di.

l
a
Ong mau
D d
au noi ong mau (nhp pen)
D d
Ong mau thanh day
ng mu
3. Cch s dng v bo qun ng mu: Cht lng ng mu s
dng phi t c cc yu cu sau:
Hnh dng khng mo, thnh ng khng dy mng khc
nhau qu gii hn cho php.
cong ca ng mu khng c vt qu gii hn sau:
Cc ng c ng knh t 34 89mm c php
cong 1mm/1m chiu di.
cong 1mm/1m chiu di.
cong 1,3mm/1m chiu di.
Cc nhippen c php cong ti 1,5mm/1m chiu di
ng mu
Ren ca ng mu v nhippen phi nhn, khng c st hoc c
nhng bin dng khc. Khi lp vo li khoan hay prkht, lc u
c th vn bng tay nh dng nhng khng c r, sau phi
dng kha vn sit cht.
Trong qu trnh khoan, thy mt ngoi ca ng ch ct ren b mn
nhiu th phi kim tra loi b hoc ct ren li.
Khi khoan bi bng ng mu thnh mng, sau hai hip khoan phi i
u ng ngc li.
Kinh nghim cho thy ng mu thnh dy c s dng rng ri.
Khi di chuyn, khng c qung, qut m bo ng mu khng
b mo cong. Cc ng mu phi ni kh ro c bi m vo ren v
lp vng bo v ren.
Trng hp mun tng chiu di ng mu chng kh nng cong
lch l khoan c th ni cc ng mu vi nhau bng nhppen, nhng
phi ch s ng trc ca chng chng s rung o khi khoan.
3. Li khoan v chong khoan
Cc li khoan ph
Cc lai chong khoan ba chp xoay
Chong khoan ly mu
A. Li khoan dng cho khoan xoay - ly mu
Li khoan hp kim: dng khoan t mm, cng trung
bnh v cng (cp I n VII theo khoan).
Li khoan bi: dng khoan cc loi t t trung bnh
n kin c (cp V n X theo khoan).
1. Li khoan hp kim
Nhng ht ct hp kim cng em gn vo li khoan c
dng hnh khi ch nht, hnh thoi, hnh tm mt, hnh thoi
vt u, hnh kim v hnh tm cc ht ct c chia lm
hai nhm:
Ht ct hp kim cng gn vo li khoan bnh
thng.
Ht ct hp kim cng gn vo li khoan t mi.
Ty theo tnh cht ca t khoan qua m ngi ta
chn ht ct, s lng ht ct v cch b tr chng trn
vnh li khoan cho ph hp
2. Li khoan bi
L 1 ng thp hnh tr rng, c chiu di (500 10mm),
u trn c ct ren thang trong ni vi ng mu,
u di c x 1 rnh xon lp vi y 1 gc 70750,
chiu rng bng 1/51/6 chu vi, chiu di 150180mm.
Rnh ny c tc dng that dung dch v dn bi t trn
xung b mt lm vic ca li khoan trong qu trnh
khoan.

b- Dang tong quat cua vanh li khoan co the
xe cac ranh thoat nc
a- Vanh li
Mat cat
3. Li khoan kim cng
Li khoan kim cng ht nh mt
lp
Dng khoan trong cc lai
t c mi mn nh,
khng nc n, ng nht
cng trung bnh (Cp VII IX).
Cc ht kim cng c ht
t 20 50 ht/cara c phn
b thnh mt lp trn b mt
lm vic ca u mt. C 2
n 6 rnh thot nc.
S ph hy t do tc dng ct gt ca cc ht cu
thnh mt lp trn u mt ca li khoan nn cc ht b
mt dn lm gim tc khoan.
Tuy nhin n cng c nhng u im sau:
Gn 50% kim cng c th c ly ra dng li
Cc li khoan t b mn theo ng knh ngai
ng, knh trong.
Ngoi ra n cng c nhc im rt ln l cc ht d
b v ra di nh hng ca nhng va ng mnh khi
khoan trong tng t rn chc, nt n cu trc
khng ng nht.
Li khoan kim cng ht nh nhiu lp
Dng khoan trong t c cng cp IX n XI, c mi
mn, nt n khng ng nht v phn b thnh cc lp song
song.
u im
Ta nhit tt, v cho php khoan vi tc vng quay ln
tng tc c hc khoan.
Tng thi gian lm vic ca li khoan.
Nhc im
Khi lng ca kim cng trong mt lp gim nn d dng
b qu ti lm hng li khoan, tng mc hao mn kim
cng.
S bong ra ca cc ht kim cng khng cn kh nng lm
vic, s lm hng lp kim cng v nh hng ti nhng
ht kim cng cn li.
Thc t cho thy s dng li khoan kim cng lai ny
khng kinh t.
Li khoan kim cng thm nhim
Dng khoan trong t nt n, khng ng nht, c mi
mn cao v kin c cp IX n XII theo khoan. li khoan
ny cc ht kim cng vi c ht t 120 200 ht/cara c
phn b iu n trong khi hp kim, cc ht kim cng ph
bn sng c kch thc ln ( ht t 30 60 ht/cara). Ph
hy t theo nguyn tc t mi v ct gt. y l loi li
khoan s dng rt kinh t v c nhng u nhc im sau:
u im
Ti trng nn ln ht ct n nh trong sut qu trnh khoan,
nn bo m ht kim cng khng b qa ti vi tc
khoan n nh.
iu kin nhit tt, li khoan t b hng v cho khoan vi s
vng quay ln (800 1000 vng/pht).
B. Li khoan dng cho khoan xoay ph ton y
1. Cc kiu chong lm vic theo nguyn l ct
Chong li ct loi PX (chong ui c):
trong chong c 02 rnh thot nc v c p 2 n 3
lp hp kim cng c dy t 0,5 n 1mm.
ng knh ca chong ny l 92, 111,131, 181, 195,
284mm. Chong c s dng trong tng t mm b
cp I n III.
Lui khoan ph
Chong nhn Vrnp
Thn chong l mt phi cha x rnh ca li khoan bi,
u trn c tin ren, thang ngoi ni vi ng nh
hng, u di c x 4 rnh lch nhau 900.
Mt tm thp nguyn t vo 2 rnh, hai na tm thp
khc t vo 2 rnh cn li v chng c hn lin vi
thn chong, cn di th hn ni vi nhau.
Cc g ca cc tm thp nh ra khi mt ngoi ca thn
chong 10mm v tm thp cng nh cao hn hai na tm
thp v pha di 10mm. iu ny to iu kin dung
dch khoan lu thng d dng v lm sch mn khoan
di y l khoan.
Loi chong Vornp c th khoan trong tng t t
mm n trung bnh cng (cp III IV)
2. Cc kiu chong lm vic theo nguyn l p ct
Chong lm vic theo nguyn l p ct l cc loi
chong chp xoay s dng trong cng tc khoan ph mu
rt a dng.
Chong chp xoay c th l 1 chp xoay, 2 chp xoay, 3
chp hay 4 chp xoay ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca
t , phm vi s dng, chc nng ca tng loi chong
m chng c cu to khc nhau v s chp xoay, hnh
dng, s lng, cch sp xp v cao ca cc rng
chong trn chp xoay.
Trong khoan ph mu, thng s dng nhng loi
chong chp xoay ch yu nh:
Loi M: khoan t mm, b ri
Loi C: khoan trong cc tng t do, mm c
xen k cc lp c cng trung bnh
Loi T: t cht, do, cng v rn chc c mi
mn nho
Lai K: khoan cc t rn chc c tnh mi mn
cao nh: sng, olomit, thch anh
Loi OK: khoan trong cc t kin c, mi mn
rt cao.
S ph hy t y l khoan bng chong chp xoay l
mt qu trnh phc tp, ta ch xt s lc s ph hy t
y theo tc dng p. Nguyn l lm vic ca n ti y l
khoan cc chp xoay thc hin cng mt lc hai chuyn ng:
Quay xung quanh trc ca chong v xung quang trc ca
chp
C. Li khoan dng cho khoan xoay & xoay p tay
Ty theo phng php khoan tay xoay hay p m dng c
khoan c cu to v c im khc bit nhau:
Trong khoan tay xoay gm hai loi, li khoan tha v li
khoan xon
Li khoan tha: dng khoan trong t mm,
b.
Li khoan xon: dng khoan t mm do nh
thch cao.
Trong khoan tay p, c nhiu loi dng khc nhau.
Chong hai cnh: Khoan trong t trung bnh v
cng, loi chong ny c hai cnh, li chong m
rng v hai bn sn v vy n c kh nng m rng
thnh l khoan tt.
Khoan tay
Chong ch thp: Khoan trong t cng, nt n,
khng ng nht hoc ph nhng tng gp phi
khi khoan.
Chong lch tm: C tc dng m rng thnh l
khoan v khoan khi phi tin hnh va khoan va
chng ng.
Chong pch: Dng khoan khi cn nh dt nhng
tng hay cui vo thnh l khoan trong t
mm.
Ch : Rnh nc ra ta thy trong cc lai chong c hai
tc dng chnh sau:
Tng lc ng ca b dng c khoan xung y l khoan
v khi bm nc vo trong ct cn khoan s gim c
lc y thy lc i vi b dng c khoan;
Tng kh nng to cho cc ht mn khoan l lng di
y l khoan do tc ng ln xung ca dng nc ra
trong lng ct cn khoan khi ko ln p xung.
D. Li khoan dng cho khoan p cp
Chong dt: dng khoan t mm, gc sc ban u ca
chong t 70-90
o
Chong hai cch: dng khoan trong t dinh kt v t
c cng trung bnh. Do cu to phn gia thn chong
c dng hnh nm, hai bn ra to thnh hai g nn chong c
kh nng m thnh l khoan tt, gc sc ban u ca choong
khoan t 80
o
-100
o
.
Chong mng nga v chong ch thp: dng khoan t
cng rn, nt n, nhng tng tng ln cui, si.
Chong pch: c s dng khi gp tng trong l khoan
hoc nh dt nhng tng vo thnh l khoan.
D. Li khoan dng cho khoan p cp
u ni chuyn tip Perkht
1. Cng dng: Prkht l chi tit ni ng mu vi cn khoan, ni ng
mu, cn khoan vi ng slam khi s dng ng slam, ni ct cn
khoan vi ng chng khi phi dng ng chng trong l khoan.
2. Cu to: C 3 loi chnh: prkht phay, prkht slam, prkht
nng i
a. Prkht phay u di tin ren thang ngoi ni vi ng mu
tng ng, u trn mt trong phn vt cn c tin ren tam
gic ni vi giamc ct cn khoan.
Mt ngoi c tin cn v phay cc li ct nhm vic ko
b dng c khoan ln d dng, hoc gp trng hp b
vng ri hay sp l, bao bn vn c th va quay b
khoan c cho cc li ct ca prkht ph cc nt vng,
va ko b dng c ln.
ng knh ngoi ca prkht phi bng ng knh ngoi
ca ng mu v ng chng tng ng.
b. Prkht slam: dng ni cn khoan ng mu v ng
slam li vi nhau. Phn mt ngoi tin ren thang tri
ni vi ng slam nhm chng hin tng ng slam t
tho trong qu trnh khoan, mt trong phn vt cn c
tin ren tam gic ni vi gi mc cn.
c. Prkht nng i: Dng cho ng mu nng i.
Prkht phay, slam
40
o
B
Ranh ghi k hieu
90
o
5. ng slam
Cng dng
Dng ng cc ht mn khoan nng v vn bi m dng
dung dch khng kh nng mang ln ming l khoan
hoc t ri t thnh l khoan xung trong qa trnh
khoan.
Cu to
Ch to bng thp c dng hnh tr rng, u trn vt i 1
gc 300 v un cong vo pha trc.
Chiu di: ty thuc lng mn khoan sinh ra trong 1 hip
khoan, nhng khng nh hn 1,5m
ng knh ngoi bng ng knh ngoi ca Prkht
v ng mu tng ng.
5. ng slam
Phng php s dng
Khi lp vo ng mu, cn sit
cht v m bo s ng trc.
Sau khi ly b ng mu ln
cui hip khoan, mn khoan
c ly ra bng cch treo
ngc b ng mu ri dng vi
nc cho bm ngc vo hoc
va p va xoay nhng trnh
lm mp mo ng.
45
o
L
D
o
6. Cn khoan
Da vo cch ni cc cn l vi nhau thnh ct cn khoan,
ngi ta chia ra lm hai loi cn: Cn khoan ni bng mpta
damc v cn khoan ni bng nhippen.
Cn khoan ni bng mpta damc
c s dng ch yu trong phng php khoan hp kim
v khoan bi.
Cu to: L mt ng thp hnh tr, hai u cn, pha ngoi
c tin ren tam gic trn on vt cn ni vi mpta
hoc damc; pha trong c chn dy tng cng
cho ch ni. Chiu di ng vi ng knh 42mm v
50mm l 1,5; 3 v 4,5m, ng knh 63,5mm l 3; 4,5 v
6m.
Cc cn n c ni vi nhau thnh cn dng (gm 2, 3
v 4 cn l) bng u ni mupta.
Cc cn dng c ni vi nhau bng damc.
Mupta: l chi tit ni cc cn l thnh ct cn
dng, hai u c tin ren tam gic, c cn
v bc ren tng ng vi cn khoan.
B damc: dng ni cc cn dng thnh ct
cn khoan c cu to gm c damc dng v
damc m. Damc dng c ni vo u
di, damc m c ni vo u trn ca ct
cn khoan.
6. Cn khoan
Cn khoan ni bng nhippen
Phm vi s dng: Thng dng khoan nhng l khoan
nng, cc l khoan ng knh nh.
Cu to: L mt ng thp hnh tr c ch to theo ba
c ng knh ngoi: 33,5; 42 v 50mm, gm c hai loi.
Loi A c mt rnh khc ni cc on cn l thnh cn
dng.
Loi B c hai rnh khc dng ni cc cn dng thnh
ct cn khoan vi nhippen loi A. Nhippen loi B c rnh
khc di dng treo ct cn khoan trn ming l khoan
bng vinca cn, rnh khc trn dng nng, h ct
ct cn khoan bng elevat.
6. Cn khoan
u nhc im ca hai loi cn khoan
1. Cn khoan ni bng mupta damc
u im
ng knh ngoi ca u ni mupta-damc ln hn.
ng knh ngoi ca cn khoan, v vy mi ni phi m
bo chc, kn, gim c mn ca ct cn khoan.
Do tit din l bn trong cn ln nn tn tht thy lc t.
Tho rp nhanh, qu trnh nng, h b dng c ch s
dng ren ca damc nn bo v c ren ca cn.
Cho php s dng elevatr bn t ng trong qu trnh
nng h b dng c.
Nhc im
V ng knh ngoi ca mupta-damc v cn khoan
chnh lch nhau nn to ra cc g, do khi ko, tho b
dng c c th gy ra hin tng vng mc vo ming
hoc chn ng chng.
S lu thng dung dch khong h gia ct cn khoan
v thnh l khoan b cn tr, khng thch hp khi phi
khoan cc l c ng knh nh.
2. Cn khoan ni bng nhippen
u im
ng knh ngoi khng thay i trn ton b ct cn
khoan, nn cho php khoan vi s vng quay ln v c
th dng li khoan c ng knh ngoi gn bng
ng knh cn khoan.
Khong h gia ct cn khoan v thnh l khoan. C th
gim xung nh nht. Do gim c ng sut un v
s dng ca ct cn trong khi khoan.
Khi cn thit, c th ko ct cn khoan qua l trc
Spinden ca u my mt on di.
Nhc im
Tit din bn trong ca cc u ni nh hn nhiu so vi
tit din trong ca cn, nn tn tht thy lc ca dng
nc ra ln.
Cc mi ni khng m bo cng vng vi chiu di
on ng ni ct ren mng.
Ren ni ca cn l ren thang, nn khng bo m c
kn kht tuyt i, thi gian thao lp lu.
Cn chng b mn do va chm trc tip vi thnh l
khoan, c bit khi khoan nhng l khoan xin.
Phng php s dng v bo dng cn khoan
1. Phng php s dng
trnh xy ra s c t, gy khi cn khoan, yu cu cn
khoan phi t cc ch tiu sau:
Mt trong v ngoi cn phi nhn: khng rn nt v r st.
Cn khng c cong qu 1mm/1m.
mn ca cn khoan phi trong gii hn cho php.
Mupta, damc khng c mn qu 3,5mm so vi ng
knh ngoi.
Trong qu trnh khoan phi phn nhm cn ra s dng,
s cn trong mt nhm yu cu cht lng phi nh
nhau, cn cng tt th s dng chiu su cng ln ca
l khoan.
Mi cn dng nn lp t 2 n 3 vng cao su bo v.
gim rung cn khoan nn bi m chng rung.
Nu c th nn s dng cn nng thay th cn thng
phn st l khoan.
Cc ren ni ca damc phi m bo tt. Nu vn cn t
1,2 n 2 ren cht l ren qu mn, Cc damc
phi loi b.
2. Bo dng cn khoan
tng kh nng, thi hn lm vic ca ct cn khoan
phi ch bo dng, c th l:
Khi di chuyn khng c qung, qut lm cong cn khan
v hng ren.
Cc cn khoan cha dng phi bi m vo ren ni, cc
u ren phi c lp vng bo v ren.
Khng c ln ln cc cn khoan c cht lng khc
nhau.
Khi cn bo qun lu di, phi tho cn ra khi cn dng,
sp xp chng trn k c 3 tr ln. cn khoan
khng b vng sinh ra cong cn.
7. Cn nng
S dng cn nng to ra p lc cn thit ln y l khoan
v tng cng vng ca phn cui ct cn khoan, gim kh
nng lm cong cn khoan, gim mn ca ct cn khoan.
Kinh nghim cho thy a s cc trng hp gy cn u nm
gn on ng mu.
Phn ct cn khoan hay b gy s c thay bng cn nng.
Cn nng
Do c im cu to ca cn nng, cch ni cc cn vi nhau
c th thc hin theo hai cch: bng damc hoc ni trc tip
vi cn, gia cn nng v cn thng c ni vi nhau bng
damc chuyn tip.
Khi s dng cn nng cn ch ti nhng yu cu c bn
sau:
Ct cn nng c ni ngay vo phn cui ct cn khoan
v phi kim tra tht k khi lp ghp v y l on d t
gy.
ng knh cn nng phi ph hp vi ng knh l
khoan (thng chn ln hn t 1 n 2 cp ng knh)
Chiu di ct cn nng c tnh theo cng thc
trong :
L: Chiu di ct cn nng, (m)
C: Ti trng chiu trc yu cu ln y l khoan, (kg)
K: H s, thng ly t 1,25 n 1,5
Q: Trng lng 1m cn nng
) (
.
m
q
C K
L =
Cn nng
1. u xa nhch
2. Quang treo
3. Xirga
4. Mc treo gim xc
1. u xa nhch
1. Cng dng
u xanhch l 1 chi tit
dng ni gia b phn
quay (ct cn khoan) vi b
khng quay (ng dn dung
dch t my bm ln).
Ngoi ra cn l ni th
ht chn khi b mu, hoc
tip bi vo l khoan bi.
2. Cu to
Trong khoan xoay s dng ph bin hai loi xanhch khng c quang
treo (n gin) v c quang treo.
a. Loi xanhch n gin:
Thng c dng cho cc l khoan nng, chiu su di
300m. V ca xanhch c ni vi ct cn khoan nn cc
chi tit ni hoc lp cht vi v u quay trong khi khoan,
ring ty xanhch ni vi u ni ba ng ri vi ni vi ng
dn nc l cc chi tit khng quay.
lm kn gia phn quay v khng quay ca u xanhch
c b tr cc vng m kn v chng c sit cht li bng
vng cu hm. Pht m kn c tc dng chn gi du bi
trn trong cc bi ca u xanhch.
u xa nhch
b. Loi xanhch c quang treo:
Thng dng khi khoan cc l khoan su, ngoi nhim v
lm chi tit ni gia b phn quay v khng quay, loi c
quang treo c mc vi mc ca rng rc ng ti iu
chnh p lc chiu trc v dao ng ca b dng c khoan
ln xung khi cn thit.
Ty theo phm vi s dng m loi Xanhch c quang treo
c chn vi cc ti trng nng ca quang treo l 2,5; 5;
10 v 25 tn.
u xa nhch
3. Cch s dng
Chn loi ph hp vi ti trng nng cho php v chiu
su ca l khoan.
Thng xuyn phi chm sc thay du, bm m ng
nh k theo di cc b phn lm kn chng r r. Trng
hp cc vng m kn, ty xanhch qu mn phi thay mi
bo m kn chc.
phng trong qu trnh lm vic u xanhch c th b
tut ra.
u xa nhch
Xa nhch c quang treo
1-u ni; 2-Trc Spinden; 3-
Vng pht chn du; 4-Np
di; 5- bi p; 6- bi chn;
7-V; 8- bi ;
9-Np an ton; 10-Quang treo;
11-Vng m kn; 12-Nt
ht chn; 13-Kh mt kp; 14-
Ty xa nhch; 15-ng dn nc
2. Elevat
Elvat dng mc rnh u
trn ca damc m (hay nhippen
loi B) u ct cn dng trong
qu trnh ko, th b dng c
khoan, nhm gip cho vic lp
vo v tho ra ct cn c
nhanh chng. Vng cht ca
elvat c cht gi c th trt
ln, trt xung theo thn ca n.
Do khi mc elvat vo ct
cn khoan phi nng n ln trn
cng m ca cho ct cn bt
vo, cn khi mc xong phi bt
vng cht xung, xoay cho cht
vo v tr rnh kha gi khng cho
ct cn khoan tut ra trong qu
trnh ko th.
Elevat
Khi s dng elvat, cn ch ti quy nh v ti trng nng,
kch thc loi u ni ca ct cn khoan chn cho ph
hp, trnh nhm ln, v d trn mt ngoi ca elvat ghi k
hiu 2,5H 42, ngha l ti trng nng 2,5tn, dng cho u
ni nhippen ng knh 42mm.
3. Quang treo
Dng mc vo di xanhch n gin khi khoan, hoc mc
vo di mupta khi ko, th b dng c khoan nhng l
khoan nng.
4. Xirga
Dng ni gia rng rc ng vi ti trng nng thng qua
elvat hoc quang treo. Cc xirga ( quai treo nng) thng
c sc nng 4, 5,10 tn.
5. Mc treo gim xc
Mc treo gim xc l chi tit ni
gia rng rc ng vi
xanhch.
C quang treo khi khoan, hoc
gia rng rc ng vi elvat
khi nng, h b dng c khoan.
Mc treo gim xc
Tc dng ca mc treo gim xc;
Gim chn ng trong qu trnh nng b dng c khoan ra
khi l khoan
m bo cho mu khng b tt ra khi ng mu
Mt khc nh c c cu l xo v bc quay nn mc treo
gim xc loi tr c kh nng xon cp trong qu trnh
ko th dng c khoan.
2.4. Cc dng c cu s c v tho m cn ng
1. Cc dng c tho, lp, kp, cn ng khoan
2. Mt s dng c cu cha s c khc
1. Cc dng c tho, lp, kp, cn ng khoan
Dng c tho, lp cn khoan
1. Vinca chc cn: dng vo khc ca nhippen
trong damc treo ct cn khoan ngay trn ming l khoan
khi ko th b khoan c. Vinca c ch to theo kch
thc ph hp vi tng loi cn khoan ni bng u ni
nhippen hay mupta-damc.
Cc dng c tho, lp, kp, cn ng khoan
2. Kha bn l 2 ct: Dng th hoc lp cn khoan. Kch
thc ca kha cng c ch to ph hp vi ng
knh ca cn khoan.
3. Kha gng :
trc tip vo rnh khc ca
nhippen hoc damc ri vn
cht li bng cch p mnh
vi ci sau khi dng kha
bn l vn, hoc trc khi tho
cn khoan bng kha bn l,
phi dng kha ny cng
u ni ra trc.
Kch thc ca kha c ch
to ph hp vi kch thc ca
tng loi nhippen hay damc
ni ct cn.
4. Khmt kp cn: Dng gi,
treo ct cn, hay khi cu s c
c th lp vo bt c v tr no
ca ct cn trn ming l khoan.
Kch thc ca khmut cng
c ch to ph hp vi ng
knh ca cn khoan.
Dng c tho lp ng mu, ng chng Prkht, ng ng
mn khoan
Kha bn l: kha ny c th lp bt c v tr no trn thn
ng. Mi loi kha dng tho lp c cho hai loi ng
chng, ng ng mn khoan, perekht, ng mu c ng knh
tng ng ni tip nhau. Khi tho lp bao gi cng phi dng 2
kha, mt gi v mt vn.
Khmt kp ng: kh mt kp ng dng kp cht theo ct
ng chng trn ming l khoan, i khi cng dng trong cng tc
ko hoc th ct ng. Kch thc ca khmt ph thuc vo
ng knh ng chng.
Kha xch: loi kha ny c kh nng dng treo bt c cn ng
no cng c.
2. Mt s dng c cu cha s c khc
Gm c cc loi ta r cu ng v cn khoan ri trong ging:
Loi khng c chung gi l met trch
Loi c chung cn gi l ta r chung hay colocon.
Ngoi ra ton b cc ta r cn phn loi ra ta r tri (c
rng tri) v ta r phi (c rng phi).
Cc kch thc ca ta r c cho trong s tay ca t
trng khoan.
Ngoi cc ta r cn c cc dng c cu s c khc nh: ba
rung, t p, kch thy lc, kch c kh...
III. IU KIN THC TP V CCH THC T CHC
iu kin thc tp
Trang thit b hin c ti xng th nghim khoan khai
thc.
My khoan tay v my khoan XJ ti xng
Hin trng ti cc cng trnh khoan khai thc
Xem video hng dn thc tp khoan khai thc
Cch thc t chc
T chc theo nhm ti xng
T chc theo nhm ti hin trng
ThS. BI T AN
Tel : 84-8-8654086
BI 2: KHOAN KHO ST
A CHT CNG TRNH
128 BM. KHOAN & KHAI THC Hng dn thc tp khoan-khai thc
Mc lc
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Gii thiu
2.3. Ly mu t
Ni dung:
T chc i khoan kho st a cht cng trnh.
Cng tc chun b.
Thc hin quy trnh thi cng l khoan
Qui trnh ly mu nguyn dng
Cch bo qun v ghi nhn mu
Cc th nghim ti hin trng
Ghi chp s liu ti hin trng
Lp l khoan v thu dn hin trng
Yu cu thc tp:
Ghi chp chung v bui thc tp (ngy thc tp, a im,
c im cng trnh...).
Ghi chp v t chc i khoan.
Tham gia thc hin cng tc chun b trc khi khoan:
(Chun b mt bng, a my khoan vo v tr, dng
thp... ).
Trnh by v v li s b tr thit b v dng c khoan
kho st a cht cng trnh.
Tham gia vn hnh v thao tc khoan kho st CCT.
Tham gia thc hin v bo co v quy trnh ly mu, m t
v nh gi cht lng mu.
Tham gia thc hin v bo co v cng tc bo qun v
ghi nhn mu.
Tham gia thc hin v bo co v cng tc th nghim ti
hin trng thc tp.
V, m t ct a tng ti v tr thc tp khoan kho st
CCT.
Tham gia cng tc lp l khoan v thu dn hin trng.
II. C S L THUYT
2.1. Gii thiu
2.3. Ly mu t
2.1 Gii thiu
C nhiu phng php kho st a cht cng trnh v c th l t
hp cc phng php c p dng p ng cc yu cu v k
thut.
Vic la chn phng php kho st cn phi c nghin cu, xem
xt ca cn b kho st a cht cng trnh. Cc phng php ny c
th l xem cc im l, cc h th nng, su, cc ging khoan, cc l
dc va .
Trong phm vi ti liu ny s quan tm n phng php khoan kho
st a cht cng trnh bao gm cc kiu khoan tay, khoan p cp
nh, khoan gung xon v khoan xoay my.
2.2 Cc phng php khoan
1. KHOAN TAY
2. KHOAN P CP NH
3. KHOAN GUNG XON
4. KHOAN XOAY MY
1. Khoan tay
Phng php khoan tay dng thit b nh thao
tc bng tay, cn khoan thng dng loi nh
v mng 34, 42mm, li khoan c ng
knh t 75-132mm gm c cc kiu li khoan:
xon rut g, li khoan tha, li khoan hp
kim, chong p, ng mc mn khoan v cc
ng mu theo cc quy phm khc nhau.
V d ng mu thnh mng 75 theo quy phm
ASTM, ng mu ng knh 110 gm hai
mnh tho ri theo quy phm Lin x c.
Khoan tay
Khoan xoay tay c th kt hp vi khoan p tay khi phi khoan qua
khi t cng nh sn laterite, ln . . . khi phi dng h n
by vung gc vi cn khoan. Ko cn khoan bng tay v th vi b
dng c ri t do bng si dy mm.
Trong khoan xoay tay, khi cn tng ti trng ln y ngi ta c th
gia ti ln u cn bng cc vt liu nh hoc gang, thp . . .
Ty theo loi t khoan xoay, xoay-p tay c th t c chiu su
ti 30m i vi t cp I-II, t cp III c th t c chiu su
t 15-20m.
Thp khoan dng loi ba chn ng thp mng hoc bng g, nu
trng hp khoan su di 6m c th khng cn dng thp.
Khoan tay rt thun li trong vng cht hp, ly li, kh thi cng. Tuy
nhin n c nhiu hn ch v phm vi s dng.
2. Khoan p cp nh
Khoan p cp nh l mt bin tng ca cc phng php khoan
ging tiu chun, ni chung, s dng mt gin khoan di ng c
thit k ring cho cng tc kho st t nn.
i vi hu ht cng tc kho st, l gin khoan c ti vi sc
nng t 1 n 2 tn, c vn hnh bng ng c diezen v thp
khoan c chiu cao khong 6m.
Vi nhiu loi gin khoan, cc chn thp gp li c to nn mt
rmoc n gin, c th ko i bng mt xe nh. Mi khoan ct st
c dng trong l khoan kh.
ng khoan ch c s dng khi nc y l khoan ngp phn
di ca ng. Do cn thm nc vo l khoan khi khoan qua
lp t kh khng dnh nu dng ng khoan.
Khoan p cp nh
Cc phng php nu trn c th khng ph hp vi cc i
tng kho st a k thut i hi l khoan phi c khoan
trong iu kin kh, hoc vi mc nc trong h khoan c
gi mc nc di t t nhin.
Trong nhng trng hp , cn chp nhn mt png php
khoan km hiu qu hn vi b khoan p cp.
Chng hn, khi khoan qua st qunh di nc c th phi
s dng chong khoan v ng khoan hay l chp nhn mt
phng php khc nh khoan c kh.
Khoan p cp nh
Khoan p cp nh thch hp vi t yu.
Kch thc ng chng l khoan v mi khoan thng l 150mm,
200mm, 250mm v 300mm, khoan c ti su ln nht chng
60m trong a tng thch hp.
B khoan ny c th c mt c cu thy lc iu khin mt b g
khi cn khoan xoay dng cho vic ly li .
Mi khoan p nh cp ti thc hin ng tc p v gm c
chong ct st dng cho t dnh, mi khoan tha hoc ng ng
dng cho t khng dnh, chong p v v nhng lp cng.
Chong ct v ng mc ly ln vt liu b ph hu ni chung l
i din, cho php nhn bit a tng.
Hin nay nc ta cn c mt s trng hp ci tin khoan p cp
nh trn thnh mt gin khoan c ng v gn nh hn.
Si cp p c chuyn i thnh mt si chc mm, phanh hm
v th b dng c qua mt c cu tang ti ph.
B dng c c nng ln khi y ging khong t 15-25mm ty
theo cng ca t v tn s p thay i 60-80 ln/pht.
Mi ln p cn khoan c xoay i mt gc t 100 -150 nh xoay
tay kha mt kp cn. Lm sch mn khoan trn y bng bm dung
dch kiu piston tc dng kp.
Phng php ny c th khoan ti su 50m trong t cp III v
nng sut khoan t 2-3m/gi trong t ny.
Khoan p cp nh
3. Khoan gung xon
Khoan gung xon thng s dng
li khoan cnh xon lin tc c chui
rng (li khoan rut g). Chng thch
hp khoan xon vo t dnh.
Khi khoan, on chui rng c nt
li ti u di. Nt ny c th tho ra
h ng ly mu xung qua lng
chui v n vo t bn di mi
khoan.
Vic s dng li khoan c chui rng
trong t khng dnh thng gp kh
khn l lm th no ngn cn vt liu
chui vo on chui rng khi tho nt
ra.
Khoan gung xon
Khi gp , n c th tr thnh khoan ly li cng nh on chui
rng . Thng thng, li khoan xon c chui rng ng knh
khong 75mm v 125mm s to ra l khoan ng knh chng
150mm v 250mm tng ng, ti su 30m n 50m.
Khoan cnh xon lin tc (khoan xon) i hi nng lng c hc v
trng lng kh ln, do thng c t trn mt xe ti nng.
Nhng mnh vn khoan c a ln mt t nh cnh xon ca
li khoan, ch cho mt hng dn rt s b v su v c tnh
ca a tng.
C th gim nh chnh xc tng khong a tng khng lin tc t
cc mu khoan ly c qua thn rng ca li khoan.
a tng t chng c, c th dng cn c v mi khoan
thch hp. Mi khoan c ko ln mt t mi khi cn moi t ra.
C th tin hnh ly mu ng v th nghim trong l khoan.
4. Khoan xoay my
Cc my khoan xoay s dng trong khoan kho st cng trnh
thng l c nh vi sc nng ca ti t 1-2 tn, su l
khoan ti a l 100m.
V c bn, thit b v dng c phng php khoan xoay ny
ging cc phng php khoan xoay thm d khong sn cng
v khoan thm d-khai thc nc nhng kch thc v qui m
nh hn.
Mt iu c bit na l cc thit b khoan kho st a cht
cng trnh ch s dng loi iu p thy lc v mm cp, trc
spindel.
4. Khoan xoay my
Cc thit b loi ny thng gp Vit nam l XJ-100 (Trung
quc), Zu 75, 150 (Lin x), CANO (Japan), Longer (USA) . .
Li khoan trong phng php khoan xoay my s dng
ging nh khoan thm d khong sn.
Trong t mm, b ri s dng cc loi chong ph ton y
nh cc chong 2 cnh kiu ui c, chong 2 cnh c gn hp kim
chng mi mn.
Dung dch khoan c s dng l dung dch nc thin nhin trn
vi t st khi khoan qua cc a tng cn gi l dung dch st t
nhin. N t lm bin i tnh cht ca mu t v cc a tng khoan.
Nhng trng hp c bit khi khoan qua cc a tng b ri, ct
chy c th cho php khoan xoay bng dung dch st nhn to
khng ch sp l thnh l khoan, nhng s dng dung dch long c
nht v t trng cng nh cng tt.
Khi cn ng mu nguyn dng cng dng cc b ng mu theo quy
phm s trnh by cc phn di.
Khoan xoay my
2.3 Ly mu t
Cc nguyn tc chung
Cc k thut ch yu ly mu
Cht lng mu
Cc mu ph hoi t dng c khoan hoc t thit b o
ng ly mu h
ng ly mu thnh mng
ng ly mu h ng knh 100mm
ng mu tch dng cho th nghim xuyn tiu chun
Mu li khoan xoay
Cc nguyn tc chung
Vic chn k thut ly mu ph thuc vo cht lng mu yu cu v
c im ca t, t bit l mc t b ph hoi do qu trnh ly
mu.
Cn nh rng tnh cht ca t nguyn trng ti hin trng thng
b chi phi bi s hin din bi nhng ch yu v nhng gin on.
Do c th c nhng mu tt nhng
khng i din cho t nguyn trng.
Trong vic chn phng php ly mu
phi xc nh r l xc nh tnh
cht ca t nguyn trng (trong khi)
hay l cc tnh cht ca vt liu t
nguyn vn.
a. Ly mu ph hoi t dng c khoan hoc t thit b o trong qu
trnh khoan
b. Ly mu ng, trong mt ng hoc ng mu tch i c mp ct
st mt di c n vo t bng lc p tnh hoc bng va p
ng.
c. Ly mu xoay trong ng vi b phn ct mt di s xoay
vo t, do to ra mu li.
Cc mu ly c bng k thut b, c thng l nguyn vn
c th xem xt kin trc ca t nn bn trong mu.
Cht lng ca nhng mu nh vy c th thay i nhiu, ty
theo k thut v nhng iu kin t v thng cho thy mt
mc ph hoi nht nh.
Cc mu nguyn vn bng k thut b, c thng c ly theo
hng thng ng, nhng c th ly theo hng c bit
kho st nhng c im ring.
Cht lng mu
Quy trnh ly mu phi c la chn trn c s cht lng
mu c yu cu v s c nh gi phn ln theo mc
thch hp ca mu cho cc th nghim trong phng tng ng.
Mt phn loi mu t xut c cung cp mt c s
hu ch cho phn loi cc mu theo cht lng.
Khng (tr th t cc tng) Loi 5
Phn loi Loi 4
Phn loi, m Loi 3
Phn loi, m, dung trng Loi 2
Phn loi, m, dung trng, bn, bin dng v
cc c trng c kt
Loi 1
Cc tnh cht c th xc nh c tin cy Cht lng
Nhng th nghim phn loi trong phng ch ph hp vi t cn phn
loi cht lng c th p dng cho cc mu khi xt v cc tnh cht
khc.
Trong mt s trng hp d s dng phng php no ly mu
cng ch c th ly c mu b ph hoi t nhiu. Tc l tt nht ch
l loi 2.
Kt qu th nghim v bn v tnh nn ln tin hnh trn nhng
mu phi c x l thn trng. Cc mu thuc cc loi 3, 4 v 5
ni chung c coi nh mu ph hoi.
iu ny cn xem xt tip trong vic la chn cc qui trnh ly mu
loi 1 l kch thc ca mu. iu ny c xc nh phn ln bi
kin trc ca t m i vi ring t, thng hay gi l kt cu.
Khi t c nhng gin on nh hng bt k, chng hn nh trong
t l st th ng knh mu hoc b rng mu cng ln so vi
khong cch gia cc gin on cng tt.
Cht lng mu
Ni cch khc khi t cha nhng gin on c nh hng r rt,
chng hn nh cc nt n trong , c th cn ly cc mu c nh
hng c bit.
i vi t mn ng nht v ng hng, c th s dng mu c
ng knh nh ti 35mm. Tuy nhin thng th cc mu ng knh
100mm hay c s dng hn, v kt qu th nghim trong phng lc
c th i din cho khi t. Trong nhng trng hp c bit,
cc mu c ng kinh 150mm v 200mm cng c s dng.
BS 1377 v BS 1924 a ra nhng chi tit chnh xc v khi lng
mu cho mi mu th nghim. Khi bit s lng ng chng cc th
nghim, tht d c lng tng lng t cn ly.
Khi cha bit chng trnh th nghim trong phng, bng 1 a ra ch
dn v tng lng t phi ly cho mi lot th nghim. Ni cn
nghin cu vt liu ti ch, nhng chi tit v kch thc mu cn thit
c nu BS 812: phn 1.
Cht lng mu
Bng 1: Khi lng mu t cn thit cho mt s th nghim
trong phng
1kg
5kg
30kg
25kg n 60kg
100kg
130kg
160kg
St, bi, ct
Si nh v va
Si to
Tt c cc loi t
St, bi, ct
Si nh v va
Si to
Gim nh t k c cc gii
hn Atterberg; phn tch ry;
cc th nghim m v
hm lng sunfat
Th nghim m cht
Nghin cu ton din vt
liu xy dng, k c gia c
t
Khi lng mu
cn thit
Loi t Mc ch ca mu
Cht lng mu
Cht lng mu ph thuc vo k thut khoan. Khi cc mu ph hoi
c ly t di nc trong l khoan th c nguy c l cc mu c
th khng i din thc s cho loi trm tch.
c bit l trng hp t khng dnh, cha nhng ht mn c
khuynh hng b nc ra lm tri mt khi dng c. iu ny c th
khc phc c mt phn bng cch t ton b nhng g cha
trong dng c vo trong mt thng nc v cc ht mn lng
xung trc khi gn nc.
Cc loi mu sau y ni chung c th mong i t mt s phng
php khoan:
Cc mu ph hoi t cc l khoan th dng thit b p cp hoc
bng mi khoan xoay.
Cc mu ph hoi ly c t l khoan dng thit b p cp
hoc bng mi xoay trong iu kin c nc.
Cc mu ph hoi trong t khng dnh t mt l khoan
bt k, bng phng php khoan m trong vt liu vn
(mn khoan) do khoan c bm ra ra ngoi l khoan,
chng hn nh khoan xoay, khoan ra.
Khi lng mu cn thit cho cc mc ch c xc nh bi
c im ca t v cc th nghim phi lm
ng ly mu h
Dng c ly mu ng h gm ch yu mt ng h ti mt u v u
kia lp cc phng tin g cn khoan. Mt van chng hi lu cho
php thot khng kh hoc nc khi mu lt vo trong ng v gip
cho vic gi mu khi nng dng c ln khi t.
Hnh 2.1 gii thiu nhng chi tit c bn ca dng c ly mu thch
hp cho s dng chung gm mt ng mu n v mt ct n
gin. Vic s dng cm (khp ni) v b phn gi mu c
cp phn sau. Mt loi ng mu khc th c km theo mt ng lt
bn trong tho lp c.
Yu cu c bn ca mt dng c ly mu l khi c n vo t, n
nho nn v ph hoi t cng t cng tt.
Mc ph hoi c kim sot bi ba c im ca thit k: ct,
ma st thnh bn trong v van chng hi lu (van mt chiu).
Quy trnh ly mu theo nhng bc sau:
1. Trc khi ly mu, y l khoan hoc b mt h o mt l phi
c dn tht sch vt liu tr nn km cht hay b ph hoi.
2. Mt phn hoc ton b vt liu b ti xp hoc b ph hoi s i
vo khong khng bn trn ca ng ng mu.
3. di mc nc ngm th mt s loi t b phn phin, phn
b di l khoan hoc h o c th b ph hoi, nu p lc
nc t nhin trong t phn phin vt qu p lc ca nc
trong l khoan hoc h o.
4. ngn nga hiu ng ny, cn phi gi mc nc trong l
khoan cao hn mc nc di t tng ng ti v tr ca mu.
ng ly mu h
5. ng mu c th c ng vo trong t bng phng thc ng
dng qu t ri hoc ba trt, hoc bng lc p tnh lin tc dng
kch thy lc, khi rng rc v dy.
6. Mt s bng chng cng b cho thy cc quy trnh ng ng hay
tnh s gy ra ph hoi mu t hn; v i vi phn ln iu kin t
c l khng c s khc nhau ng k. Lc ng cho mi mu c th
c ghi li lm chng ch v st ca t.
7. Khong tin su ca dng c khi ng phi c kim sot v ghi
li, v tin xa th t s b nn trong ng mu. Mt dng c ly mu
khong khng ng qu xem hnh, cho php ng mu ng y
m khng nguy c lm h hng mu.
8. Sau khi ng phi ko u ng mu ln. Ghi chiu di ca mu
ly c, so snh vi chiu di ca mu trong dng c v lng
chnh lch pht hin. Chng hn nu chiu di ca mu nh hn so
vi chiu di ng, th mu b nn t nhiu hoc dng c ly
mu cho mu trt ra ngoi khi dng c c ko ln.
ng ly mu h
ng ly mu thnh mng
Cc ng mu thnh mng c s dng cho cc loi t c bit
nhy vi s ph hoi do ly mu; n gm mt ng thp thnh mng
v pha di c tin thnh li ct vi khong h trong nh.
T s din tch khong 10%. Nhng ng mu nh vy ch thch hp t
t mn cho n st qunh v khng c cc ht ln. Chng
thng cho mu loi 1 trong tt c cc t dnh mn, k c st nhy,
min l t khng b ph hoi do vic khoan l.
ng ly mu thnh mng
Thng nhn c cc mu c ng knh gia 75mm v
100mm; cc mu c ng knh ti 250mm c ly cho cc
mc ch ring.
Cn nhn xt rng s xy ra s ph hoi y l khoan trong
t yu, di mt su no , do s gii phng ng sut.
V vy ngi ta thch ly mu pittng thm nhp tht su
xung bn di y l khoan.
Dng cho mc ch chung. ng mu h ng knh 100mm l dng
c ly mu hay dng vi khoan p cp v c th dng trong cc loi
t dnh, trong yu. Chng hn nh phn v macn Keuper
b phong ha.
Trong t dnh ht mn, khng nhy c st qunh hoc thp hn,
thit b c th cung cp c mu loi 1, hoc c nhiu kh nng
hn mu loi 2.
Trong st chy, c th ly c mu loi 2.
Trong vt liu dn hoc nt n dy, nh mt s yu v st cng,
cng nh vt liu th ng mu ly c mu loi 3; v vic ly mu
gy ra ph hoi trong nhng vt liu ny, nn cht lng mu s
gim t loi 3 n loi 4, nu c nc vo l khoan.
Thit b ly mu minh ha gm c mt ng mu, di khong 450mm,
vi mt mi ct vt vo bng ren v mt u ng. T s din tch
khong 30%. Cc ng mu c th ni vi nhau bng cc vng ni
to nn mt dng c ly mu di hn.
Hai ng mu tiu chun s to nn mt ng mu khong 1m, thng
c s dng ly mu st yu; tuy nhin s tng chiu di c th
gy ra ph hoi mu t nhiu.
Trong nhng t c lc dnh thp nh bi hoc ct mn ln bi, mu
c th b ri ra khi ko dng c t t ln. Vic thu mu c th c
ci thin bng cch thm vo mt lng chi tit gi li gi mp ct v
ng mu nh nu hnh 2.1. Khi dng chi tit gi li, cht lng mu
khng tt hn loi 3.
Cc ng mu nh hn (khong 50mm hoc 75mm) c th c
dng, nu vic s dung ng mu 100mm gp tr ngi, hoc do kch
thc l khoan. Cc ng mu nh hn cng c thit k tng t,
ngoi tr chn ct khng tho ra c.
ng mu tch dng cho th nghim xuyn tiu chun
ng mu tch c dng trong th nghim xuyn tiu chun v c
m t trong th nghim 19 ca BS 1377.
Ly mu ng knh 35mm v c t s din tch khong 100%.
c s dng ly cc mu nh, nht l di nhng iu kin cn
tr vic s dng ng mu 100mm ph thng v cho php ly c
cc mu loi 3 hhoc loi 4.
Mu li khoan xoay
Cc mu c c bng cch khoan ly li theo quy trnh nu
trn. Cht lng mu c th bin i ng k theo cc c
trng ca t nn v kiu thit b ly li dng. Kch thc
ng li v kch thc li c lit k thnh bng.
Trong hu ht cc , li thch hp s nhn c bng cch
dng ng li kp c khp khuyn, vi li c kch thc khng
nh hn khong 70mm ng knh.
Mu li khoan xoay
Vic gim c li ti 55mm ng knh, c th thch hp trong
nguyn trng v s tng li ti khong t 100mm v
150mm ng knh, bao gi cng mang li kt qu tt hn
trong yu, b phong ha hoc nt n.
Trong yu, phong ha hoc
nt n li tt nht c th nhn
c bng cch dng ng li ba,
trong ng trong s cha mt
ng mu tho lp c hoc
ng lt.
ng lt c th lm bng nhiu
loi vt liu. Cc loi hnh ng lt
bao gm: ng tch, ng kim loi
khng c ng ni v ng lt
bng cht do, c cng v mm.
2.4 Bo qun v ghi nhn mu
Khi qut
Ghi nhn
Mu t khng nguyn trng v mu th
nh t
Mu ly bng ng
Ly li khoan xoay v bo qun
Khi qut
Cc mu tn km mt s tin ng k mi ly dc nn phi x l
tht thn trng. Tnh hu ch ca kt qu th nghim trong phng ph
thuc vo cht lng mu thi im th nghim.
Do vy iu quan trng l thit lp mt quy trnh thun tin bo
qun v ghi nhn cho mu, cng nh bo qun v chuyn ch
sao cho chng khng b h hng v c th d nhn bit, ly ra t
kho mu khi cn.
Cc mu phi c che ch khi sng gi lm hng chng, khi b
nung nng v chu bin thin nhit qu mc c th lm hng vt
liu bc mu, ng mu v lm h hng thm mu.
Nhit ni ct mu s chu nh hng ca kh hu, nhng c kin
ngh rng mu phi c ct gi nhit thp nht thc t c th
c, l trong khong 2
o
C n 45
o
C. Dao ng nhit trong kho
khng vt qu 20
o
C.
Tt c cc mu phi c ghi nhn ngay sau khi ly khi l
khoan hoc h o.
Ghi nhn
Nu chng c bo qun m t
nhin, chng cn ng thi, c gi
trong hp kn kh, hoc c bc trong
sp.
Nhn phi c nu tt c nhng thng tin cn thit v mu, v vn
c mt bn sao thm c lu gi ring tch khi mu; bn ny
c km v bo co hin trng hng ngy.
Nhn c lm du bng mc khng ty c v bn khi nh
hng ca mi trng v vn chuyn mu.
Bn thn mu phi c hn 1 nhn hoc nhng phng tin khc
xc nh, sao cho c th nhn ra mu nu 1 nhn b hng.
Nhn mu in hnh thch hp cho nhng mu khng nh
hng c nu hnh sau.
Cc t c nh s theo tng lot v ng thnh quyn c 2
lin.
Mi t c mt phn c th x c theo mt ng c l v
c dng lm nhn, phn cn li cng x ra c, mang s
lot ca nhn v c th c nh vo nh mt phng tin
ring nhn bit.
Ghi nhn
Ghi nhn
GHI CHP MU
No 1234
V trngythng..nm.
L khoan..ng knh ngoi ti mt t
V tr ly mu, t No 1234
n
.di mt t
Hp ng sKiu loi mu
Nhn xt
No 1234
K tn
Mu t khng nguyn trng v mu th nh t
Nhng ni cn c mu th nh th nghim, hoc ni cn bo
qun mu mt thi gian di trong iu kin tt cn x l mu nh sau:
Ngay sau khi ly t h khoan hoc h o, mu phi c
trong hp khng b n mn, bn, c khi lng t nht 0,5kg,
trong mu chon gn ht ch cn khong trng ti thiu cha
khng kh.
Hp ng phi c np ng kn
hoc gn kn, sao cho m t
nhin ca mu vn gi c hoc
n khi th nghim trong phng.
i vi mu c mt cch
thay th l bc mu trong mt
lp sp. Loi parafin vi tinh th
hay c dng, v n t b kh
ngt v nt.
Mu t khng nguyn trng v mu th nh t
Cc mu khng nguyn dng ln hn, cn cho mt s th
nghim trong phng th c k ng trong cc hp hoc ti cht
o chc chn.
Hp ng mu c nh s v t phiu mu nh x ra hoc
nhn mu phi c cho ngay vo hp, ngay di np. Mt
nhn ging ht phi c dn cn thn bn ngoi hp di lp
bc cch nc (sp hoc cht do).
Cc hp ng phi c ng gi cn thn phng h
hng trong qu trnh chuyn ch.
Trong khong thi gian mu hin trng hoc trn ng
vn chuyn n kho, chng phi c cch li chng sng v
chng b nung nng qu mc.
i vi mu nh, s hiu mu phi ghi bng sn ngay trn b
mt mu hoc gn mt nhn. Sau mu phi c bc trong
vi t giy v ng trong mt hm g. Nn t trong giy bc
mt nhn.
Mu ly bng ng
Nhng khin ngh sau y c th p dng cho tt c cc mu ly
bng ng tr nhng loi c ly bng ng thnh dy.
Nhng iu cn thn trng v gi v bo qun mu phi c tun
th nh nhng yu cu ti thiu i vi cc mu c ly bng cc
phng php thng thng.
Trong nhng trng hp t bit c th cn phi c bin php phng
nga t m hn.
i vi nhng mu c gi
trong ng hoc ng lt phi tun
theo qui trnh: ngay sau khi mu
khoan hoc o c ly ra phi
gt b cc u mt (chng 25mm)
v mi phn t b ph hoi u
ng mu.
Sau phi bc vi lp sp nng chy, tt nht l sp vi tinh, t
mi u mt mt dy khong 25mm. Sp nung chy cng ngui cng
tt. iu ch yu l thnh ng phi sch v khng dnh t.
Nu mu rt xp, nn t trc mt t giy sp ln cc u mu. Mi
khong trng cn li gia u mt ng, hoc ng lt v sp phi
c nht cht bng vt liu t b nn ln hn mu v khng c kh
nng ht nc t mu; ri y mt tm np kn kht hoc vn cht
m c ren ti mi u ng ng hoc ng lt.
Mu ly bng ng
i vi nhng mu khc phi tun theo quy trnh sau: cc
mu khng c gi trong ng phi c bc ton b bng
mt s lp parafin nng chy, tt nht l loi sp vi tinh, ngay
sau khi g khi dng c ly mu; ri sau phi nht cht
bng vt liu thch hp vo hp ng bng kim loi hoc cht
do.
Np hp ng phi c gi cht bng bng dnh. Nu mu
rt xp cn ph n bng giy sp trc khi dng sp chy.
Mu ly bng ng
Sau khi ng ng li mu ko ln mt t phi c gng gi gn li.
m bo sao cho cht lng li c gi cng gn ging trng thi
t nhin cng tt, cho n khi mu c i lu kho chnh thc.
Ngoi tr nhng trng hp nguyn khi v tng i bn chc,
cn th li hu nh khng th trnh khi b ph hoi khi c tho ra
t ng mu gi v tr thng ng, ri em t vo hp.
ng mu phi c gi v tr nm ngang ri n li ra, vo mt
khay, theo cch no n vn tip tc c ch ta. Khi y li ra tt
nht l theo cng hng nh khi n chui vo ng.
Thit b y li ra nn l kiu pittng, tt nht l kiu vn hnh bng
c kh, bi v kiu y bng p lc nc c th lm cho nc tip
xc vi li v lm hng n do ng sut t bin.
Cn nhn xt rng trong nhng yu, b phong ha hoc nt n,
vic y li ra c th dn ti ph v li d c lm cn thn i chng
na.
Khi ly li ra khi ng v sp xp vo hp, phi thn trng c bit l
phi m bo cho mu khng b o ln u ny thnh u kia, m
nm ng nh trong v tr u tin.
Cc su t di mt t phi c ghi bng du khng ty xa
c, trn cc tm ngn nh c kch thc bng ng knh li, v
c xen vo gia cc on li ly t cc hip lin tip.
ch khng ly c li hoc ly i cc mu th nh t li
dng cho mc ch khc th phi c ch r bng nhng khi gin
cch c chiu di thch hp.
2.5 Cc th nghim trong h khoan
1. Th nghim ct cnh (Van shear test)
2. Th nghim SPT (Standard Penetration
Test)
3. Th nghim nn ngang (pressuremeter)
1. Th nghim ct cnh (Van shear test)
Ch yu p dng xc nh sc chng ct ca cc t loi st mm
c st khng n nh (bn, than bn, st mm...) v t loi ct ht
mn bo ha nc, kt cu xp, bng cch o moment xon ti a
cn thit lm xoay mt dng c 4 cnh c n ngp trong t.
Trnh t tin hnh
a dng c ct ti im cn th nghim trong h khoan, cch
ct c n xung khong 0,5m. Cho cn chuyn ng quay vi
tc 0,1 /s. o moment xon. Khi cnh ct quay c tin
hnh quan trc s c gc quay ca cnh v moment xon. u
tin gi tr moment xon tng ln, c qua 1 - 2 ta tin hnh quan
trc.
Gi tr moment xon t gi tr cc i ng vi lc t th nm
t nhin. Sau khi t b ct theo mt trc th moment xon gim
xung. iu ny tng ng vi gi tr cc tiu ca sc chng
ct. Tip tc quay cho n khi s c moment xon n nh. Ghi
kt qu quan trc v biu din di dng th.
ng dng
N cho mt khi nim chnh xc v lc dnh khng thot nc
p lc t nhin ca cc loi t st mm cn thit trong vic tnh
ton n nh b dc v t p trn nn chu ln.
Tuy nhin, nu cc lp t khng ng nht ch cn cha mt
lp mng ct hoc bi cht th moment xon khng chnh xc.
Ngoi ra s hin din ca r cy trong cc lp t hu c, hoc
cc mnh vn cng c th dn ti s sai lch kt qu.
Th nghim ct cnh (Van shear test)
2. Th nghim SPT (Standard Penetration Test)
L mt phng php c p dng rng ri nhiu nc trn ton
th gii xc nh cc tnh cht c l ca t .
Th nghim SPT c tiu chun ha bi ASTM (D1586)
"American Society for Testing and Materials".
1. ng mu chun.
2. Ba: trng lng ba l 63,5 1 1 kg
3. Cn dn ba: c s dng nh hng cho ba khi nng
ln v h xung.
Tin hnh th nghim:
Th nghim SPT thng c tin hnh trong h khoan ngay
sau khi thc hin cc thao tc ly mu hoc lm sch l khoan.
Th nghim SPT
Trnh t th nghim nh sau :
Lp t cc thit b th nghim
nh du trn cn khoan ba on lin
tc vi chiu di mi on l 15cm.
Ba nng 63,5 kg c th ri t do
vi khong cch 75cm.
m s ba ng c sau khi xuyn
ngp mi hip 15cm.
S ba ca hai hip sau c gi l
sc khng xuyn tiu chun hoc "N-
value".
Th nghim SPT s c dng li khi mt trong nhng iu kin sau
xy ra :
Tng s ba ng trong mt hip > 50 ba.
ng c 100 ba.
ng mu khng dch chuyn khi ng 10 ba lin tc.
ng mu xuyn 45 cm v khng vi phm mt trong cc iu
khon trn.
Th nghim SPT
Cc nhn t c th nh hng n kt qu th nghim SPT :
L khoan cha c lm sch hon ton, cc mn khoan c th
b gi trong ng mu v b nn khi ng mu lm tng s ba.
Khng t mi xuyn trn mu nguyn dng.
Kt cu t nhin ca t b ph hy do p lc ng k ca
ct nc trong l khoan hoc do s dng bm qu mnh.
Ba khng ri t do hoc khng s dng cn dn ba.
S dng cc u mi khng ng tiu chun.
S dng cn khoan nng hn tiu chun hoc cn khoan qu
di.
S dng cc l khoan ng knh qu ln (D > 10cm).
Th nghim SPT
Th nghim nn ngang (pressuremeter)
Trong th nghim nn ngang mt thit b thm d dc a
vo mt bung o di y l khoan, hoc a trc tip vo
l khoan c kch thc thch hp, ri cho lm phnh ra theo
chiu ngang bng khng kh hoc kh nn.
o p lc tc dng v bin dng tng hp, t c th bit
c cc c trng bn v bin dng ca t nn.
iu kin thc tp:
My khoan tay v my khoan XJ
Cng trnh khoan kho st a cht cng trnh
Cch thc t chc: T chc theo nhm thc tp khoan
kho st CCT :
Mt bng khu C6 - Bch khoa TP.HCM
Hoc mt bng khu Linh trung - i hc Quc gia Tp.
HCM
Hoc hin trng khoan kho st a cht cng trnh
thc t ti TP. HCM hay cc tnh ln cn...
ThS. BI T AN
Tel : 84-8-8654086
BI 3: KHOAN THM D
KHAI THC NC
NI DUNG MN HC
Bi 3:
KHOAN THM D KHAI THC NC
II. C s l thuyt
2.1. Phn loi ging
2.3. Cc yu cu ca ging khoan thm d - khai thc nc
2.4. Cng ngh khoan, kt cu ging, m va, gi dng v
bm th nghim
Ni dung:
T chc i khoan thm d khai thc nc
Cng tc chun b thi cng ging khoan
a tng v cu trc ging
Quy trnh cng ngh thi cng ging khoan
Cc phng php hon thin ging v gi dng sn phm
Cc phng php bm th nghim v khai thc sn phm
Ghi chp s liu ti hin trng
Yu cu thc tp:
Ghi chp chung v bui thc tp (ngy thc tp, a im, c
im cng trnh...)
Ghi chp v t chc i khoan thm d khai thc nc
Tham gia, tm hiu cng tc chun b trc khi khoan
Trnh by v v li s b tr thit b v dng c khoan thm d
khai thc nc
Tham gia, tm hiu v bo co quy trnh thi cng ging khoan
Tham gia, tm hiu v bo co v cc cng tc bm th nghim
v khai thc sn phm
M t ct a tng v cu trc ging khoan ti v tr thc tp
khoan thm d khai thc nc.
II. C S L THUYT
2.2. Mt s yu cu c bn i vi ging khoan
2.3. Cng ngh khoan
2.5 Khi phc nh nc ca tng cha nc
2.6 Trm ging khoan
1. Phn loi ging khoan
2. Phng php khoan xoay - ra thun
3. Khoan xoay thi kh
4. Khoan xoay ra nghch
5. Khoan p cp
1. Phn loi ging khoan
Ty theo mc ch s dng c th phn thnh cc kiu ging
khoan thm d khai thc nc nh sau:
Bm p to kho cha ngm hoc cc dng chy ngm
Tng p 7
Dng cho giai on thm d v thm d- khai thc
nh gi cht lng v tr lng nc
Quan trc 6
S dng tho kh hoc h thp mc nc theo tng
cp phc v cho cc cng trnh xy dng hoc khai
khong
Tho kh hoc
h thp mc
nc
5
Khai thc nc
Khai thc 4
Dng cho vic thm d chi tit v c th chuyn sang
mc ch khai thc c
Thm d - khai
thc
3
Dng cho mc ch thm d nc
Thm d 2
Tm kim phc v cho cng tc bn t l nh Tm kim-o v
bn
1
NG DNG KIU GING TT
Phn loi ging khoan
Tuy c nhiu kh nng ng dng trong nn kinh t Quc dn
nhng tt c cc ging khoan a cht thy vn trn p dng
cc phng php khoan sau:
Khoan xoay - ra thun
Khoan xoay - thi kh
Khoan xoay - ra nghch
Khoan p cp
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn loi ging khoan theo ng knh
v theo su
Phn loi ging khoan
2. Phng php khoan xoay - ra thun
B dng c khoan tun t
t di ln bao gm:
Li khoan hoc
chong khoan (13)
n ng mu (nu c)
(12)
u chuyn tip (11)
Cn khoan (9) (10)
(c th c cn nng)
V trn cng l cn
ch o (7)
Phng php khoan xoay - ra thun
Ra thun: y l mt phng php ra mn khoan y l
khoan, em mn t y ln khi mt t thng qua khong
khng vnh xuyn gia bn ngoi cn khoan v thnh trong l
khoan.
Nh vy ng i ca dung dch nh sau: nc ra t h
dung dch ht qua ng (5) nh my bm piston sau y
qua ng cao p (4), qua u xanhich (6), qua cn ch o (7)
v cc cn khoan (9) qua ng mu (12) v li khoan (13) lm
sch mn khoan y sinh trong khi khoan em qua khong
khng vnh xuyn v i ln mt t qua cc mng dn, h
lng mn v trn v h cha dung dch.
Phng php khoan xoay c ra thng c s dng hai
kiu my khoan l my khoan c u mm cp iu khin p
lc ln y bng thy lc (p lc du p) v quay cn ch o
nh mm cp ny, kiu my khoan ny thng l kiu tnh ti
t trn st xi v di chuyn nh vo cu v xe ti.
Loi my khoan khc l kiu roto, loi ny khng c mm cp
m thay bng bn roto, cn ch o quay nh bn roto ny v
iu khin p lc ln y l khoan nh b phanh ti, h thng
cp v ton b h cn.
Nh vy trong khoan a cht thy vn th phng php khoan xoay
ra thun s dng cc thit b khoan tnh ti v t hnh cn iu p
ln y ging bng hai kiu: thy lc (mm cp - trc spinden) v
phanh ti - h ct cn khoan (khoan roto).
Phng php khoan roto s dng trong
khoan a cht thy vn ph bin hn v c
tc khoan rt cao, c th t ti 30m/h
thun li cho cng on m va v gi
dng trnh c cc s c sp l.
Phng php iu p thy lc ch s dng
cho cc ging c a tng cng v rn
chc.
3. Khoan xoay thi kh
Phng php ny ch ng dng trong nhng vng t
mm, b ri nhng kh, bi vy phng php ny ti Vit
nam rt t ph bin cho khai thc nc m ch ph bin trong
cc vng m khong sn cng.
V c bn, ng i ca kh nn cng tun t nh phng
php khoan xoay ra thun nhng c mt im khc c bn
l:khng s dng dung dch m dng kh nn p sut cao nh
my nn kh.
Kiu cu trc chong khoan cng c phn khc ph hp
vi phng php khoan.
4. Khoan xoay ra nghch
Khoan ra nghch hon ton c u im c bit khi khoan nhng
ging nc c ng knh ln hn 350-400mm.
Trong khoan ra nghch, b dng c khoan hon ton tng t nh
khoan ra thun nhng thng thng cn khoan s dng kch thc
ln hn, c th ng knh thay i t 114-219mm.
Bm dung dch cng s dng loi lu lng ln hn ty thuc vo
ng knh v su ging khoan thi cng.
Nc ra c bm nh bm dung dch i t my bm n khong
khng vnh xuyn ti y ging lm sch mn khoan v y ging,
sau i vo trong ct cn khoan v i qua sn rung ti h cha
dung dch.
Nh vy chu trnh i ca nc ra nghch ngc vi trong trng
hp ra thun.
5. Khoan p cp
Khoan p cp hin nay rt t
s dng v n t c tc
khoan thp, hao tn nng
lng, hay b s c v chiu
su ging khoan b hn ch.
Chong khoan hon ton khc
vi cc phng php khoan
xoay, tit din ngang ca
chong c cc hnh ch I, ch
thp, hnh mng nga v mi
nhn (pick).
Khoan p cp
S p trong l khoan c to ra nh my khoan c cc c
cu tay quay, thanh truyn chuyn ng lch tm to ra cc c
p ca chong ln y (hnh v).
Sau mi c p th chong t xoay i mt gc c nh (khong
15 ) theo chiu ty theo chiu bn ca cp (cp thun v
cp nghch).
Nh vy ti trng ln y nh vo s ri t do ca chong t
trn cao nht nh cch y l khoan (thng cao ny
trong khong 0,8-1,2m).
Khoan p cp
Tn s p cng quyt nh n tc khoan, nu p nhanh
qu s d xy ra hin tng ri cp v nu chm qu s
khng t nng sut cao.
Khi y ging khoan nhiu mn th tc khoan s chm li,
ngi ta dng ti ko chong ln v dng ti khc th ng
mc xung y mc mn khoan cho sch y.
Nh vy tc khoan c quyt nh bi trng lng
chong, chiu cao nng chong, tng s p v kh nng lm
sch y.
2.2 Mt s yu cu i vi ging khoan khai thc nc
1. S lng ct ng chng trong l khoan
cn gim ti mc t nht, song phi bo
m cch ly tt nhng tng cha nc
khng khai thc v gia c tt thnh l
khoan.
2. Gia c thnh l khoan thy vn khng
cho php t hn hai ct ng chng, tr
nhng l khoan ng chng c trm xi
mng sut t y ln ti ming l khoan.
3. Cn t ca ct ng chng ln tng
t khng thm nc, ca ct ng
khai thc trn tng t cha nc.
4. Hiu hai ng knh ng
chng trong v ngoi lin
tip nhau phi ln hn
100mm bo m trm xi
mng quanh ct ng chng
c cht lng tt.
5. Ct ng chng c th ly
bt khi trong l khoan c gia
c ln hn 3 ct ng chng
v kt qu sau khi ly bt
ct ng chng khng gy
nh hng g ti tng cha
nc v thnh l khoan.
Mt s yu cu i vi ging khoan khai thc nc
6. Ct ng chng ch cho php ct bt hoc tho bt khi bo
m cc tng nc khng c khai thc khng chy vo l
khoan, t khng ri hoc sp l xung l khoan. u trn
on ct hoc tho ca ct ng chng phi li cao hn
ca ct ng chng tip n mt on ln hn 5m.
7. Cu trc ca loi ng lc s dng phi ph hp vi tnh cht
ca tng t cha nc. Trong tng cha nc c tnh n
mn, gy r ng lc phi lm bng vt liu chng n mn,
chng r v.v...
8. u trn ca on ng ni phn chnh ng lc khi ng lc t
chm trong l khoan phi cao hn ng chng mt on ln
hn 3m; gia ng chng v on ng ni ny phi np vng
m bt kn (xem hnh c cu ng lc) trnh hin tng ct
si b lt vo lm nh hng ti phng thch nc ca
tng. Phn lng ca ng lc phi c chiu di ln hn 3m.
9. Ch khi ng lc c ni vi ct ng chng ko sut ti
ming l khoan hay khi tng t cha nc c nt n
ln th khng i hi phi c vng m bt kn.
10. ng knh trong ca ng khai thc phi ln hn ng knh
ngoi ca my bm khai thc t nht 40mm nu my bm t
chm chiu su nh hn 30 - 100m nu my bm t chm
su hn 20m.
2.3. Cng ngh khoan
Khi khoan xoay ra thun hoc nghch th tc c hc khoan c
quyt nh trc tip v gin tip bi 3 thng s ch khoan nh
sau:
1. Ti trng ln y P: thng tnh bng tn hoc kg, ti trng ln y
ph thuc vo ng knh ging, cng ca t , loi chong,
cng vng ca ct cn khoan. Thng ti trng ny c tnh
ton theo cng thc sau:
P = p.D P = p.k
P: Ti trng tc dng ln y l khoan(kg, tn)
p: Ti trng n v tnh cho 1cm ng knh chong hoc mt
rng chnh hoc mt cm rng khi khoan ly mu
D: ng knh chong danh ngha (cm)
k: S rng chnh hay s cm rng ca li khoan ly mu
Cng ngh khoan
Khi ti trng ln y tng ln th tc c hc khoan tng ln
nhng phi m bo iu kin: P<[P], [P] l ti trng cho php
ca chong trc khoan hoc ti trng cho php ca ct cn
khoan.
2. Tc quay n: tc quay ct cn thng tnh bng vng/pht,
cng ty thuc vo loi t , ng knh li khoan, phng php
khoan . . . c th c tnh ton theo cng thc gn ng hoc tra
bng.
3. Lu lng nc ra Q: lu lng nc ra trong khoan ra thun
thng tnh bng lit/pht ho m3/h c tnh ton theo cng thc
sau:
Q: Lu lng bm (m3/h), F: Din tch vnh khn gia thnh
ging khoan D(m) v ng knh ngoi ct cn khoan d(m),
) / ( ). .( 8 , 0 ). .(
4
.
3 2 2 2 2
h m V d D V d D V F Q = =

Cng ngh khoan
V: Tc i ln ca dung dch khong khng vnh
xuyn (m/s)
Khi khoan hp kim cng V = 0,25 - 0,5
Khi khoan kim cng V = 0,5 -1,0
Khi khoan ph mu V = 0,6 -1,0
4. Mt s thng s khc khi khoan xoay ra thun phi ni n
thng s cht lng dung dch nh:
: T trong dung dch st (g/cm
3
)
B: thi nc ca dung dch st (cm
3
/30)
T: nht qui c ca dung dch (s)
C nhiu loi ging khoan nc cho nn s c nhiu kiu kt cu
ging khc nhau, y ch tm hiu v ging khoan thm d - khai
thc nc.
Vi c th ging ny ban u ngi ta phi khoan thm d, nu
nhng ging thm d khng su hn 150 - 200m th khi khoan
thm d s khng chng ng, thng thng ng knh ging
khoan t 91 - 132m, c khi phi s dng ng mu n hoc ng
mu nng i ly mu ct nguyn dng.
Sau khi khoan ly mu t n ht su yu cn thm d, l
khoan cn c bm sch y. Pha long bt dung dch, lm sch
bt mn khoan.
Cng ngh khoan
Khi tun hon dung
dch khong mt vi
gi s tin hnh o
carota ging khoan.
Cng ngh khoan
Ty theo mc ch thm d, c th o nhiu
phng php, thng thng nht cng phi o
gama t nhin v in tr sut dc theo thnh
ging.
Da theo hai ng cong ny, ngi ta c th b
tc c cc on khoan khng ly mu c hoc
mt mu, kt hp vi kt qu th nghim mu khoan
ly ln khng nh c ct a tng chnh xc
t mt t n y thm d.
Cng ngh khoan
T ct a tng ny c th tnh c cc thng s khc nh h s
thm, thnh phn ht, l rng, mn ca tng cha v a
tng cch ly.
Cng ngh khoan
Vi cc n quan trng, cn phi th ng chng v ng lc
tm bm th kt hp vi cc ging quan trc to thnh mt
chm ging bm th nghim. Tnh ton c cc cp lu
lng theo cc h thp mc nc ca ging chnh.
Cng ngh khoan
Vi cc n nh hoc cc ti liu bit, chp
nhn sai s tnh ton lu lng khai thc khi chun
b kt cu ging ngi ta khoan m rng l khoan
vi ng knh ln hn ng knh ngoi ca ng
chng t 120-180mm.
Sau bm sch y, ly bt mn khoan trong
dung dch tun hon, pha long bt dung dch trong
vng mt vi gi th bt u chng ng.
ng chng c sp xp theo th t trn mt t:
ng lng, ng lc v cc ng chng. Cng vic th
ng chng xung ging cng tun t nh vy.
Cng ngh khoan
Cng ngh khoan
Sau khi th ng chng
xung ging xong cn
tin hnh th ct cn
khoan n y ging
bm ra mn khoan
qua van y (hnh 3.3).
ng thi vi qu trnh
th sn lc v bm ra
n khi nc tun hon
long hon ton v xut
hin ct ca tng cha
nc l c th c.
Qu trnh k tip c th
dng hai bin php: th
ng dn kh v b ng
airlift xung ging lm
sch ging (th ng tm
hoc song song).
Cng ngh khoan
Nu vic gi dng kh
khn th dng piston kt
hp bm tia ko v nn
mnh trong ng chng
hoc ng lc ph v
kt cu v st ngn cc
khng cho nc xm
nhp vo ging.
Cng ngh khoan
Sau khi bm thi ra cho nc t c trong, lu lng
v h thp mc nc n nh s ngng thi ra v tin
hnh bm th nghim bng bm in chm (submersible
pump) hoc bm li tm trc ng (vertical turbine pump).
Cng ngh khoan
Ging quan trc thng b tr theo mt dy hai n ba ging
c ng knh nh hn v c th thi cng t mt n ba dy.
Da vo vic bm th nghim ny v kt hp vi cc thng s
ca ging v tng cha c th tnh ton c cc thng s
khc v a cht thy vn tng cha.
Cng ngh khoan
ng lc l mt dng c c bit c t trong l khoan tng cha
nc; n bo m cho nc i vo l khoan d dng v lc sch
nc khi cc tp cht c hc. Mt khc ng lc cn gi cho thnh l
khoan khng b sp l.
C cu ng lc gm 3 phn: phn trn,
phn gia l phn lc nc, phn di l
ng lng c ht. ng lng c tc dng
hng cc bi t lc qua phn lc ca
ng
ng lc c th chia ra cc loi chnh sau:
ng lc c l hoc c rnh.
ng lc li
ng lc cui, si
ng lc trng lc
C cu chung ca ng lc c vng bt m kn c t chm
di l khoan trong ng chng c th xt s n gin di
y. Kha mc hnh ch T th ng lc.
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
ng knh ca ng lc c xc nh theo cng thc:
trong :
D: ng knh ngoi ca ng lc (mm)
Q: Lu lng khai thc nc ca l khoan theo n
(m3/h).
I: Chiu di phn lc nc ca ng lc (m)
K1: H s lc
1
58 , 117
K I
Q
D=
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Khi chiu dy tng cha nc nh hn 5m, chiu di phn lc
nc ly bng chiu dy tng cha nc.
Khi chiu dy tng cha nc ln hn 5m, chiu di phn lc
nc ca ng lc c xc nh theo :
trong
I: Chiu di phn lc nc (m)
Q: Lu lng khai thc nc ca l khoan theo n
(m3/h)
D: ng knh ngoi ng lc (mm)
: H s kinh nghim, ph thuc vo tnh cht ca t
tng cha nc (bng 3.1)
D
Q
I
.
=
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
ng knh cui cng ca l khoan ph thuc vo loi v kch
thc ca ng lc. Cc l khoan dng ng lc c l hoc li
khng si s c ng knh kt thc nh nht. Khi dng
cc ng lc c si, ng knh kt thc tng ln 50 n
100mm so vi l khoan t cc ng lc khc.
30 Si c h s K1 = 3070
50 Ct ht th c h s K1 = 1530
60 Ct ht va c h s K1 = 15
90 Ct ht nh c h s K1 = 25
H s c tnh ca t tng cha nc
Bng 3-1
Cu trc l khoan c xc nh bi kiu, kch thc v v tr t thit
b bm. Khi t bm trong ng lc, ng knh ng lc (v ng
knh kt thc ca l khoan) s ph thuc vo kch thc ca bm.
Nu cn t bm c nng sut ln th ngi ta a bm ln trn ng
lc, trong ng khai thc. Trng hp ny, ng knh ng khai thc
c xc nh bi kch thc ca bm.
to iu kin d dng trong lp rp bm, sa cha v quan st v
tr mc thy ng trong l khoan nn ly khong h gia thnh ngoi
ca bm v ng knh trong ca ng khai thc khong 50mm.
ng lc c th vo l khoan c th bng ct cn khoan hoc ng
ct chng.
Khi dng ct cn khoan th ng lc th lp thm kha mc vo
cui ct cn ri lp vi vi u on ng ni trn ng lc.
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
Nu thnh l khoan khng n nh, khi th ng lc vo l khoan phi
dng ng chng tm thi bo v (cm ng chng vi tng khng
thm nc pha di tng cha nc).
Sau khi khoan thm mt on lng ct bng chiu di phn ng
lng th th ng lc vo l khoan. ng chng tm thi ny c nng
ln mt on khi phn lc ca ng lc hoc rt hon ton ra khi l
khoan.
Khi khai thc 2, 3 tng cha nc trong cng mt l khoan, ngi ta
dng nhiu ng lc tng ng vi cc tng cha nc. Gia cc
tng khng cha nc c t ng lin ni cc ng lc vi
nhau.
trnh ct v cc mnh vn t ri vo khong h gia ng lc
v ng chng, hoc thnh l khoan, ngi ta dng cc vng bt m
kn bt cc khong h gia u ni trn ng lc v ng chng. Cu
to ca cc vng ny ph thuc vo vt liu sn xut chng, c th
lm bng g, si gai, cao su, ch v.v...
Tnh ton s b v ng lc
2.5. Khi phc nh nc ca tng cha nc
Mt trong nhng nhc im ch yu ca phng php
khoan xoay c ra bng dung dch st l s to thnh v st
trn thnh l khoan v tng t cha nc, hoc khi khoan
dng nc l ra l khoan trong tng t cng rn, nt
n li thng xy ra hin tng mt nc (c bit trong tng
vi, phn lmt).
C hai hin tng trn u gy cn tr phng thch nc
ca tng t cha nc trong l khoan.
Khi phc phng thch nc ngha l ph v lp v st trn
thnh l khoan ly sch nhng ht st nh ra khi tng t
ti b, hoc rn chc nt n tng lu lng nc chy vo
l khoan.
Mun khi phc phng thch nc ca tng t cha
nc c kt qu tt cn phi :
Trong qu trnh khoan s dng dung dch st c cht
lng tt v nht v thi nc).
Khoan trong tng t cha nc tin hnh tht khn
trng, to mi iu kin t tc c hc khoan cao
nht.
Sau khi kt thc cng tc khoan, tin hnh t ng lc
ngay, ra s b l khoan bng dung dch st c t trng v
nht nh.
Lm sch v st ngay sau khi t xong ng lc v cng
vic tin hnh lin tc
Khi phc nh nc ca tng cha nc
Hin nay c rt nhiu phng php kh st (lm sch v st) trn
thnh l khoan v lm sch ng lc. Trong phm vi ca gio trnh ny
ch cp ti mt s phng php ch yu sau:
Trong tng t cha nc c p sut ln:
Sau khi h xong ng lc vo l khoan, dng my bm bm
ra bng nc l qua ct cn khoan t phn trn ng lc
xung ti y. Cng tc ra c tin hnh cho ti khi trong
nc ra c xut hin cc slam ca tng cha nc va
khoan qua.
Trng hp khng c nc ra l khoan, ta dng ng mc
mc dung dch st di l khoan. C mc nh vy cho ti khi
xut hin nc ca tng cha nc v mc nc thy tnh
ca tng cha nc n nh l c.
Nu tng cha nc l t rn chc nt n, th sau khi ra
l khoan bng nc l qua ct cn khoan hoc mc bng ng
mc xong, cn tin hnh dng thit b bm airslift (thit b
bm dng bng kh nn) ra l khoan.
ng dng nc c h xung cch y l khoan khong 0,5
mt. My bm cho lm vic vi cng sut ln nht v tin
hnh ng, ngt t ngt to iu kin thay i p sut ln
trong l khoan, lm cho cc ht st v slam b ht theo ra khi
cc k nt trong tng t quanh ng lc.
Nu khi khoan trong tng t cng, nt n m dng nc
l ra l khoan, th tin hnh dng my bm clp ngay
khi phc phng thch nc ca tng cha nc.
Trng hp tng t cha nc l cc ht nh v va,
cn tin hnh dng ng mc mc u n vng ng lc
(phn lc) trc khi dng thit b bm clp khi phc
phng thch nc.
Trong tt c cc trng hp dng thit b bm clp cn
bm cho ti khi nc trong hon ton, ct khng dng ln
theo dng nc, mc thy ng v lu lng nc ca l
khoan n nh (lc ny phng thch nc ca tng cha
nc c khi phc).
Trong tng t cha nc c p sut yu phng php khi phc
phng thch nc ca tng cha nc phc tp hn so vi
trng hp trn, c th l :
Dng my bm bm nc ra qua ct cn khoan c h ti
vng ng lc.
Dung dch st quanh vng ng lc pha ngoi s chy vo l
khoan qua ng lc v cc l nh c bit c c ng lng
cao hn khong 0,5 mt.
C tin hnh ra nh vy cho ti khi a hon ton dung dch
st ra khi l khoan v xut hin ct dng theo ln ming l
khoan.
Cng vic tip theo c th dng thit b bm clp hoc dng ng
mc. Ty theo lu lng ca tng cha nc khi phc hon
ton phng thch nc ca n.
Cui cng, trc khi tin hnh bm khai thc,
xung phn ng lng c c l mt lng
dm v trn n trm mt nt xi mng tng
kh nng phng thch nc ca tng cha nc,
ng thi phng ct trn vo l khoan.
Trong tng ct ht nh v va s dng nc
bm ra qua phn ca ng lc. Khi ng lc
t chm dng cn khoan ni ren tri vi v
u trn ng lc, ri qua ra l khoan.
ca ng lng cn dng li cch y khong 0,5
mt.
Qu trnh khi phc
phng thch nc bng
phng php nh my bm,
bm nc ra qua ct cn
khoan xung y, qua
ng lng dng ln ming l
khoan qua khong h gia
phn ngoi ng lc v thnh
l khoan, ra dung dch st
v ph v lp v st trn
thnh l khoan. ng thi
nc ra cn ly ra theo
nhng ht st v slam nh t
tng t cha nc.
Cng tc ra dng li khi thy mt nc mnh hoc trong nc
ra dng ln ming l khoan thy ln ct.
Sau khi ra xong, ng lc c t vo v tr nh, ct cn
khoan c tho ra v ly ln cn ng lng c mt t
dm hoc cui si nh ri cng trm mt nt xi mng phng
ct b x vo l khoan trong qu trnh khai thc sau ny.
Khong h gia u ng lc v ng chng cn phi lm m nt
bt kn trnh hin tng ct hoc t ri vo khong h
gia ng lc v tng t cha nc, ng thi tng kh nng
phng thch nc ca tng.
Khi cn kh st trong tng ct ht va hoc t ng lc nhiu
tng trong l khoan, ngi ta ra bng nc l bm qua ng lc
c l.
ng c l c hai vng lt kn bng cao su hai u lm nt.
N c th vo l khoan nh ct cn khoan v t trong ng
lc. Nh cn khoan m c th dch chuyn ln trn hoc xung
di ra tng on, khi nc ra dng ln mang theo ct
chng t phng thch nc c khi phc.
Trong t c ht nh, mn, ng u kh st trn thnh l
khoan bng phng php nh sp cho kt qu rt tt. sau khi
nh sp vng gn ng lc, ngi ta dng ng mc ly vn
t b lng xung phn ng lng, hoc dng bm bm tht
mnh, li dng dng nc xi ra sch v mang ln ming l
khoan. Cui cng phn ng lng cng c trm xi mng.
khi phc phng thch nc ca tng cha nc m cc
phng php trn khng c hiu qu, ta dng dy n trong l
khoan y nc.
Phng php ny li dng ca cc sng va chm truyn i theo
phng cc ng knh. Sng n s ph v lp v st khi
phc phng thch nc ca tng t cha nc.
Sau khi s dng dy n, nht thit phi ra l khoan ht sc cn
thn bng nc l.
2.6. Trm ging khoan
Ngi ta thng
dng nhng vt liu
c tnh do hoc cht
xt, khng thm nc
trm ct ng
chng, tc l lm
chc v kn khong
h gia ng chng
vi thnh l khoan.
Trm ging khoan
Tc dng ch yu ca vic trm l khoan l :
Phn cch cc tng khong sn lng (du, nc...), kh
(kh t...) hoc cng (mui m...) vi cc tng ln cn
trong l khoan trnh s xm nhp ln nhau lm mt
tnh cht bn thn khong sn.
Lm kn ton b l khoan bo v cc tng khong sn
khi b cc tc dng phong ha, mt khc ngn nga
nc pha trn c th theo l khoan m xm nhp vo
cc cng trnh khai thc sau ny.
Gia c thnh l khoan chng li cc hin tng phc tp
v a cht nh sp l, mt nc, nc xm nhp... m
khng cn phi chng ng.
T cc tc dng , ta thy l khoan c th ch cn trm
tng tng hoc cng c th c trm ton b t y ln
ti ming.
Khi trm bt tng tng, cc vt liu trm s to nn mt lp
v bo v che kn ln tng v c th "bt r" su vo
t thnh vch.
Cn khi trm ton b (hay thng gi l trm lp) cc vt
liu trm s lm y l khoan theo sut chiu su ca n.
Trm ging khoan
Hin nay trm l khoan ngi ta thng dng hai vt liu
c bn l t st v xi mng:
1. t st: cn s dng loi st qunh, do, khng cha cc
phn t cng. Hn hp vi nc n s to ra hai loi vt
liu trm l t st nho v dung dch st.
2. Xi mng: cn s dng loi xi mng pooclng c cht
lng cao (mac 500 v 600), cn ti, tc l khng
qu hai thng sau khi sn xut.
Ngi ta dng xi mng trm di dng dung dch, vi t
l gia nc v xi mng kh (theo trng lng) thng l
0,4 - 0,5.
Trm ging khoan
3. Gel xi mng: l loi vt liu trm trung gian gia hai loi trn. N
l hn hp ca xi mng vi dung dch st, t l gia chng c
xc nh trong phng th nghim theo cc iu kin s dng c
th. (th d: trm chng mt nc, c th trn 1 m
3
dung dch
st c t trng = 1,1 n 1,2 g/cm
3
1600 n 800 kg xi mng).
Tuy n c thi gian ng cng lu hn v c bn sau khi
ng cng km hn, nhng n li u im so vi dung dch xi
mng l c tnh linh ng cao, nn d bm v d xm nhp vo
cc khe nt ca t .
C 3 loi trm trong khai thc nc l:
a. Trm cch ly nhim bn v nhim mn
b. Trm cch ly cc a tng c bit
c. Trm lp ging khoan.
Trm ging khoan
iu kin thc tp
Xe khoan thm d khai thc nc
Cng trnh khoan thm d khai thc nc
Cch thc t chc
T chc theo nhm thc tp khoan thm d khai thc nc
Khu Linh trung i hc Quc gia Tp. HCM
Hoc cng trnh khoan kho st a cht cng trnh
thc t ti TP. HCM hoc cc tnh thnh ln cn ...

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