1. Bnh lao l g?

Bnh gy ra bi vi khun Mycobacterium tuberculosis hay Bacille de Koch (BK) tn cng bt c phn no ca c th nhng thng thng nht l phi.

BK lan truyn trong khng kh t ngi ny sang ngi n bi bnh lao phi, hng mi khi ht hi. Nhng ngi gn ht phi BK s tr nn b nhim lao. Nhng ngi b nhim lao khng c triu chng no c, khng ly lan nhng h c th mc bnh lao vo lc no trong tng lai. iu tt cho mi ngi nhim lao d khng triu chng vn nn ung thuc nga khi mc bnh lao sau ny. Nhng ngi mc bnh lao phi c th cha khi mt khi h chu i khm bnh. bnh nhn c thu nhp thp, phi chu ng gnh nng ti chnh . Ti chnh phn cp tiu cc nh hng n cc chng trnh y t cng cng v c th gp phn tng nhanh hn trong s cc trng hp lao nhn thy trong thp k qua trong cc lnh vc ngho Thit lp mt h thng chuyn giao ti chnh Trung ng v cp tnh, iu chnh cc u i ti chnh cho cc nh cung cp dch v y t, d bt u d n h tr ngi ngho cho bnh nhn lao, c khuyn co Trong cc khu vc ny, bnh tt v t vong do bnh lao xy ra, ch yu trong phn khc hot ng kinh t ca dn s TB git cht nhiu ph n hng nm so vi tt c cc nguyn nhn gy t vong m 3-4 thng thi gian lm vic b mt hng nm thu nhp b mt t 20 n 30% ca thu nhp h gia nh gia nh ca ngi cht v cn bnh ny b mt khong 15 nm ca thu nhp. TB v ngho i lin quan cht ch T thuc khuyn khch s xut hin ca cc chng lao khng thuc Gnh nng ton cu ca s lng lao n khong $ 12 t mi nm Mc d r rng mt mi quan tm cho cc quc gia ngho, bnh lao cng l mt mi quan tm cho ngi giu iu tr khng y dn la chn cho lao a khng thuc (MDR-TB) Nhng chng lao gy cht ngi i du lch d dng cng vi cc my ch con ngi ca h: 46% s ca nhim lao M trong nm 2000 gia cc "nc ngoi sinh ra 'so vi 27% vo nm 1992 nhy cm vi thuc lao c th chi ph $ 60.000 cho mi trng hp, MDR-TB $ 200.000 cho mi trng hp Chnh ph cam kt kim sot hot ng Trng hp pht hin bng knh hin vi bi nh m Tiu chun ha Phc iu tr ko di 6-8 thng quan st trc tip trong 2 thng Thng xuyn, lin tc cung cp cc loi thuc chng lao H thng ghi m v bo co Standardised Tiu chun ha bn cht ca DOTS n gin ha xem xt, cung cp thuc cho php qun l khng tn km v hiu qu Nhng DOTS khng c thc hin nhanh chng Ch c 27% ngi c chn on mc bnh lao nhn c DOTS

Karaoke Ca phng karaoke l ca knh khng mu; nu c khung th khng c qu hai khung dc v ba khung ngang; din tch khung khng qu 15% din tch ca. 4. a im kinh doanh karaoke trong khu dn c phi c s ng bng vn bn ca cc h lin k a) H lin k l h c tng nh lin k vi tng phng ht karaoke hoc t lin k m tng nh cch tng phng ht karaoke di 5m; b) H lin k c quyn ng cho ngi kinh doanh karaoke trong trng hp h lin k t trc, ngi kinh doanh xin Giy php kinh doanh sau. Trng hp ngi kinh doanh c cp Giy php kinh doanh trc, h lin k xy dng nh sau hoc c quyn n sau khi ngi kinh doanh c cp Giy php kinh doanh th h lin k khng c quyn quy nh ti khon 5 iu 30 Quy ch; c) Vn bn ng ca h lin k phi c xc nhn ca U ban nhn dn x, phng, th trn s ti, do ngi xin Giy php kinh doanh np trong h s xin cp giy php v c gi tr trong sut thi hn ngi kinh doanh c quyn kinh doanh quy nh trong giy php; d) Trng hp h lin k khng c vn bn ng nhng cng khng phn i th c coi l khng c kin v phi c vn bn xc nh h lin k khng c kin m thanh vang ra ngoi phng karaoke khng vt qu quy nh ca Nh nc v tiu chun mc n ti a cho php

Lm nghip l mang li rng. cy ging b sung c ti sinh t nhin. Lm nghip s gip cht lng nc. Rng thc s gip lm sch nc v lm cho n sn sng cho chng ta ung. Cc cy, t, v vi khun l tt c cc phn ca qu trnh ny. che ph rng bo v v nui dng t l cha kha gi nc, lc, v cht lng. Lm nghip hiu s nhim khng kh. Lm nui dng rng, i khi c gi l "mang ca hnh tinh." Mt cy trng thnh hp th khong 13 pounds carbon dioxide mi nm. i vi mi tn g rng pht trin, n loi b 1,47 tn carbon dioxide v thay th n vi 1,07 tn oxy. Lm nghip gip ng vt hoang d. Lm nghip s dng nhiu k thut qun l mang li li ch cho ng vt hoang d, bao gm nhiu loi c nguy c tuyt chng. Lm nghip qun l rng em li li ch gii tr cho cng ng. Lm nghip mang li li ch cho mi trng th. th lm nghip qun l rng v cy xanh mang li li ch cho cng ng bng nhiu cch. Rng khu vc thnh th ci thin cht lng khng kh v gim tiu th nng lng. V d, ba cy trng thnh cng c t xung quanh nh c th ct gim chi ph bng cch iu ha khng kh 10-50%. Lm nghip cung cp sn phm Vt liu xy dng ,nng lng-hiu qu. Lm nghip gip phat trien kte gia nh Lm nghip l tt cho t.tng cng v bo v nng sut t v chng xi mn t.

Vic quy nh mc lng ti thiu nhm bo v ngi lao ng, bn cnh , lng ti thiu cn c mt s tc ng tch cc khc nh khuyn khch ngi lao ng lm vic tng nng sut lao ng v lm gim s lng ngi tr cp x hi, n cn c mt tch cc l tng tiu dng, tng cu. Tuy nhin, tng lng ti thiu cng c th dn n nhng tc ng khng mong mun nh tng lm pht, nh hng n li nhun ca doanh nghip, bn cnh , do tng lng ti thiu dn n tng chi ph lao ng ca doanh nghip nn n cn c mt tc ng tiu cc khc l s gim cu v lao ng v gia tng tht nghip i vi nhng ngi lao ng c TNT. Tuy nhien, vic tng lng ti thiu s c t tc ng ln vic lm nu mc lng ti thiu gn mc lng th trng hoc ngi lao ng c kh nng m phn tin lng hay c thng tin tt v th trng lao ng. Ti Vit Nam, Cho n nm 2010, Vit Nam c khong 10 ln iu chnh lng ti thiu. Mc lng ti thiu thc t v mc lng ti thiu danh ngha giai on u tng i gn nhau. Bi thi im ny t l lm pht khng cao, do vy khi iu chnh lng ti thiu danh ngha th mc lng ti thiu thc t ngi lao ng nhn c c tng ln. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, do t l lm pht cao nn khi tng lng ti thiu th trn danh ngha mc lng ti thiu l cao, song lng thc t ngi lao ng nhn c (theo gi so snh) li tng rt chm. C th thy khong cch gia lng danh ngha v lng thc t tng dn theo thi gian. Tc tng lng ti thiu thc t vn thp hn so vi tc tng GDP. Tc tng lng ti thiu thc t bnh qun nm l khong 5%, trong tc tng GDP bnh qun nm vo khong 7%. Hin nay mc lng ti thiu ch khong gp 2 ln chun ngho. Nghin cu ny cng a ra con s c th nh: thng 5/2009, mc d tin lng ti thiu danh ngha tng khong 20% t 540 650 nghn ng, nhng do t l lm pht, tin lng ti thiu thc t li gim 3%. Theo s liu iu tra mc sinh hot gia nh nm 2004 v 2006 do Tng cc thng k thc hin, nc ta, s lng ngi lao ng lm vic trong khu vc nh nc v khu vc t nhn (khu vc chnh thc) chim khong 15%, s lng lao ng lm vic cho bn thn mnh hoc cho cc h gia nh khc cng chim t l cao (khu vc phi chnh thc). Cng theo s liu iu tra, c mt s lng ngi lao ng lm vic khu vc phi chnh thc, thm ch cc khu vc chnh thc cng phi nhn mc lng di mc ti thiu. Do cn c bin php qun l ngi s dng lao ng chp hnh ng quy nh v lng ti thiu. Tc ng ca vic tng tin lng ti thiu ln vic lm ni chung rt nh v khng c ngha thng k. Vic tng tin lng ti thiu lm gim kh nng c vic lm trong khu vc chnh thc. Tuy nhin, kt qu ny cn phi c phn tch mt cch thn trng v c th lao ng khu vc chnh thc t chuyn sang khu vc phi chnh thc c thu nhp cao hn. Kt qu ny cn cho thy vai tr quan trng ca khu vc phi chnh thc trong vic to vic lm. V vy, hot ng kinh t ca khu vc phi chnh thc cng cn nhn c s quan tm ph hp./.

Thm na, s hot ng km hiu nng ca mt s th trng ( phn ln l lin quan n vn bt cn xng thng tin ) to ra nhng k c ngi mt

mt cch qu bt cng. V d d thy nht c l l nhng vn lin quan n th trng t ai. V khng c thng tin nn c bit bao nng dn chp nhn nhng t cho nhng d n u t, nh xy sn golf, vi gi r mt ri thy t sang tay "ha vng" trong khi mnh th ri vo bp bnh do khng cn t canh tc.

Gi ni a ca hng ha nhp khu s tng ln. Lng ph ngun lc x hi. C s phn phi li thu nhp. Chnh ph khng nhn c khon thu v thu (Tr hn ngch thu quan) C th bin 1 doanh nghip thnh mt nh c quyn. Gy ra tiu cc trong vic xin hn ngch gia cc doanh nghip.

Chnh v thiu thng tin ngi tiu dng sn sng chi mt khon tin ln hn chn mt nhn hiu c uy tn hn l mt sn phm xa l. Cng chnh v thiu thng tin ngi bn nh chp nhn bn sn phm c cng cht lng vi cc sn phm c tn tui khc trn th trng vi gi r hn m vn cha chc li ko c khch hng. iu ny thng khng ch dnh cho cc doanh nghip ngnh m c cho nhng doanh nghip c tn tui nhng gia nhp th trng mi hoc tung ra sn phm lp rp ti Vit Nam, nh sn phm in t ca Sony lp rp Vit Nam, Super Dream ca Honda Vit nam, hay nh Ford Motor Corp. khi quay tr li th trng Vit Nam. Rui ro dao duc, tam ly y lai cua cac thuong hieu Vn ti cp trn y ang gp phi hu ht cc doanh nghip Vit Nam v phn ln cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn non tr cha thi gian khng nh v tr ca sn phm ca mnh trn thng trng. Thm vo , nh hng ri rt ca giai on kinh t bao cp to cho ngi tiu dng c tm l e d khi ni n cht lng hng Vit Nam . Tuy nhin, y khng l vn qu kh gii quyt. Ti xin nu ra y mt s kinh nghim thc tin m cc cng ni ting, hay cc cng ty thnh cng trn thng trng ang s dng. R rng ta thy s bt cn xng trong thng tin c nh hng rt ln n mi mt doanh nghip chng ta. Vic loi b hon ton tr ngi ny l iu khng th. Chng ta c th gim bt s bt cn xng bng n lc ca c nhiu bn c tc ng ln thng trng. Cc nh ch h tr xut pht t c ch ca chnh ph nh: hng ha phi c nhn mc, thng tin trn bao b ca sn phm phi phn nh ng ni dung bn trong, phi s dng cc cng c o lng chun theo tiu chun o lng ca quc gia, thnh lp hi bo v ngi tiu dng,

V pha ngi bn cc tn hiu cn thit phi pht ra cung ng thng tin mt cch hu hiu cho khch hng nh ch bo m, bo hnh, cc gii thng m cng ty t c, s lng khch hng s dng sn phm ca cng ty, cc cam kt lm n lu di ca cng ty trn th trng, gi c n nh, hng mua ri c cht lng khng t c i sn phm mi, hng dn s dng sn phm min ph, cho khch hng dng th min ph Trn y l nhng tn hiu v cng quan trng nhm cng c nim tin khch hng vo nhn hiu ca cng ty. Chng ta c th thy iu ny qua cch lm ca mt s cng ty nh: Castrol vi chng nhn cht lng ISO 9000, Samsung vi ch bo hnh 3 nm cho ti-vi lun c n hnh, Ford Motors vi ch bo hnh nng trn ton Vit Nam, ng Tm vi danh hiu sn phm hng Vit Nam cht lng cao, Vit Thng vi cc bui trnh din thi trang bng ngun nguyn liu do chnh cng ty cung ng, Daewoo vi cam kt lu di vi Vit Nam vi cc d n u t Vit Nam ln n hng t Dollar T , mi cng ty cn to cho mnh mt ch ng trong lng ngi tiu dng th lo g khng tm c s ng h ca khch hng. V chnh cc bn s xy dng nhn hiu ca mnh thnh nhng nhn hiu ly lng nh General Electric, Sony, Honda, Hot ng mua bn mc nhin l mt giao dch bt i xng thng tin. Tuy nhin, mc bt i xng thng tin s ph thuc vo tng hng ha c th. V cch thc m ngi bn (cng ty) v ngi mua (khch hng) gii quyt vn ny cng hon ton khc nhau. Nu hiu c mc v tnh cht bt i xng thng tin, ta s tm ra c nhng cch thc truyn thng tip th ph hp. Xin ly v d v ba loi sn phm c mc bt i xng thng tin khc nhau l qun o, my chp hnh k thut s v du gi u. Qun o c xem l sn phm c mc bt i xng thng tin thp. Ngi mua hon ton c th xem xt v cht lng, kiu dng trc khi ra quyt nh mua. mc bt i xng cao hn, ngi mua tuy c th khng nh gi c bn hay cht lng nh tht s ca my chp nh k thut s theo thi gian, b li h c th nh gi thng tin thng qua vic dng th, tm hiu tnh nng v cc cng ngh ca my. Cui cng, du gi c xem l hng ha c mc bt i xng thng tin cao nht v ngi mua hu nh khng bit nhiu v thnh phn v cht lng ca n, ngay c khi h dng th trong thi gian di. Rt nhiu nghin cu thc nghim ch ra rng: sn phm cng c mc bt i xng thng tin cao th ngi mua cng ph thuc nhiu vo thng hiu v c xu hng tiu dng lp li. Thng tin v cht lng, kiu dng ca qun o d dng c c, v vy vic xy dng thng hiu thng qua hai yu t ny hu nh rt kh khn. V do , vic xy dng thng hiu ca nhng mt hng ny khng nn ch trng vo vic cung cp thng tin m phi tp trung vo nhng cm xc v tri nghim tiu dng (cng dng u tin ca thng hiu i vi ngi tiu dng).

Mua sn phm cng ngh nh my chp hnh k thut s thng c tnh ri ro cao. Do , ngi tiu dng khng ch nhn thng tin t nh sn xut m cn ch ng tm hiu thng tin (Screening). V nh vy, chin lc truyn thng tip th ca mt hng ny l va pht thng tin thng qua qung co, ng thi tch cc cung cp v to dng thng tin c li cho bn th ba. Ngy nay, vi s ln mnh ca Internet, vic trao i v tip cn cc ngun thng tin tr nn d dng hn, t gip vic mua nhng mt hng cng ngh tr nn hiu qu hn nhng cng t ra cho nh qun l tip th nhng thch thc to ln trong vic truyn ti v to dng thng tin c li. Vi du gi hay nhng sn phm tiu dng nhanh khc, thng tin c c l rt kh, phng php Signaling c ng dng nhiu hn. V vy m mc ph thuc vo qung co ngnh hng ny l rt ln. Do kh nng c c thng tin v cht lng ca nhng mt hng ny l thp nn thng tin c pht i s tp trung nhiu vo tnh nng v cht lng ca sn phm. Dn dn, khi thng tin c pht i lin tc, ngi tiu dng s chp nhn thng hiu v c khuynh hng tiu dng lp li nhm gim thiu thi gian tm hiu thng tin, nh gi v la chn. X hi Giao thng cng cng: Gip nui dng mt thc cng ng Khuyn khch mi ngi c mt li sng lnh mnh hot ng, c bit nu h ang i b hoc i xe p n nh ga hoc ca ca h. Gip gim thng tch v t vong do tai nn xe hi. Cung cp giao thng tip cn cho nhng ngi khng phn bit nhn khu hc nh thu nhp hay tui tc. t cng thng hn. Thay v li xe trong giao thng, lng ph thi gian tm kim mt cng vin xe hi kh nm bt, vn chuyn hnh khch cng cng c th th gin v nghe nhc, chi tr chi my tnh hoc c mt cun sch. Kinh t Du lch l r hn so vi s hu v iu hnh mt chic xe. Lm gim s cn thit phi xy dng cc bi xe rng ln v t ai c gi tr m c th c nu khng c s dng nh vn phng nh gi cao, khng gian bn l. Gim s ph thuc vo gim nhanh chng ngun cung cp du. Mi trng Giao thng cng cng: Gim nhim v tc nghn ng - nhiu ngi i du lch bng xe in, xe la hoc xe but, t xe trn ng. Yu cu s dng t t hn so vi c s h tng ng b. Giao thng vn ti cng cng tit kim nhin liu, gim tc nghn Giao thng vn ti cng cng Cung cp cc c hi kinh t

Giao thng vn ti cng cng tit kim tin Giao thng vn ti cng cng Gim tiu th xng du Giao thng vn ti cng cng Gim Carbon