id

(u)
4 A id
(u+s)
6 A
C(u) ?? C(s) 0.002 M
Volume of (u) volume of (s) 10.0 mL
No. oI moles
Volume (L)
Concentration (M) =
No. oI moles C (M) * volume
id K C
id(u) K C(u) ...( id(u) K C(u) ...(11) )
id(u+s) K C(u+s) ...( id(u+s) K C(u+s) ...(22) )
Divide ( Divide (11) by( ) by(22) )

id(u) K C(u) id(u) K C(u)

id(u+s) K C(u+s) id(u+s) K C(u+s)

4 4 C(u) C(u)
6 6 C(u+s) C(u+s)
C C
(u+s) (u+s)

No. of moles of (u) + No. of moles of (s) No. of moles of (u) + No. of moles of (s)
volume of (u) + volume of (s) volume of (u) + volume of (s)
C C
(u+s) (u+s)

C C
(u) (u)
V V
(u) (u)
+ C + C
(s) (s)
V V
(s) (s)
V V
(u) (u)
+ V + V
(s) (s)
C C
(u+s) (u+s)

10 10 C C
(u) (u)
+ + 00..002 002 x x 10 10
20 20

C C
(u) (u)
+ + 00..002 002
22

2 2 C C
(u) (u)
C C
(u) (u)
+ + 00..002 002
44
66

C C
(u) (u)
C (u+s) C (u+s)
4 C C
(u) (u)
+ 0.008 12 C C
(u) (u)
C C
(u) (u)
0.00
id
(Cd+2)
6.2 A id
(Pb+2)
4.4 A
C
(Cd+2)
0.0014M C
(Pb+2)
?? M
I (Cd+2) / I (Pb+2) 0.924
607 n D


id
C m
2/3
t
1/6

I (Cd+2)
I (Pb+2)
id(Cd
2
)
C(Cd
2
) m
2/3
t
1/6
id(Pb+2)
C(Pb
2
) m
2/3
t
1/6

id(Cd
+2
) x C(Pb
+2
)
id(Pb
+2
) x C(Cd
+2
)
0.924
id(Cd
+2
) x C(Pb
+2
)
C(Cd
+2
) x C(Cd
+2
)

6.2 x C(Pb
+2
)
4.4 x 0.0014
id 12 A
C 0.002 M 2mM
m
2/3
t
1/6
1.6
M M
++22
+ + 22ee
- -
M M
00
id id 607 607 n n \\D D m m
22//33
t t
11//66
C C

= =
607 607 n m n m2 2//3 3 t t1 1//6 6 C C
id id
\\D .... D ....
id
1
4.2 A id
1+2
12A
C
1
0.0014M C
2
?? M
V
1
V
2
No. oI moles
Volume (L)
Concentration (M) =
No. oI moles C (M) * volume
id K C
id id
11
K C K C
11
...( ...(11) )
id id
( (11++22) )
K C K C
( (11++22) )
...( ...(22) )
Divide ( Divide (11) by( ) by(22) )

id id
( (11) )
K C K C
( (11) )
id id
( (11++22) )
K C K C
( (11++22) )

44..2 2 C C
( (11) )
12 12 C C
( (11++22) )
C C
( (11++22) )

No. of moles of ( No. of moles of (11) + No. of moles of ( ) + No. of moles of (22) )
volume of ( volume of (11) + volume of ( ) + volume of (22) )
C C
( (11++22) )

C C
( (11) )
V V
( (11) )
+ C + C
( (22) )
V V
( (22) )
V V
( (11) )
+ V + V
( (22) )
C C
( (11++22) )

0 0..0014 0014 V + C V + C
22
V V
22V V

C C
( (22) )
+ + 00..0014 0014
22

2 2 x x 00..0014 0014
C C
( (22) )
+ + 00..0014 0014
44..22
12 12

C C
( (11) )
C ( C (1 1++2 2) )
Initial volume10 mL Final volume50 mL
Dilution Factor 50/10 5
id
1
0.28 A id
2
0.45 A
C
1
40 ppm C
2
?? ppm
id K C
id id
11
K C K C
11
...( ...(11) )
id id
22
K C K C
22
...( ...(22) )
Divide ( Divide (11) by( ) by(22) )

id id
( (11) )
K C K C
( (11) )
id id
( (22) )
K C K C
( (22) )

00..28 28 40 40
00..45 45 C C
( (22) )
The original conc. C The original conc. C2 2 x D.F x D.F 5 5 C C2 2 321 321..4 4 ppm ppm
ppm mg / Kg mg / L because ppm mg / Kg mg / L because 1 1 Kg water Kg water 11L water L water
321 321..4 4 ppm = ppm = 321 321..4 4 mg/L mg/L
21.4 mg 1000mL
x mg 100mL
= = 32 32..14 14 mg% mg%
Initial volume20 mL Final volume50 mL
Dilution Factor 50/20 2.5
i
L
i
d
+ i
r
8.17 A i
r
can be neglected
m
2/3
t
1/6
2.65 I i
d
/ C m
2/3
t
1/6
3
The original conc. C x D.F The original conc. C x D.F 22..5 5 C C 0 0..0025 0025 mM mM
=
i
d
C m
2/3
t
1/6
=
8.17
C x 2.65
= 3
mM x mM x 1000 1000 M M
No. oI moles
Volume (L)
Concentration (M) =
eight (gm)
M (gm) x Volume (L)
C (M) =
Weight (gm) = M x MW x V
C ( C (gm gm//LL) = M x MW x ) = M x MW x 1 1LL
C ( C (mg mg//LL) )
1000 1000
/ / 10 10
C ( C (mg mg % %) )