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0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ..., 98, 99, 100, ...

, 1999, 2000, 2001


.
N : 0,1,2,3,4,.....

( 5 4 6) 0
.
2 : 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,...
2 : 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,..


0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9




:
=
<
>
: 0<1<2<3<4<5<....<1000<1001<...

674 > 233


45 < 67

, ,
,

:
- (, ,
)
- .
- 5 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
( )
- 5 5 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
( )

564
)

4 5 ;
4

6 5 ;
6 4
0 5 6

,
, ,
+ =

0 + 0 =


+=+

( )


+ ( + ) = ( + ) + (
)

+0=
+=+
+ ( + ) = ( + ) +

()
() (),
=


.
3

,
, ,
=

= + + +...+

1
1=

0 0

0=

( )


( ) = ( ) ( )


( + ) = +


( - ) = -



,
,

= ....

1 =

0 1

0 = 1

1 1

1 = 1

10 1
0 ,

10 = 10.10.10.10 = 1000.0

:

10 0 =1 , 10 1 =10 , 102 =10.10 =100


103 =10.10.10 =1.000 , 104 =10.10.10.10 =10.000 .

10 :
14 =10 + 4.1 =101 + 4.100
785 = 7.100 + 8.10 + 5.1 = 7.10 + 8.10 + 5.100
2

10
5


.
:


.

+.
:
:=+
:

50 1 -

= : +

:
= .
= . : 0 .
= .
= . : <.

= , : = 1

= 1 , : = : 1 =

= 0 , : = 0 : = 0

,
:

: = = .
.
, .
.

.
:
0., 1., 2., 3.,...

()

,
. 2 6 (6 : 2 = 3), 6
2

,
. 3 6, 6

, (, ),
.
(3,9)

3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

18

9 18 27
7


() .
= . .
, (,),
.
. (50,70) 50 : 2 4 10 12 25

,( 1)= ,
.

1
. . 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13


1 , .

1, ,
.



4 = 2.2 = 22 8 = 2.2.2 = 23


,
:
( 2 ).

2.
, ( 3 ).
3 , ( 5 )
. 1 .
60 = 2.2.2.3.5 = 23.3.5

60 2

138 2

30 2

69 3

15 3

23 23

5 5

138 = 2. 3. 23

1




.

(80,40,120)
80 2

40 2

120 2

80 = 24.5

40 2

20 2

60 2

40 = 23.5

20 2

10 2

30 2

120 = 23.3.5

10 2

5 5

15 3

5 5

23 5
(80,40,120) = 23.5 = 40

5 5
1
9



.
(80,40,120) = 24.3.5 = 240

2 , 3 , 5 , 190, 25

62

2 : 2
, .
, 2 , 4 , 26 , 48 , 244 2 .

3 9: 3 9
3 9.

5 : 5
0 5 .
, 50 , 105, 255 , 500 5 .

10 , 100 , 1.000 :
10, 100, 1.000 0 , 00 ,
000 .
, 30 , 400 5.000 10 , 100 1.000
.

4 25 : 4 25 ,

4 25 .
, 77.816 4
16 , 4 , 4.975
25 75,
25.
10


.
.
:

, :

( ) .
( )
: 0 .

, , :

1.

>,

<,

11

, , ,

, :

=
,

( )

(
) , .

..
..


.
.

12



10
.. 10 =101 ,1002 =10 ...


,
.

.. 73,324 :
73
324

.
:
.
2 .
3 .

13

.. 3 = 3,00

.. 102, 2100 =102, 21



.
..

,

.

34,65
+ 23,42
58,07

14


,

:

2,3
4,6
10,58

10 (10 )
()
10:
0,1 , 0,01, 0,001 ..
0,1 , 0,01, .

2,5516 10 = 25,516 .
2,5516 100 = 255,16 .
23,45 0,1 = 2,345

23,45 0,01 = 0,2345

15


% , , % =

, =


%
%

:100

:1.000


100 (


2 :

= %

16


% : % =
160. 20% , 160
;
x .
32


x. .

20% 32.
;
x .
160

17


, a% .
x.
) ( ) :

II) x ( ) : 1)

2)

III) ( ) :

40 25%. ;
1
40 10 = 30
2
75% 40

25% 30 .
;

30
A
=40
18

..
M . ... a%
y.
I) ... ( ) :

To ...

) y ( ...): 1)

2)

III) ( ..) : y
y
M

super market 21
... ; (.. 23%)
1 ...
21+4,83 =25,83
2
123% 21

super market 25,83.


...; (.. 23%)

=21

19


K .
% .
K % :
K 1 :
= +

= +
( 2 )
().
= %
:
2 = +

1.000 4%.
) ;
) ;
) 2 ;
) :

= 40

) : = 1000 + 40 = 1040
) 2 :

= 4%

= 41,6

2 :2 = 1040 + 41,6 = 1081,6

20


,
, .. y, y
A

,

B
A
x

,
,

x
21


,
.

22


y.
y . y
.
y


,
.

23

,
.
.


.
, (m)

24


,
()

,
.


,


.

25

26

, y

27

180

90

28



.
1



1
2

29

(,)

30

(, ) (, )

31

32

33


1, 2

:
i) 1, 2, 1, 2
ii) 3, 4, 3, 4
iii) 1, 3, 1, 3

iv) 2, 1 1, 2

-
, , , ,
,

34

35

= :
i) , ,

ii) (=)

:
i)

ii) (===60)

36

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