Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals & Applications

Fourth Edition in SI Units

Yunus A. Cengel, Afshin J. Ghajar
McGraw-Hill, 2011

Chapter 3
STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION

Mehmet Kanoglu University of Gaziantep

..

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Objectives
thermal resistance

multilayer rectangular,
cylindrical, or spherical geometries.
Thermal contact resistance

conduction shape factors.
2

STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION IN PLANE WALLS

steady and one-dimensional.

(x-direction)
T(x).

for steady operation

Fouriers law of
heat conduction
3


(thermal
conductivity)

(wall area)

(temperature
difference)

Under steady conditions, the

temperature distribution in a plane
wall is a straight line: dT/dx = const.

(wall
thickness)

Thermal Resistance Concept

Conduction resistance :

rate of heat transfer electric current
thermal resistance electrical resistance
temperature difference voltage
difference
5

Newtons law of cooling

Convection resistance of the

surface:

Schematic for convection resistance at a surface.

h, convection heat transfer coefficient (h )

Ts T.

boiling and

condensation

Radiation resistance of the

surface:

Radiation heat transfer coefficient

where hcombined is the

combined heat transfer
coefficient.
Schematic for convection and
radiation resistances at a surface.

Thermal Resistance Network

Temperature drop

U is the overall heat

transfer coefficient

T1

()

9

Multilayer
Plane Walls

1
Q
(




)

10

11

THERMAL CONTACT RESISTANCE

(
)

12

When two such surfaces are

pressed against each other, the
peaks form good material
contact but the valleys form
voids filled with air.

These numerous air gaps of

varying sizes act as insulation
because of the low thermal
conductivity of air.

Thus, an interface offers some

resistance to heat transfer, and
this resistance per unit interface
area is called the thermal
contact resistance, Rc.

A typical experimental
setup for the
determination of thermal
contact resistance.
13

hc is called the

thermal contact
conductance

thermal contact
resistance

:

surface roughness
material properties
temperature and
pressure at the
interface
type of fluid trapped
at the interface

Thermal contact resistance

14

 thermal contact
resistance
silicon oil
thermal grease

better conducting gas

helium or hydrogen
tin, silver,
soft metallic foil
copper, nickel, or aluminum

Effect of metallic coatings on

thermal contact conductance.

15

The thermal contact conductance is highest (and thus the contact

resistance is lowest) for soft metals with smooth surfaces at high pressure.

16

GENERALIZED THERMAL RESISTANCE NETWORKS

Thermal
resistance network

17

(1)

X

(isothermal )

(2)

X

(adiabatic )
X

Thermal resistance network

18

HEAT CONDUCTION IN CYLINDERS AND SPHERES

steady
one-dimensional

T = T(r).

19






T1 and T2

conduction resistance of the cylinder layer.

20

T1 and

T2

conduction resistance of the spherical layer.

21

Thermal resistance
network cylindrical
(or spherical)

convection

22

Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres

Thermal resistance
network
3

23

 Q
T2

24

CRITICAL RADIUS OF INSULATION

thermal resistance

thermal

resistance

Critical radius




r2 - r1 r1 < rcr.

25

Critical radius
:

Critical radius
:

critical radius

thermal resistant
network



critical radius

26

HEAT TRANSFER FROM FINNED SURFACES

Newtons law of cooling:

Ts

T

2 :

convection heat transfer coefficient
h.

surface area As




fins

aluminum.

27

28

Fin Equation

kAc

X x,

Ac,
p

29


Boundary condition

1. (Tfin tip = T)
Boundary condition

Boundary conditions

Temperature distribution

( )

30

 (steady conditions)

integrate

31

2

(Adiabatic fin tip, Qfin tip = 0)

Boundary condition

Temperature distribution

( )

32

3
(Tfin,tip = TL)

TL.

1

Infinitely Long Fin

33

(
)

34

(insulated tip case)


(L)
corrected length (Lc)

t

D

Corrected fin length

Lc

35

 - Fin Efficiency

36

(Zero
thermal resistance )
(infinite thermal conductivity )

Tfin = Tb

37

 (rectangular, triangular, and parabolic)

38

 (annular fins of constant thickness t)

39

40

(triangular and parabolic profiles)

(?)
?

60 percent

90 percent.

41

- Fin
Effectiveness

Effectiveness
of a fin

thermal conductivity k
aluminum, copper,

iron.

p/Ac


(
)
convection heat transfer coefficient h

42

( one man show)

43

mL = 5 an infinitely long fin

mL = 1

44

??

??

1


1 percent

(
)
()

45

Heat sinks:

Heat sinks

thermal resistances R.

thermal resistance

heat sinks

46

Summary
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls
Thermal Resistance Concept
Thermal Resistance Network
Multilayer Plane Walls

Thermal Contact Resistance

Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks
Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres
Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres

Critical Radius of Insulation

Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces

Fin Equation
Fin Efficiency
Fin Effectiveness
Proper Length of a Fin

Heat Transfer in Common Configurations

51