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~:or"wr:f. \~rn lhii!' pill:liirip:lted 'wL'lilil to . ;: p;:ilrii<lo :in liliii!' I.i~Uirg.ircal tI!'IF;irn:l, :sli1!o.dll1;g 'lilt 1iIiii!' Pl.!!1Pi.t DeIil€;itO, llu!glil!';lt tI!'Io~ lhiil!. iI14Ii!' WlLS ;iilg;:iiDI]sallt[lilii.0I!I and his p'Eil'rorn E!61I:e.ci1.,CiJ,Uirm and ~Ii!' WEir,]?:5c]!mbIDlk\ll1y 1i1i13d1e:OIll4!Filiii!' dhil.!!ffo ibl.!!ildJin;c:!11:i5 thsn liliii!' €;iIrtolyilll1!:ll~ __ ' of IIu! I[B--u[il:o~' Hi?;l.¥eIl" ~ li;ght the D1iIiI3gl! 00' ,God oiIll_dI'Godls h.e:1]! w,iSOlflorn. .ti'lliH;iilgi:l Sopliiiill, the iIlJ:rkatt£ Ilog_[c ~f GI7I!e.'k lfu!ol;(!@'. IIu! amtiilio.lE5- Kali!' oflWmi!, Ifu! '\l';i~lnlilg 'IF;idiliollJ of IIu! N'€;ir i1!:I!5t, ;iillil!l liliii!' my-Wriislilil ,o~' E>asI:E!r,rn CoriiSli~nil}' onmbined 11:0 [~Ii!' :lIiIiIOffii!,liIlli!'l1.t lfuil ill.·lIt 'O[Kt£ oil, s<wlililrnati~1iI of''3n'tiQJl!!fl:r l:iO:IiI OO'to.;: 'Irril.!!rnpltt ,oifChcistiarrnf.:iL'lilil., and '3. pq)Siti:'I'f! ~'-

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RAVENNA. in oI'II!!3, lJroIlloroc,lh-4! T Ostro~tM' [r,ooJE5I Jljmg, cliiOS4! til . ;: [taliarlil dily orlR~lil\i!'IlJl3. ~ IIu! ~p.itII oflhiill.l':urngdolJl.> whtLrn
t£o.oom;passe.d ml!lm ,oif Ilhii!' 1I1i3l1;:;;i1li'lIlItd all of U;;[I]! '(Gi!'€ Coa;ptl!'f'Sl [ill!lllurng Ifu! :m0:rt oistoD}'of'To.€!OOoroc's l.!!1l:00..rtl.l.!!llliti!'S<U!«E!5Sof&.lh-4! iilll;pOiit'llMtl! (!If 1iIiii!'crL)' d~Doro. Ill.!!!! ill. 5,39, j~IDoii<ll1l:!;~Il.e:ral i1J.t£1':i-

to . ;: Dotl!'fror:s po.1;n:hrom.-e 1IIWIb.1i!'S:i:fiill1!lr wrorLiI~I, gI~mill;g al1.die::s!I:i[t.!; :lilild ClIoo~b~; toe: LlI.l.iImUIiI31l2d boo.'k:!-lbiJl.!!DlI :in gpl.dI Oil' :i:rory '300 illbld

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wrtIhi ;eWE1~ '300 e:rnJme.1s; '3nd lItE! l[il\lDSSRS..

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,s.2l&-54J~ J,,"firui .... •• g~nlI18e1Ji..,.;:1J,. ""pbu:reril R""",,= 'f.rom 1I,e IDSi""g.mlh.'L 1't;;" <i'I,'I' """"'m e 11,,, .."",: of Elyz.oruti:n .." <iI[irninillm iru Itol¥.- So", 'l/iit.lll~ I>~ S""rrt \I ito I;"'" w:h<I
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~[I;£~i? liruik!ul'Ig :i.ls~J.1iIii1.I5'I:!;Ie ~iid!2d

then Ihe Filmll:!. I!I!fe1I"lJookit. DiUlriim;g j'IIi5.IHIil.iiltrn'5j",ci;gn, :R.iJ.I\I'M'm:IJ ,~ ~ :it!- g,D'Ell)£sI,rulll.lUiiiI 'lind 0OO1il!iJ([JiiOC Pil'll.S;PE:lirl:r-a'l: a ~DIiIiM! m ~ rrtlPe:Lm:!i ~i.eges, oooq!4£Sl5, and s:ild;jlilg~ ~lit!3lBnoo 1ihli?~IE:Ii,liIai OilY" ,off'l:i!.'!DlilJe w.i.1b ,i!:XfI::illl:1iiiJlil_ the ;5!2i1i1.at Ity.r:l1DI ili1.€domilil.i.OOI DI'I [L'lIIy. As Itlil\l!lillY.l, 'lind :it; rul:Ll.Il'€ 1iI«llm.€ :11m £NkDEi!lli1ii of O:!Mtl!DIDIi1!irpI.e, ]~ wI:, ,i!"TI!1ilJ 1ilJ!lIi(;f"han that !lIif ~i? 1Il]n:1rl'llilil.e ~pi'l:::iU (whElf'i? I~tlle o'thElf t than ;iiirmi'l:Ktl!(;(;f" ihlas SIM'I'D¥ed), CtlEll1Jly ~s the E1ri1)' Christi!li1ilJ ~ 'IhA! 1Bfl'l!IiIIIIil.e SlrIe. Ihe Ilf:l!rn!;;itiolll from

SAn'\:! 'VI,WAIE SQiIil'lfitali? [(FIG'5_ 9-6 'lind 9-7'" I!lOO:i,Gl.ted by 1Bi!;loo;p:r..bllcililiiiilt~ ~I'I5Il] in OOIilJi}j"CDfS:.tililtVrt.iliis"""tuD w:B1iliiru;;t~ 'lit ~l'Ernli1il1, UI'I Ihe :oorolil.dl oGemlu[)', ~ 1lIiii? mo;st spOOl:licif.l1:1!rI!ruadilil;g UI'I ,R.i¥mlil:l!., The I:hl!!J;chis 'lI:D iUlDfoilg8'l:lbllfi? o:pe(]mtE fiJiI ilU ~iJ oal\<E" !1il1:e.17E"di 1 ii, ;jfli1.dlIIII!iIF'i'ElI~ 'lilt i!£ Ul'IllfiD31)2 design ;iiiIil.l!lllll!ilglililli.C!2:DI, ~I~m IiliiO:mI[a_Coo~rul:loo.lilJofSil!m \,:itale'~III'l!!Dd€ll'm5Mp' 15.0:(Irol:lS tiliiiJil'li1y :I1iitE:F '[oood!D[k's d.'eilllJilll S26. I'li!li:l!1iI1lS ,I.'!lg€ml:t[i~ (hILIi!lllilJlhA! I3Q!DI-li!f' p1iJ""id'6d toe1l6.oo0 gpl.c!l coins (_ighim;g lilJiJiI,e than 350 tpo:",mds} iiElq!!!Hl'€d Il'ID pmoeed with Ihe 'IY1JFIL'1i'iIiii?Ctliiw,ro ~ 'I.!Iniilo;i?:I11i1lf !lIiftoe ID'IiIiM!rSirNAfi,-<EDIl!iry-Ctlii~ ; CDfR::i,'l'mIiiD [(FIG., 3-1 :il~. 11!Id~.
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as ;iiiIi1J.OOIg lilJosldiilT1ildoc IiIiM! ,[lff'IB~Dlul'li?:I!1:t. C[llilJpli!loo 1m than 'lI,[dGl:'iilde iltli£r'lllJe !ili!FrenI!li?illld bl'Elllf]:t\ toe 'lIp;5i? ;iiilild! mtD.if dl0OOUiiilmlil5

form :I! liIlilllfi:edl oolilJposi'ti_. w'JiltD,92 1iliM!1ilJ'"s Ihe Illo:~y UiiiluliicatiDIIICDf i I'li!sIDIi1.1am rr:ig.ot I[ij) 1I'1!!1.~. 1111 ~~:1p5i? 'l';iiiw). Ct.iiltt,)'iJ~u1 ul'llffe ~iI)' Ct.iilisti:l11i1'tUiiidi'tiDIil. lhH!.1d':; ;iiiKnlI111wi'Ih ~ ~ (lkr_ 5: I, and WiJlilJ Iff", ~b.'iJnhe_l.dI ~ the ~ililJe CDfb~ ~DIil.dI C!JlilJililg. Thi? faw' ilM!r,s ,off'iP'.lcr.ldlim. 1i1!iJ,w't!r?:IiISllAfi,ihlim. :l!liId iI'lIiilil'b-aw-OJ!l0:11d~u.dIs Ib1I: 3OO\IIi'_ Ct.il'ist ,~mI!li lhe go:l.d'I!liI 1ilJ3Jj1;irt-w,1'!2:I.Ihl[ij)'IIrul~5,th", pa'trolill ~~ an ;'ififge1 imtFOdti!Coll:5..AH]uiisl:tIl!tt.'lWlJiJlltt!r;mgtil d~~, iD1wJiiO:!:e'lul!ruI!iIiiE rihiliIFffi fl!mml~li!Il!(;f" I ofliliiE Ctliil!!Kh. wIwm p1,~I3~.@IIIE.clilld.,IE.(i[lmUi!-'[lIiI1!r,s

[I is iUll'll.i~i?:I1(jJy l!iIitIi?iI'dlru!Fet'hi

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;iii,~ CDf San Vrta.li? I:rO Oiirii5t. Thi? illim;g£lilJmI: ro::lIl's Corrim tp,ropheq'iJfflhelast llla;lOCDftoe WiJrik!l::'"AIild!liIiiErn wi) tOE}";SEi?lhe:S:OO

9-8 :DiJli!i1[).r oDr:san Vil~D~ (I'oDorillilnl1;frorm,lifJe';Dp5lI!HltID '1:lJi!! d»!i"]l, ~~],

l..ioi!hl 1i1!l:1re:dllhmwgl;; '1:IIaba."JfI~pa:!1M wfud'al&:lO play~ [I!ofI!'rtl:ba gJatl:ri'ng llha~ prcduJ:~.:I lI!lunpliL!lD.L!I!Il dfect.

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witD, tt!IiiE wurni?,]'h£ pDlf"lii;lIiI!s in du! TII!OOd:o,[';lJ[[liJ&"ii.c Dhillm: tDe.:s:JJru! sI!,yl ilsIoc ~r:JJil5as Iiti iJSiI!in the jilJi5ljDIl rnooaK:, bml du! 'w<@1iIiII!11i 11!P'ilJtll il.'1iI? :lii!S€lltoo w.idUm. 'lI,JI!I~nil€ -aroIiiilIDlI!re" pi!ffi~p:; du! atrii~ 'iJf:3:J.rrn 'ViII::lIl€.. Ili? empress tstlImd's im.ru't4! ~lD, T 'llI1i DIiTilpE"r:i:li Ciilm.op]!,W:1liJirng: 100fiJl:liJ'N tD.€:'i!mp£r:orr''t; [pm~rn_ kl1i 'lItli!'D1fliJml:'bocJ:ro:ITIS to ~ II£r litioou:gh tD.E:t[!lift'llin€di d~, TIL€: [ciJrt 1IiIii~1::she ool£io€ tDE";i;JJKiii ~l.i!ar;f im. :JJ ooll!ll't;r.:t'mJ wiII:!Iii 'lI, fiDlll!rnl:llin :I!ITIO only :iibo'~t 1m.enter a1:ll.tl5t:i lliliiit, in lliliie-.u'i?IDm1.O:milil piro1.oc0.1, D.ElI"' :rarl]il: '!Ii:Jl5. m!ll: q,uili? 'e!l,!.[:J.]ro hE"r oo:rn5O:flt.. :8~.u!1'"i?fY [plil?S4!rnuE" TiIilrooiJl!:iiI, 'lit San ¥i.ta'li? iii :!;igmuffid or Ciilml. Ni?i1iIiiE"r!iliii? nnr jilJi5ljDlliElll1i ,~r v'islloo 1il'll,'imrn:ILTD.eiiF p;.:trtirrp.,tinn DIl du! l::itJ4Jl"g}' SlII1i ¥it'llk i!. IPii:lIDtfii:iJI:liiroom_ TtiI! lII1.OI5ll0C5 at :iilr€ [pOOo:ti.G :ro.rtD.E:a.'tisimt sil\1"€il1!ig.m5. . .f1iI£1im§mlWllS :iiepf'~~ZlTIteo'OOcill.ll5!:! M W:Jl5.1h€ h~dI ClftD€ S}7.:iImJj[l_(i! stcllJi?,:I!1iI0by Diii p~liIwi? M ol?il1oo luis :iJl!ll]Ol"i'ly ~\'i£r luis lI£rd"i'IxD,riies [tlIi:y., :SI!1l~iJr:iiI's iUL IPiJrtrayaJl :isrniliJr€ S!Mpll"i:sing arlTIotss'tilli.u tn D€1'llIniq!!1£ JPl!'Mtio:nin .fil.!!sliim!iaml':s osurt, 1iIiiI!ooDf'll"s IPromi[l_€:IiI~,:r:olA!in tfl€ [[103llOC pr:ogr:ILliTiI(!If Si1n V:it'llk :is [pDOOd' Ih€ ~Wi?ii iiliie w.idl!led -at Gn-nstmti oo[p I.€::l[ITIO,by Jl!lI~m:, of ! ;ii~,IRa'l'elilrul, ~11ifaat, litii? rep,rESI!m);;l.tiDn ofto.E: IhIil?E:IIUgiiiJn litii?b01d~ Clf her robe ru~ tMt :sI]€ m.oomg;!- Ull lliliii?,~.=l@j ooonp:lImy .00' lite IitiI1W :liTiIiJrulm:DS WtiD 'lIPP~O Ih€ :I'Ii?'IYbt:Jmj= 'b£:JlfUliIggih :SANT' A:P.OUJNARiEi :t:~CLASSB U'mliiUdu! :ITIDrnth C£lllm;ry. :3:J.rrnl." Apollin-aHl :in ~ 1tt!ill!5iN1 du! lbiDoy of Sil.'itlll, ApalLirufii5. 'III'h.oo ~lI!ffi!red Dis mlIut),",rdit!lrnil :in ~ 1il'alT€liIru::spOllL ]'h£ CD,lI!rrn :il5i?1f iii EllJlfly 'OIiir:islian :in '~,}'pe, :iiI,ooMlk:J wcim ;lI MI1£ ;ilm_dl :ibrnil:DIlg: :iilil!ks.. Ilke Thi?iJd'eric's [palllC£-dIil..!il'CD. CE'll3. 8-17} J!!iiNIiCJ.ted to 'lhE :5iI!1liIi?:s:J.int iml lRi1il\i!'D1:n~_ in tDe earJier dIil..!D'ClIii,tD.E: jl.!l.S~ulli~nic ,I.!.s lb1!Iildling's £IIlJ£ri!Jf :is p]il.'in :JJm.dI lI!rn:td!Jm€d,lbl.i!.t ;Ui![[lp'll.i!iJlJi5.[[lo:i~ks c!lOC'O!l:!.'t4! ulll:e::.ri!JJ,altltt!illl-llh, il1i lluis CISE ~D.E:}''lIlf,E" !m:iiimerli to tD€ lliliii? a :iilpSi?(AGL Q...12.)_ TD.E:liTililSjOCc!lociM'lI.tin;g 'I hi! :5!mIJidit!lliTilE" 'lIlOO¥i? du! ;iiPSi?pil"iJ'ba.'bl}' W:JJS. ro[IJpleI~ by 5.1'1,9, wtioo lite dlIllD'Cllii W:JJS. c!ledka"OOo.,{TtieliTil!J:s:J.i.c:s o:f!:he frarrnitmg :JJli[h :lilil?iJf l'ater d1:Iiti?) ligacim.t 'lI,g;mld1'groti!m.dl.:JJ ~~lfg,;: [lJNll!Urol1i wiitD. :Ii j€'Wi?loo cr:o~ dit!lliTilullat4!;s.h4! Im[IJ~lrom_ I Tiliiiii :1iTiI1lY repre5£llt,litii? crrm.s Com.st'llllltitlli? Jl!D'€CIOOiJl1i DiU of CaItD.e nil' tiJ OMIIIIiTiII?[[l.Ji!1:!.te tD.elilii:ll~t.:rrdit!lIiTilDfJiB!<1Ji5...''lfisililli? 'lIOO'llE"tDe ju!st

9· '1.:2 :5ia:i!ll JiFillJjj!n~rill' mid ~MI:'p, ~y.;1:' a

mClslti.,.St!nt"ApolliIL~~ In Clrns;;~, ,[t'il!l\enoll_![i¢t. ca.53'3-B49.
Saint ApollillB'ris 6Ul>.nd1!i.bI!.n2sth OhnmCrosa
5refiE'

wilt. h~ arms .raised ir.l pi.l!Y-er •. Allhough:the

is set in ala.ndscape.
FIG.

1t:hB1lY2:an'!in9.Ii'!ii~ of !Nlrl'l' rneeales

fE\iecbc-d ~OOmIil'BrEi

itoi!' 'c'lssS[caJ lllusientsrn &.161.

:!lIs!:!the 4~!lfh oCm.i~ll!lIilrlry'n; (in. 1hIs. Ga&e, cSmin~ A!pHitiina.ri.~l'. Thelamb, also <I s.ymhol of m!lidFdem, i!!llPprop.r.i,ilt~l}'rJ:!f!«s~IM~dr~rniLrty.rj!!il.OI,~r rrl:& T~ ... iJll!O:: aoene upamb allOw the .aI!~", ·~."i!'..r~thl:'pril!'rts «kb.r<lt.:;di~!: ~ol:rilmO:OQ'1

C'f~

.l:1uli:naris~---l:EI~ m~rr~olls' rNl!Illf'l!liI~ ,of b' sup:n:m.o:' Ir<±~mptivoe.ad T.ht:·~rr 3illtan of iQUi3ti!!!D. dIlJUr:hC5 _~. from ~!:i' ULrn~:s, Sil.nd:iIiiNl~b,y j:h~ [

01:11. ~it~.r :!;bd~ oOf the medallion, ill th~ doUll:k, are the Qkl1'~RilJt DJTO~b,ets M(ll?~ <Lad! Bijabo wha iliJ!'po::~n:,dj b~[on' J'6.usd!.!I'jJ]g bJ8 ']'ru:rn:lfug:m:ar!ilolil" BeJ~w HM;5(: ·~wo £i;gures i3a'IitJj['::~ G~.iP·' ~y:mb!D!s of the di;;c~~o::~rGM, 'Pi:k:r, and Palll, ~ml!la!:ooT:llp3!1'l~edJe~i1s to tho:: '£"O(lt ·(!if~ mo~rl!ll h~ ascended ~I'IJ ,[I\I'(!L~r~, ooRII'i:'.rsew.tth ~:h.~: p:roiPhe~ iknea!~, ~mMgr~enfi.celds with
tJ~~filo~P.i,

cross iB iii!!! IliIIEtd of God.

~I.Ld bj!t<:k, ~1.iEJ]:d~ t~~mll1i..:9fs :pMTIlITI2I]J]t, IIp!i:l~!l;-

1ilaEiB:

,[lml'

mnsaicist

portrl!l!jll:!il

him

in

dl~'Ear1)' Chr.~liil!JIIJmanner

It5i

=.(JJ:rantWi~.upJ~fted

arma ..A=IiIiI~il!IJ!r:~I!I,s:Ap(l.~jJ].aJ:'I:s: re 12 snO!:p, a

~ri1.~,s ~pr~~elii~ing th~ Chris.ti~1!I amg;ro::gatllioll under iIh~ mJni's ~cb!lr!nl <lind ifo.rmrng. iI!!i th.q mar.'::b, in .. r~!lj[fil~'B,tros.:; dil~ ,upS>::, a w;[IJ]ili:rfu.l1r d·t!OO\rati~base. Ccmp'a ..Isen !!If m~El3rir lJ~n~t[l"t' &:fiLt'Aro!linilin:' In U3SS!:' ~Jc ·t!illh: 't:h.:: Galli!l .EII~cidia moseic (FIG.B·llEl}FJ;Qm 1b.~E:ady Chri51~a!lJ. j:>I:ri~.m. ill litaniQll<l clJ.a.~ .EI&w tElo:' .sl:ylc and e;tti~~' app;r<UIC];tLa .~~ subject clllllli.~e,d diwrinz the .oourse of ill (\r,J]tury. Jl;ofu :mo:!.!!liicspCl:nlr!l.:yi!!l.~nmil!liIfig~'1:' ,!I1Idsome ~ho.:!p .tDJ a .i8!ru:I:!:v.!!lp.:llut ..
b:ta~5I:~ In the m~-~ixtb ,ccnWlry, the ,1lflii;5!t didnot try to I!:!-g~.iliiJ!:'.a :segmro~ of~o: phy.si.citl worrJrl, .iil]!!it~~.d itdliDJg ll1lo::si.oryi!ll terms off.lJIII: 5JlIIlOO.~" tlin~oriI.i.!psid.:: b}.l·si.de"Th.~~ic.ist C3lduJ1y;w;;cld~ 'l"'i!.r-

bones and rdi~ of IDiI.!'iyrG [see "J'.i1gr.imil_g.l:'.5 and I:h!: Wt IDf~diG;~ CnilJHrl1:'1" .Ll!,pag.: 31Cl}. nus,. the m}~ry and tlh~ rrmrtyr®m wer,1:' j!i:luJlcd in onc cnncept, The di!'atn ef t~~ :mllr,tyr; i[l imil!l!!lrimL of Chlrim, is ~ triumiflh o~r death thnt leads 00 I:kr[J;.:lllif~,TEI~ ~m13ges above th~ i111!l!!l1[ :1?rl:\5Clii~ DlD.ilIJ'lI ¥irung 'ifl.si£!Jl.t80t~!I: o:')fI:l5. ofbdi~ru, dd~~·~.red.·wiili (!j~\l:rrwhdmililg fDTCe" Lloming ilOOvc 1h~~r~F..5j.u~'<lip:p<1I,~ti<m a grea;t my5~ry, of Or.l:l~.r«il. to ml!lko:: peil:f~'Cdr Stmp.ic:.a!Dd dearr tiJ:<!t. hmnaD]cin,d's diu.t:r is ID 5~1: ~VlI!t?\m]]~ EjlJ::1iItEl~ illiti!'.rBII:O::,..me mi,~t 1J.o~. . !¥'asp. ~e details of ~h!:mmr1u tb:~~.~giCaJ. :prr~[il:'(;lil' cculdunderstend tbilJt fu!:. Wily of ~h!: martyr ~~open to ~h'l:'C!tn!ii:i:an. faitib:F.ulaliidiiI:J.al. the 1t:1o'.'l!IHI of ~lc[iI1al EI~ is wiih!lJ].~~i[ .rr~..:::&!.

iateational ~1it'[Jrl!:O.om~t aU !:tll:'.rHI!:' R'lil!lr.riiLl'l'l:or!.di and pb.rs~13111 !I'e.allitl': SftJiif"l:i5iha~e .Ilm.t ili~ voJl!lmc ;;£:1:'[1 in tm.o::eml,:r, =~icmd iJ]~dlul: ·flat 5]tlhc';1~!:I,b with. Im;:aJ' d.:tarl.l;5,.The d:firt ii5i~at of an filtrerr.l~.ny ril:ih,fb,t 1'W$ry wi~Dllt iilJl15i.c;XlisIli.c.rf~'i·icl:'& This !'In'>" 1!i~?:Bl!lti:o~, 5~yle: 111:0:::='::diJ~ .irlo::il!1 vcni:dl:' fuJ' oo![I~ringth~ erucmdy "crBI!p.b:;q'.liIlb!i:l~~l1iI of the ~fUJIlydrvrJopo:'d: Qll]5li:lllT.l (i'cgma:. l'.b!:,S.a;[1fApcllil1lilir~' ClUI;C iI.PS':: mosaic, :fo:r example.cames :mudJ. [[(,oro:: m!!'a:n:[[I,8,!J:ian. fl.!!.>! meets the !l:yr .. 1:h~' Cl~'S.s srmbQiL~~ :litcl OIlP:r Chri&'t's, Dllm aO::il!~, w~lh .i.t5!'ei!l~~millill OOJ];s.:Jgj.ll~nc~, b .. ,t
iLDJ

IlIp~r!rt,IlirLwrut must "Javt~ been

enoe te th~' thil:'e-dim.e:m;LoJlil

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