Xin chia s vi cc bn trch on mt bo co do TS Phan Quc Vit v thc s Nguyn Huy Hong vit: Vit Nam, cc k nng cha

a c ch trng trong h thng gio dc cng nh trong cuc sng. Hnh nh nn gio dc ca chng ta ang da trn mt gi nh ngi ta bit th ngi ta s lm c. V v vy h c c dy cho hc sinh, sinh vin tht nhiu kin thc hng lm c vic khi ra trng. Nhng thc t u c vy, t bit n hiu l mt khong cch rt xa, v t hiu n lm vic chuyn nghip vi nng sut cao l mt khong cch cn xa na. iu ny dn n mt thc trng l sinh vin khi ra trng bit nhiu kin thc nhng li khng c kh nng lm vic c th. Ch vi nm gn y, cc phng tin thng tin i chng mi nhc nhiu n cm t k nng v k nng mm. K nng l kh nng thc hin mt cng vic nht nh, trong mt hon cnh, iu kin nht nh, t c mt ch tiu nht nh. Cc k nng c th l k nng ngh nghip (cc k nng k thut c th nh hn, tin, nh my, li xe, lnh o, qun l, gim st) v k nng sng (cc k nng giao tip, ng x, t duy, gii quyt xung t, hp tc, chia s). Mi ngi hc ngh khc nhau th c cc k nng khc nhau nhng cc k nng sng l cc k nng c bn th bt c ai lm ngh g cng cn phi c. Chng ta t ho v ngun lao ng di do. Nhng mi ch l s lng. Cht lng lao ng mi l vn ng bn. Theo b Nguyn Th Hng (nguyn B trng B L, TB & XH, Ch tch hi dy ngh Vit Nam), hin nay, Vit Nam cn n hn 50% lao ng trong tng s hn 10 triu lao ng cha qua o to c bn chnh quy, m ch yu l va hc va lm hoc lm nhng cng vic n gin. iu cho chng ta thy bc tranh tng th v k nng ngh nghip ca lc lng lao ng khng c g l sng sa cho lm v cn nhiu vic phi lm c mt bc tranh ti sng hn. iu ti thiu phi bit (nhng li khng phi ai cng bit), l x hi by gi s dng sn phm dng c, ch khng s dng kh nng hay bng cp ca con ngi. Anh khng c k nng nh my, th c thuc lng 10 quyn sch v Microsoft Office cng v ngha. Anh khng thit k ni mt ci nh bnh thng 3 tng, th c tt nghip xut sc trng Kin trc cng v ngha. Tng hp cc nghin cu ca cc nc v thc t Vit Nam, 10 k nng sau l c bn v quan trng hng u cho ngi lao ng trong thi i ngy nay: 1. K nng hc v t hc (Learning to learn) 2. K nng lnh o bn thn v hnh nh c nhn (Self leadership & Personal branding) 3. K nng t duy sng to v mo him (Initiative and enterprise skills) 4. K nng lp k hoch v t chc cng vic (Planning and organising skills) 5. K nng lng nghe (Listening skills) 6. K nng thuyt trnh (Presentation skills) 7. K nng giao tip v ng x (Interpersonal skills) 8. K nng gii quyt vn (Problem solving skills) 9. K nng lm vic ng i (Teamwork) 10. K nng m phn (Negotiation skills) Nh vy ngoi nhng kin thc chuyn mn, ngi lao ng cn phi c trang b thm cc k nng hnh ngh m bo c c vic lm m cn tin b trong t
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chc thng qua vic pht huy tim nng c nhn v ng gp vo nh hng chin lc ca t chc gp phn vo s nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. Th gii phng ra, lu nay chng ta ch ngh n xut khu lao ng, nhng mt thc t mi ang thch ngi lao ng Vit nam l trong thi k khng hong ngi nc ngoi ang n tranh ch lm vic ca ta. Chng ta c th b thua ngay trn sn nh. R rng 10 k nng mm thit yu ny khng nhng ch gip ngi lao ng nng cao nng sut, hiu qu cng vic m thc cht l gip ch rt nhiu trong mi kha cch cuc sng gia nh ngoi x hi ti cng s, nng cao ng k cht lng cuc sng v vn ha x hi, gp phn thay i din mo con ngi Vit nam.

K NNG T DUY SNG TO V DM MO HIM 1. Khi nim t duy sng to T duy sng to l ch ca mt lnh vc nghin cu cn mi. N nhm tm ra cc phng n, bin php thch hp kch hot kh nng sng to v tng cng kh nng t duy ca mt c nhn hay mt tp th cng ng lm vic chung v mt vn hay lnh vc. ng dng chnh ca b mn ny l gip c nhn hay tp th thc hnh n tm ra cc phng n, cc li gii t mt phn n ton b cho cc vn nan gii. Cc vn ny khng ch gii hn trong cc ngnh nghin cu v khoa hc k thut m n c th thuc lnh vc khc nh chnh tr, kinh t, x hi, ngh thut... hoc trong cc pht minh, sng ch. Mt danh t khc c gio s Edward De Bono (1933 -) s dng ch ngnh nghin cu ny v c dng rt ph bin l T duy nh hng. Mt s phng php t duy sng to v ang c trin khai thnh cc lp hc, cc hi ngh chuyn cc c quan, t chc x hi, chnh tr, chnh tr - x hi nhm nng cao hiu qu lm vic ca c nhn hay tp th. cc trng trung hc ca cc nc pht trin, mt s phng php quan trng nh tp kch no, gin cng c p dng cho hc sinh bit cch p dng di dng th s; ng thi cng c nhiu c s gio dc t thc ging dy cc chuyn v phng php t duy sng to cho hc vin mi la tui. c im * Cc b mn c xem l cng c ca ngnh ny bao gm: Tm l hc, gio dc hc, lun l hc (hay logic hc), gii phu hc, v cc tin b v y hc trong lnh vc nghin cu no. * Khng c khun mu tuyt i: Cho n nay vn khng c phng php vn nng no khi dy kh nng t duy v cc tim nng khng l n cha trong mi con ngi. Ty theo c tnh ca i tng lm vic v mi trng ti ch m mi c nhn hay tp th c th tm thy cc phng php ring thch hp. * Khng cn n cc trang b t tin: Cho n nay, cc phng php t duy sng to ch yu vn l cc cch thc t chc l li suy ngh c hng v cc dng c s dng rt n gin ch yu l giy, bt, phn, bng, li ni, i khi l mu sc, my chiu hnh, t in... Mt s phn mm xut hin trn th trng gip y nhanh hn qu trnh hot ng sng to v lm vic tp th c t chc v hiu qu hn. Song, ti mt s trng hc vn c th tin hnh ging dy b mn ny bng nhng cuc tho lun chuyn h tr khng tn km.

Cui cng, khoa ny cng khng gii hn tm nghin cu ca n cho vic ng dng thnh tu mi ca y hc v no b v tin hc v iu vn cn b ng cho cc nh nghin cu. * Khng phc tp trong thc nghim: Thc nghim ca hu ht cc phong php t duy sng to hin nay rt n gin. Nu cn qu trnh o to cp tc c th t 1 bui cho ti di 1 tun cho ngi hc. a s cc phng php c ghi sn ra tng bc nh l nhng thut ton. iu kin cho ngi thc hin ch l s hiu bit v c kh nng t duy cng nh i khi cn n s h tr ca cc kho d liu v kin thc chuyn mn m vn t ra c lin quan hay cp ti. * Hiu qu cao: Cc phng php t duy sng to, nu s dng ng ch ng lc u mang li li ch rt cao, nhiu gii php c a ra ch nh vo phng php tp kch no. Cc phng php khc cng h tr rt nhiu cho cc nh pht minh, nht l trong lnh vc k thut hay cng ngh. * Gim thiu c p lc qu ti ca lng thng tin: bng cc phong n t duy c nh hng th mt h qu tt yu l ngi nghin cu s chn la mt cch ti u nhng d liu cn thit, do trnh cc cm gic lng tng, m h, hay lc lng trong rng rm ca thng tin Nhng bin php b sung Lu : Nhng thng tin y khoa ca Wikipedia Ting Vit ch mang tnh cht tham kho v khng th thay th kin chuyn mn. Trc khi s dng nhng thng tin ny, ngh lin h v nhn s t vn ca cc bc s chuyn mn. * Y hc: Thnh tu mi v y hc, nht l dc khoa, em li nhiu kt qu cho vic nng cao kh nng t duy. Ngy nay, y hc tm ra rt nhiu dc cht c kh nng chng lo ha no hay chng s suy gim kh nng ca tr nh trong c vai tr quan trng ca cc cht chng xi ha, cng nh vai tr ca cc mui khong v cc sinh t (vitamin) - c bit l sinh t A. Khng ch cc tin b trong Ty y m trong ng y ngi ta cng c nhiu thnh cng trong vic dng hn hp cc dc tho vi cc dc cht Ty y. Mt v thuc ng y ni ting c kh nng phc hi tr nh v gim stress l gingko bibola. * Thin: Thin nh l mt phng php kh hu hiu chng stress, tng cng kh nng khng ca c th v tng kh nng suy ngh tp trung vo mt ch . c bit cc phng php thin Pht gio cn gip t duy ca hnh gi tr nn c lp trc mi thnh kin, kinh nghim, hay tri thc vn c hun tp t trc trong no b. Chnh nhng kin thc v kinh nghim ny i khi l tr lc che m s sng sut hay ngn tr s c lp ca t duy.
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* Dng sinh v rn luyn sc khe: Mt c nhn khng th c nhng hot ng tr no sng sut mnh m nu ngi khng sc khe lm vic. Vic n ung iu , dng sinh ng mc gip rt nhiu cho vic gi no b c linh hot v bn b. Vai tr ca thc phm c bit l cc cht m rt cn thit cho no b hot ng bnh thng. * Ch lm vic: gim thiu hu qu khng tt do vic tp trung lu, ngi lu v bo m cho s bn b hot ng ca no b nhiu chuyn gia cho li khuyn l phi c cc vn ng th dc ngn gim stress cng nh bung x bt cc cng thng thn kinh sau mi 45-60 pht lm vic tp trung. Hn na, bt c th lm vic vi s gi qu nhiu trong mt ngy s lm gim sc tp trung. Ngoi ra, t chc cng vic c th t ngn np cng nh hng phn no n hiu qu ca qu trnh t duy. * Cc kho d liu v vai tr h tr ca tin hc: Trong khi nghin cu cc gii php mi th vic nm bt y thng tin, t liu v vn cn gii quyt l mt iu cn thit trc tin. Ngoi ra, c c nhng kin hay li gii sng to th vic vn dng kin thc, hiu bit hay cc cng c mi l rt quan trng. Ngy nay tn dng kh nng ca tin hc ngi ta c th gim thiu nhiu cng sc tm ti tra cu cc kho d liu cc ni khc nhau. ng thi, c th truy nhp hay tm ra cc kin thc cn thit cho mt vn trong thi gian rt ngn. c bit, vi s tr gip ca Internet v cc my truy tm d liu th cc thng tin ri rc trc y ca nhn loi c ni li thnh mt kho d liu qu bu khng l rt tin li cho vic khai thc v tn dng chng 1. Cch vn dng t duy sng to bc u tin ca quy trnh ra quyt nh hay gii quyt vn , vic nhn nhn ng vn c xem nh mt v tr thun li p dng t duy sng to. Vic ny khng h i hi chi ph v ch cn rt t thi gian, song li c kh nng hng quy trnh quyt nh sang nhng li i mi m v hu ch hn. Mt phng php s dng t duy sng to l xem xt quyt nh hay vn t quan im ca ngi ng ngoi cuc, ngha l bn phi tch ri quan im thng thng ca mnh nhn nhn s vic. V d, bn c th nh gi cng ty hoc sn phm hay cht lng phc v ca cng ty di con mt khch hng. Tt nhin, bn cng c th tin hnh cc cuc nghin cu th trng nhng vic kh tn km v mt nhiu thi gian. Mt phng n nhanh chng li tit kim hn l t mnh vo v tr ca khch hng v th giao dch kinh doanh vi chnh cng ty ca bn. Bn cng nn nh mt ngi ng tin cy hay mt thnh vin trong gia nh th lm iu . Hy bt u bng vic tm kim thng tin v sn phm hay dch v ca cng ty bn. iu ny d hay kh v mc no? Sau hy mua hng thng qua cc knh phn phi in hnh. Bn c c kinh nghim g khi mua hng thng qua s in thoi min
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ph hay website ca cng ty? Bn hy th thc mc hay phn nn iu g vi i l bn hng hay phng dch v khch hng ca cng ty v lu xem vn ny c x l nh th no. Mc ch ca phng php t duy sng to ny l tm hiu cng ty bn t quan im ca khch hng. Nhng thng tin thu thp c s gip bn tm ra v tr tt nht nhn nhn vn v tin hnh cc bc ci thin. Khi phi ng u vi mt s vic kh khn hay mt quyt nh quan trng, bn hy suy ngh v cch nhn nhn vn ca nhm bn. ng bao gi cho rng bn bit c vn , m hy c gng tip cn, nh gi vn theo nhiu cch khc nhau v phn tch nhng thng tin h tr cho cc gi nh ca bn. Trong sut quy trnh ny, bn hy t nhng cu hi m nhm khuyn khch vic tm hiu vn mt cch chi tit v cn k hn. Nhng cu hi ng da trn cc gi nh c xc lp trc s khng c li cho nhm bn. Sau y l v d v cc cu hi m c tc dng to nn tng cho vic tho lun v chia s kin: "Anh c thng tin ng tin cy no cho thy l chng ta ang gp kh khn?". "y l vn c lp hay c lin quan ti cc phng ban khc?". "Chng ta c th nh gi tm quan trng ca vn nh th no?". Tri li, nhng cu hi ng thng ch cho ra cu tr li "c" hoc "khng". V d: "Nh vy l anh trao i vi phng ti chnh v phng thit k v vic ny phi khng?". "Anh tht s tin rng chng ta cn phi ra quyt nh nhanh chng ?" Vic tho lun v chia s kin s gip bn tm ra cch nhn nhn vn ng n nht chun b sn sng cho bc tip theo ca quy trnh ra quyt nh, l xut cc phng n. Tm tt + Vic nhn nhn vn chnh l ca s tinh thn chng ta xem xt vn , tnh hung hay c hi. + Nhn nhn vn ng l yu t cn bn c th tin n quyt nh hp l. + Hy thn trng v mt s ngi c tnh chuyn hng vn theo ch ch c nhn ca h.
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+ Hy th thch cch nhn nhn vn u tin v ch ng tm thm nhng cch nhn nhn khc. + Hy sng sut nhn ra nhng gi nh da trn thnh kin, cng nh nhng sai lm trong tt c cc cch nhn nhn vn . 1. Dm mo him Sng vi mo him c ngha l vt ra khi li mn, nhy xung khi vch ni v to cho mnh i cnh c th bay ln cao hn - Ray Bradbury Quyt nh t b cng vic ti IBM m cng ty ring l mt trong nhng mo him ln nht ca i ti. Ti lm vic cho IBM 14 nm. Tnh ti thi im , IBM l cng ty u tin v duy nht m ti lm vic. Tuy nhin, ti bit rng mong mun ca ti l c lm cng vic gip nhng ngi khc thnh cng. V lm c iu , ti mo him b ht tin bc, thi gian v tng lai y ha hn IBM lm mt s thay i. Ti bit rng, nu khng lm nh th, ti s chng bao gi bc n c vi iu mnh mong mun. S nh i qu tht rt xng ng, bi v gi y - trong cng v l mt ngi thuyt trnh gip ng vin tinh thn - s nghip ca ti chuyn qua mt bc ngot mi cn tt p hn nhiu ln nhng g m trc y ti tng ngh. Vic dm mo him t b hn cng vic c theo ui c m gip ti c c hi c gp g nhiu con ngi th v. Chnh ti gp phn to ra s khc bit trong cuc sng ca h th ng thi, rt nhiu ngi trong s h cng c nhng tc ng ng k tr li i vi cuc i ti. Khi nhn li nhng g tri qua, nhng s mo him ca ti dng nh tr nn qu nh b khi so snh vi nhng phn thng ln lao m ti nhn li c. Nu khng dm mo him, ti s chng bao gi to nn bc t ph ngon mc trong cuc i mnh. Trong vn bi ca cuc i, mt s ngi ch ng xem th , mt s ngi khc thch th reo h, nhng ch c mt s t ngi l tht s tham gia cuc chi v iu i hi bn mt cht mo him, phi lm mt iu m trc y bn cha tng lm. iu ny cng c ngha l bn sp phi dch chuyn ra khi vng an ton lu nay ca mnh. V d, bn c th phi xa ri ngi thn v bn b, cn nh xinh xn, hoc l cng vic hin ti vi mc lng hu hnh... Mc d s rt kh khn lc ban u, nhng bn phi ch ng c ni s hi c th vng lng thng tin trn con ng mnh chn. Hy n nhn nhng c hi mi m ang n - d chng i hi bn mt s mo him nht nh no , hy cn nhc nhng im mnh v yu, phn tch nhng li th,
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tnh trc nhng phng n d phng c th sn sng i u v x l linh hot trc nhng iu bt ng khng nm trong hoch nh. Mun thnh cng ngha l phi mo him chp nhn tht bi. Nu bn lc no cng s hi v chn ly cho mnh phng n an ton nht, th bn kh c th mang li cho mnh nhng c hi mi m khm ph con ng thnh cng ca chnh mnh. pht huy ht tim lc ca bn thn, bn phi c c mt thi tch cc sn sng chu trch nhim trc mi quyt nh ca mnh, mt khi bn quyt tm dn thn vo mo him. Bn c th gim thiu mc ri ro xung bng cch tun theo 3 bc sau : - Chun b k cng, - Ln k hoch chi tit - v Tin tng vo quyt nh ca mnh. Vic cn nhc, suy ngh thn trng, thu o, c nim tin vo chnh mnh, lm vic mt cch khoa hc, cng vi cht t mu mo him ng ngha vi vic bn ang t nhng vin kin c, vng chc, xp chng ln nhau, nng tng bc bn vn ti thnh cng. Khi nm ly mt c hi, kh nng xu nht c th xy ra l tht bi. Tuy nhin, i khi tht bi li m ra cho ta mt c hi mi v nh th c ngha l bn to cho mnh mt kh nng thnh cng khc. Nu khng dm i bc i u tin mo him y, bn s khng bao gi bit c chuyn g c th s xy ra! Hy mo him nhng g c tnh ton k. iu ny khc xa so vi s liu lnh. Tng George S. Patton JrVn tinh t kh nhn ra nht l ch, nu bn khng dm mo him g c, th cuc sng ca bn ang mc mo him cao nht y Erica Jong Trch t "Thay thi - i cuc i" - Keith D. Harrell 4. Thnh cng nh s mo him

S thn trng dng nh l mt quyt nh khn ngoan trong thi k khng hong, nhng s mo him thng minh mi l gii php tuyt vi. Mt thi gian ngn sau khi xy ra khng hong kinh t ton cu, nhiu chuyn gia ph Wall ngm ra rng tnh trng suy thoi ngy cng c y li nu s lng nhn vin
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n gi cc trng trch trong ngnh ti chnh ngy cng tng. Theo l l ca h c Forbes tng hp li th gii ph n thng thn trng v bo th hn n ng trong nhng quyt nh v h khng c hng th vi nhng g mo him. Gio s Sylvia Maxfield, chuyn gia ngnh qun l ti trng Simmons School, Boston khng ng vi khi nim ph n khng thch mo him. Maxfield v cc sinh vin ca b nghin cu 650 nh qun l l ph n tham gia hi tho lnh o ton quc Simmons nm 2008. B v cc cng s hi h v cch u t tin v thi gian ca h khi gi v tr quan trng trong cng ty. Kt qu cho thy 80% trong s h nm bt c hi khng thng xuyn cho lm. Thm ch cn ngc nhin hn, cuc kho st tit l rng nhng ngi ph n ny suy ngh v nguy him theo mt cch rt tnh ton v c nhn. "Chng ti thy rng h ngh v quyt nh ca h c tc ng ti phn cn li ca t chc hoc gia nh h rt nhiu. Nhng h li ni v s mo him vi thi trung lp. C ngi li ni 'ti thy s mo him l yu t cn thit gt hi thnh cng'. D bn c tin ph n c mo him hay khng th c mt iu chc chn l: s mo him khn ngoan l yu t cn thit i vi bt k lnh o no mun gip doanh nghip ca mnh t c th hng cao. "Nu bn mun ph v nguyn tc, bn phi lm sao c mi ngi nhn nhn thy, v ng qun l ngi ta nhn thy bn cng c ngha l bn d b nguy him hn", l kin ca Shelia Wellington, gio s chuyn ngnh qun tr v doanh nghip thuc i hc New York v trng doanh nhn Stern School, ng thi l tc gi cun Be Your Own Mentor. Alison Levine, vn ng vin leo ni v l ngi sng lp cng ty t vn lnh o doanh nghip Daredevil Strategies, thuc San Francisco ni: "ng tic l hu ht trong chng ta li khng gii trong vic nh gi tnh cht ca s mo him. Mi ngi thng ch nhg gi c n sau khi 's ri'. Levine cng l i trng i leo ni n ca M ln u tin chinh phc nh Everest nm 2002. C ni thm: "Trong mn leo ni, nu i ca bn leo ti nh ri tr li mt t an ton th c coi l mt s mo him thnh cng. Cn nu h b mng hoc mt ai b chn thng nng th mi ngi s ni rng l mt s mo him ngu ngc. Thc t, s mo him bao gm c hai trng hp k trn, v n l kin c hnh thnh t nhiu bi hc thc t". C 3 yu t thnh cng vi s mo him: T tin, gi vng quyt tm trc kh khn Lm th no bn c th phn bit c u l s mo him khn ngoan trong h thng kinh t? Levine ni iu u tin l phi chp nhn rng kinh nghim chng l g y
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c, s thng minh trong cch x l mi l iu quan trng bi bt ng lun lun c th xy ra.

"Ngi leo ni hiu rng ngn ni lun to ln v vt qu sc ca mnh, bn cn c chin lc v phi lun thc c rng bn khng c c quyn kim sot hon ton tnh hnh", Levine nhn mnh. Nh hun luyn qun l M.J.Ryan n t vnh San Francisco, l tc gi cun AdaptAbility: How to Survive Change You Didn't Ask For ng vi kin cho rng s t tin v thi tch cc l yu t cn thit cho s thnh cng. Tuy nhin, b cng ni thm: "Sc mnh ca s quyt tm l v cng ln lao, nhng c mt thc t l cuc sng rt phc tp, c nhiu th lc ln hn c s quyt tm ca bn". B qua qu kh Levine k nhiu ngi m c tng hun luyn tranh ci rng h khng th mo him ri b nhng v tr hin ti hoc nhng cng vic ang lm bi h u t vo nhiu th c v thi gian v s n lc. C ch dn h v s thnh cng phi l gic, ni vi h nhng g h u t tin ca, cng sc trong qu kh m khng em li hiu qu th ng nn c gng na v nn thay i. "K c khi gn ti nh ni sau khi bao nhiu m hi, thm ch c mu v nc mt m bt cht c mt cn bo p n... mt ai trong i b chng mt cao hay c vn v sc khe th bn vn phi quay v". Vic ny cng ging vi cc doanh nghip, khng c th g l tt p mi mi v bn phi thay i, chp nhn s thay i. ng u vi s hi Levine ni s s hi tht bi l mt nhn t chnh cn tr mi ngi dm mo him v y l mt iu ng tic. "Ti ngh d vp ng u th n cng l mt iu tt, khi bn khng t c thnh cng th l lc bn nhn ra nhng im yu ca bn thn. Nhn nhn v hc tp c t nhng kinh nghim nh th mi gip bn c nhng thnh cng ln hn". Ryan tn ng vi thuyt 'c gan lm giu' nhng cng cho bit b lm vic vi nhiu khch hng l nhng ngi chu ng nhiu hn c s xu h khi mt vn hay d n xu i. B gi in cho mt doanh nhn v ni vi nhn vin k ton ca anh ta rng anh ta s mt c nh ln cng ty nu tip tc theo ui tham vng ca mnh. Cui cng, Levine cht li: "i khi s t tha mn li chnh l mt him nguy".
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K nng 2: K nng lnh o bn thn v hnh nh c nhn

Phn 1: K nng lnh o bn thn

K nng lnh o c xem nh mt nhn t quan trng trong lnh vc qun l. Mt nh qun l gii cng c th l mt nh lnh o gii v ngc li. Nh lnh o cng ging nh ngi thuyn trng ca con tu, mt thuyn trng gii s dn dt con tu vt qua sng c v n bn an ton.

Lm th no tr thnh mt nh lnh o vi nhng phm cht ct yu? Bn c th pht trin kh nng ca bn thn tr thnh mt nh lnh o gii? Cu tr li cho nhng cu hi trn ca bn l C. Bn c th tm thy cu tr li qua cc trc nghim v kh nng lnh o cng nh hc hi t nhng Video ca cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc v cc Video v chnh nhng nh lnh o li lc trong chuyn K NNG LNH O - LEADERSHIP SKILLS ca chuyn trang. K nng lnh o l mt phm cht bn cn phi hc hi v rn luyn.
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Cch hc tt nht chnh l t nhng kinh nghim ca bn thn. Nng lc lnh o c pht trin qua kinh nghim thc t, qua nhng c st, th thch vi cng vic hng ngy. Cng nh i vi mi vn khc trong cuc sng, cng c nhiu thi gian khm ph kh nng lnh o thc t th bn cng gt hi nhiu iu t n. T nn tng l thuyt, tng v kinh nghim ca nhng bc tin bi m chuyn cung cp, kt hp vi thc nghim ca chnh bn thn, cc bn s dn dn khm ph c kh nng lnh o ca bn thn cng nh hc hi thm c nhng k nng, phm cht cn c ca mt nh lnh o xut chng. Trc nghim: Bn c phi l mt nh lnh o gii? i vi bn th ai l mt nh lnh o gii? C th l mt chnh tr gia, mt doanh nhn ting tm, hoc cng c th l mt ngi hot ng tn gio. Hoc c th l ngi m ch c c nhn bn v mt s ngi bit n nh th trng trong c quan, thy gio hay mt ngi bn ca bn. Bn c th thy con ngi phm cht lnh o trn mi phng din. Tuy nhin, mt nh lnh o gii khng ch n gin l phi c trch nhim trong mi cng vic m hn th na h cn phi l ngi dn ng c ci nhn sng sut v qun l mt cch c hiu qu. Lm lnh o kh, lm lnh o gii cn kh hn gp nhiu ln. Lnh o khng ch n thun l mt chc danh, mt v tr, mt s b nhim m hn th, lnh o chnh l kh nng to ra nh hng vi tt c mi ngi. Do , mun lm lnh o gii, phi c nhng "b kp" ring. Vy lm th no pht huy kh nng lnh o ca bn thn? Bn c th bt tay vo cng vic u tin chnh l vic phn tch, tm hiu su hn v kh nng lnh o ca bn thn trong tng lnh vc ring bit ca cng tc lnh o. Hy hon thnh bi trc nghim di y xc nh xem liu bn c phi l mt nh lnh o sng sut ri hay cha v liu bn c cn phi bi dng thm nhng k nng cn thit khc ca mt nh lnh o hay khng.

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1. Khi phn chia cng tc bn lun ch trng n k nng cng nh s thch ca mi ngi.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

2. Bn c thng nghi ng kh nng thnh cng ca chnh bn thn mnh?

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

3. Bn c phi l ngi ch quan tm n thnh qu cao nht ca mi ngi?

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

4. Bn mong mun nhn vin ca mnh phi nng cao cht lng lm vic hn l i hi bn thn mnh phi n lc hn na trong cng vic?

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

5. Khi ai c chuyn bun, bn c gng hiu c cm xc ca anh y (c y).

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun
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6. Khi hon cnh thay i, bn c th c gng ht sc xc nh c vic m mnh cn phi lm trong hon cnh .

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

7. Bn cho rng, khng nn cm xc c nhn lm nh hng n nng sut lm vic.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

8. Bn lun tch cc trong cng vic v bn bit l iu c th dn ti thnh cng.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

9. Bn cho rng tht lng ph thi gian lo lng v tinh thn lm vic ca c i.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

10. Bn thng xuyn t ra bun b v lo lng ni lm vic.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun
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11. Hnh ng ca bn ch r cho ngi khc thy l bn mun g h.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

12. Khi bn lm vic theo nhm, bn khuyn khch mi ngi lm vic trn tinh thn hng ti mc tiu chung.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

13. "Bn lun mong mun ngi khc lm ng theo quy tc v mong i ca bn"

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

14. Bn thch ln k hoch cho tng lai

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

15. Bn mt tinh thn khi b ngi khc ch trch.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

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16. Bn dnh thi gian tm hiu xem mi ngi cn g mnh h c th thnh cng.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

17. Bn l ngi lc quan v cuc sng v lun nhn xa trng rng.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

18. Bn thch nhng con ngi chu kh hc hi nhng k nng mi, thch nhng th thch mi.

a) Khng bao gi b) Him khi c) Thnh thong d) Thng xuyn e) Lun lun

Phn 2: Hnh nh c nhn mi ngi phn bit c chng ta trong s ng kh v cng kh hn na h nh c v hiu c gi tr bn thn ta. Tun Ti quan nim, xy dng thng hiu bn thn cn phi lun trau di v chia s kin thc, kinh nghim mi ngi phn bit c chng ta trong s ng kh v cng kh hn na h nh c v hiu c gi tr bn thn ta. Gi ca hng hiu Thng hiu tt gip ng vin c gi tr hn trn th trng lao ng, gp phn em li tin ti v thnh cng. Cu tng thng M Bill Clinton kim hng chc ngn USD trong mi bui din thuyt. Cc kho hc ca Gio s John A.Quelch, Ph hiu trng Trng Kinh doanh Harvard - H Harvard ti VN lun thu ht ng o doanh nhn
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tham d. C nhng ngi rt ni bt n mc tn h xut hin u ng ngha vi thnh cng . H l nhng ngi c thng hiu c nhn. Mt bui ca nhc c th chy v v mt ci tn ca s, gi c phiu ca mt cng ty c th st t ngt trn sn giao dch khi cng ty va k hp ng vi mt Gim c iu hnh ti nng, mt hi trng c th cht kn nu c mt chuyn gia ni ting n din thuyt Cng ging nh thng hiu doanh nghip tt gip sn phm bn chy v c gi hn trn th trng, ting tm tt ca ngi lao ng gip em li nhiu c hi hn trong s nghip. Ngc li, nu mt nhn ti khng c bit n, nhiu c hi thng tin v tng thu nhp c kh nng b b qua. C th, Trn Tun Ti (chuyn vin t vn h thng thng tin v phn tch kinh t, cng ty FCG Vit Nam, thnh vin ca tp on Computer Sciences Corporation, Hoa K) xy dng trang web c nhn taitran.com t khi cn l sinh vin nm II gip anh c ng o nh tuyn dng bit n t rt sm. Trong khi , nhiu sinh vin mi tt nghip, ng trang la vi anh, loay hoay np i tr h s xin vic cho nh tuyn dng m li khng c ch n. Ni nhng khng n C nhiu ngi vn ang v tnh xy dng thng hiu cho chnh mnh thng qua lao ng v x s. Lm cc trang web c nhn, tham gia cc din n, hot ng x hi, tham gia vn ngh, vit bo hoc to ra s khc bit c bo gii nhc n, tham gia cc hi thi hay ch n gin l th hin tt trong cc bui thuyt trnh, bo co cng vic, hp mt nhm l nhng cch hnh nh ca bn c bit n. Thng hiu c nhn c c t hnh nh tt c bit n v tha nhn rng ri. V d, t khi i lm, Ti lun t nghin cu, hc hi v chia s kin thc, kinh nghim trn trang web ring ca mnh. nhng n lc ca anh c ghi nhn khi anh c chn vo chng trnh o to lnh o ca cng ty. Th nhng, thng tin lu di, cn c nng lc thc s, v khi , ngi lao ng th hin mnh bng chnh hnh ng c th ch khng ch l li ni n thun. Do , cn phi nhn thc c u, khuyt im ca mnh hc hi lp y mt yu v pht trin im mnh, c o ca ring mnh m khng b n bng bi nhng cy i th trong ngnh ngh.
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Nhiu bn lp mnh vn ngi ngn khng mun th hin mnh trong tp th v cho rng ni bt qu c th gy kh chu cho ngi khc, b ni xu hoc thm ch ty chay - mt sinh vin th l. Tht ra, vic ny ch thc s gy hi khi bn khoc lc, ngo mn hay th hin khng ng lc hay ng cch, t ra hm hnh. Cn phi bit hi ha gia ci ti v ci ta trong tp th, chng hn: th hin nng lc ca mnh nhng khng ph bng, ch bai ngi khc, nhit tnh gip mi ngi Cht li, ct li ca to dng thng hiu c nhn ch nm 2 ch: Sng p: mit mi lao ng, c trch nhim vi bn thn, c ci nhn tch cc v lc quan, xy dng phong cch lm vic chuyn nghip, sng ha ng vi tp th C th tham kho thm cc trang web nh: Personalbrandingsummit.com, Reachcc.com v nhng quyn sch nh How to sell yourself ca Arch Lustberg, The Power of Personal Branding ca Tim OBrien Khi xy dng v pht trin c thng hiu c nhn cng l lc bn c v th trong lnh vc ngh nghip, c nhiu ngi xem l mt tm gng vn n hoc thm ch l nh bt bn ra khi v tr ca mnh. Chnh v vy, cng c bit n th cng nn cn trng v khng ngng phn u.

K nng 4: K nng lp k hoch v t chc cng vic

Hoch nh l mt qu trnh n nh nhng mc tiu v xc nh bin php tt nht thc hin nhng mc tiu . Ti liu lp k hoch ca cc nh qun l cp trung v cp cao. Rt cn thit trong vic nh hng cng vic v kinh doanh ca cng ty.

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1. Khi nim Hoch nh l mt qu trnh n nh nhng mc tiu v xc nh bin php tt nht thc hin nhng mc tiu . N lin h vi nhng phng tin cng nh vi nhng mc ch. Tt c nhng ngi qun l u lm cng vic hoch nh. 2. ngha - T duy c h thng tin liu cc tnh hung qun l - Phi hp mi ngun lc ca t chc hu hiu hn. - Tp trung vo cc mc tiu v chnh sch ca t chc. - Nm vng cc nhim v c bn ca t chc phi hp vi cc qun l vin khc. - Sn sng ng ph v i ph vi nhng thay i ca mi trng bn ngoi - Pht trin hu hiu cc tiu chun kim tra. 3. Lm th no xc nh cng vic? Khi bt u mt cng vic mi, lm th no trin khai cng vic hon ho? Nu bn khng c phng php xc nh y cc yu t, bn c th b st nhiu ni dung cng vic. chnh l mt l hng trong
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hoch nh cng vic PHNG PHP XC NH NI DUNG CNG VIC (5W H 2C 5M) - Xc nh mc tiu, yu cu cng vic 1W (why) - Xc nh ni dung cng vic 1W (what) - Xc nh 3W: where, when, who - Xc nh cch thc thc hin 1H (how) - Xc nh phng php kim sot 1C (control) - Xc nh phng php kim tra 1C (check) - Xc nh ngun lc thc hin 5M 3.1 Xc nh mc tiu yu cu (Why) Khi phi lm mt cng vic, iu u tin m bn phi quan tm l: - Ti sao bn phi lm cng vic ny? - N c ngha nh th no vi t chc, b phn ca bn? - Hu qu nu bn khng thc hin chng? Why (ti sao?) l 1W trong 5W. Khi bn thc hin mt cng vic th iu u tin bn nn xem xt chnh l why vi ni dung nh trn. Xc nh c yu cu, mc tiu gip bn lun hng trng tm cc cng vic vo mc tiu v nh gi hiu qu cui cng. 3.2 Xc nh ni dung cng vic (What?) 1W = what? Ni dung cng vic l gi? Hy ch ra cc bc thc hin cng vic c giao. Bn hy chc rng, bc sau l khch hng ca bc cng vic trc. 3.3 Xc nh 3W Where: u, c th bao gm cc cu hi sau: Cng vic thc hin ti u? Giao hng ti a im no? Kim tra ti b phn no? Testing nhng cng on no?

When: Cng vic thc hin khi no, khi no th giao, khi no kt thc - xc nh c thi hn phi lm cng vic, bn cn xc nh c mc khn cp v mc quan trng ca tng cng vic.
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- C 4 loi cng vic khc nhau: + Cng vic quan trng v khn cp, + Cng vic khng quan trng nhng khn cp, + Cng vic quan trng nhng khng khn cp, + Cng vic khng quan trng v khng khn cp. Bn phi thc hin cng vic quan trng v khn cp trc. Who: Ai, bao gm cc kha cnh sau: Ai Ai Ai Ai lm vic kim tra h tr. chu trch nhim

3.4 Xc nh phng php 1h H l how, ngha l nh th no? N bao gm cc ni dung: - Ti liu hng dn thc hin l g (cch thc thc hin tng cng vic)? - Tiu chun l g? - Nu c my mc th cch thc vn hnh nh th no? 3.5 Xc nh phng php kim sot (Control) Cch thc kim sot (control) s lin quan n: - Cng vic c c tnh g? - Lm th no o lng c tnh ? - o lng bng dng c, my mc nh th no? - C bao nhiu im kim sot v im kim sot trng yu (Xem chi tit qua ti liu v MBP phng php qun l theo qu trnh) 3.6 Xc nh phng php kim tra (check) Phng php kim tra (check) lin quan n cc ni dung sau: - C nhng bc cng vic no cn phi kim tra. Thng thng th c bao nhiu cng vic th cng cn s lng tng t cc bc phi kim tra. - Tn sut kim tra nh th no? Vic kim tra thc hin 1 ln hay thng xuyn (nu vy th bao lu mt ln?). - Ai tin hnh kim tra? - Nhng im kim tra no l trng yu?
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- Trong DN khng th c y cc ngun lc tin hnh kim tra ht tt c cc cng on, do vy chng ta ch tin hnh kim tra nhng im trng yu (quan trng nht). - im kim tra trng yu tun theo nguyn tc Pareto (20/80), tc l nhng im kim tra ny ch chim 20 % s lng nhng chim n 80 % khi lng sai st. 3.7 Xc nh ngun lc (5M) Nhiu k hoch thng ch ch trng n cng vic m li khng ch trng n cc ngun lc, m ch c ngun lc mi m bo cho k hoch c kh thi. Ngun lc bao gm cc yu t: - Man = ngun nhn lc. - Money = Tin bc. - Material = nguyn vt liu/h thng cung ng. - Machine = my mc/cng ngh. - Method = phng php lm vic. a. Man, bao gm cc ni dung: - Nhng ai s thc hin cng vic, h c trnh , kinh nghim, k nng, phm cht, tnh cch ph hp? - Ai h tr? - Ai kim tra? - Nu cn ngun phng nga th c ngun lc con ngi h tr khng? b. Material = nguyn vt liu/h thng cung ng, bao gm cc yu t: Xc nh tiu chun NVL. Tiu chun nh cung ng. Xc nh phng php giao hng Thi hn giao hng.

4. Phn loi Hoch nh Hoch nh Hoch nh Mc tiu. Hoch nh chin lc. tc nghip. d n. nm.
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- Hoch nh thng. - Hoch nh tun. 4.1 Hoch nh chin lc c im - Thi hn: vi nm - Khun kh: rng - Mc tiu: t chi tit Qu trnh c bn ca hoch nh chin lc - Nhn thc c c hi - Xc nh cc mc tiu - Pht trin cc tin - Xc nh cc phng n la chn - nh gi cc phng n. - La chn phng n - Hoch nh cc k hoch ph tr - Lng ha bng hoch nh ngn qu u ra ca hoch nh chin lc: - Mt bn k hoch kinh doanh - K hoch pht trin cng ty. 4.2 Hoch nh tc nghip c im - Thi hn: ngy, tun, thng - Khun kh: hp - Mc tiu: chi tit xc nh u ra ca hoch nh tc nghip: H thng ti liu hot ng ca t chc nh: Cc loi s tay, cm nang. Quy trnh hot ng Cc quy nh Hng dn cng vic Cc biu mu Cc k hoch thc hin mc tiu, d n ngn hn.
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4.3 Hoch nh d n Xc nh cc yu cu ca d n. Xc nh cc quy trnh c bn. Xc nh ngun lc cung cp cho d n. Xy dng k hoch thc hin d n theo s gantt

4.4 Mc tiu: (Phn ny, bn tham kho theo k nng qun l theo mc tiu) - Phn loi mc tiu - iu kin ca mc tiu - Lp k hoch thc hin mc tiu: 4.4.1 Phn loi mc tiu - Mc tiu cp cng ty, b phn, c nhn - Theo Peter Drucker, mc tiu ca cng ty xp t ngn hn n di hn nh sau: + Tn ti v tng trng. + Li nhun + Phn b cc ngun lc v ri ro + Nng sut + Vi th cnh tranh + Pht trin ngun lc + Pht trin cng ngh + Trch nhm x hi. 4.4.2 iu kin ca mc tiu: iu kin ca mc tiu phi m bo yu cu ca nguyn tc SMART - Specific c th, d hiu - Measurable o lng c - Achievable va sc. - Realistics thc t. - Timebound c thi hn. a/Specific c th, d hiu - Ch tiu phi c th v n nh hng cho cc hot ng trong tng lai. - ng ni mc tiu ca bn l dn u th trng trong khi i th ang chim 40 % th phn.
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- Hy t mc tiu chim ti thiu 41% th phn, t bn s bit mnh cn phi c t bao nhiu % na. b/Measurable o lng c - Ch tiu ny m khng o lng c th khng bit c t c hay khng? - ng ghi: phi tr li th ca khch hng ngay khi c th. Hy yu cu nhn vin tr li th ngay trong ngy nhn c. c/Achievable va sc. - Ch tiu phi c tnh thch thc c gng, nhng cng ng t ch tiu loi khng th t ni. - Nu bn khng c ging ca tri ph th ng t ch tiu tr thnh siu sao. Gi trng lng mc l tng 45kg c th va sc hn. d/Realistics thc t. - y l tiu ch o lng s cn bng gia kh nng thc hin so vi ngun lc ca doanh nghip bn (thi gian, nhn s, tin bc..). - ng t ch tiu gim 20 kg trong mt thng t trng lng l tng 45 kg trong vng mt thng, nh vy l khng thc t. e/Timebound c thi hn. - Mi cng vic phi c thi hn hon thnh, nu khng n s b tr hon. - Thi gian hp l gip bn va t c mc tiu li va dng sc cho cc mc tiu khc. 4.4.3 K hoch thc hin mc tiu (gantt) C th s dng cc biu tin lp k hoch Mt trong nhng cng c rt hiu qu l phn mm Microsoft project. 4.5 Hoch nh k hoch nm Ngun thng tin t lp k hoch nm bao gm: - T chin lc ca cng ty. - T cc d n tham gia - T mc tiu ca cng ty v mc tiu b phn do cng ty giao. - T cc nhim v theo chc nng nhim v b phn.
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Ni dung ca k hoch cng tc nm: - Ni dung cc mc tiu cng vic. - Thi gian thc hin. - Mc quan trng ca cc cng vic ( gip b phn c th t trng tm vo cng tc no v nh gi cng vic cui nm). 4.6 Hoch nh k hoch thng: Ngun thng tin lp k hoch thng - Cc cng vic trong k hoch nm. - Cc cng vic thng trc cn tn ti. - Cc cng vic mi pht sinh do cng ty giao. Ni dung k hoch thng - Cc cng vic quan trng trong thng - Phn cc cng vic c th gm: ni dung cng vic, thi gian thc hin, ngi thc hin. - Cc cng vic cha xc nh c lch (nhng phi lm trong thng hoc lm trong thng sau). 4.7 Hoch nh k hoch tun Ngun thng tin lp k hoch tun: - Cc cng vic trong k hoch thng. - Cc cng vic trong tun trc cha thc hin xong - Cc cng vic mi pht sinh do cng ty giao thm. NI DUNG BN K HOCH TUN - Cc cng vic quan trng trong tun - Phn cc cng vic c th gm: ni dung cng vic, thi gian thc hin, ngi thc hin, ghi ch (yu cu kt qu). - Cc cng vic cha xc nh c lch (nhng phi lm trong tun hoc lm trong tun sau).

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K nng lng nghe

Thc s Nguyn Huy Hong
"Ni l bc, im lng l vng, lng nghe l kim cng" Vy th no l lng nghe? hiu r khi nim, bn hy lm bi tp sau y: Nhm mt li 1 pht. Bn nghe c g? Nhng g bn nghe c l gi l nghe thy. Nghe thy l qu trnh sng m p vo mng nh v chuyn ln no. Nghe thy l qu trnh hon ton t nhin t khi bn sinh ra nh vy ri. Lc bn ng th qu trnh vn xy ra. By gi bn hy lm bi tp th hai: Nhm mt li v c nghe xem ngi phng bn cnh ang ni g? y chnh l qu trnh lng nghe. Qu trnh ny ni tip ngay sau qu trnh nghe thy. N bin i sng m thanh thnh ng ngha. Qu trnh ny cn s tp trung v ch rt cao. Nh vy lng nghe l qu trnh tp trung ch gii m sng m thanh thnh ng ngha. "Ba tui hc ni nhng c cuc i khng bit lng nghe". C ming khng c ngha l bit ni. C mt khng c ngha l bit c. C tay khng c ngha l bit vit. Vy c tai u c ngha l bit lng nghe. Ta c hc ni, hc c, hc vit rt nhiu. Vy ta hc lng nghe u v ai dy ta? Mt k nng m chim n 53% thi gian giao tip li khng c dy. T b ta c dy ni, dy c, dy vit rt nhiu. Nhng lng nghe ta ch c dy vn vn c vi cu: "Con phi bit nghe li b m!", "C nghe khng th bo?!" Nhng lm th no nghe hiu qu th khng bao gi c dy. Thin nhin cho ta 2 tai ch dng mi mt vic l lng nghe. i khi ta dng vo vic ph nh eo khuyn tai, hay cho ngi khc ko tai. Cn ch c mi mt ci ming ni, n v rt nhiu vic ph khc na. Phi chng ta nn ni t v nghe nhiu gp i. Khi ta c k nng lng nghe tt th cng vic s thun li hn, cuc sng gia nh vui v hn, gii quyt xung t d dng hn. "Ni l gieo, nghe l gt". Nhng mt thc t ng bun l ta dng hn mt na thi gian giao tip cho lng nghe m hiu qu ch t 25 30%. Nu ta thc t ta i gt m nh vy th chc l... cht i. Vy ta cn 75% tim nng na cha khai thc. Nu bn l nh u t khn ngoan th ti tin chc bn s u t vo mnh t tim nng 75% ny. Vy iu g lm ta nghe khng hiu qu? Thi lng nghe cha tt: ic hn ngi ic l ngi khng mun nghe. Ta thng hay ng nhn l ta bit ri nn khng mun nghe hoc ch nghe mt phn, nhng n khi cn nhc li th ta li khng nh. T hi hn na l ta ch nghe xem i tc c g sai, xu phn ng li. Khng chun b: ni mt iu g ta chun b rt k tt c cc phng n. vy m trong giao tip ta cha bao gi chun b lng nghe c. Khng chun b l chun b cho tht bi. chnh l nguyn nhn lm ta nghe km hiu qu. Lng nghe nh th no? "Cuc hnh trnh ngn dm bt u t mt bc nh". nghe hiu qu bc u chng ta cn thay i mt s thi quen nh: Thay i thi : Mun lng nghe hiu qu th u tin phi Mun. Nu khng mun lng nghe th mi k nng u v ch.

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Thay i c ch: Thay v nhn l ng th hy ch vo ngi ni th hin s mong mun lng nghe. Gt u ha nhp cng ngi ni. V mt th hin s ho hng lng nghe. n gin ta c th tng kt bng mt cu: "Mt chp chp, mm p p, mt hng ht, u gt nh ly pht". Thay i li ni: Thay v ngi im th hy th hin cho ngi ni bit mnh ang lng nghe h bng nhng ting : "Tuyt! Hay qu! i gii i!..."; ting m: "D! Vng!..."; hoc cu hi: "Vy ? Th ? Ci g c? Tht khng? G na?...". n gin ha ta c th tng kt bng mt cu: "Th ! Tht khng? i gii i!".

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