NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF CERVIDS TABLE Nuttient requirements were determined by the factorial method for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), reindeer/caribou (Rangifer tarandus), red deer (Cervus ela hus), and wapiti (Cervus elaphus) and when data were adequate or assumptions were deemed reasonable. Mainte- nance requirements for energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins A and E were estimated for body weights from 10 to 320 kg during winter and summer seasons to apply for all cervid species addressed. Winter (W) and summer (S) are used liberally to refer to the 6-month periods of shortest and longest days, respectively. Coefficients used as multipliers with interspecies metabolic body weights (kg?) were 0.125, (wt =20 to 60 kg) and 0.135 (wt => 60 kg) (WY0.173 (S) and 3.17 (W)/4.34 (S) for energy (Mead ME) and protein (gid MP), respectively. Requirements for growth for reindeer! caribou including antler growth were estimated for animals ‘weighing 10 to 100 kg and gaining 50 to 300 g/d, with BWs to 300 keg and 820 gf for wapit, by summing requirements for maintenance, for growth (MB, = 0.00533 {wt = 10 1 20 kg] or 0.00473 {wt >20 kg) Meal/s ADG; MP, =0.35 gig ADG), and ‘energy for antler growth (ME, = 0.0082 x We"), Summer maintenance requirements included that for hair-coat growth, Separate listings of requirements for production were in- cluded for the different species, The first period of the anual production cycle for the species includes prebreeding (fol- lowing weaning of offspring), breeding, and early gestation that occurs during mid-summer through mid-winter. Con tcibuting to the total nutrient requirements during this period are demands for maintenance, compensatory growth to re- cover body reserves used during previous periods, initiation of reproductive processes, and fetal demands for early preg nancy. Average daily gains indicated in Table 15-9 for this pe- riod include compensatory growth (ME, = 0.010 Meall ADG, MP, = 0.38 gig ADG), fe growth of inatemal reproductive tissue. The second perc gins at mid- to late pregnancy when demands for fetal growth incre ically. This period is referred to in Table 15-9 as “Late pregnancy” and oceurs during late winter and early summer. Equations by Robbins and Moen (19 to calculate requirements for ME, and MP,, L at parturition and continues approximately"4 months depend- ing on species and conditions. Energy requirements for lacta- se dram tion (ME) are scaled to 0.75 power of body weight (0.10% We") using 2 mean efficiency (0.73) considering. equa diet (0.64) and metabolic (0.82) sources of energy. An es mate of energy required for antler growth during lactation 0.0042 x Wel”) was included for reindeer/caribe For MP, requirements were calculated with equations of C tedal (1984), then scaled to body weights by a constant plier with ME,, Assumptions related to the four spec (white-tailed deer, reindeer/caribou, red deer, and wapiti) cluded for gestation period (205, 225, 233, and 260 days) birth weight scaled to body weights below and above aver: ages (4:0 and 3.6 for single and twins, 8, 5, and 15 kg): 8 «ay of gestation presenting prebreeding, breeding, and earls ‘gestation (days 50, 60, 60, 65). The final section in Table 15. 9 gives estimates for nutrient requirements of mature males that may lose up to 30 percent of their normal weight dari and surrounding the breeding season and may require lar ‘weight gains during the late winter to mid-summer period. Requirements for maintenance (ME,, and MP,,) were added to those for growth (MB, = 0.010 Meal’g and MP, = 0.29 alg ‘ADG) and antler growell (ME, = 0.021 WE?8"and MP, = 0.54 x We) to calculate energy and protein requirements for adult males. Requirements for Ca, P, vitamin A, and vita- min E for all classes were extrapolated from sheep data ‘The values in Table 15-9 are accurate to the extent that data are available to substantiate them. In some. areas in which data are scarce, the values may only approximate the ood relationships between the ani- diet, and productivity. The range of conditions that occur in the wild could not be adequately addressed in this publication. Therefore, users are encouraged to modify and be creative in using these guidelines in the tional management of these wildli arch is needed in order that future editions of this public tion provide improved accuracy and precision in estimating the nutrient requirements and predicting responses. species. More re REFERENCES (Ofteda, 0.7. 1984, Milk composition, milk yield and energy output at peak Tactason: A comparative review. Symp. Zool Soc. Lond. 3133-85. Robbins, C.T and AN, ompesiton and growit pregnant whites Manage 391681-291301 ‘ost aTavL, annnnnnnnnnnnrnnrnrmnrnnoanne