ChapLer14

CommunlcaLlon and neLworklng ConcepL

Cues1 WhaL ls neLwork? WhaL ls Lhe need or advanLages of neLworklng?
Ans A neLwork ls an lnLerconnecLed collecLlon of auLonomous compuLers A neLwork faclllLaLe resource
sharlng lncreased rellablllLy reduced cosLs and lncreased fasL communlcaLlon
Cues2 WhaL ls Lhe geographlcal scope of LAn MAn WAn?
Cr
WhaL are Lhe dlfferenL Lypes of neLworks?
Ans Cn Lhe basls of geographlcal spread neLworks can be classlfled lnLo Lhree caLegorles
1 LAn (Local Area neLwork) 1hese are compuLer neLworks conflned Lo locallzed area such as an
offlce or a facLory
2 MAn (MeLropollLan Area neLwork) 1hese are Lhe neLwork LhaL llnk compuLer faclllLles wlLhln a
clLy
3 WAn (Wlde Area neLwork) 1hese are neLworks spread over large dlsLances say across
counLrles or even conLlnenLs lL can even lnclude a group of LAns connecLed LogeLher
Cues3 WhaL do you mean by neLwork Lopology? WhaL are Lhe mosL popular Lopologles
Ans 1he paLLern of lnLerconnecLlon of nodes ln a neLwork ls called 1opology MosL popular Lopologles
are sLar bus rlng and Lree
SLar 1opology ln Lhls Lopology each worksLaLlon ls dlrecLly llnked Lo a cenLral node uevlces can
be plugged and unplugged Lo Lhe cenLral node as need dlcLaLes Any communlcaLlon beLween Lhe
sLaLlons musL pass Lhrough Lhe cenLral node
8us 1opology ln Lhls Lopology all devlces on neLwork are connecLed Lo a slngle conLlnuous cable
Called a bus 1ransmlsslon from any sLaLlon Lravels Lhe lengLh of Lhe bus ln boLh dlrecLlons and can
8e recelved by all oLher sLaLlons When Lhe daLa packeL reaches aL elLher end Lhe LermlnaLor on
1haL end absorbs Lhe slgnal removlng lL from Lhe bus
8lng 1opology A LAn uslng Lhe rlng Lopology ls connecLed ln a closed loop 1he daLa packeLs
1ransmlLLed clrculaLe along Lhe rlng AfLer Lhe packeL reaches lLs desLlnaLlon address and Lravels
a full clrcle lL ls removed aL Lhe source sLaLlon
1ree 1opology ln Lhls Lopology Lhe neLwork ls shaped as an lnverLed Lree wlLh Lhe cenLral rooL
8ranchlng and sub branchlng Lo Lhe exLremlLles of Lhe neLwork
Cues4 Clve Lwo advanLages and dlsadvanLages of Lhe followlng Lopologles ln neLwork
(l)8us (ll) SLar (lll) 8lng (lv) 1ree
Ans (l) 8us 1opology
AdvanLages
ShorL cable lengLh and slmple wrlLlng layouL
8eslllenL ArchlLecLure
Lasy Lo exLend
ulsadvanLages
laulL dlagnosls ls dlfflculL
laulL lsolaLlon ls dlfflculL
8epeaLer ConflguraLlon
(ll) SLar 1opology
AdvanLages
lL has a number of concenLraLlon polnLs 1hey provlde easy access for servlce or
reconflguraLlon of Lhe neLwork
Cne devlce per connecLlon
Slmple access proLocols
(lv) 8lng 1opology
AdvanLages
ShorL Cable LengLh
no wlrlng closeL space requlred
ulsadvanLages
node fallure causes neLwork fallure
ulfflculL Lo dlagnose faulLs
neLwork reconflguraLlon ls dlfflculL
(v) 1ree 1opology
AdvanLages
SlmulaLes hlerarchlcal flow of daLa
Lasy Lo exLend
ulsadvanLages
Long cable lengLh
8ooL dependency
Cues3 WhaL ls Lhe dlfference beLween ackeL SwlLchlng and Message SwlLchlng 1echnlque?
C8
name Lwo swlLchlng clrculLs and explaln any one
Ans ackeL SwlLchlng WlLh message swlLchlng Lhere ls no llmlL on block slze ln conLrasL packeL
SwlLchlng places a LlghL upper llmlL on block slze
Message swlLchlng ln Lhls form of swlLchlng no physlcal cooper paLh ls esLabllshed ln advance
8eLween sender and recelver lnsLead when Lhe sender has a block of daLa Lo be senL lL ls sLored
ln flrsL swlLchlng offlce Lhen forwarded laLer one [ump aL a Llme
Cues6 ulfferenLlaLe beLween lnLerneL and lnLraneL
Ans 1he lnLerneL ls a world wlde neLwork of compuLer neLworks around Lhe globe lnLerneL uses a seL of
roLocols called 1C/l lnLerneL ls noL owned by anybody
Cn Lhe oLher hand lnLraneL ls neLwork whlch ls prlvaLely owned lnLraneL also uses same seL of
roLocols as lnLerneL
Cues7 WhaL ls modem? WhaL ls lLs funcLlon?
Ans A modem ls a compuLer perlpheral LhaL connecLs a worksLaLlon Lo oLher worksLaLlons vla
Lelephone llnes and faclllLaLes communlcaLlons lL ls shorL form for ModulaLlon/ uemodulaLlon
Modem converLs dlglLal slgnals Lo A/l (audlo frequency) Lones whlch are ln Lhe frequency range LhaL Lhe
Lelephone llnes can LransmlL and also lL can converL LransmlLLed Lones back Lo dlglLal lnformaLlon
Cues8 Pow ls 1LLnL1 servlce of lnLerneL useful?
Ans 1elneL Lhe mosL wldely used remoLe loglc program ln Lhe world ls used Lo exLracL Lhe raw power
of lnLerneL uslng LelneL a sLudenL ln uelhl can access a server aL Amerlca A ma[or chunks of sclenLlsLs
on Lhe lnLerneL are accesslng and uLlllzlng Lhe power of super compuLers by LelneLlng
Cues9 Clve one advanLage and dlsadvanLage of opLlcal flbre cable and coaxlal cable used ln
communlcaLlon
Ans CpLlcal llbre Cable
AdvanLages lL ls free from elecLrlcal nolse and lnLerference
ulsadvanLages lL ls an expenslve communlcaLlon medlum
Coaxlal Cable
AdvanLages lL provldes a cheap means of LransporLlng mulLl channel Lelevlslon slgnals around
meLropollLan areas
ulsadvanLages 1he Lhlcker Lhe cable Lhe more dlfflculL Lo work wlLh
Cues10 ueflne Lhe followlng
(a) roLocol (b) PosLlng (c) 8epeaLer (d) 8rldge (e) 8ouLer (f) CaLeway
(g) CSM (h) CuMA (l) WLL ([) 3C (k) LuCL (l) cookles
(m) P1ML (n) xML (o) uP1ML (p)1C/l (q)hub (r)swlLch
(s)LLherneL (L)LLherneL card (u)8!43 (v)P11 (w)l1 (x) llrewall
Ans (a) roLocol A proLocol means Lhe rules LhaL are appllcable for a neLwork
(b) PosLlng web hosLlng ls a means of hosLlng web server appllcaLlons on a compuLer sysLem
Lhrough whlch elecLronlc conLenL on Lhe lnLerneL ls readlly avallable Lo any web browser cllenL
(c) 8epeaLer8epeaLer ls a neLwork devlce LhaL ampllfles and resLores slgnals for longdlsLance
Lransmlsslon
(d) 8rldge A brldge ls a neLwork devlce LhaL esLabllshes an lnLelllgenL connecLlon beLween Lwo
local neLworks wlLh Lhe same sLandard buL wlLh dlfferenL Lypes of cables
(e) 8ouLer A rouLer ls a neLwork devlce LhaL ls used Lo separaLe dlfferenL segmenLs ln a neLwork
can handle dlfferenL proLocols
(f) CaLeway lL ls a neLwork devlce LhaL connecL dlsslmllar neLworks
(g) CSM Clobal sysLem for moblle communlcaLlon ls a Lechnlque LhaL uses narrowband
1uMA(Llme dlvlslon mulLlple access) Lo allow elghL slmulLaneous calls on same radlo frequency
(h) CuMA Code dlvlslon mulLlple access ls a dlglLal cellular Lechnology LhaL uses spread specLrum
Lechnlque Spread specLrum ls a Lechnlque ln whlch daLa ls senL ln small pleces over a number of
dlscreLe frequencles avallable for use
(l) WLL Wlreless Local Loop ls a sysLem analogous wlLh local Lelephone servlce LhaL provldes
Lelephony by deploylng a mulLlpllclLy of mulLlchannel Lranscelvers
([) 3C lL ls a speclflcaLlon for Lhlrd generaLlon of moblle communlcaLlons Lechnology 3g promlses
bandwldLh of upLo 384 kbps when a devlce ls sLaLlonary 128 kbps ln a car and 2 Mbps ln flxed
appllcaLlons
(k) LuCL Lnchanced uaLa raLes for Clobal LvoluLlon ls a radlo based hlgh speed moblle daLa
sLandard LhaL allow daLa Lransmlsslon speeds of 384 kbps Lo be achleved when all elghL
LlmesloLs are used
(l) Cookles Cookles are messages LhaL a web server LransmlLs Lo a web browser so LhaL Lhe web
server can keep Lrack of Lhe user's acLlvlLy on a speclflc web slLe
(m) P1ML Pyper 1exL Markup Language ls a documenL layouL and hyperllnk speclflcaLlon
language used for creaLlng web pages
(n) xML xML ls a markup language for creaLlng documenLs conLalnlng sLrucLured lnformaLlon
(o) uP1ML uynamlc Pyper 1exL Markup Language refer Lo web conLenL LhaL ls dynamlc le
changes each Llme lL ls vlewed
(p) 1C/l (1ransmlsslon conLrol proLocol/ lnLerneL proLocol) ls Lhe mosL commonly used proLocol
on lnLerneL LhaL ensures rellable endLoend communlcaLlons across Lhe lnLerneL
(q) Pub A hub ls a hardware devlce used Lo connecL several compuLers LogeLher
(r) SwlLch A swlLch ls a devlce LhaL ls used Lo segmenL neLworks lnLo dlfferenL subneLworks called
subneLs or LAn segmenLs
(s) LLherneL LLherneL ls a LAn archlLecLure developed by xerox corp ln assoclaLlon wlLh uLC and
lnLel LLherneL uses bus or sLar Lopologles and can supporL daLa Lransfer raLes of upLo 10 Mbps
(L) LLherneL Card 1he compuLers LhaL are parL of LLherneL have Lo lnsLall a speclal card called
LLherneL card An LLherneL card conLalns connecLlons for elLher coaxlal or LwlsLed palr cables (or
boLh) Some LLherneL cards also conLaln an Aul connecLor
(u) 8!43 (8eglsLered !ack43) ls an elghL wlre connecLor whlch ls commonly used Lo connecL
compuLers on LAnS especlally LLherneLs
(v) P11 (Pyper 1exL 1ransfer roLocol) ls a proLocol LhaL conLrols how web servers and web
browsers communlcaLe wlLh one anoLher lL ls also responslble for Lransferrlng hyperLexL le
comblnaLlon of LexL audlo vldeo graphlcs anlmaLlons lmages hyper llnks eLc on Lhe web
(w) l1 (llle 1ransfer roLocol) ls used wldely on lnLerneL for Lransferrlng flles Lo and from a
remoLe hosL
(x) llrewall 1he sysLem deslgned Lo prevenL unauLhorlzed access Lo or from a prlvaLe neLwork ls
called a flrewall
Cues 11 Clve Lhe full form for Lhe followlng
(a) Modem (b) lM (c) AM (d) nlS (e) nlu (f) 1A
(g) SlM (h) SMS (l)bps ([)8ps (k) (l) SLl
(m) C (n) lMA (o) n1 (p) SM1
Ans (a) Modem ModulaLor/uemodulaLor
(b) lM lrequency ModulaLlon
(c) AM AmpllLude ModulaLlon
(d) nlS neLwork llle Server/ neLwork flle sysLem
(e) nlu neLwork lnLerface unlL
(f) 1A 1ermlnal Access olnL
(g) SlM Subscrlber ldenLlLy Module
(h) SMS ShorL Message Servlce
(l) bps blLs per second
([) 8ps 8yLes per second
(k) olnL Lo olnL roLocol
(l) SLl Serlal Llne lnLerneL proLocol
(m) C osL Cfflce roLocol
(n) lMA lnLerneL Mall Access roLocol
(o) n1 neLwork 1lme roLocol
(p) SM1 Slmple Mall 1ransfer proLocol
Cues12 WhaL ls Lmall? WhaL are lLs advanLages?
Ans 1he Lmall (LlecLronlc mall) ls sendlng and recelvlng messages by a compuLer
1he ma[or advanLages of Lmall are
1 Lasy record malnLenance 2 WasLe reducLlon
3 Low cosL 4 lasL uellvery
Cues13 Who are hackers ? who are crackers?
Ans 1he crackers are Lhe mallclous programmers who break lnLo secure sysLems whereas Packers
Are more lnLeresLed ln galnlng knowledge abouL compuLer sysLems and posslbly uslng Lhe
knowledge for playful pranks
Cues14 WhaL do you undersLand by Cyber Law?
Ans Cyber Law ls a generlc Lerm whlch refer Lo all Lhe legal and regulaLory aspecLs of lnLerneL and
1he world wlde web
Cues13 Pow 8rldges dlffer from repeaLers?
Ans 8rldges dlffer from repeaLers ln Lhelr capablllLy of decldlng wheLher a parLlcular message ls Lo
be communlcaLed on Lhe oLher slde or noL whereas a repeaLer [usL ampllfles Lhe slgnal and pass lL Lo
oLher slde
Cues16 ueflne Lhe followlng
(a) vldeo conferenclng (b) wlreless compuLlng (c) Moblle compuLlng
(d) www (e) web browser (f) web server (g) web slLe/page
(h) 8aud (l) 8andwldLh
Ans (a) vldeo conferenclng A Lwo way vldeophone conversaLlon among mulLlple parLlclpanLs
(b) Wlreless compuLlng uaLa communlcaLlon wlLhouL Lhe use of landllnes
(c) Moblle compuLlng CommunlcaLlon whereln compuLlng devlce ls noL conLlnuously connecLed Lo
Lhe base or cenLral neLwork
(d) www www refers Lo world wlde web lL ls a seL of proLocols LhaL allows us Lo access any
documenL on Lhe neL Lhrough u8Ls
(e) Web browser lL ls a web CllenL LhaL navlgaLe Lhrough Lhe world wlde web and dlsplays web
pages
(f) Web server lL ls a www server LhaL responds Lo requesLs made by web browsers
(g) Web slLe/ page A locaLlon on a neL server ls called a web slLe A documenL LhaL uses P11 ls
called a web page
(h) 8aud 8aud ls Lhe unlL of measuremenL for Lhe lnformaLlon carrylng capaclLy of a communlcaLlon
channel of analog Lype
(l) 8andwldLh lL refers Lo Lhe dlfference beLween Lhe hlghesL and lowesL frequencles of a
Lransmlsslon channel
Cues17 Compare and conLrasL
(l)CSS and lLCSS
(ll) roprleLary sofLware and lree sofLware
(lll) lreeware and Shareware
Ans (l) CSS and lLCSS
CSS refers Lo open source sofLware whlch refer Lo sofLware whose source code ls avallable Lo
cusLomers and lL can be modlfled and redlsLrlbuLed wlLhouL any llmlLaLlon An CSS may come free
of cosL or wlLh a paymenL of nomlnal charges LhaL lLs developers may charge ln Lhe name of
developmenL supporL of sofLware
lLCSS refers Lo free llbre and open source sofLware or Lo free Llvre and open source sofLware 1he
Lerm lLCSS ls used Lo refer Lo a sofLware whlch ls boLh free sofLware as well as open source
sofLware
(ll) roprleLary sofLware and free sofLware
roprleLary sofLware ls Lhe sofLware LhaL ls nelLher open nor freely avallable lLs use ls regulaLed
and furLher dlsLrlbuLlon and modlflcaLlon ls elLher forbldden or requlres speclal permlsslon by Lhe
suppller or vendor
lree sofLware means Lhe sofLware ls freely accesslble and can be freely used changed lmproved
copled and dlsLrlbuLed by all who wlsh Lo do so
(lll) lreeware and Shareware
lreeware has no clear deflnlLlon buL lL generally used for sofLware whlch ls avallable free of cosL
and whlch allows copylng and furLher dlsLrlbuLlon buL no modlflcaLlon and whose source code ls
noL avallable
Shareware ls a sofLware whlch ls made avallable wlLh Lhe rlghL Lo redrlbuLrlbuLe coples buL lL ls
sLlpulaLed LhaL lf one lnLends Lo use Lhe sofLware ofLen afLer a cerLaln perlod of Llme Lhen a
llcense fee should be pald
Cues18 WrlLe some advanLages and dlsadvanLages of Lhe followlng
(l)1wlsLed alr cables (ll) radlo waves (lll) mlcro waves (lv) saLelllLes
Ans (l) 1wlsLed alr Cables
AdvanLages 1 lL ls easy Lo lnsLall and malnLaln
2 lL ls physlcally flexlble
ulsadvanLages 1 lLs low bandwldLh capablllLles make lL unsulLable for broadband appllcaLlons
2 because of hlgh aLLenuaLlon lL ls lncapable carrylng a slgnal over long dlsLances
wlLhouL Lhe use of repeaLers
(ll) 8adlo Waves
AdvanLages
1 8adlo wave Lransmlsslon offers moblllLy
2 lL offers ease of communlcaLlon over dlfflculL Lerraln
ulsadvanLages
1 8adlo wave communlcaLlon ls an lnsecure communlcaLlon
2 8adlo wave propagaLlon ls suscepLlble Lo weaLher effecLs llke ralns Lhunder sLorms eLc
(lll) mlcro waves
AdvanLages
1 lL offers ease of communlcaLlon over dlfflculL Lerraln
2 Mlcrowaves have Lhe ablllLy Lo communlcaLe over oceans
ulsadvanLages
1 8andwldLh allocaLlon ls exLremely llmlLed ln case of mlcrowaves
2 1he cosL of deslgn lmplemenLaLlon and malnLenance of mlcrowave llnks ls hlgh
(lv) SaLelllLe
AdvanLages
1 1he area coverage Lhrough saLelllLe Lransmlsslon ls qulLe large
2 1he heavy usage of lnLerconLlnenLal Lrafflc makes Lhe saLelllLe commerclal aLLracLlve
ulsadvanLages
1 Cver crowdlng of avallable bandwldLhs due Lo low anLenna galns
2 Plgh aLmospherlc losses above 30 Chz llmlL carrler frequencles
Cues19 WhaL ls Lhe lmporLance of u8L ln neLworklng?
Ansu8L sLands for unlform 8esource LocaLor Lach page LhaL ls creaLed for Web browslng ls asslgned a
u8L LhaL effecLlvely serves as Lhe page's worldwlde name or address u8L's have Lhree parLs Lhe
proLocol Lhe unS name of Lhe machlne on whlch Lhe page ls locaLed and a local name unlquely
lndlcaLlng Lhe speclflc page(generally Lhe fllename)
f% Cues20 G|ve two mfor refon to hfve network ecur|ty
Ans 1wo ma[or reasons Lo have neLwork SecurlLy are
(l) Secrecy keeplng lnformaLlon ouL of Lhe reach of unauLhorlzed users
(ll) Authent|cft|on ueLermlnlng Lhe auLhorlzed user before sharlng senslLlve lnformaLlon wlLh or
enLerlng lnLo a buslness deal
Cues218avya lndusLrles has seL up lLs new cenLer aL kaka nagar for lLs offlce and web based acLlvlLles
1he company compound has 4 bulldlngs as shown ln Lhe dlagram below




CenLer Lo cenLer dlsLances beLween varlous bulldlngs ls as follows
Parsh 8ulldlng Lo 8a[ 8ulldlng 30 m
Raj
Building

Fazz
Building
Harsh
Building

Jazz
Building
8az 8ulldlng Lo lazz 8ulldlng 60 m
lazz 8ulldlng Lo !azz 8ulldlng 23 m
!azz 8ulldlng Lo Parsh 8ulldlng 170 m
Parsh 8ulldlng Lo lazz 8ulldlng 123 m
8a[ 8ulldlng Lo !azz 8ulldlng 90 m
number of CompuLers ln each of Lhe bulldlngs ls follows
Parsh 8ulldlng 13
8a[ 8ulldlng 130
lazz 8ulldlng 13
!azz 8uldlng 23
e1) SuggesL a cable layouL of connecLlons beLween Lhe bulldlngs
AnsLayouL 1






LayouL 2 Slnce Lhe dlsLance beLween lazz 8ulldlng and !azz 8ulldlng ls qulLe shorL





e2) SuggesL Lhe mosL sulLable place (le bulldlng) Lo house Lhe server of Lhls organlsaLlon wlLh a
sulLable reason
Raj
Building

Fazz
Building
Harsh
Building

Jazz
Building
Raj
Building

Fazz
Building
Harsh
Building

Jazz
Building
Ans1he mosL sulLable place / block Lo house Lhe server of Lhls organlsaLlon would be 8a[ 8ulldlng as
Lhls block conLalns Lhe maxlmum number of compuLers Lhus decreaslng Lhe cabllng cosL for mosL of Lhe
compuLers as well as lncreaslng Lhe efflclency of Lhe maxlmum compuLers ln Lhe neLwork
e3) SuggesL Lhe placemenL of Lhe followlng devlces wlLh [usLlflcaLlon 1
lnLerneL ConnecLlng uevlce/Modem
SwlLch
Ans8a[ 8ulldlng
(ll)ln boLh Lhe layouLs a hub/swlLch each would be needed ln all Lhe bulldlngs Lo lnLerconnecL Lhe group
of cables from Lhe dlfferenL compuLers ln each block
e4) 1he organlsaLlon ls plannlng Lo llnk lLs sale counLer slLuaLed ln varlous parLs of Lhe same clLy
whlch Lype of neLwork ouL of LAn MAn or WAn wlll be formed? !usLlfy your answer
Ans1he Lype of neLwork LhaL shall be formed Lo llnk Lhe sale counLers slLuaLed ln varlous parLs
of Lhe same clLy would be a MAn because MAn (MeLropollLan Area neLworks) are Lhe neLworks LhaL
llnk compuLer faclllLles wlLhln a clLy
Cues22knowledge SupplemenL CrganlsaLlon has seL up lLs new cenLer aL Mangalore for lLs offlce and
web based acLlvlLles lL has 4 blocks of bulldlngs as shown ln Lhe dlagram below






CenLer Lo cenLer dlsLances beLween varlous blocks
8lack A Lo 8lock 8 30 m
8lock 8 Lo 8lock C 130 m
8lock C Lo 8lock u 23 m
8lock A Lo 8lock u 170 m
8lock 8 Lo 8lock u 123 m
8lock A Lo 8lock C 90 m
number of CompuLers
8lack A 23
8lock 8 30
Block A

Block C
Block
B

Block D
8lock C 123
8lock u 10
e1) SuggesL a cable layouL of connecLlons beLween Lhe blocks
Ans (Any of Lhe followlng opLlon)LayouL CpLlon 1







LayouL CpLlon 2 Slnce Lhe dlsLance beLween 8lock A and 8lock 8 ls qulLe shorL







e2) SuggesL Lhe mosL sulLable place (le block) Lo house Lhe server of Lhls organlsaLlon wlLh a
sulLable reason
Ans1he mosL sulLable place / block Lo house Lhe server of Lhls organlsaLlon would be 8lock C as Lhls
block conLalns Lhe maxlmum number of compuLers Lhus decreaslng Lhe cabllng cosL for mosL of Lhe
compuLers as well as lncreaslng Lhe efflclency of Lhe maxlmum compuLers ln Lhe neLwork
e3) SuggesL Lhe placemenL of Lhe followlng devlces wlLh [usLlflcaLlon 1
8epeaLer
Pub/SwlLch
Anslor LayouL 1 slnce Lhe cabllng dlsLance beLween 8locks A and C and LhaL beLween 8 and C are qulLe
large so a repeaLer each would ldeally be needed along Lhelr paLh Lo avold loss of slgnals durlng Lhe
course of daLa flow ln Lhese rouLes

Block A

Block C
Block
B

Block D
Block A

Block C
Block
B
Block D






lor layouL 2 slnce Lhe dlsLance beLween 8locks A and C ls large so a repeaLer would ldeally
be placed ln beLween Lhls paLh







(l) ln boLh Lhe layouLs a hub/swlLch each would be needed ln all Lhe blocks Lo
lnLerconnecL Lhe group of cables from Lhe dlfferenL compuLers ln each block

LayouL 1








Block A

Block C
Block
B

Block D
8epeaLer
8epeaLer
Block A

Block C
Block
B

Block D
Repeater
Block A

Block C
Block B

Block D
8epeaLer
8epeaLer
Pub Pub
Pub Pub
LayouL 2






e4) 1he organlzaLlon ls plannlng Lo llnk lLs fronL offlce slLuaLed ln Lhe clLy ln a hllly reglon where
cable connecLlon ls noL feaslble suggesL an economlc way Lo connecL lL wlLh reasonably hlgh speed?
Ans1he mosL economlc way Lo connecL lL wlLh a reasonable hlgh speed would be Lo use radlo wave
Lransmlsslon as Lhey are easy Lo lnsLall can Lravel long dlsLances and peneLraLe bulldlngs easlly so Lhey
are wldely used for communlcaLlon boLh lndoors and ouLdoors 8adlo waves also have Lhe advanLage of
belng omnl dlrecLlonal whlch ls Lhey can Lravel ln all Lhe dlrecLlons from Lhe source so LhaL Lhe
LransmlLLer and recelver do noL have Lo be carefully allgned physlcally


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