Year 9 Science

Food

Type Carbohydrate Fat Protein

Use Long term energy Protecting organs and long term energy store Making muscle, enzymes, skin, hair Fast energy

Sugars

Food tests
Food type Protein Sugar Test Biuret turns purple if protein is present Benedicts turns from blue to red/brown if sugar is present Greaseproof paper gets an oily residue Iodine turns blue/black if starch is present

Fat
Carbohydrate

Carnivore
Only eats meat
E.g. Spider, lion

Its survival is dependent on finding and catching prey

Top predator Nothing eats him!

Carnivore Teeth Adaptation

Herbivore
Only eats plants
E.g. Cow, aphid

Depends on a large supply of plant matter. Longer gut as less energy available in their food.

Herbivore Teeth Adaptation

Omnivore
Eats a mixture of plants and animals
E.g. Pigs, humans

Increased chance of survival as they are not restricted to one diet.

Decomposers
Breaks down and recycles dead material.
E.g. Bacteria, fungi

Primary Producers (Plants)

Plants can make their own food using
Sunlight Chlorophyll Water Carbon dioxide

How are all the consumers and producers linked?

Definitions
Trophic level feeding group in food chain (eg Herbivore) Producer

makes own food

eats other organisms for food

Consumer

Consumers

Food Chain
Top Predator

Shark Fish Zooplankton Phytoplankton

Carnivore

Herbivore

Producer

Label the trophic levels as herbivore, carnivore, producer, top predator. Indicate which are consumers.

http://www.mindfully.org/Food/Food-Web.gif&imgrefurl

Food Chains
Food chains describe how organisms Food gain______ from eating each other in a community. Producers Plants are called _______ because they make glucose using energy from the Sun ______ Consumers _________ must eat other organisms for Energy their _______ and nutrients.

Energy Pyramids
Only about 10% of energy passed on between trophic levels Few Carnivores

More Herbivores

Most is lost through the organisms living processes

All supported by energy from producers

The Digestive System

(Breaking food down into smaller pieces)

Lets find out what happened to your breakfast today! Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Liver Large Intestine Gall Bladder Pancreas Rectum Anus

Mouth
Teeth (mechanical breakdown)
Incisors used for cutting Canines used for stabbing and holding Molars large surface area used for grinding

Saliva (chemical breakdown)

Enzyme (speeds up reactions in the body) Breaks down carbohydrate

Oesophagus
Approximately 25cm long Moves food from the throat to the stomach
Muscle movement called peristalsis

If acid from the stomach gets in here thats heartburn.

Stomach
Stores the food you eat Chemically breaks it down into tiny pieces Mixes food with digestive juices Acid in the stomach kills bacteria

Small Intestine
Small intestines are roughly 6 metres long. Enzymes and bile are added. Villi increase the surface area to help absorbtion. Nutrients from the food pass into the bloodstream through the small intestine walls.

Liver
Directly affects digestion by producing bile
Bile is an enzyme that helps dissolve fat

Processes nutrients in the blood, filters out toxins and waste. Is often called the bodys energy factory

Gall Bladder
Stores bile from the liver Delivers bile when food is digested Fatty diets can cause gallstones

Pancreas
Produces compounds to digest fats and proteins Neutralizes acids that enter small intestine Regulates blood sugar by producing insulin

Large Intestine
About 1.5 metres long Accepts what small intestines dont absorb. Absorbs water and minerals from the waste matter. Absorption means taking into the body via the blood stream.

Rectum and Anus

Rectum
About 15cm long Stores waste before egestion.

Anus
Muscular ring that controls egestion.

Write the name of each colored organ:

Green: Red: Pink: Brown: Purple: Green: Yellow:

Answers
Green: Oesophagus Red: Stomach Pink: Small Intestine Brown: Large Intestine Purple: Liver Green: Gall Bladder Yellow: Pancreas

Cells
Cells are the building blocks of life
All cells have the following in common: Nucleus Cytoplasm Mitochondria

Cell membrane
Plant cells also have a cell wall and chloroplasts

Function of cell organelles

Nucleus
largest organelle control centre Instructions for the whole body

Cell membrane
Controls the entry and exit of material

Cytoplasm
Liquid containing cell parts and nutrients

Mitochondria
Powerhouse (burns energy from food)

Turning food into energy

Respiration is the conversion of glucose into energy Glucose is burnt with oxygen It takes place in the Mitochondria C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O +
ENERGY

ENERGY

Circulatory System
What is it for ?

We need 2 pumps because 1 would not have enough energy to push blood through the lungs and then around the body.

Anatomy of the Heart

Oxygenated blood
To the body

LHS thicker Deoxygenated blood

To the lungs

Blood Vessels

Structure of Arteries
Oxygenated blood leaving heart High pressure Thick muscular walls

Structure of Capillaries
Carry blood to cells
Remove waste Deliver oxygen Deliver food

Single file r.b.c. Very thin walls (single cell thick)

Structure of Veins
Deoxygenated blood returning to heart Thin walls Low pressure Valves allow flow of blood in one direction Muscle contraction

Blood
Plasma
Liquid carries other components Nutrients Waste like carbon dioxide

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

White Blood Cells

Fight disease

Platelets
Clotting