1027

A STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MAJOR
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MALIR RIVER (WITmN KA.RACm)
TO, DETERMINE
THE EXTENT OF POLLUTION
By
FARIDA BANO
A thesis submitted
10
the Department .1f Zoology
in conformity with the requirements
for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY University of Karachi -
Karachi
AUGUST. 1999
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI , KARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN
A STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MAJOR CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MALm RIVER (WITIDN KARACIll) TO DETERMINE THE EXTENT OF POLLUTION
By
FAR IDA BANO
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI I(ARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN
This thesis is entirely the result of my own work and has been carried the supervision of Prof. Dr. (Mrs.)
OUI
under
Saiyida Nazneen Rizvi at the Department of
Zoology. University of Karachi, Karach i.
(fARIf)A
BANO)
M.Se.
PROF. DR. (MRS.) SAIYIDA NAZNEEN

Department of Zoology University of Karachi (Supervisor)
RIZVI
DEDICATED TO
MY PARENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am greatly University study. Karachi, study. I am grateful to my supervisor, Department encouragements of Zoology, University Dr. (Mrs.) Saiyida Nazneen Rizvi, Professor, of Karachi, for her able guidance and of Karachi, indebted to the Vice-Chancellor for providing and Dean, Faculty of Science,
the research fellowship during the course of this Department of Zoology, University of
I am also thankful for allowing
to the Chairman,
me to work and for providing
the research
facilities for this
during the work of this project. Her devotion as a teacher and research
guide has been a source of inspiration to me.

My sincere
rcuards
are also due
10
Prof. Or. Syccl Abdul Malik of Karachi, for their
4111(1
Miss
Huma, utilization
Department
of Chemistry,
University
help in the contents of
of Flame Photometer
for the analysis of sodium and potassium
the water samples. I am highly thankful to Dr. S. Khaqan Hasan. Principal Scientific Officer and Officer lncharge, Pharmaceuticals Karachi, and Fine Chemicals Research Centre, PCSIR
Laboratories Consultant,
Complex,
and to Mr. Abdul Hai Khan, a Senior Geological in the compilation of this work.
for their valuable suggestions
I extend my thanks to Dr. Farida Begum, Assistant Professor, Zoology, University of Karachi, Mr. Arif Iqbal, Ex-Fishery Officer,
Department of Inland Fishery
VI
Department, Government of Sindh, and Mr. Saiyid Shafiqul Abbas Rizvi (Retd.) Assistant Director of Industries, Government of Sindh, Karachi, for their timely suggestions in the compilation of this work. I am also grateful to Miss Talat Haider, Associate Professor, Department of Genetics, University of Karachi and Mr. Nurul I [(1S<11l of the Applied Economics Department for their help in the statistical
computation of the data.
I would also like to extend my sincere gratitude to all the teaching and nonteaching staff of the Department of Zoology. University of Karachi, for their moral support and encouragements throughout this work.
VB
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IX
ABSTRACT
Presently, aquatic pollution is a worldwide problem specially in the thickly populated areas. Karachi is the ninth populous city of the world and is also the most industrially developed city of Pakistan. A big pan of its basin is occupied by alluvials of Malir River. It is, basically. a seasonal river but becomes perennial within the limits of Karachi and serves for the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial cttlucnis through its basin into the Arabian Sea.
The basin of Malir River is situated between 24°45'N to to 6r22'E Long. with a drainage area of
25°N Lat. and 67° 13'E
1520 sq. km. Its upstream pan remains dry
except during the rainy season. To determine the extent of pollution in Malir River (within Karachi region). water samples were regularly collected from four spots
namely Murad Memon Goth (spot 2), Malir City (spot 3). Drigh Road (spo: 4) and Qayurnabad (spot 5) from May, 1993 to April, 1996. Sporadic water samplings were
done at Dumlotte (spot I). a point beyond Karachi. to compare the characteristics of water there.
During the study, twenty-nine physico-chemical parameters were estimated in the field and laboratory. Values of all the parameters were found within the range of the observed values of streams and rivers. except total dissolved solids. total alkalinity. sodium. manganese. lead and chromium. However, among all the chemical
constituents, quantities of total iron, manganese, lead, chromium and pH were also found beyond the standard values of these factors given by WHO for drinking water.
Both
heavy
metals
(Pb,
Cr) and manganese
were
present
in huge
quantities,
particularly
at Malir City and Qayumabad
spots. due to the inclusion of sewage and
industrial wastes. Data of physico-chemical

IS
characteristics
of water indicate that. at present. water less at spot 3 and lesser at spots 2
grossly polluted at spot 5 and comparatively
and 4. In addition to study the effects of pollutants on the characteristics effects were also observed common of water, their
on the growth of Oreochromis mossambicus, the most three growth variables namely collected from
fish found in Ma1ir River. For this purpose,
length, weight and condition spot 2 to 5 throughout
factors were measured in the specimens
the study period. The comparative
study of the above mentioned
growth variables of the said fish in Malir River reveals that pollution has influenced the growth of this fish. Comparatively, condition index. of the collected specimens of this
fish was best at spot 4. better at spot 2 and worst at spot 5 in accord with the presence or pollutants at these spots.
Present data show that pollution has not only deteriorated
the pristine condition
or Malir River but is also causing pollution in the Arabian Sea where this river falls finally. Pollution in the rivers is also hazardous to the inhabitants of Karachi due to the danger of mixing of this water with drinking water and consumption of food items,
grown with this water. Serious efforts should, therefore, be made by public and private agencies. to control the pollution in this river. Such efforts would then result in the
increased food production and better health of Karachi's populace.
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................... ABSTRACTS (Urdu and English) TABLE OF CON1'ENTS.............................................................. LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER I: , (j~~ERA~ ,. ~TROI>lJCTIO~ . 3 4 V VII
XI XIV XXII
A. Physiography of Malir valley............................... B. Basin of Malir river..........
CHAPTER II:
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE....... 1. Public awareness for aquatic pollution in the world..... 2. Standard criteria for potable water...... 3. Effects of pollution on physico-chemical aspects of water bodies an .. i-)iota.......................................
1
10 10 II
12 14 18 19
4. Causes and types of pollution................... 5. Control and treatment of pollution......................... 6. Historical review of pollution in Pakistan................
CHAYTER III:
STUI>Y OF CLIMATIC FACTORS A~I> PHYSICOINTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS.......................................................... " "...................... 21 23 34
XII
A. Climatic fac[ors...........
I.
34 34
Atmospheric temperature Humidity Rainfall...................................................
2. 3.
37 37 37 37 .. 38 50 50
B. Physical factors.... 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Water temperature...................................... Colour of water....................................... Transparency Euphotic limit Vertical attenuation coefficient (light penetration level)
6.~
65 65 .. .. .. .
79 79
C. Chemical factors..... 9. Salinity..........
10. Hydrogen ion concentration (p+l)

II. Dissolved oxygen
12. Free carbon dioxide 13. Total alkalinity 14. 'rotal hardness 16. Sulphate 17. Calcium hardness 18. Chloride
I (). Carbon.uc
96
109 109
. . .. . .
.
15. Total dissolved solids
122
131
141:1 14X 158

IXX
188
20. Bicarbonate 21. Sodium 22. Potassium 23. Magnesium 24. Total iron 25. AITIITIonia 26. Nitrite 27. Nitrate
.
.
. . . . . .
201
111 ... -11
252
XIII
28. Silica............. 29. Total phosphate......................................... 30. Manganese............ 3 t. Lead......................................................
~5~ 2h I 274 295 295 31 J
32. Chromium DISCUSSION.
CHAPTER IV:
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON THE GROWTH OF

OREOCHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS 336 336 339 340 349
INTRODUCTION................................................ MATERIAIJ AND METHODS RESULTS.. DISClJSSION.......
CIIAPTER V:
CONCLUSIONS....
REFERENCES...................
367
1,7()
XIV
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No.
1.1.
tV);11'
Page No,
ul I';II,ISlall
(1
lb. Ic.
Map of the province of Sindh Course of Layari and Malir Rivers Drainage area of Malir River within Karachi A view of the spot I (Dumlotte)
A view of the spot 2 (Goth Murad Me; :)11)
.. .. : . .
.
7
8
2.
3.
4.
24
25 26 '27
S.
6.
A view of the spot 3 (Malir city) Views of the spot 4 (Drigh road) a and ' Views of the spot 5 (Qayumabad) a and b Monthly average values of water temperature (Celsius)
.. ..
.
29
30
7.
8.
in
49
surface water samples at spots 2 to 5. ..

9.
Monthly average values of water temperature water samples at spots 2

to
(Celsius)
in depth
49 .. . . 63 63 64
5.
10. II.
Monthly average values of physical parameters at spot 2 Monthly average values of physical parameters at sPO[ 3 Monthly average values of physical parameters at spot 4 Monthly average values of physical parameters at spot 5
Monthly
12. 13.
14.
64
average
values
of chemical dioxide)
parameters
(dissolved
at
oxygen spot 2.
and free carbon
in surface water samples
97
xv
15. Monthly oxygen spot 2. 16. Monthly average values of chemical average values or chemical parameters (dissolved
at
and free carbon dioxide)
in depth water samples
97
parameters
(dissolved
oxygen and tree carbon dioxide) spOt 3. 17. Monthly oxygen spot 3. 18. Monthly average values of average values of
ill surface water samples at 98
chemical
parameters
(dissolved
in depth water samples at 98
chemica!
parameters
(dissolved
oxygen and free carhon dioxide) spot 4 19. Monthly oxygen spot 4. .. lO. Monthly average values of average '" values of
in . -rface water samples at '" 99 parameters (dissolved
chemical
in depth water samples at 99
chemical
parameters
(dissolved
<11
oxygen and free carbon dioxide) spot 5. 21. Monthly oxygen

\11\11
ill surface water samples
100 average values of chemical parameters (dissolved
ill depth water samples at

.
lOll
22.
Monthly
average values of chemical parameters (total alkalinity,

SUlphate
total hardness.
and total dissolved solids)
in surface 110
water samples at spot 2.
XVI
~J.
Monthly
average values of chemical parameters (101al alkalinity.
total hardness, sulphate and total dissolved solids) in depth water samples at spot 2 24. Monthly total ,
110
average values of chemical parameters (total alkalinity. sulphate and total dissolved solids) in surface III
hardness,
water samples at spot 3. 2S. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (total alkalinity.
total hardness, sulphate and total disso' ed solids) in depth water samples at spot 26. Monthly total
J.
..
. irameters (total alkalinity,
III
average values of chemical I sulphate
hardness.
and total dh .olved solids)
in surface I 12
water samples at spot 4. '27. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (total alkalinity.
total hardness, sulphate and total dissolved solids) in depth water samples at spOt 4 .. ,. 28. Monthly total average values of chemical parameters (total alkalinity. sulphate and total dissolved solids) in surface I
112
hardness,
water samples at spot 5. 2Y. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (total alkalinity.
13
total hardness. sulphate and total dissolved solids) in depth water samples at spot 5 30. Monthly '" .. .. parameters .. .. .. I \J
average values of chemical
(bicarbonate.
carbonate and chlor idc) in surface water samples at spot 2........
167
XVII
31.
Monthly
average
values of chemical
parameters
(bicarbonate, 167
carbonate and chloride) 32. Monthly average
in depth water samples at spot 2 .......... parameters (bicarbonate.
values cf chemical
carbonate and chloride)
in surface water samples at spot 3 ........ parameters (bicarbonate,
168
JJ.
Monthly
average
values of chemical
carbonate and chloride) 34. Monthly
in depth water samples at Spot 3 .......... parameters (bicarbonate.
168
carbonate and chloride) 35. Monthly
in surface water samples at spot 4 ........ of chemical parameters (bicarbonate.
169
average values
in depth water samples at spot 4 .......... parameters (bicarbonate.
169
values of chemical
in surface water samples at spot 5 ........ parameters (bicarbonate,
170
values of chemical
carbonate and chloride) 38. Monthly potassium) 3Sl. Monthly potassium) average
in depth water samples
ar spot 5 ..........
(sodium and
170
values of chemical
parameters
in surface water samples al spot 2 ....................... average values of chemical parameters (sodium and
Il)?
in depth water samples at spot 2, ........................ average values of chemical parameters (sodium and
197
40.
Monthly potassium)
in surface water samples at spot 3 ....................... average values of chemical parameters (sodium and
198
41.
Monthly potassium)
in depth water samples at spot 3 .........................
198
XVIII
42.
Monthly
average
values of chemical
parameters
(sodium and 199 (sodium and 199 (sodium and 200 (sodium and 200
potassium) in surface water samples at spot 4. 43. Monthly average values of chemical parameters
potassium) in depth water samples at spot 4. 44. Monthly average values of chemical parameters
potassium) in surface water samples at spot 5. 45. Monthly average values of chemical parameters
potassium) in depth water samples at spot 5. 46. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in surface water samples at spot 2. 47. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in depth water samples at spot 2. 48. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in surface water samples at spot 3. 49. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in depth water samples at spot 3 50. .
210
210
211
211
Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in surface water samples at spot 4. 212
51.
Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in depth water samples at spot 4. 212
52.
Monthly average values of chemical parameters (magnesium and total iron) in surface water samples at spot 5. 213
XIX
53.
Monthly
average values or chemical parameters (magnesium
anu
2lJ
total iron) ill depth water samples at spot 5 .......................... 54. Monthly ammonia. 55. Monthly ammonia, average values of chemical parameters (nitrogen
nitrate and nitrite) average values
ill surface water samples at spot 2 ...

of
chemical parameters (nitrogen
2.:l0
nitrate and nitrile) average values
ill depth water samples at spot 2 .... of chemical parameters (nitrogen
240
56.
Monthly
illllI\IIJli;-t.
nitrate and nitrite) ill surface water samples <II spot 3. average values of chemical para meters (nitrogen
241
57.
Monthly ammonia.
in depth water samples at spot 3 .... of chemical parameters (nitrogen
241
58.
Monthly ammonia.
in surface water samples at spot 4 .. of chem ieal parameters (nitrogen
142
59.
Monthly ammonia.
in depth water samples at spot 4 .... of chemical para rn eters (nitrogen
242
60.
Monthly
(\I11111onia. itrate and nitrite) n ()I . Monthly ammonia. average values
in surface water samples at spot 5 .. of chemical parameters ( nitrogen
243
nitrate and nitrite)
in depth water samples HI spot 5 .... parameters (silica and [01,11
243
62.
Monthly
phosphate) in surface water samples at spot 2 ....................... 63. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (silica and total
270
phosphate) in depth water samples at spot 2 .........................
270
xx
64.
Monthly
parameters (silica and total

SPO{
phosphate) in surface water samples at 65. Monthly
3. .
271
average values of chemical parameters (silica and 101011 271
phosphate) in depth water samples at spot 3. 66. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (silica and total
phosphate) in surface water samples at spot 4. 67. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (silica and total
272
phospha: ,) in depth water samples at spot 4. 68. Monthly average values of chemical parameters (silica and t01a1
272
phosphate) 69. Monthly
in surface water samples at spot 5.
273
average values of chemical parameters (silica and total in depth water samples at spot 5. average values of chemical parameters (manganese. 273
phosphate) 70. Monthly
lead and chromium) 71. Monthly average
in surface water samples at spot values of chemical parameters
1.
(manganese.
283
in depth water samples at spot 2. values of chemical parameters (manganese,
283
in surface water samples at spot 3. values of chemical parameters (manganese.
284
in depth water samples at spot 3. values of chemical parameters (manganese.
284
lead and chromium)
in surface water samples at spot 4.
285
XXI
75.
Monthly
average
values of chemical
puramcrers
(mangnnesc ,
lead and chromium) in depth water samples at spot 4 76. Monthly average values of chemical parameters
"
285
(manganese, " 286
lead and chrom ium) in surface water samples at spot 5 77. Monthly average values of chemical parameters
(manganese, 286
lead and chromium) in depth water samples at spot 5. ...... .......
n.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD~ of Layari and Malir rivers " 334
71).
Monthly average values of length and weight of Oreochromis
mossambicus at spot 2...............

80. Monthly average values of length and weight of Oreochroniis
346
mossambicus at spot 3..........

S I. Monthly average values of length and weight of Oreochromis
346
mossambicus at spot 4
82.
""
, ""'"
""'"
347
Monthly average values of length and weight of Oreochromis
mossambicus at spot 5
""
, .. ,
'
, .. , .. , .. ,
,...
347
XXII
LIST OF TABLES
S.No. I. Page No.
Monthly variation in atmospheric The statistical parameters

,
temperature
(Celsius) in atmospheric
,............
35
2.
to show
variation
temperature
36 .
.
3.
4.
5.
Monthly
vur iation in the rainfall and humidity at spot 1.
The values of various parameters

Monthly varu.iion in
40
the water temperature
(Celsius) (in surface

4[
and depth water samples) at spot 2.

6.
The st;]lisli'.';·d parameters at Spot 2.
to show variation
in water temperature 42
7.
Monlhly variation
in [he water temperature

at
(Celsius) (in surface

43
and depth water samples) 8. The statistical at spot 3 9. Monthly variation parameters
spot 3. in water temperature

'"
to show variation
44
in the water temperature
(Celsius)
(in surface 45
and depth water samples) at spot 4. .. 10. The statistical

at
parameters
'"
to show variation
, '"
in water temperature
'" 46
spot 4
I I.
Monthly
varia: ion in the water temperature
(Celsius)
(in surface 47
and depth water samples) at spot S.
XXIII
12.
The statistical parameters to show variation in water temperature at spot 5 , ,. 48
13.
Monthly variation in the colour of water (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 2. 51
14.
15.
16.
Monthly variation
in the colour of water (in surface and depth 54 light penetration level (em) at 55
water samples) at spot 5. 17. Monthly variation in transparency spot 2 and 3. 18. The statistical parameters to show variation in transparency (light penetration level) at spot 2 and 3.......... 19. Monthly variation in transparency spot 4 and 5 20. light penetration level (ern) at ,.................................. (light
56
57
The statistical parameters to show variation in transparency penetration level) at spot 4 and 5.
58 .. 59
21. 22.
Monthly variation in euphotic limit (ern) at spot 2 and 3 The statistical parameters spot 2 and 3
to show variation in euphotic limit at ".......................... . 60 61
23.
Monthly variation in euphotic limit (ern) at spot 4 and 5
XXIV
24.
The statistical parameters spot 4 and 5.
to show variation in euphotic limit at 62
25.
Monthly variation in vertical attenuation coefficient (ern) at spot 2 and 3 66 to show variation in euphotic limit at 67
26.
The statistical parameters spot 2 and 3.
27.
Monthly variation in vertical attenuation coefficient (ern) at spot 4 and 5. 68 to show variation in euphotic limit at , , 69
28.
The statistical parameters spot 4 and 5 '"
29.
Monthly variation in the salinity ~;60) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 2. 70 to show variation in salinity (%0) (in 71
30.
The statistical
parameters
surface and depth water samples) at spot 2...... 31. Monthly variation in the salinity (%0) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3. 32. The statistical pa~ameters to show variation in the salinity (%0) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3 33. "
72
73
Monthly variation in the salinity (%0) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 4. 74
xxv
34.
The statistical parameters to show variation surface and depth water samples) at spot
in the salinity (%0) (in
4................
..
75
35.
Monthly
variation
in the salinity
(%0) (in surface and depth water
samples) at spot
5.
to show variation in salinity
7()
(%o) (in
36.
The statistical
parameters
surface and depth water samples) at spot
5............................
(%0) (in surface
water
77
37.
Monthly samples)
average
values
!O
of
salinity
at spot 2
5.
(%0) (ill depth water samples)
78
38.
Monthly
average values of salinity
at spot 2 to 5
,
in the pH (in surface and depth water samples)
78
39.
Monthly at spOt 2
variation
,
in pl l at spot 2 .
80 81
40. 41.
The statistical Monthly at spOt 3.
parameters to show variation in the pH
variation
(in surface and depth water samples)

X~
42.
43.
The statistical Monthly at spot 4
parameters to show variation
ill pH at spot
3........
83
variation
ill the pH (in surface and depth water samples)
,
parameters
(0
.
show variation in pH at spot 4 .
84
44. 45.
The statistical Monthly at spot 5.
85
variation
in the pH (in surface and depth water samples) 86
XXVI
The statistical 47. Monthly
parameters 10 show variation in dissolved oxygen
in pH al spot 5 (mg/I) (in surface
. and
H7
variation
depth water samples) al SpOI 2. 48. The statistical at spot 2. 49. Monthly variation in dissolved oxygen (mg/I) (in surface and parameters to show variation in dissolved oxygcn
XH
Hl)
depth water samples) at spot 3. 50. The statistical at spot 3. . 51. Monthly variation in dissolved oxygen (mg/l) (in surface and parameters to show variation in dissolved oxygen
90
91
depth water samples) at spot 4. 52. The statistical at spot 4 53. Monthly variation parameters to show variation , '" in dissolved oxygen (mgl!) in dissolved , (in surface and oxygen
l)2
93
depth water samples) at spot 5. 54. The statistical parameters '" in the free carbon dioxide (mg/l) (in surface to show variation in dissolved oxygen
94
at spot 5 .. , .. , .. , 55. Monthly variation
95
and depth water samples) at spot 2. 56. The statistical at spot 2. 57. Monthly variation in the free carbon dioxide parameters to show variation in free carbon dioxide
101
102
(mg/l) (in surface

103
and depth water satn."".~) "I spot 3.
XXVII
58.
The statistical at spot 3
parameters
10
show variation
in free carbon dioxide
"."
variation
.. , .. , .. "
(mgll)
,..........
(in surface
104
59.
Monthly
in the free carbon dioxide
and depth water samples) at spot 4
".......................
in free carbon diox ide
105
60.
The statistical at spot
4
variation
, .. ,
,
(mg/l)
,.
(in surface .
in free carbon dioxide
106
61.
Monthly
in the free carbon dioxide
107
62.
The statistical at spot 5.
lOR
variation ill the total alkalinity (Illgfl) (ill surface and
63.
Monthly
depth water samples) at spot
2.
in total alkalinity
fli
114
64.
The statistical spot 2. .
parameters
to show variation
,............................................................ in the total alkalinity (mg/l) (in surface anJ
I 15
65.
Monthly variation
depth water
samples) at spot 3.
116 in total alkalinity ,

alkalinity Img/l)
<11
66.
The statistical
spot 3
,
variation
117
67.
Monthly
in the total
(in surface ant! 118
depth water samples) at spot
4. in total alkalinity at
68.
parameters ,
to show variation
, .. ,., .. ,',., .. ,',., .. ,."...
I 19
XXVIII
69.
Monthly
variation
in the total alkalinity
(mgtl)
(in surface and
depth water samples) at spot 5. 70. The statistical spot 5 71. Monthly parameters to show variation
120 ill total alkalinity ,

at
,
variation
'"
and
121
ill the total hardness (mg/I)
(in surface
depth water samples) at SpOI 2.
113 variation in total hardness at

'" 124
and
n.
73.
The statistical SpOI 2 Monthly
parameters
to show
,
variation in the total hardness (mgtl)
(ill surface
depth water samples) at spot 3. 74.

The statistical spot 75. parameters
10
125
in total hardness
ill
show variation
3.
variation in the total hardness (mg/l) (in surface
12fl
Monthly
aml
In
depth water samples) at spot 4.
7(1.
The statistical parameters

spot 4.
10 show variation
in 10Ial hardness al
12H
77.
Monthly
variation
in the total hardness (mgtl)
(in surface
<llld
t ~\)
.11
depth Willer samples) ,II SpOI 5.
7X.
The slat iSI ical parameters

Splll 5.
10 show vanat ion ill Illl(ll hardness
[30
variatiou ill the lolal dissolved solid (mg/I)
79.
Monthly
(ill Surt'ilL'C
and depth water samples) at SpOI 2.
..
..
13~
XXIX
SO.
The sratistica) solid at spot
ill total
dissolved 133
2..............................................................
in the total dissolved solid (l11g/l) (ill surface
81.
Monthly
variation
134 ill
iota)
82.
The statistical solid at spot 3.
dissolved
135
~3.
Monthly
var iation in the 101al dissolved solid (mg/l) (ill surface 136
variation

:-;4. The statistical parameters to show
ill total dissolved I J7 (in surriIL''':
solid at spot 4...............

X5. Muntlily variation
ill tbc lotal dissolved solid (Illg/!)
and depth water samples) at SpOI 5.
!:lX
111
H().
The statistical
parameters
10
show variation
total dissolved
IJ9
solid at spot 5................ H7. Monthly variation
ill the sulphate (rng/l) (ill surface and depth

140
111
water samples) at spot 2. H8. 89.
The sratistica) parameters to show variation

Monthly variation
sulphate at Spot :!...
141
in the sulphate (mg/l) (in surface and depth
water samples) at SpOI
J.
to
1-12 show variation in sulphate at spot ) .. 143
90. 91.
Tile statistical parameters Monthly variation
in the sulphate (mg/l) (in surface ami depth 144 145
water samples) at spot 4.
9:!.
The statistical
paraincier s (0 show variation in sulphate at spot 4 ...
xxx
Monthly variation in the sulphate (mgtl) (in surface and depth 146 147
l)3.
water samples) at spot 5. 94. 95. The statistical parameters to show variation in sulphate at Spot 5 ... Monthly variation in the calcium hardness (mgtl) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 2. .. 96. The statistical parameters to show variation in calcium hardness
149
atspoI2.................................................................... 97. Monthly variation in the calcium hardness (mgll) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3. 98. The statistical parameters at spot 3. 99. Monthly variation in the calcium hardness (mg/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 4.
100.
150
151
to show variation in calcium hardness 152
153
The statistical parameters at spot 4.
to show variation in calcium hardness 154
10 l.
Monthly variation in the calcium hardness (mg/I) (in surface and depth water sarnp les) at spot 5. 155
102.
The statistical parameters at spot 5.
to show variation in calcium hardness \5(1
103.
Monthly average values of calcium hardness (mg/I) (in surface water samples) at spot 2 105......... 157
(mgll) (in depth
104.
Monthly
average
values of calcium hardness
water samples)
ill ~n('l' .... ··'5.............................................
157
XXXI
105.
Monthly variation
in the chloride (Meq/l)
(in surface and depth

o.
water samples) at spot 2 106. 107. The statistical parameters Monthly variation
159 160
to show variation in chloride at spot 2 ...
in the chloride (Meq/l) (in surface and depth 161 162
water samples) at spot 3. . LOS. 109. The statistical parameters Monthly variation to show variation in chloride at spot 3 ... (Meq/l) (in surface and depth ,.......... to show variation in chloride at spot 4 ... (in surface and depth
in the chloride
water samples) at spot 4 110. I II. The statistical parameters Monthly variation
163
164
in the chloride (Meq/l)
water samples) at Spot 5. 112. 113. The statistical parameters Monthly variation
to show variation in chloride at spot 5 ... (Meq/l)
165 166
in the carbonate
(in surface and depth 172
water samples) at spot 2. 114. The statistical spot 2 115. Monthly variation parameters , in the carbonate (Meq/l) (in surface and depth to show variation in carbonate at
173
water samples) at spot 3. I 16. The statistical spot 3 117. Monthly variation parameters to show variat ion ill carbonate at
174
0..................................................
in the carbonate
0 ••
175
(Meq/l) (in surface and depth

0 •••••• 0 •••••• 0.0.0.0 •••• 0.. •••••••• •
water samples) at spot 4
176
XXXII
118.
parameters
to show variation ,
ill carbonate
at 177
,............................. (Meq/l) (in surface and depth
119.
Monthly variation in the carbonate water samples) at spot 5.
178 to show variation in carbonate , (Meqll) (in surface and . in bicarbonate at 181 180 at 179
120.
The statistical spot 5
parameters ,
121.
Monthly
variation
in the bicarbonate
depth water samples) at spot 2
122.
The statistical spot 2.
parameters
to show variation
123.
Monthly
variation
in the bicarbonate
(Meq/l)
(in surface
and 182 at 183
depth water samples) at spot 3 124. The statistical spot 3. 125. Monthly variation in the bicarbonate parameters
"....................... in bicarbonate
to show variation
(Meq/I)
(ill surface , in bicarbonate
and .
ill
depth water samples) at spot 4 126. The statistical spot 4. parameters to show variation
184
185 variation in the bicarbonate (Meq/l) (in surface and 186
127.
Monthly
depth water samples) at spot 5 ..... , ...... , ...... , ...... , ...... , .... ,... 128. The statistical parameters
I' ••••••• ,
to show variation
••••• I , • I ••••••••••••••••
in bicarbonate
1• , •••• I • , f • , • • • • • • •
at
• •
spot 5. .
187
XXXIII
Monthly
variation
111
the sodium (mg/l)
(in surface and dt'plll 189
water samples) at spot 2. 130. 131. The statistical parameters Monthly variation
10
show variation in sodium at spot 2 ... (in surface and depth
190
in the sodium (rng/l)
water samples) at spot 3. 132. 133. The statistical parameters Monthly variation
10
I t) I show variation in sodium at spot 3 ... (in surface and depth 193
to
in the sodium (mg/l)
water samples) at spot 4. The statistical parameters 135. Mo lly variation show variation ill sodium at spot 4... (ill surface and depth
194
in the sodium (mg/l)

. 015.
195
10 show
136. 137.
The statistical parameters Month Iy variation
variation in sodium at spot 5 ...
196
in the potassium (mg/I) (in surface and depth ]02 to show variation ill potassium
(II
13X.
The statistical Spot 2.
parameters
203 variation in the potassium (mg/l) (in surface and depth 204 to show valj.!!..lion in potassium
139.
Monthly
water samples) at spot 3. 140. The statistical SpOt 3 141. Monthly variation parameters
ill
205
in the potassium (rng/l) (in surface and depth
206
XXXIV
142.
Tile
statistical
parameters
to show
variation
III
potassium
at 207
spot 4. 143. Monthly variation in the potassium (mg/l) (in surface and depth
water samp les) at spot 5 ... 144. The statist ical parameters
[0
208 show variation in potassium at 209
spot 5. 145. Monthly variation in the magnesium (mgll) (in surface and depth
water samples) at spot 2. 146. The statistical parameters to show variation in magnesium at
214
spot 2.
147. Monthly variation in the magnesium (mgll) (in surface and depth
215
water samples) at spot 3. .. 148. The statistical parameters to show variation in magnesium at
216
spot 3
149. Monthly variation
, .. ,...
in the magnesium (mg/l) (in surface and depth
217
water samples) at spot 4. 150. The statistical parameters to show variation in magnesium at
218
spor d.
151 . Month
219
ly variation in the magnesium (mgtl) (in surface and depth

220
10
water samples) at spot 5. 152. The statistical spOt 5. , parameters show variation in magnesium at
,..........................................................
221
xxxv
153. Monthly variation in the total iron (mg/l) (in surface and depth
water samples) at spot Z. 154. The spot 155. statistical parameters to show variation in total iron
ClI
223
2.
variation ill the total iron (mg/l) (in surface and depth
224
Monthly
water samples) at spot 156. The spot 157. statistical
3.
to show variation in lotal iron al
225
parameters
3.
variation in
226 the tOlal iron (mgtl) (in surface a 11(1depth

~17 variat ion
ill Lo(,11 iron
;'1
Monthly
15X.
The statist ical

SpOL4.
para me ters 10 show
~2X
variation in the total iron (mg/l) (in surface and depth
159.
Monthly
water samples) at spot 5. 160. The statistical parameters
.229 to show
variation
in total
iron
at
spot 5. 161. Monthly variation in the ammonia (mgtl) (in surface and depth
230
water samples) at spot 2. 162. The stat ist kal parameters

10 show
~31
vanat ion
\1\
ammoma
al
spot 2. 163. Monthly variation

',11
232 the ammon ia (mg/l) (i 11 surface and depth " .. "..............
water samples) at spot 3
233
XXXVI
-----~---
164.
The statistical parameters to show variation spot 3.
in ammonia at 234
165.
Monthly variation in the ammonia (rng/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 4 . in ammonia at 236
235
166.
167.
Monthly variation in the ammonia (mg/I) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot S. 237 in ammonia
CIl
168.
parameters to show variation ,.
138
169.
Monthly variation in the nitrite (as nitrogen) (mgll) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 2. 144
170.
The statistical at spot 2.
parameters to show variation in nitrite (as nitrogen) 145
171.
Monthly variation in the nitrite (as nitrogen) (mgtl) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot) ,............ 246
172.
The statistical parameters to show variation in nitrite (as nitrogen) at spot 3. 247
173.
Monthly variation in the nitrite (as nitrogen) (mg/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 4. 248
174.
The statistical parameters to show variation in nitrite (as nitrogen)
at spot 4. ~.
to'
•••
'0'
11
•••••••
',.,.iI,' ...
t.,.
'f ,., ••...••
II'
•••
,'
"
••••••••
l.
249
XXXVII
175.
Monthly
variation
in the nitrite (as nitrogen) (mg/!) (in surface . in nitrite (as nitrogen) , ,. 251 250
and depth water samples) at spot 5 176. The statistical parameters at spot 5 177. Monthly variation " in the nitrate (as nitrogen)
to show variation
(mg/l) (in surface 253
and depth water samples) at spot 2. 178. The statistical parameters to show variation in nitrate (as
nitrogen) at spot 2. 179. Monthly variation in the nitrate (as nitrogen) (mg/l) (in surface
254
and depth water samples) at spot 3. 180. The statistical parameters to show variation in nitrate (as
255
nitrogen) at spot 3.
181. Monthly variation
256
in the nitrate (as nitrogen) (mg/l) (in surface . variation it1 nitrate
(as 258
and depth water samples) at spot 4

182.
257
The
statistical
parameters
to show
183.
Monthly
variation
in the nitrate (as nitrogen) (mg/I) (in surface

al
and depth water samples) 184.
spot 5.
259
The
statistical
parameters
to show
variation
in nitrate
(as 260
18S.
Monthly variation samples) at spot 2,
in the silica (mg/l) (in surface and depth water ,., , . 262
XXXVIII
186.
The
spot 2
statistical
parameters
to
show
variation ,
III
silica ,.
at 263
187.
Monthly variation in the silica (mgll) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3 . to show , variation '" in silica at 265 264
188.
The
statistical
parameters
spot 3 189.
Monthly variation in the silica (mg/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 4. 266 to show variation in sil ica at 267
190.
The
statistical
parameters
spot 4.
11.)1.
Monthly variation in the silica (mg/I) (in surface and depth water samples) at SpOI 5.
268
In.
The
statistical
parameters
to
show
variat
;011
in sil ica
<II 269
spot 5. .. 193. Monthly variation in the total phosphate (mg/I) (in surface and
dept" water samples) at spot 2. 194. The statistical parameters to show variation in total phosphate at
275
spot 2. ,..................................................................... 195. Monthly variation in the total phosphate (mg/!) (in surface and
276
depth water samples) at spot 3. 196. The statistical parameters

to
277 in total phosphate at
show variation
XXXIX
197.
Monthly variation
in the total phosphate
(mg/l) (in surface and 279
depth water samples) at spot 4. 198. The statistical parameters spot 4. 199. Monthly variation in the total phosphate (mg/I) (in surface and
(0
show variation in total phosphate at 180
depth water samples) at spot 5. 200. The statistical parameters spot 5 201. , '"
to
281
show variation in total phosphate at , , ,. '" '" ., , 182
Monthly variation in the manganese (mg/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 2. 187 to show variation in manganese '" at
l8S
202.
parameters
203.
Monthly variation in the manganese (rng/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3. 289 to show variat ion i 11 manganese
al
204.
Tile
SI<l1
ist ical parameters
spot 3. 205. Monthly variation in tile manganese (l11g/l) (ill surface and depth water samples) at spot 4. 206. The statistical spot 4 207. parameters ,........... to show variation in manganese at
290
291
292
Monthly variation in the manganese (mg/I) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 5. 293
XL
20g.
The statistical
spot 5.
parameters
to show variation
11\
manganese
(It 294
209.
Monthly variation
in the lead (mg/l) (in surface and depth water 296 297
samples) at spot 2.
210. 211.
The statistical parameters to show variation in lead at spot 2...... Monthly variation in the lead (mgll) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3 . .
298
212. 213.
The statistical parameters to show variation in lead at spot 3
299
Monthly variation in the lead (mgll) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 4.
300
214.
The statistical parameters to show variation in lead at spot 4
301
215.
Monthly variation in the lead (mg/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 5.
302 303
216.
The statistical parameters to show variation in lead at spot 5 ...... Monthly variation in the chromium (rng/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 2.
217.
304
218.
parameters
to show variation
in chromium
at
305
219.
Monthly variation in the chromium (mg/l) (in surface and depth water samples) at spot 3.
306
220.
parameters
to show variation
ill chromium
at
307
XLI
221.
Monthly variation
in the chromium
(rng/l) (in surface and depth

11,
308 to show variation in chromium

at
parameters
309
223.
Monthly variation
in the chromium
(rng/l) (in surface and depth 310
water samples) at spot 5. 224. The statistical

spot 5.
parameters
to show variation
in chromium
Oil
311
225.
Monthly
variation
in length.
weight
and condition
factor
of 341
Oreochramis mossambicus at spot 2.

~26.
Monthly
variation
in length.
weight
and condition
factor
of
Oreochromis mossambicus 227. Monthly
at spot 3. weight and condition factor or
342
variation
in length,
Oreochromis mossambicus at spot 4.

2~H. Monthly variation in length. weight and condiuon factor of
343
Oreochromis mossambicus
at spot 5. to show variation condition factor in growth variables of
344
22lJ.
The statistical (Length.
parameters and
weight
Oreochromis
345
mossambirus at spot 2 to 5.
230.
Showing the range of different parameters
in Malir River (within given by WHO of water
Karachi) and standard criteria of these parameters for drinking
water and range of typical concentrations in the rivers and streams.
quality parameters
360
XLII
231.
Coefficient
of correlation
between
different
physico-chemical
parameters of water samples and growth variables (length, weight and condition factor) of Oreochromis mossambicus at spot 2 .. , .. , 232. Coefficient of correlation between different physico-chemical 362
parameters of water samples and growth variables (length. weight and condition factor) of Oreochromis mossambicus at spot 3. '" ,. 233. Coefficient of correlation between different physico-chemical 363
parameters of water samples and growth variables (length, weight and condition factor) of Oreochromis mossambicus at spot 4 ...... 234. Coefficient of correlation between different physico-chemical 364
parameters of water samples and growth variables (length. weight and condition factor) of Oreochromis mossambicus at spot 5 ...... 365
CHAPTER I
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
The term pollution is as old as civilization itself. At present, the rare of
pollution is very fast due to the industrialization
and urbanization (Haslam, 1991),
Aquatic pollution results in physical. chemical and biological deterioration
or
water bodies causing destruction of fish and other biota. In addition, aquatic pollution may also spread different diseases in human beings and domestic animals by the
utilization of vegetables and fodder of cattle, grown within or near the polluted water areas, Although, streams reservoirs. Pakistan has limited freshwater resources but still most of the lakes, in the country are polluted except few big rivers and
and small rivers
The economy of a country depends on its freshwater resources and many
developing countries are trying to save these resources by recycling the waste water for its use in agriculture in Pakistan. and industry. Very little efforts have been made in this regard yet
Pakistan has also many seasonal rivers in addition to Indus and Baluchistan drainage systems. Most of these remain dry throughout the year due to scanty rainfall. Some of these rivers have become perennial continuous Government flow of sewage Environmental and industrial in the downstream wastes. The latest regions due report
[0
the
of Sindh
Protection
Agency (EPA) indicates that both Layari and urbanization,
Malir rivers are heavily polluted due to the increasing industrialization, population pressure and developmental
activities in the catchment areas of these rivers.
This situation is very different from the one existing at the time of partition of India
when the inhabitants of old Karachi and adjacent areas used to dig wells in the beds of these rivers to obtain water for drinking purposes.
Several reports have been published uptill now by Begum and Nazneen (1988. 1991, 1992a, I992b, 1992c, 1992d, I992e), Nazneen and Begum (l9X8), Nazneen aspects, molluscan and fish fauna of
et al. (1990, 1993. 1994) on the physico-chemical Layari River. unpublished However, no information
is available on the Malir River except an of this river. Although but no comprehensive
report of Begum (1994) on the macroinvertebrates
Malir River is monitored by concerned authorities sporadically.
study is available on the water quality and effects of pollution on the biota of this river. The prime purpose of the present study was to evaluate (he extent of pollution in Malir River within Karachi region from May 1993 to lune 1996 with the following main basic objectives: 1. Collection of water samples from various spots both from the surface and
bottom (depth).
2.
Parameters of water samples to estimate physico-chemical determine the extent of pollution.
properties of water to
3.
Study
of
relationship
between
length.
weight
and
condition
factor
of
Oreochromis mossambicus in the specimens collected from various spots to

determine the impact of pollution on the growth of this fish.
A. PHYSIOGRAPHY OF MALm VALLEY

The metropolitan Layari and Ma1ir rivers. city of Karachi comprises most part of the drainage areas of It lies in an embayment trough. formed by three uplifts
namely Sunbak (on the north), Thatta-Hyderabad
Highland (on the east), Pab Ranges Its basin is actually of synclinal formation aging from upper
(on the west) and opens to the south by Arabian Sea. type with exposure of upper most rocks of Manchar
Miocene to Pliocene times. They can easily be seen along the coast from Cape Menze to Dhabeji. These rocks are composed of pale brown purplish clay, soft gray or brown sand stones and conglomerates. Layari and Malir rivers, These rocks are interrupted by recent alluvials of rocks are
principally
in the Karachi Basin. The Manchar
underneath the Gaj formation oriented in the Miocene time and cover most part of the basin. The term Gaj series was introduced by Blanford (1879) for the sequence of shale and sand stones with ordinal limestones. limestones The lower portion of these rocks consists of layers of sand stones and clay
while the upper part consists of alternating
with thin strips of lime stones. Underneath these rocks are the rocks of Nari formation of Oligocene age. These are the oldest rocks of this region and form all along the Gaj rocks. The floor of the valley is made up of alternate layers of various thickness of gravel, sandy gravel and sand with many minor symmetrical folds or anticlines. These
folds diminish before entering Karachi giving place to two broad synclines as Layari and Malir rivers. According to Hussain (1987 as referred by Kazmi and Ghouri, 1995). the valley of Malir River is older than Karachi as numerous Neolithic and other stone tools have been discovered in Malir and its adjacent areas.
Malir valley is situated
between 24°45'N
to 25°N latitudes and 6T13'E
10
67°22 E longitude.
1
The total area of Malir valley is approximately part of valley comprising
1415 square
k ilometer
with northern
hillocks and Mole Plateau from
where the Mole River starts. The cultivated land area is estimated to be 4,070 hectares, being only IY.3% of the total land area, while 23,550 considered and Ghouri, as non-agricultural 1995). Sindhi language and means greenery and fertility. Dadu and Karachi but hectares, being 80.7%. are
land including villages, hills, rivers and others (Kazmi
The word "Malir " belongs This term was used traditionally
to
for the regions of Tharparkar,
the pari of [he Mal ir Valley. now lying in Karachi. is not showing near its previous meaning (Nazir, Valley 1987 cited by Kazmi et al.• 1996). Nevertheless. to Layari River. the basin of Malir
is still more fertile in comparison Department.
By a little care from
Agriculture
it eould serve as the chief source of fruits and vegetables for
the local population of Karachi. These products could also be supplied to other cities of Pakistan. accessible These could also be exported to other countries as Malir valley is easily of of
from both National and Super Highways of Pakistan. The establishment for the employment
fish farms in Malir Valley will also provide he Iter opportunities the local population.
Fish farming was also performed on the banks of this river when
Karachi was a small town of fishermen.
B. BASIN OF MALIR RIVER

Malir
neighbourhoods. is among
the two ephemeral
streams
that bisect
Karachi
and its of
Like Layari River, it also serves as a sewer for the discharge
municipal
ami industrial
wastes of Landhi and Korangi areas (Baig, River at Dumlone
(980).
A series of
wells were dug on the banks of Malir Karachi under the first scheme government supplied
((J
about 20 miles away from

10
supply freshwater
to the city ill 1883. An:llruing
Islam (1980). water
developed under the
15 wells and Initially DU!11I11([e water
500,000 gallons per day of scheme for the local water until the time of
III
was beillg
supply
population the partition
of Malir
(Pithawalla,
1946). These wells provided
of India. After
the independence 01 Pakistan. of Karachi.
further plans were made
supply water for the expanded population
The major tributaries Naro and Sukkan which
of Malir
River are Mol. Thaddo, la-c). Among these.
Khadeji,
l.angeji.
Dhor. flow
streams (Figures
Kliadeji
has perennial
gives rise also to well known
Khadeji
Waterfall (Jan.
of [his region.
The catchment River to Ga]
area or tributaries occupies a synclinal
is 400 square kilometers basin eroding
1994). The basin of Malir rocks mostly belonging
the upper tertiary
Nari tormatious, river carrying of [he river disappears Arabian rainfall 1944. sporadic available, providing
It occupies both arid and semiarid regions as it is essentially a raiuled rains. Soon after the rains. most in the channel and finally
flood water in consequence of torrential course suddenly shrinks to narrow
ribbons
until
the next rains.
Most of the flood
water thus goes waste into the The
Sea. The stream bed remains dry during
the long periods of droughts.
in Karachi averages about 14 em annually except heavy rains which occurred ill 1967 and 1992. Most winter. flood of the precipitation As the arrangements occurs ill July and August with
rains during therefore,
to cushion
flood
water are not beds
flows do not last long and seep through water.
the gravelly
huge amount of underground
E x
a..
2·
I
«
.d.
.\
\ I
o
a..
~
LL
)
J
•
::>
C)
a::
1
i,.r
I
u,
. .I
.>'
r·_·...J· i z\
a:
fY"')
-.
't'_'\..
FIGURE-Ib
MAP
OF T;:E
PROVINCE OF SINDH
SI NOH
Km
so
50
100
150
200 Km
8
f'1c.uAE -r-c
COURSE OF LAVARI AND MAUR RIVER 5
,s-: •..------
..
_J,!;,_J'o!-
---_
. .!".,._-_
- .. _ ..-----
..-
---",'.Q
..~~----
- _ _.,,-_._. -- - _----
.......
......
-- _-_._--..
. r.-.----
-;~D·tJ
~M
"
·r
-,I ••
The main course of Khadeji Highway. streams Malir (Figure lc),
Malir
River
is formed in Kohistan
by the confluence Hills
of Mol
and
originating the Mol
near a bridge
at Super and
River joins
River through
a wide gorge near Dumloue
enters in its flood plains. banks.
It has a wide bed with narrow strip of flood plains along irs
which form
The lower pan of Malir River is largely composed of sediments

blown sand over the silt occurring
cover of wind regions. described
under the gravel surface at certain
II receives sand and gravel through surface runoff. Pith ..walla (1l)4() i
the water of Malir River better in quality than that of Haleji
l1S
hnx
Lake. The dry
bed (If the river even today is beneficial

rocks supports good vegetation.
to Karachi
tile soil derived
lrmn the uativr

is highly
The bed of Malir
River.
being gravelly.
permeable
and contains
a rich number of aquifers.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
10
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

The Iucrary following areas: available information on aquatic pollution call be arranged in tile
I. ') 3. 4. 5. 6.
Public awareness for aquatic pollution Standard criteria of potable water. on physico-chemical
in the world.
Effects of pollution
aspects of water bodies and biuta.
Causes and types of pollution. Control Historical and treatment or pollution. review of pollution studies in Pakistan.
1. PUBLIC AWARENESS
WORLD
Public
FOn AQUATIC POLLUTION
IN THE
awareness for the pollution (460-340
in freshwater
resources was initiated
from He
the time of Hippocrates
BC) who is considered as the Father of Medicine.

OUI
was the first scientist who pointed
the role of water for human health. He suggested it would be harmful

IBorchert <Inti
that water should be boiled before its use. otherwise Walton, problem 1971). However, aquatic pollution
was recognized
as an cnvironmcntul the washing
in the 13th century when laws were made to prohibit part of the rivers in Britain (Sweeting,
nr
Charcoul
in the downstream
1994).
Publ ic awareness about deterioration
of water quality
began to be voiced in the
191h
century when many rivers or Europe (Elbe. Rhine, Danube. etc.) and USA (Ohio. Hudson, etc.) experienced marked pollution and full-time river keepers
Connecticut,
II
were employed at the end of the century to remove the remains of dead animals from the river Cambridge (Haslam. 1981).
According to Haslam (1991),
first Royal Commission on sewage disposal was ten reports emphasizing the modern all itude
10
set up in 1898. This commission submitted for river pollution
in Britain. In this regard, a survey of rivers was conducted five categories and the modified
differentiate the rivers into the following
forms ol
these standards were also followed by many other countries.
( i)
Very clean Clean Fairly clean Doubtrul Bad
(i i)
(i i
( IV)
(v)
2. STANDARD CRITERIA OF POTABLE WATER

III 1921, United Stales Public Health (USPH) Department funned the firSI
Standard Criteria of drinking water. In its firs: report. bacrer iological effects. (lead. In 1925. standard concentration
US PH mainly deal: with the

of only three heavy metals
zinc and copper) were described hy t ISPII.
Stalldard
values III some

,IS
IllUll'
chemical constituents (19{)(»). Water quality
were also included In its report in 1946 standards have also been established
reported bv Guauuu
by many other developed
and developing countries Iike Austral ia, Canada, Brazil, Germany. India. Nigeria,
Papua -New Guinea, Thailand, Tanzania. United kingdom and Vietnam etc. The
12
limiting concentrations of various constituents for drinking water were also proposed by World Health Organization (WHO Reports, 1984, 1985 and 1993). Besides WHO. other international organizations as EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), ESCAP (Economics and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific), UNESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization) and UNECE (United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe) have also provided guidelines for the protection of water resources and aquatic ecosystems (Chapman and Kimstach, 1996). At present. Pakistan generally follows the standard criteria of drinking water quality of World Health Organization (WHO). However. NEQS (National Environmental Quality
Standards) have been developed for some parameters under the supervision of EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), Government of Sindh.
3. EFFECTS
OF
POLLUTION
ON'
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ASPECTS OF WATER BODIES AND BIOTA

Since the beginning of 20lh century, a lor of efforts have been made to describe the effects of pollution on physico-chemical aspects of water and biota. However. it is difficult to quote the work of all the scientists. therefore. most significantly relevant
references are being reported here.
Initially,
no significant work was carried out on the analysis of pollutants and
most of the work was concerned with the effects of pollution on aquatic organisms. Marsh (1907), John (1952) and Hughes (1976) observed the effects of pollution population. Greenfield (1925) made a comparative study of
011
tish and
chemicals
bacteriological
aspects of Illinois River. Carpenter (1924, 1925, 1926) investigated
13
toxic effects of lead salts on the water quality and biota of rivers. Alexander et al. (1935 cited by Gautam, 1990) recorded chemical constituents of Tees River. Jones (1940) and Lloyd (1960, 1965) worked on the tolerance of different heavy metals particularly zinc by fishes. Ganapati and Chacko (1951) determined the effect of paper mill effluents on physico-chemical aspects of Godavari River in India. John (1952) observed the effects of water pollution on human beings. In 1963. US Senate
constituted a committee which submitted varvus reports on the effects of pollution. Gorham and Gordon (1963) determined the effect of smelter pollution on aquatic vegetation. Vclz and Gannon (1964) have reported advances in aquatic pollution. EIFAC (European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission) in 1964 gave the water quality criteria for European Freshwater Fisheries (as referred by Muller and Lloyd, 1994). Eisler (1965) studied the effects of synthetic detergents on estuarine fisheries wh He Brown et ai. (1968). Abel (1974) and Abel and Skidmore (1975) worked on the chronic exposure to zinc and other detergents on fishes and aquatic invertebrate fauna. Ball (1967a,b,c) worked on the relative susceptibilities of freshwater fishes to poisons like ammonia. cadmium and zinc. Brown et al. (1967. 1968, (974). Brown (1969) analysed the acute toxic ranges of four different pollutants for rainbow trout.
Irukayama (1967) has observed that arsenic compounds immediately kill the fish and other animals while mercury cause a fatal disease Minimata in fishes. Sprague (1969. 1970. 1971). Alabaster (1972) and Alabaster et al. (1972), Adelman and Smith (1972) found the tox ic effects of hydrogen sulphide to gold fish. Thorp and Lake (1973). Tyler and Buckney (1973), Brown (1977). Armitage (1980), Norris et
at.
(1982). Abel and
Papoutsoglou (1986) recorded the influence of mine effluents and various heavy metals
14
like cadmium, copper. iron. lead and zinc on the water quality and fauna of various freshwater bodies. Scullion and Edwards (1980) observed the effects of coal industry pollutants on macroinvertebrate fauna of a small river in the South Wales Coal Field. Warren (1971). William (1975) and Kosmala et al. (1999) discussed the biological
indicators of pollution. Bryan (1976) and Abo-Rady (1980) observed effects of heavy metal pollution showed that on aquatic inhibitors. Singh (1983 as referred by Nandan. (996)
(J 987)
Microcystis aeruginosa is the best indicator of pollution. Bazzauti

indicators.
used ch ironom id larvae as pollution
Nandan and Patel (1992) have
suggested algae as the reliable indicator of pollution and have recognized rive classes or algae on the basis of tolerance to pollution. Friedrich et al. (1996) have also provided a guideline to the use of biological material in the water quality assessments.
4. CAUSES AND TYPES OF POLLUTION

Besides recognizing the effects of pollution on aquatic environments and human beings, efforts were also made to determine the causes of pollution. Carpenter (1924, 1926) found lead mining as a cause of river pollution. Ellis (1937) listed 1\4 pollutants in his document on detection and measurement of stream pollution. He also noted the lethal I irnits of these substances in the light of previous studies. Klein (1957. 1962) published a lot on the causesof river pollution.
A fter the mid of 20th century, many attempts have been made to find out the causes or pollution in the water resources of the various parts of the world. Different types of pollutants have been discovered which not only differ on account of nature of contents but also differ due to their intensity, quantity (gross or neg)igible) and
IS
persistency.
Several efforts have also been made to classify various types of pollutants
but none of the classification can be thought perfect. Wilber (l969), however, proposed a beuer classification categories: and roughly classified the pollutants in the following three
I.
Organic
pollutants
(carbonaceous
pollutants
containing
carbon as the main
constituent). 2. Inorganic pollutants (pollutants of elements, other than carbon and some may even be insoluble). 3. Miscellaneous substances) . Haslam (1987) and Ali (1992) further distinguished (a) domestic and agricultural all types of pollutants the organic pollutants into pollutants related physical and radioactive
(pollutants
to
run-off and (b) commercial organic wastes which include bakeries, milk dairies. chemical factories,
from beverages,
fertilizer and poultry feed manufacturing
plants. oil refineries,
tanneries, paper, sugar in rivers as
and textile mills etc. Both types of these wastes cause serious pollution observed (1984). by Curtis and Harrington
(1970), Newbold (1975) and Goel and Trivedy
Organic pollution in water bodies occurs either due to the allochthonous or due to the autochthonous decaying of excessive matters. The autochthonous of aquatic
mailers
matters are formed by the TIle
growth
weeds, algae and aquatic animals.
16
allochthonous
matters include decaying of leaves. other parts of terrestrial plants and
animals blown into the water by the wind action.
Thieneman
(1954) and Pinter and Backhaus (1984) have observed
that organic
wastes serve as a fertilizer in small quantity to enhance the producuvuy
of water body.
These. however, become injurious when present in a huge quantity due to the oxidation by bacteria resulting in the depletion of the oxygen level of the water. The high BOD level, therefore. causes anoxic condition which in turn produces toxic gases like
hydrogen
sulphide and methane. These toxic substances destroy most of the aquatic
organisms as reported by Klein (1962).
Similar
to organic pollutants,
inorganic pollutants are also differentiated
into
two major categories:
(a) toxic materials and (b) suspended materials.
Toxic materials
include agrochemicals
(like fertilizers.
biocides),
detergents,
heavy metals and wastes from oil refineries (Singh and Sinha, 1996). These materials either get into the inflowing water through their use in agriculture wastes of different industries such as petrochemicals, oil refineries, or through the textile, paper and
sugar mills. tanneries etc. These industries use synthetic chemicals in the manufacture of their products like fiber. plastic, rubber but release their effluents in natural waters. These wastes cause serious pollution due to the presence of the heavy metal salts of copper. cadmium, lead, nickel, mercury and chromium. These chemicals are highly
1981).
injurious to aquatic animals (Bryan, 1976: Abo-Rady.
1980: Abel and Green.
17
It has been observed that the wastes of oil refineries remain water body after discharging
011
the surface or a
into it and prevent the dissolution of oxygen. It creates, in
turn, obnoxius odors in water and makes it unhygienic for drinking and other purposes (Ali et al., 1993). Pollution occurs also due to the discharge of mine wastes in water because these wastes contain acids. The acidic effluents suddenly change the pH of rhe receiving water hody and affect the whole ecosystem causing serious pollution (Carpenter. 1926: Newton. 1944; Patterson and Whitton, 1981: Chandra and Krishna. 19X3). 1924.
111 addition to toxic substances.
suspended solids like soil and sand also cause
water pollution (Cairns et al., 1972) on emering the natural water sources due to the erosion or floods.
Like previous two types, miscellaneous
pollution is also distinguished
into two
types i.e, physical pollution and radioactive pollution. Physical pollution is also known as thermal pollution. Sometimes, inclusion of hot waters from the thermal power plants changes in rivers and lakes and biota
and hot effluents of industries causes sudden environmental (Kamath,
1983; Trivedi and Raj, 1992) and affects the natural ecosystems
adversely as reported by Brock and Yoder (1970).
Radioactive radioisotope
pollution
occurs mainly in the oceans by dumping
rhe drums of
wastes in the deeper part of the oceans or by discharging
the wastes from
atomic reactors and fuel processing Sr'",

CSl17, PO~I", CO'~I and
C'4.
units. These wastes include variety of isotopes as
They are highly injurious to the aquatic life (Ali eJ al ..
18
1993; Singh and Sinha, 1996). They enter into the rivers from the seas during floods and cause pollution.
s. CONTROL
AND TREATMENT OF POLLUTION
Due to the great expansion in the urbanization and industrialization, most of the rivers and steams especially of the developed countries are polluted (Haslam, 1991). On account of this, most of the studies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century were performed on the improvement of rivers by recycling and utilization of different wastes. However. Wilber (1969) and Florezyk and Gokowin (1979) have described that a natural control of pollution or mechanism of self purification exists in the aquatic environments but this mechanism C<l.111l0t control the pollut ion ill the presence of large quantities of pollutants. In such condition, some artificial procedures are applied to control it. According to Shenvi (1996), two types of measures are used to control the aquatic pollution. One is concerned with the preventive methods while the other is related with the cure or treatment of pollutants. Preventive methods depend on the step to reduce the volume or strength of waste water (Chaturedi. 1985) while the curat ive procedures involve the actual treatment of liquid effluents hy physical, chemical or biological methods or their combination depending upon the nature and strength of pollutants (Will iam, 1998).
Many scientists as Oswald and Gotaas (1957), Neel (1961), Muthuswamy et al. (1974), Chaudhuri and Basu (1976), long and Kok (1978). Sundarsan ('I al. (1977), Sarkar and Krishnamoorthy
(1977),
Wilson and
McGill (1977),
Rao and Datta
(1978),
Will iam (1998), and Glass and Silverstein (999)
have described the methods for
19
utilization
and treatment
of waste products.
Jong (1976) and Jong and Kok (1978), tlte role of plants in monitoring
Whitton et al. (1981), Kelly (1989) have reponed pollution.
Alexander (1981), Hawkes (1983). Reincke and Knacknmuss (1988). Evans
and Fuchs (1988), Dobbins et al. (1992), Tursman and Cork (1992), Dobbins (1995) and Abel (1996) have described bioremediation of pollutants the processes which deal with biodegradation and
considering
these to be the most modern
methods to
control the pollution at present. Barber and Stuckey (1999) have reviewed the use of anaerobic baffled reactor for waste water treatments. Bartone (1985. 1991). Bartone
and Arlosoroff
(1987), Cobham and Jonson (1988) and Bartone et al. (1990) have
worked on the reuse of waste water.
6. HISTORICAL REVIEW OF POLLUTION IN PAKISTAt"l

Scientific literature on river pollution is scanty in Pakistan whereas most of the ephemeral agricultural determine streams in the country wastes. are polluted due to the inclusion of municipal, Uptill now. studies have been done only to Ali et al. (1976,
and industrial physico-chemical
and biological aspects of a few rivers.
1977) have observed the effects of pollution on the water quality and aquatic organisms of Soan River (within Rawalpindi City and Kabul River). Ali et ai. (1980) have
analysed water quality of Indus River and its tributaries.
Arian and Khuhawar (1982)
have analysed the Indus water (at Kotri Barrage) to investigate the effect of pollution and agricultural macronutrient wastes on the river. Tariq et al. (1996) studied heavy metal and contents of fish of Indus River. Ahmed and Khan (1983) reported low Butt and Shafiq (1987)
contents of dissolved oxygen in Kabul River due to pollution.
20
have estimated some physico-chemical
aspects of Sardaryab River, a tributary of Kabul
River and have reported that the water of this river is suitable for warm water fishing. The remaining studies on Indus, Kabul, Haro, Jhellum, Kurram, Soan and Sutlej rivers are related with the systematic accounts of algal. insect and fish fauna as discussed by
Nazneen (1995) in the review of the state of limnology
in Pakistan. This review has
included all the work carried on various aspects of limnology including hydrography, flora. fauna. physico-chemical
resources of Pakistan.
parameters of water and conservation
of aquatic water
Besides the studies on big rivers. some studies have been done on Layari River in Karachi by Nazneen and Begum (1988) and Nazneen et at. (1990, 1993). All these studies indicate that this river is also highly polluted.
CHAPTER III
STUDY OF CLIMATIC AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL

PARAMETERS OF WATER
21
INTRODUCTION
The availability the world. Tremendous of pure and clean water is now a glaring topic everywhere increase in human population due to urbanization in and
industrialization
has resulted in the increased demand of potable water along with the of the water resources.
high rates of contamination
Rivers constitute a very important pan of our environment.
Over the centuries.
they have been widely used for various purposes by human beings, but only a small number of them are now in natural condition. developed discharge countries. In underdeveloped
as well as in the
most of the small rivers have been changed into sewers for the agricultural and industrial wastes. In this way. these small
of municipal,
rivers or streams act as vehicles for the transport of pollutants into the seas (Choudry,
1983).
Determination
of water quality is important not only because of its link
LO
the
availabil ity of water for various uses. but also due to its impacts on the human health both directly and indirectly. The standard of human life. thus, in any pari of the world is now judged on the availability preserve the aquatic environments of pristine water. Moreover. there is also a need
(0
for the safety of aquatic organisms.
According
to Lloyd (1992), if population of the world keeps on increasing at its
present level then our surface water will not return to its primeval state.
22
In Pakistan,
there is also a rapid increase in the human population due
(0
which
most of the small rivers and streams are now polluted, although their water was utilized originally for drinking purposes. Malir River is one of such rivers. At present. both of all sorts of wastes of Karachi hut become and industrial
Layari and Malir rivers are used for the discharge region perennial
effluents
into the Arabian within Karachi
Sea. Although,
both the rivers arc seasonal flow of municipal
due to the continuous
into them.
The misuse of any river bed ultimately hurts the economy of a country and the recycling of such water courses is the only way to improve their water quality. Prior to recycl ing of the polluted water bodies. it is necessary to measure the level of various physico-chemical parameters of water because aquatic ecosystem is an integrated
system as the level of one factor naturally affects the levels of the other factors.
23
MATERIAL AND METHODS

The course of Malir River within Karachi (Figure 2) was selected for the present study after a preliminary survey of Malir Valley. The following five spots (1-5) were selected for taking samples. The spots 2-5 were chosen for the regular water sampling, while the sporadic water sampling was performed at spot 1.
SPOT 1 (Dumlottee, Figure 3)

An upstream region, located outside the limits of Karachi. This part of Malir Valley has a network of tube wells around the river bed which remains dry except during rainy season.
SPOT 2 (Murad Memon Goth, Figure 4)

This region comprises of vegetable farms, orchards of papaya, banana, guava and mango fruits. It is 3.5 km from Malir city and is well known as poultry estate having large number of poultry farms.
SPOT 3 (Malir City, Figure 5)

The residential colonies of Malir City, Khokrapar, Jaffer-e-Tayyer etc. are
located on the right side of this part of the river course. The agricultural lands, Malir City Railway Station, Quaidabad Cattle Colony and the Landhi Railway Station are located on the left side of the river bed ill this region.
24
.---~.
1----- -- .... --I----4?

I
---... ----. ----
---
:r:l
~'I
(II
('-
0 :0
l>
-~----- .... - ..-.
Z
G')
l>
~~--~----~----~----..
....
--.-_.. --J..----.I-c
-1--._--1- ... _.---- " ... .. ,,_. _
I~l>
--i
",
;0
",
,.: l> l> 0

:0
()
s:
r
:0 ;0
l>
"
::u m
<
...
..
,.~-----~-------4--4---------.----~------~-------[i
,..·I---a--+----=---I-~l;, .-.~-.. ... - sr:.. ---"'-. -
.1--,.--
2S
Figure 3. A View of the Spot 1 (Dumlotte).
26
Figure 4. A View of the Spot 2 (Murad Memon Goth).
27
Figure 5. A View of the Spot 3 (Malir City).
28
SPOT 4 (Shah Faisal Colony, Figures 6a&b)

The left side of the river bed in this region is occupied by Korangi Industrial Area containing leather industrial units, oil refineries, soft drinks manufacturing
factories and flour mills, etc. The right side of the river bed is occupied by Cottage Industrial Area with several soap factories. light engineering and hosiery
manufacturing of embankments
units. There are also many unauthorized
cattle farms under the shadow
of Malir River. Many vegetable farms are also present on both sides
of the river bed. It is the most thickly populated area of the Malir Valley.
SPOT 5 (Qayumabad, Figures 7a&b)

It is the most low lying area of Karachi. This region possesses both residential areas like Qayumabad as a part or Korangi Colony, Manzoor Colony and Defence Housing Sudety as well Industrial Area containing oil refineries. drug manufacturing
factories, etc. After receiving all the sewage and industrial effluents of the valley at this point, the river finally falls into the Arabian Sea.
SAMPLING METHODS
The surface and depth water samples were collected by Runner Water Sampler in the morning hours between 9-12 A.M. each month during the whole period of study. The samples parameters were transferred in a liter polythene bottles for physico-chemical
of water. The depth samples were obtained from the deepest pan of each
collection spot (ranged 1-3 meters).
29
Figure 6a. A View of the Spot 4 (Drigh Road).
Figure 6b. A View of the Spot 4 (Drigh Road).
30
Figure 7a. A View of the Spot 5 (Qayumabad).
Figure 7b. A View of the Spot 5 (Qayumabad).
31
ANALYTICAL METHODS
Analytical corresponding
[0
work
for the present
study
is categorized
into two sections
the two different types of parameters.
SECTION "A" (PHYSICAL PARAMETERS) It deals with the parameters of physical parameters which were measured at
various locations in the field. Temperature help of mercury mercury difference. light thermometer (range
of the water was recorded hoth with the
fitted in the water sampler and also by a separate 0-50°C), but the two methods did not show any Scale method. The coefficient
by
thermometer
The colour of water was recorded by Forel-Ule-Colour level, Sechi euphotic limit and vertical attenuation
penetration
by
were the were
determined procedures
method.
All these physical et al. (1989).
factors Total
were measured dissolved solids
described
by Chhatwal
determined by dissolved solid tester no. 173987 of Hanna Instrument Company.
SECTION
"W' (CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS) in the laboratory except pH of the Filter Paper No. 44. Samples were
(pl+)
All the chemical
factors were determined
samples. Samples were first filtered on Whatman's
kept frozen until the time of chemical analyses. The hydrogen-ion concentration
of the water samples was observed in the field by Merck's pH paper No. 9526 D6100Darmes,
Salinity, dissolved oxygen, free carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate were measured by volumetric analytical methods. The dissolved oxygen contems were
32
estimated by Winkler method (Welch, 1952). Free carbon dioxide was determined the procedure Mohr's
by
described by Golterman et al. (1978). Salinity of the water was taken by (1963). The quantities of chloride. carbonate, by Vogel
method as given by Mackereth lead and chromium
bicarbonate,
( 1978).
were estimated by the methods prescribed
The values of sodium and potassium following contents the procedures were calculated recommended
were measured
el
by a flame-photometer The magnesium
by Chhatwal
al. (1989).
from total hardness and calcium hardness by the formula
proposed by Chhatwal et aI. (1989).
Magnesium (mg/l) = (X - C) 0.244
Where. X - total hardness (rng/l): and C
calcium hardness (rng/l, as CaCO\).
The calcium hardness, sulphate, LOtaliron. ammonia, nitrite. nitrate. silica, total alkal inity, total hardness and manganese were determined of Orbeco-Hellige Analytical system (APR-I6-91 by the colorimetric method 53,
TUE 11:06, 10-13,43-46,51.
TUE 12: 53-55-56 & TUE 13:00) kits for testing water and waste waters.
STATISTICAL
COMPUTATION:
were determined by the given formulae according to
The following parameters Fowler et al. (1998).
33
.. LX Standard d evianon (S) = -n -1
= mean
n = total number of observations. Annual average values
X±S Stan dard deviation x 100 Mean
Coefficient
or variation
(CY) =
3.
Stan da rd error (8 ii ) =
Standard
In
deviation
4.
95 % confidence limit =
~.()5 X
standard error.
DRAWING OF FIGURES:
The monthly mean values were used in drawing the figures 8 to 77 to show the seasonal variations in the distribution of various parameters.
34
RESULTS
A. CLIMATIC FACTORS
1. ATMOSPHERIC
TEMPERATURE
Minimum and maximum air temperatures were recorded from the newspaper (Daily Dawn, Karachi) on the dates of field study. This data was provided by the Meteorological Department, Karachi (Airport Station). The minimum air temperature ranged between 7.80-29.00 (Celsius) while the maximum air temperature varied
between 24.50-40.00 (Celsius). Comparatively lowest ranges of both maximum and minimum air temperatures were found during May, 1994 to April, 1995 (Tables 1-2).
Generally, lowest minimum air temperature was recorded in January, except in 1994 when it was found in December while the highest minimum air temperature occurred ill July except in 1994 when it was estimated in June. A sudden decrease in minimum air temperature was noticed after October throughout this study. Range of maximum air temperature was almost the same each year. Comparatively lowest values were 1(IUnd in January except in 1994 when lowest maximum air temperature was recorded in February. Two peaks or maximum air temperature were observed each year. nile in June and the other in October except in 1994 when the second peak of maximum temperature was found in November.
Coefficient of variation also indicates much more variation in minimum air temperature compared to the maximum air temperature (Table 2),
35
::I
~ ~
M M
.,0
M
-- -o
0 0
0\
M M M M
M M
M 0 ~ v :8 M -o v ..0 "
" r; I-o M r-~ r-oJ)
r.: N
..0
I,/')
("l
I,/')
N N
O'!
- -o '" -6 ----o -o
'0
r"l
N
r"l r ....
\[)
.,0
-I,/')
("'I
-o
00
u
~ ,S ~ ~
I100
-=
~ ...
C":: I::I 0'\ 0'\
\0 0'\
If.
0
I,/')
oJ)
r--
r"l
~ ~
I,/')
8
ci
r"l
M
'''l
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2. HUMIDITY Like rainfall, percentage of humidity was also found comparatively high from
May 1994 to April 1995 (Table 3). A sudden decrease in the humidity was always recorded November. in October except in 1993 when a sudden fall in humidity was recorded in During this study, lowest percentage of humidity always occurred in April
but in 1996 reduced trend of humidity started from March.
The data of monthly average humidity occurred noticed in October
values also indicate that high percentages
of
upto the month of September and a much decreased humidity was and was reduced upto 50% in November. However, lowest
percentage of humidity occurred in April (Table 3).
3. RAINFALL (mm) Rainfall was generally scarce in the area of study as no rainfall was ever
recorded in May. October and December (except in 1994). The maximum rainfall was always reported in the month of July. TIle lowest quantity of rainfall was measured
during 1993 while high average of rainfall was recorded in 1994 (Table 3).
B. PHYSICAL FACTORS
4. ~ATER Water temperature TEMPERATURE temperature (CELSIUS) between 16 to 34 (Celsius). Surface water
ranged
was mostly found 1-4 (Celsius) higher than the depth water as indicated by values (Tables 6, 8, 10 and 12). The surface water temperature
annual average
fluctuated between
19-34 (Celsius), The highest value i.e. 34 (Celsius) was recorded
38
only once in July, 1995 at spots 2 and 4. and in June. 1994 at spot 3 while it was recorded twice at spot 5 (May. 1993 and July. 1995). The lowest surface water 1995 at spot 5. In the 16 (Celsius) at
temperature
i.e, 19 (Celsius) was observed once in December, the minimum water temperature and December,
depth water samples,
was measured
spots 3 and 5 in January temperature
1995 respectively
while the max imum
32 (Celsius) was observed once in July. 1995 at all the spots except spot 5
where the same range was found in May, 1993. This study reveals an irregular pattern of fluctuations in the water temperature of Malir River specially at spot 2 (Table 5) 10-13 (Celsius) higher than [he depth
where surface water temperature
was recorded
water in May. August and September. February.
1994 and the reversed condition occurred in
1994. 1995, April, 1994 and March. 1995 where depth water temperature
was found I to 6 (Celsius) greater than surface. Seasonal changes did not show any inlluence on water temperature except thai the minimum temperature values were
always found in the winter months (January to February) both at the surface and at the depth (Tables 4-12) while the maximum values were generally recorded in the summer months (Figures 8-9), In comparison to the surface water. depth water temperatures at all the spots show much variations as indicates by the measures of variation (Tables 6, 8. 10 and 12).
5. COLOUR OF WATER Due

10
some practical difficulties,
quantitative measurement
t
of turbidity could to use the
not be carried out in the present study. However colour of water as an ino:iirMnr ('If'turbidity.
it seemed reasonable
The colour of water from surface to depth
39
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40
Table - 4 Th e V a Iues
0
rv'arrous
spo P arame t en a t S t 1
PRrAmeter.
Month Water Temperature (Celsius) Colour of Water Light Penetration Level (em) Euphotic Limit (cm} Vertical Attenuation Coefficient (cm) Total Dissolved Solid (rng/l) IpH Dissolved Oxygen (rng/l Free Carbon Dioxide (rng/l) Total Alkalinity (rng/l) Salinity (0/00) Ammonia (mg/I) Silica (mg/I) Nitrate (mg/l) Total Phosphate (mg/l) Nitrite (mg/l) Total Iron (mg/I) Chloride
Surr"ce SImple June

31.00
Depth Sllnple
June
29.00
July
32.00
July
30.00
Green
16.50 41.20 0.12 650.00 7.60 14.60 2.00 270.00 2.80 0.52 33.00 0.24 3.36 0.13 2.50 0.09 45.00 0.15 0.03 0.09 88.80 0.001 0.01 21.66 6.65 0.30 0.07
Green
18.00 45.00 0.11 750.00 7.50 10.10 2.00 172.00 2.60 0.96 56.00 0.57 2.35 0.18 3.20 0.10 155.00 0.28 0.02 0.08 100.80 0.002 0.03 24.59 9.30 0.38 0.10
Green
16.50 41,20 0.12 580.00 7.50 14.00 4.00 360.00 3.00 0.70 56.00 0.34 3.t5 0.04 2.45 0.08 88.00 0.10 0.06 0.05 68.00 0.003 0.02 16.59 5.50 0.30 0.06
Green
18.00 45.00 0.11 650.00 7.40 9.60 4.00 270.00 . 2.90 0.58 34.50 0.60 2.00 0.07 3.10 0.07 82.00 0.20 0.04 0.06 64.00 0.004 O.O[ 15.61 6.50 0.34 0.07
(Meq/l)
Sulphate (rng/l) Sodium (rng/l) Bicarbonate (M~/I) Carbonate (Meq/l) Total Hardness (rng/l) Calcium Hardness (mg/l)
Potassium (mg/I)
Magnesium (mg/l)
Manganese (mg/l) Lead (mg/I) Chromium (mg/I)
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Figure - 8 Monthly Average Values of Water Temperature (Celsius) In Surface . Water Samples at Spot 2 to 6#
35.00 3000 25.00 20.00 15.00 1000 500 000 --.--.--.--.-.~Water Tempera1ure Spot 2 _Water ---tr-Water ~ ~ Temperature Spot 3 Temperature Spot 4
Water Temp~ture
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Figure - 9 Monthly Average Values of Water Temperature (Celsius) In Depth Water Samples at Spot 2 to 5 #
2500
2000
Water Temperature Spot 1500 __ 1000
-- -.----
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21
Water Temperature Spot 3 Water Temperature Spot 4 yva~~ Temper~~~e Spot~_
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appeared, almost same. The colour of water irregularly fluctuated between bluish-green to green at all the spots (Tables blackish throughout 13-(6). However, by the naked eye it appeared greenish at spot 4.
the study at spot 5 and comparatively
6. TRANSPARENCY (LIGHT PENETRATION LEVEL, em) Light penetration level fluctuated between 9 to 22 cm throughout the study. the
lowest value (9 cm) was observed freouently during 1993 to 1995 at spots 2. 4 and 5 (Tables 17-20). However, (April, the maximum amount (22 cm) was recorded only at spot 3 1995. Always same light penetration level
1994) and at spot 4 in December.
(i.e. 13 cm) was recorded at spot 2 in the months of January and November (except in 1995). Generally, seasonal changes no pattern of variation could be assumed at any spot on the basis of (Figures 10-13). However. monthly averages and measures of
variation indicate better light penetration variabil ity. 7. EUPHOTIC LIMITS (em)
levels at spot 4 but with different degrees of
Euphotic limit varied between 22.5 to 55.00 ern during the course of this study. Like transparency. no definite seasonal impact was found on euphotic limits at any spot
but it was noticed that mostly maximum euphotic limit were observed in the summer months at all the spots. comparatively Data of monthly annual values (Tables 21-24) show that
high values of euphotic limits occurred at spot 4 while low values were
[0
recorded at spot 5. Similar
the light transparency
this parameter also shows different
pattern of variations (Tables 22 and 24).
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A STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MAJOR

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF MALIR RIVER (WITmN KA.RACm)

THE EXTENT OF POLLUTION

the Department .1f Zoology

in conformity with the requirements

for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY University of Karachi -

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI , KARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN

FAR IDA BANO

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI I(ARACHI-75270 PAKISTAN

Saiyida Nazneen Rizvi at the Department of

Zoology. University of Karachi, Karach i.

PROF. DR. (MRS.) SAIYIDA NAZNEEN

I am also thankful for allowing

me to work and for providing

facilities for this

guide has been a source of inspiration to me.

are also due

Prof. Or. Syccl Abdul Malik of Karachi, for their

help in the contents of

for the analysis of sodium and potassium

for their valuable suggestions

Department of Inland Fishery

computation of the data.

JF ~r v.. u'j [J.; J~r i.:J1f'",.I} VI,; 1.5"';J 1.5.7. ~ cz:

J.lJJ 'Jr.". J~r i.:J1f'; L liJ

if- c.... j;~ ~ JI) LJly

f '(- y._f1.)",.If ~.IJ,f

-~ ~.I~ r../.. /f. Ir. C r. c.... vlh L ~.IJvI ~ 451.lJ)

J}i r../..1.IJ) r../..JJ.J#L

LJ.! e:.. 2... tf cz: (l (~)

(~)J- .)(r (~)

...£ flQq't ~{I

J~ v! eJ~;cz: JJ.J#i.:J1.:A.J.o J pH.IJ' (- J-:'~ v J

(~JF u1; c....~r../..j~f

-jJ~r../..U;.J z:.VIv{ L.:..~~ JV-.IJ1 tI

1.:..1/1 L I:J' u[J.;

2.... L ~ VI -,=- J'! JI~~ J~

l.f.. ~));. J( ~-'f~

..§ 0 &;;... r ~UP ~I)J)L

) f 'f-'J1(tv C-'-1~JjjLf'I7.1 ~IJ.; ~ <,;/y. c- ~ L J'! -= u.t!" c: 0 (~L) ;J: c- ~

(~r (e;.; '!..

~;Iif-", VJP J vI L Jx;1 J ~)J

!/t.i-' jl;;I;' f .:Jf.. J'I J (ji ~)J)..J/L

-u.! City ~ L A.~ Ju~}j

c: C} U",./ f'l,.!1U cJl)J' .~ _ .11; ~ 'Z

J.. ~/f L h)JvI ~,=JL L ~./I t. ?"-;."i l) OJ (~}i V /1' .. .,

o: ujh)) f uiJJ V'} J (1/2....

tf 2.... L u':! L ~if J}i J.. UJ0J

,?f J(' vI -~f jf

,yf ,J;/.' 2.... L iC.)) f J,;;

-1...J1 ~/_".::,.I;l i!IL 1/

25°N Lat. and 67° 13'E

1520 sq. km. Its upstream pan remains dry

Cr) and manganese

at Malir City and Qayumabad

spots. due to the inclusion of sewage and

industrial wastes. Data of physico-chemical

grossly polluted at spot 5 and comparatively

fish found in Ma1ir River. For this purpose,

length, weight and condition spot 2 to 5 throughout

factors were measured in the specimens

the study period. The comparative

study of the above mentioned

Present data show that pollution has not only deteriorated