COMPUTER NETWORKING

Computer networking is the engineering discipline concerned with communication between computer systems or devices. Networking, routers, routing protocols, and networking over the public Internet have their specifications defined in documents called RFCs. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, computer science, information technology and/or computer engineering. Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines.
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TYPES OF NETWORKS

local area network (LAN), which is usually a

small network constrained to a small geographic area.

wide area network (WAN) that is usually a

larger network that covers a large geographic area.

wireless LANs and WANs (WLAN & WWAN) is

the wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN

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CABLES
All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media, including twisted-pair copper wire cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber, and various wireless technologies. The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Bluetooth) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the Internet).
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TYPES OF CABLES
Straight Through Cables.

Toslink and Optical Cables.

These are normally used for a serial to serial connection. Before the days of networking this was one of the best ways to connect computers together and is still used on unix machines as a primary method of connecting to the console.

USB Cables

These are a new standard of transmitting audio down a fibre optic cable. Mainly used by dolby surround sound systems and new laptops.
Primarily used for the new standard of printing. Now used in many different applications such as Cameras, phones and even playstations. One can even do USB to USB LAN Connections. There are currently two versions, USB1 and USB2. USB1 being 12MBps transfer speed whereas USB2 runs at 480MBps (MBps is the Mega Bits per second transfer speed).

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Internal PC Cables
Internal PC cables connect devices within the actual computer to the main board (motherboard). The slowest connection speed being used by the floppy cable then the IDE cable which connects the hard drive. SATA (Serial ATA) cables have now overtaken the IDE cable as the primary method of connecting a hard drive to a motherboard. SCSI cables generally are only used in servers for connecting the SCSI hard drives.

Network Cables
There are two standards of Network cables, Cat5e and Cat6e. Within these two standards there are two formats, straight through (standard) and crossed. The difference being that straight through s used in general networks throughout companies and is used for connecting computers to network wall sockets and from network patch panels to network switches (hubs). For smaller networks, i.e. two computers, a cross over cable is used between two computers which have network cards to allow them to talk to each other. Difference of speed between Cat5e and Cat6e is generally thought to be 100MBps for Cat5e and 1000MBps for Cat6e network cables. Although in reality Cat5e can run at 1000MBps but is not correctly shielded to do so.
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ADSL and Modem Cables

The modem cable connects the telephone socket to a router or modem. The socket for connection to the modem or router is known as an RJ11 cable, which is the American telephone standard. There are two types of modem cable, one being the standard telephone wire being used by BT and other telephone suppliers. The other type being a Cat5e cable shielded to allow faster connection for fast broadband lines.

Null Modem Cables

These allow two computers to talk to each other directly through their serial (RS232) ports. The null modem cables are useful for allowing portable computers to connect to larger systems.

Firewire Cables
Firewire is the next step on from USB cables commonly used in digital cameras, phones, laptops etc. The latest firewire cables now reach speeds of 800MBps. They also give serial ATA a run for its money as a lot of hard drive caddies are now firewire compliant.

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SWITCHES
A network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. In the past, it was faster to use Layer 2 techniques to switch, when only MAC addresses could be looked up in content addressable memory (CAM). With the advent of ternary CAM (TCAM), it was equally fast to look up an IP address or a MAC address. TCAM is expensive, but very appropriate for enterprise switches that use default routes plus a moderate number of other routes. For routers that need a full Internet routing table, TCAM may not be cost-effective.
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FUNCTIONS OF SWITCHES
The network switch, packet switch (or just switch) plays an integral part in most Ethernet local area networks or LANs. Mid-to-large sized LANs contain a number of linked managed switches. Small office, home office (SOHO) applications typically use a single switch, or an all-purpose converged device such as gateway access to small office/home office broadband services such as DSL router or cable, WiFi router. In most of these cases, the end user device contains a router and components that interface to the particular physical broadband technology, as in the Linksys 8-port and 48-port devices. User devices may also include a telephone interface to VoIP.

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TYPES OF SWITCHES

Rack mounted Non-rack mounted, typically intended to be used in a

home or office environment outside of the wiring closet

Chassis with swappable "switch module" cards. e.g.

Alcatel's OmniSwitch 7000 and some of Cisco's Catalyst switches, including the 4500 and 6500 series.
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Traffic monitoring on a switched network

Unless port mirroring or other methods such as RMON[10] or SMON are implemented in a switch, it is difficult to monitor traffic that is bridged using a switch because all ports are isolated until one transmits data, and even then only the sending and receiving ports can see the traffic. These monitoring features rarely are present on consumer-grade switches.
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Two popular methods that are specifically designed to allow a network analyst to monitor traffic are:
Port mirroring the switch sends a copy of

network packets to a monitoring network connection.

SMON "Switch Monitoring" is described by

RFC 2613 and is a protocol for controlling facilities such as port mirroring.

Another method to monitor may be to connect

a Layer-1 hub between the monitored device and its switch port. This will induce minor delay, but will provide multiple interfaces that can be used to monitor the individual switch port.

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THANK YOU EVERYONE .

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