GII TCH (C BN)

Ti liu n thi cao hc nm 2005

Phin bn chnh sa
PGS TS. L Hon Ha
Ngy 10 thng 11 nm 2004
L THUYT CHUI
1 Chui s
1.1 nh ngha
nh ngha 1. Cho (a
n
)
n
l dy s (c th thc hay phc), chui tng ng k hiu l

1
a
n
.
Vi mi k N, t s
k
=
k

1
a
n
l tng ring phn th k. Khi k thay i trn N, c dy
tng ring phn (s
k
)
k
.
Nu lim
k
s
k
tn ti hu hn, ta ni chui

1
a
n
hi t v t S = lim
k
s
k
l tng ca chui,
S =

1
a
n
.
Nu lim
k
s
k
khng tn ti hoc lim
k
s
k
= + hay lim
k
s
k
= , ta ni chui

1
a
n
phn
k.
Tnh cht
1. Tnh hi t v tng ca chui khng thay i nu thay i th t ca mt s hu hn
s hng.
2. Chui

1
a
n
v

nn
0
a
n
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
3. iu kin cn: nu chui

1
a
n
hi t th lim
k
a
n
= 0.
1
1.2 Chui khng m
L chui c dng

1
a
n
, a
n
0.
Tnh cht
Cho

1
a
n
, a
n
0. Khi dy tng ring phn (s
k
)
k
l dy tng v nu (s
k
)
k
b chn th
chui

1
a
n
hi t.
Du hiu so snh
1. Gi s 0 a
n
b
n
, n n
0
. Khi , nu

1
b
n
hi t th

1
a
n
hi t, nu

1
a
n
phn
k th

1
b
n
phn k.
2. Gi s lim
n
a
n
b
n
= k. Khi :
(a) Nu 0 < k < th

1
a
n
,

1
b
n
cng hi t hoc cng phn k.
(b) Nu k = 0 v

1
b
n
hi t th

1
a
n
hi t, nu

1
a
n
phn k th

1
b
n
phn k.
(c) Nu k = v

1
a
n
hi t th

1
b
n
hi t, nu

1
b
n
phn k th

1
a
n
phn k.
Tiu chun tch phn
Cho f : [1, +) R lin tc, f(x) 0 v f gim. Vi mi n N, t a
n
= f(n). Khi :
Tch phn suy rng

_
1
f(x)dx hi t Chui

1
a
n
hi t.
Chui c bn:

1
1
n
s
hi t khi s > 1, phn k khi s 1.

0
t
n
, |t| < 1, hi t v tng S =

0
t
n
=
1
1 t
Du hiu DAlembert (t s)
Cho chui s dng

1
a
n
, a
n
> 0. Gi s lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
= k. Khi :
1. Nu k < 1 th

1
a
n
hi t.
2
2. Nu k > 1 th

1
a
n
phn k.
3. Nu k = 1, cha kt lun v s hi t.
Ghi ch. Nu c
a
n+1
a
n
1, n n
0
th chui

1
a
n
phn k.
Du hiu Cauchy (cn s)
Cho chui khng m

1
a
n
, a
n
0. Gi s lim
k
n

a
n
= k. Khi :
1. Nu k < 1 th chui hi t.
2. Nu k > 1 th chui phn k.
3. Nu k = 1, cha kt lun v s hi t.
1.3 Chui an du
C dng

1
(1)
n
a
n
hoc

0
(1)
n
a
n
, a
n
0.
Du hiu Leibnitz
Cho chui an du

1
(1)
n
a
n
, a
n
0. Gi s (a
n
)
n
l dy gim v lim
k
a
n
= 0 th chui
hi t. Gi S l tng ca chui. Khi : |S| a
1
.
1.4 Chui bt k
C dng

1
a
n
vi a
n
c th m hay dng.
Xt chui khng m

1
|a
n
|. Nu chui

1
|a
n
| hi t th chui

1
a
n
hi t v ta ni
chui

1
a
n
hi t tuyt i. Nu chui

1
a
n
hi t nhng chui

1
|a
n
| phn k, ta ni chui

1
a
n
l bn hi t.
Tnh cht
Nu chui

1
a
n
hi t tuyt i th chui c c bng cch thay i th t cc s hng
cng hi t v tng ca chui khng thay i.
Ghi ch. Nu bng du hiu DAlembert hoc Cauchy m chui

1
|a
n
| hi t (phn k)
th chui

1
a
n
cng hi t (phn k)
3
nh l 1. Cho (a
n
)
n
l dy gim, a
n
0, lim
n
a
n
= 0. Cho (b
n
)
n
l dy bt k (khng cn
dng). Gi s c hng s C > 0 sao cho vi mi n N,

1
b
k

C.
Khi , chui

1
a
n
b
n
hi t v tng S =

1
a
n
b
n
tha mn |S| Ca
1
.
Th d
Xt s hi t ca chui
1.

2
1
nln

n
t f : [2, ) R, f(x) =
1
x ln

x
th f lin tc, f(x) 0 v f gim. Khi
, f(n) =
1
nln

n
, n 2.
Xt tch phn suy rng

_
2
dx
x ln

x
=

_
ln 2
dt
t

(i bin t = ln x)
Tch phn hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.
Vy chui

2
1
nln

n
hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.
2.

1
(
n

a 1)

vi a > 1
t a
n
= (
n

a 1)

=
_
e
1
n
ln a
1
_

v b
n
=
ln

a
n

th lim
n
a
n
b
n
= 1
Chui

1
ln

a
n

hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.

Vy chui cho hi t khi > 1, phn k khi 1.
3.

1
_
ln
1
n
2
5
ln
_
sin
1
n
2
5
__
t a
n
=
_
ln
1
n
2/5
ln
_
sin
1
n
2/5
__
= ln
_
_
_
sin
1
n
2/5
1
n
2/5
_
_
_
Do sin t = t
t
3
6
+ o(t
3
) nn
sin t
t
= 1
t
2
6
+ o(t
2
)
t b
n
=
1
n
4/5
, dng lim
t0
ln(1 + t)
t
= 1, ta c lim
n
a
n
b
n
=
1
6
Do chui

1
1
n
4/5
phn k nn chui cho phn k.
4.

1
_
sin
1
n
ln
_
1 +
1
n
__
4
t a
n
= sin
1
n
ln
_
1 +
1
n
_
Dng khai trin Taylor:
sin t = t
t
3
6
+ o(t
3
), ln(1 + t) = t
t
2
2
+ o(t
2
)
Suy ra: sin t ln(1 + t) =
t
2
2
+ o(t
2
)
t b
n
=
1
2n
2
, ta c lim
n
a
n
b
n
= 1
Do chui

1
1
2n
2
hi t nn chui cho hi t.
5.

1
_
1
n
ln
n + 1
n
_
t a
n
=
1
n
ln
n + 1
n
Do t ln(1 + t) =
t
2
2
+ o(t
2
), t b
n
=
1
2n
2
, ta c: lim
n
a
n
b
n
= 1
Do chui

1
1
2n
2
hi t nn chui cho hi t.
6. Xt s hi t ca chui dng

1
a
n
tha iu kin:
n n
0
,
n

a
n

_
1
1
n

_
vi (0, 1).
Ta c: 0 < a
n

_
1
1
n

_
n
, n n
0
Xt lim
n
n
2
_
1
1
n

_
n
Ta c ln
_
n
2
_
1
1
n

_
n
_
= 2 ln n nln
_
1
1
n

_
= n
1
_
2 ln n
n
1
n

ln
_
1
1
n

__
Do lim
n
ln n
n
1
= 0, lim
n
n

ln
_
1
1
n

_
= 1 nn
lim
n
n
2
_
1
1
n

_
n
= 0
Dn n lim
n
n
2
.a
n
= 0
Do chui

1
1
n
2
hi t nn

1
a
n
hi t.
7. (a) Xt s hi t ca chui

1
a
n
tha iu kin:
5
a
n
> 0,
a
n+1
a
n

_
n
n + 1
_

vi > 1
(b) Xt s hi t ca chui

1
u
n
vi:
u
n
=
1.3. . . . .(2n 1)
2.4. . . . .2n.(2n + 2)
(a) t b
n
=
1
n

, ta c
a
n+1
a
n

_
n
n + 1
_

=
b
n+1
b
n
=
_
1
1
n + 1
_

, n
Suy ra
a
n+1
b
n+1

a
n
b
n

a
1
b
1
= a
1
, n
Vy a
n
a
1
.b
n
, n. Do > 1, chui

1
1
n

hi t nn chui

1
a
n
hi t.
(b) Ta c
u
n+1
u
n
=
2n + 1
2n + 4
= 1
3
2(n + 2)

_
1
1
n + 2
_3
2
()
Tng t (7a) vi b
n
=
1
(n + 1)
3/2
ta c chui

1
u
n
hi t.
Ta chng minh: vi t [0, 1], > 1, (1 t)

1 t
t (t) = (1 t)

(1 t), ta c:

(t) = (1 t)
1
+ 0
Do (0) = 0 nn (t) 0, t [0, 1] hay (1 t)

1 t
8. Cho (0, 2), s > 0. Xt s hi t ca hai chui

1
cos n
n
s
,

1
sin n
n
s
Trc tin chng minh: c M > 0 sao cho

0
cos k

M,

0
sin k

M, n
Do e
ik
= cos k + i sin k, k N, ta c:
n

0
e
ik
=
1 e
i(n+1)
1 e
i
=
(1 cos(n + 1)) i sin(n + 1)
(1 cos ) i sin
=
[(1 cos(n + 1)) i sin(n + 1)][(1 cos ) + i sin ]
(1 cos )
2
+ sin
2

ng nht phn thc v o

0
cos k

[1 cos(n + 1)](1 cos ) + sin . sin(n + 1)

(1 cos )
2
+ sin
2

5
(1 cos )
2
+ sin
2

0
sin k

[1 cos(n + 1)] sin + (1 cos ). sin(n + 1)

(1 cos )
2
+ sin
2

4
(1 cos )
2
+ sin
2

Vy iu khng nh c chng minh.

Do hai chui cho c dng

1
a
n
b
n
vi ln lt b
n
= cos n, b
n
= sin n v a
n
=
1
n
s
,
(a
n
)
n
l dy gim, lim
n
a
n
= 0 v c hng s C 0 tha mn:

1
cos k

C,

1
sin k

C, n
Vy chui

1
cos n
n
s
,

1
sin n
n
s
hi t.
9. Cho > 0, s > 0. Xt s hi t ca chui an du

2
(1)
n
ln

n
n
s
Xt hm (t) =
ln

t
t
s
Ta c

(t) =
ln
1
t
t
s+1
( s ln t) 0 khi ln t

s
Vy l hm gim khi t e
/s
Vi n
0
N sao cho n
0
e
/s
, chui an du

nn
0
(1)
n
ln

n
n
s
c dy
_
ln

n
n
s
_
l dy gim,
lim
n
ln

n
n
s
= 0
Theo du hiu Leibnitz, chui cho hi t.
2 Bi tp
1. Tnh tng ring v tng (nu c) ca chui sau
(a)

1
1
4n
2
1
HD: a
n
=
1
4n
2
1
=
1
2
_
1
2n 1

1
2n + 1
_
(b)

1
3n
2
+ 3n + 1
n
3
(n + 1)
3
HD: a
n
=
1
n
3

1
(n + 1)
3
(c)

1
arctg
1
n
2
+ n + 1
HD: arctg a arctg b = arctg
a b
1 + ab
2. Xt s hi t ca cc chui sau
7
(a)

1
1
_
n(n + 1)
(b)

n + 1

n 1
n
3/4
(c)

1
(

n
2
+ 1 n)

(d)

1
1
n

_
n + 1
n
_
n
HD: lim
n
_
n + 1
n
_
n
= e
(e)

1
ln
_
1 +
1
n

_
HD: ln(1 + t) t
(f)

1
1

n
ln
_
n + 1
n 1
_
(g)

1
_
1 cos
1
n

_
HD: 1 cos t
t
2
2
(h)

1
n
4/3
arctg
1
n
2
(i)

1
ln n
n
3/2
(j)

1
2
n
+ 3
n
4
n
+ n
2
3. Dng tiu chun t s hoc cn s xt s hi t ca chui
(a)

1
n!
8
n
.n
2
(b)

1
1.3.5. . . . .(2n 1)
2
2n
.(n 1)!
(c)

1
7
n
(n!)
2
n
2n
(d)

1
n
_
2n + 1
3n 1
_
n
(e)

1
1
2
n
_
1 +
1
n
_
n
2
(f)

1
_
n 1
n + 1
_
n(n1)
4. Xt s hi t ca chui an du:
8
(a)

1
(1)
n
.
n + 1
n
2
+ n + 1
(b)

1
(1)
n
. ln
_
1 +
1
n

_
, > 0
(c)

1
(1)
n
tg
1

n
sin
1

n
(d)

1
(1)
n
n + cos
1

n
(e)

1
(

n + 1

n) cos n HD: cos n = (1)

n
(f)

1
(1)
n+1
1.4.7. . . . .(3n 2)
3.5.7. . . . .(2n + 1)
5. Xt s hi t v hi t tuyt i ca chui
(a)

1
(1)
n+1
1
n

ln n
, > 0
(b)

1
(1)
n
1
n

.n
1/n
, > 0
(c)

1
(1)
n
_
n + 1
2n
2
+ 1
_

, > 0
(d)

1
cos na
n

, > 0, a (0, )
HD (5d)

1
cos
2
na
n

, =
1
2

1
cos 2na + 1
n

Vi 1, chui

1
1
n

phn k,

1
cos 2na
n

hi t.
Suy ra chui

1
cos
2
na
n

phn k.
Do | cos na| cos
2
na, n N nn chui

1
| cos na|
n

phn k.
Vy chui

1
cos na
n

, 1, hi t nhng khng hi t tuyt i.

9
3 Chui hm s
3.1 S hi t :
nh ngha 2. Vi mi n N, u
n
: I R R, chui hm tng ng k hiu l
n

1
u
n
. Vi
mi x I, c chui s thc

1
u
n
(x), khi x thay i trn I, c v s chui s, trong s c
nhng chui s hi t v nhng chui phn k.
t D =
_
x I,

1
u
n
(x) hi t
_
v t u(x) =

1
u
n
(x), x D. D c gi l min
hi t ca chui, k hiu : u =

1
u
n
.
Ta ni :

1
u
n
hi t v u trn D x D, > 0, k
0
: k k
0
=

nk
0
u
n
(x)

< .

1
u
n
hi t u v u trn D > 0, k
0
N : k k
0
=

nk
0
u
n
(x)

< , x D.
Du hiu Weierstrass:
Gi s : |u
n
(x)| a
n
, x D, n n
0
v

1
a
n
hi t. Khi chui

1
u
n
hi t u trn
D.
nh l 2 (Weierstrass).
1) Gi s : n N, u
n
lin tc trn D,

1
u
n
hi t u v u trn D. Khi u lin tc trn
D.
2) Gi s : n N, u
n
kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], chui o hm

1
u

n
hi t u v v v c
x
0
[a, b] sao cho chui s

1
u
n
(x
0
) hi t.
Khi c hm u kh vi lin tc trn [a, b] sao cho chui

1
u
n
hi t u v u trn [a, b]
v u

= v =

1
u

n
.
Hn na :
x
_
a
u(t)dt =

1
x
_
a
u(t)dt.
4 Chui ly tha:
nh ngha 3. Chui ly tha l chui c dng

0
a
n
(x x
0
)
n
, x
0
l tm ca chui.
10
nh l 3. Cho chui ly tha

0
a
n
(x x
0
)
n
. Gi s : lim
n

a
n+1
a
n

= hoc lim
n
n

|a
n
|
= .
t R =
1

v gi R l bn knh hi t ca chui. Khi :

i. Chui

0
a
n
(x x
0
)
n
hi t v hm u trn (x
0
R, x
0
+ R).
ii. Chui

0
a
n
(x x
0
)
n
phn k khi |x x
0
| > R.
iii. Hm u kh vi v u

(x) =

1
na
n
(x x
0
)
n1
, x (x
0
R, x
0
+ R)
Hn na :
x
_
x
0
u(t)dt =

0
a
n
n + 1
(xx
0
)
n+1
, x (x
0
R, x
0
+R). Min hi t ca chui

0
a
n
(x x
0
)
n
l (x
0
R, x
0
+R) c th thm vo im u x
0
R v im cui x
0
+R
ty tng trng hp.
Th d :
1) Chui

0
1
1 + x
2n
c min hi t l |x| > 1.
Vi a > 1, ta c :
1
1 + x
2n

1
1 + a
2n
, x, |x| a v

0
1
a
2n
hi t. Vy chui hm hi
t u trn min |x| a.
2) Chui

0
(1)
n
n
ln x
l chui hm an du, c min hi t l x > 1. Vi a > 1, > 0, do tnh
cht ca chui an du, c k
0
N :
1
k
ln a
0
< , vi k k
0
ta c :

nk
(1)
n
n
ln x

1
k
ln a

1
k
ln a
0
< . Vy chui hi t u trn min x a.
3) Chui

0
x
n
1 + x
n
, x = 1.
Vi |x| < 1, c n
0
N sao cho : n n
0
th |x|
n
<
1
2
.
Suy ra :

x
n
1 + x
n

2|x|
n
.
Vy min hi t ca chui l (1, 1). Tuy nhin chui khng hi t u trn (1, 1). Tht
vy, vi = 1, vi mi k N c th chn x (0, 1) sao cho:
x
k
1 x
2
> 1
Khi :
1 <
x
k
1 x
2
=

nk
x
n
1 + x

nk
x
n
1 + x
n
.
11
Vi mi 0 < a < 1, ta c :

x
n
1 + x
n

a
n
1 a
, x, |x| a, n N.
Chui

0
a
n
hi t. Vy chui

0
x
n
1 + x
n
hi t u trn [a, a].
4) Vi s > 0, chui

1
cos nx
n
s
,

1
sin nx
n
s
hi t khi x = k2, k Z. Tht vy, vi mi
k, p N c hng s M sao cho:

k+p

k
cos nx

M
1 cos x
,

k+p

k
sin nx

M
1 cos x
dy
_
1
n
s
_
gim v 0 nn chui

k
cos nx
n
s
,

k
sin nx
x
s
hi t, c tng
S
1
=

k
cos nx
n
s
, S
2
=

k
sin nx
n
s
tha mn: |S
1
|
1
k
s
M
1 cos x
, |S
2
|
1
k
s
M
1 cos x
.
Vi a > 0 v > 0 bt k,
do
M
1 cos x

M
1 cosa
, x [a + 2i, 2(i + 1) a], i Z,
chn k
0
N sao cho:
1
k
s
.
M
1 cos a
< . Khi , vi k k
0
, ta c:

k
cos nx
n
s

< ,

k
sin nx
n
s

, x [a + 2i, 2(i + 1) a].

Suy ra: chui

1
sin nx
x
s
,

1
cos nx
x
s
hi t u trn min [a + 2i, 2(i + 1) a], i Z.
Ghi ch: Chui

1
sin n
2
x
n
2
hi t trn R nhng chui o hm tng s hng

1
cos n
2
x
khng hi t.
Cng thc Maclaurin ca cc hm c bn:
1)
1
1 t
=

0
t
n
, |t| < 1
2)
1
1 + t
=

0
(1)
n
t
n
, |t| < 1
3) e
t
=

0
t
n
n!
, t R
12
4) sin t =

0
(1)
n
t
2n+1
(2n + 1)!
, t R
5) cos t =

0
(1)
n
t
2n
(2n)!
, t R
6) ln(1 + t) =

0
(1)
n
t
n+1
n + 1
, t > 1
7) (1 + t)

= 1 + t +
( 1)
2!
t
2
+ . . . +
( 1) . . . ( n + 1)
n!
t
n
+ . . . , |t| < 1.
Chui Taylor:
Cho hm f kh vi v hn ln trong ln cn ca x
0
. Chui

0
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(x x
0
)
n
l chui
Taylor ca f trong ln cn ca x
0
. Nu chui Taylor ca f c bn knh hi t R > 0 th
f(x) =

0
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(x x
0
)
n
, x (x
0
R, x
0
+ R).
Bi Tp
1. Tm min hi t ca chui hm :
1)

1
1
n
x
2)

1
(1)
n+1
1 + n
x
3)

1
n 1
xn
x
4)

0
_
x
n
+
1
2
n
x
n
_
2. Xt s hi t u ca chui hm:
1)

1
(1)
n
x
2n
+ n
trn R. HD : dng chui an du.
2)

0
x
n
e
nx
trn [0, a] vi a > 0.
3)

0
1

n
(x
2n
x
2n+1
) trn [0, 1].
HD : 0 u
n
(x) =
1

n
(x
2n
x
2n+1
)
1

n(2n + 1)
, x [0, 1].
4)

0
(1)
n
x
2
(1 + x
2
)
n
trn R.
13
3. Tm min hi t ca chui ly tha sau :
1)

1
x
n
n
2)

1
(x 2)
n
n
s
, s > 0.
3)

1
(x + 1)
n
(2n 1)!
4)

1
x
n
3
n
+ 2
n
5)

0
2

n
(x + 1)
n
6)

1
(x 4)
n

n
7)

1
(1)
n1
n2
n
x
n
8)

1
_
n + 1
2n + 1
_
n
(x 2)
2n
, HD : t t = (x 2)
2
9)

1
(x + 5)
2n1
n
2
4
n
, HD : xt (x + 5)

1
(x + 5)
2n2
n
2
4
n
.
10)

2
1
n(ln n)
2
(x 1)
n
11)

1
ln n
n
(x + 2)
n
.
4. Tnh tng ca cc chui sau :
1)

1
(1)
n
2nx
2n1
, x (1, 1).
HD: t f(x) =

1
(1)
n
2nx
2n1
, x (1, 1). Tnh tch phn hai v.
2)

1
x
n
n
, x (1, 1)
HD: f(x) =

1
x
n
n
, f(0) = 0. o hm hai v.
3)

1
nx
n
, x (1, 1)
HD : f(x) = x.

1
nx
n1
= x.S(x) vi S(x) =

1
nx
n1
.
14
4)

0
_
1 +
2
3
n+1
_
x
n
, x (1, 1).
HD: tch thnh tng hai chui.
5)

2
n(n + 1)x
n2
, x (1, 1).
HD : t S(x) =

2
n(n + 1)x
n2
, S(0) = 6, xS(x) =

2
n(n + 1)x
n1
.
5. Khai trin Maclaurin ca cc hm s sau :
1) f(x) = sin
2
x.
HD : sin
2
x =
1
2
(1 cos 2x).
2) f(x) =
x
3
+ x + 1
x
3
4x + 3
.
HD : f(x) = x + 4
3
2(x1)
+
31
2(x3)
.
3) f(x) = xe
x
2
, Tnh f
(19)
(0).
HD : f(x) =

0
x
2n+1
n!
=

0
f
(k)
(0)
k!
x
k
. ng nht h s ca x
19
hai v.
4) f(x) =
x
1 + x
4
, Tnh f
(17)
(0).
5) f(x) =
3

8 + x.
6) f(x) = ln(x +

1 + x
2
).
HD : f(0), f

(x) = (1 + x
2
)

1
2
, f

(x) =

0
x
_
0
( 1) . . . ( n + 1)
n!
t
2n
dt, vi
=
1
2
.
7) f(x) =
x
_
0
sin t
t
dt.
15