MULTICOMPONENT

DISTILLATION
SINGLE STAGE FLASH
USES TWO PHASE EQUILIBRIUM
FLASH
BUBBLE POINT
DEW POINT
CAN BE TWO
LIQUID PHASES
USES RELATIVE VOLATILITY

http://www.hills2.u-net.com/chemical/distil/fig17.gif
j
i
j i i i i
K
K
x K y = =
,
o
METHODS TO OBTAIN K
i

EMPIRICAL DATA
SET UP EXPERIMENTS TO MEASURE
y = y(x,P,T)
FIT TO STANDARD CORRELATIONS
DATA CAN BE BASED ON BINARY SETS -
SEE PERRY'S SECTION 13 FOR BINARY
DATA
GENERAL CORRELATIONS FOR SPECIFIC
TYPES OF MIXTURES - UNIQUAC
http://www.intelligen.com/images/screenshots/BinaryChartDlg_v8.jpg
METHODS TO OBTAIN K
i
DEPRIESTER
CHARTS FOR
HYDROCARBON
SYSTEMS
LOW
TEMPERATURE
DATA
PERRYS FIGURE
13-14, P. 13-17
METHODS TO OBTAIN K
i
DEPRIESTER
CHARTS FOR
HYDROCARBON
SYSTEMS
HIGH
TEMPERATURE
DATA
PERRYS
FIGURE 13-14, P.
13-18

METHODS TO OBTAIN K
i
AIR
SEPARATION
PLANT DATA
http://www.cryogenic-
consulting.com/argon.
pdf#search=%22AIR
%20SEPARATION%2
0EQUILIBRIA%22
http://www.ecs.umass.edu/che/henson_group/research/air/air_separation_plant.png
FLASH CALCULATIONS
BUBBLE POINT PRESSURE (DIRECT)
T AND x
i
ARE GIVEN, FIND y
i
AND P



BUBBLE POINT TEMPERATURE (T & E)
P AND x
i
ARE GIVEN, FIND y
i
AND T
y
P x
P
i
i
sat
i

= = 1

= = =
i
i i
i SYS
i i i
i
x K
P
P x
y ) . (
*
5 7 11 1


= = =
i
i i
i SYS
i i i
i
x K
P
P x
y ) . (
*
5 7 11 1

FLASH CALCULATIONS
DEW POINT PRESSURE (DIRECT)
T AND y
i
ARE GIVEN, FIND P
SYS
AND x
i




DEW POINT TEMPERATURE ( T & E)
P AND y
i
ARE GIVEN, FIND T AND x
i

= = =
i i
i
i i i
SYS i
i
K
y
P
P y
x ) . (
*
7 7 11 1

= = =
i i
i
i i i
SYS i
i
K
y
P
P y
x ) . (
*
7 7 11 1

FLASH CALCULATIONS
PARTIAL FLASH z
i
= 1
P, T AND z
i
ARE GIVEN, FIND x
i
& y
i
FLASH LINES ARE DEVELOPED FOR
EACH COMPONENT WITH A COMMON f


SOLVE BY T&E FOR VALUES OF V IN f =
V/F

=
+

=
+
i i
i i
i REF i REF
iF
K V
K z
OR
K f
x
0
1 1
1
1
1 1 ) (
) (
) (
,
o
) . (
,
10 7 11
1
= +

=
i REF i REF
iF
i i
x K
f
x
x
f
f
y o
MULTICOMPONENT
FRACTIONATION
GENERAL DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIFY PRESSURE
DETERMINE NUMBER OF
EQUILIBRIUM STAGES
ADJUST NUMBER OF
STAGES FOR STAGE
EFFICIENCY
DESIGN TRAYS
DESIGN COLUMN
http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/no
n-renewable/images/FCCDistCol.jpg
SHORTCUT METHOD -
PSEUDOBINARY SEPARATION
ASSUMES TWO PRIMARY (KEY)
COMPONENTS CAN BE USED TO
MODEL THE PROCESS
NON-KEYS ARE DISTRIBUTED
BASED ON
i,KEY
KEY COMPONENTS
DISTRIBUTED TO DISTILLATE & BOTTOMS
MAJOR COMPONENTS IN FEED
NON-KEY COMPONENTS
LIGHTER THAN LIGHT ARE ASSUMED TO
GO TO DISTILLATE
HEAVIER THAN HEAVY ARE ASSUMED TO
GO TO BOTTOMS
INTERMEDIATE ARE ASSUMED TO
DISTRIBUTE TO DISTILLATE AND
BOTTOMS
http://image.absoluteastrono
my.com/images/encyclopedi
aimages/d/di/distillation_colu
mn.png
COMPONENT DISTRIBUTIONS
EXAMPLE FROM AIR SEPARATION
KEYS
O2
N2
NON-KEY
Ar
http://www.cryogenic-
consulting.com/argon.pdf#se
arch=%22AIR%20SEPARAT
ION%20EQUILIBRIA%22
SHORTCUT METHOD
DISTRIBUTE KEYS BASED ON TARGET
PRODUCT COMPOSITION
COMPLETE DISTRIBUTION TO YIELD
FEED AND PRODUCT MATRICES
x
Fi
, x
Di
, x
Bi
CALCULATE N
MIN
WITH FENSKE
EQUATION USING KEY VALUES
) . (
) ln(
ln
,
12 7 11
(

=
avg HK LK
BLK DHK
BHK DLK
MIN
B Dx x
B Dx x
N
o
SHORTCUT METHOD
AVERAGE RELATIVE VOLATILITY,
LK,HK
FEED VALUE

TOP/BOTTOM AVERAGE



GEOMETRIC AVERAGES
OVERALL
TOP/BOTTOM
F
HK LK avg ,
o o =
2
B D
HK LK HK LK
avg
, ,
o o
o
+
=
B D
B D F
HK LK HK LK avg
HK LK HK LK HK LK avg
, ,
, , ,
o o o
o o o o
=
=
3
SHORTCUT METHOD
CHECK OF NON-KEY DISTRIBUTION
USE FENSKE EQUATION RESOLVED FOR
NON-KEY RELATIVE TO KEY:
) . (
,
14 7 11
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
B x
D x
B x
D x
HKB
HKD
HK i
iB
iD
o
SHORTCUT METHOD
MINIMUM REFLUX RATIO
OPERATING LINES FOR EACH
COMPONENT AT TOTAL REFLUX
RECTIFICATION SECTION


STRIPPING SECTION
( ) ( )

=
i i
Di
i
Di
i
K V L
x
V
D
K V L
x
V
D
y
1
0 1
1
.
( ) ( )

i i
Bi
i
Bi
i
K V L
x
V
B
K V L
x
V
B
y
1
0 1
1
.
SHORTCUT METHOD
UNDERWOOD EQUATIONS COMPLETE
BALANCE OVER THE COLUMN





NUMBER OF VALUES ARE (1 + NUMBER
OF COMPONENTS BETWEEN KEYS)
VALUE OF IS BETWEEN VALUES OF
ij

=
i i
Di i
dMIN
i i
Fi i
x
R
x
q
u o
o
u o
o
1
SHORTCUT METHOD
USE GILLILAND OR ERBAR-MADDOX
CORRELATIONS TO DETERMINE N
FOR A SPECIFIC R
d
1
1
2 . 117 11
4 . 54 1
exp 1
1
5 . 0
+

= +
(

|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+ +
=
+

R
R R
N
N N
MIN
MIN
Molokanov, International Chemical
Engineering, 12(2), 209, 1972
McCabe, Smith and Harriontt, Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, Ed. 4, p, 578, 1985.
SHORTCUT METHOD
LOCATION OF FEED TRAY
IS CRITICAL TO COLUMN EFFICIENCY
LOSS OF SEPARATION
INCOMPLETE SEPARATION
BASIS FOR ESTIMATE
) . ( log . log
,
,
,
,
21 7 11 206 0
2

(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D HK
B LK
F LK
F HK
STRIP
RECT
x
x
D
B
x
x
N
N