H thng anten thng minh

1.

Nguyn Thanh Hiu

GII THIU CHUNG H thng anten thng minh l mt h thng gm nhiu phn t anten kt hp vi kh nng x l tn hiu ti u ho pht x v/hoc thu nhn t ng p ng vi mi trng tn hiu. Vy anten ng vai tr g trong h thng thng tin? Cu tr li l anten ng vai tr l cng truyn nng lng tn s v tuyn (RF) c ghp vi b pht ti mi trng bn ngoi v ngc li n b thu t mi trng bn ngoi. Anten l h thng b sao nhng nht trong cc h thng truyn thng c nhn. Cch thc m nng lng c pht v thu t khng gian xung quanh c nh hng ln n hiu sut s dng ph, chi ph thit lp mt mng mi, v cht lng dch v do mng cung cp. Bi vit ny gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v cc h thng anten thng minh v cc c tnh vt tri quan trng ca thit k h thng anten thng minh so vi cc phng php v hng truyn thng. Nhng im khc bit phn bit gia cc cng ngh khc nhau cng c cp n. Cc cng ngh ny bao gm cc anten phn tp n gin n cc h thng dn anten thch nghi. ng thi bi bo cng cp n vn truyn tn hiu trong thng tin v tuyn v cui cng l nu nhng ng dng ca h thng anten thng minh.

2. Thut ng v anten thng minh thch nghi

hiu r h thng anten thng minh lm vic, hy nhm mt v tng tng c ngi i quanh phng. Bn s nhn thy bn c th xc nh v tr ca h m khng nhn thy h bi v: Bn nghe thy tn hiu ca ngi ni qua hai tai, cm gic m thanh Ging ni n tai vo cc thi im khc nhau No ca bn, mt b x l tn hiu chuyn nghip, thc hin rt nhiu tnh ton v phi hp thng tin tnh ra v tr ngi ni No ca bn cng thm thng tin v cng tn hiu t hai tai nn bn c th cm nhn c m thanh theo mt hng chn to hn nhiu so vi hng khc. Cc h thng anten thch nghi cng thc hin ging nh vy, s dng anten thay v tai. Kt qu l 8, 10 hay 12 tai c th c s dng chnh v tng tn hiu thng tin. V anten thc hin c hai chc nng nghe v ni, nn h thng anten thch nghi c th gi tn hiu ngc li trn cng hng pht i. iu ny c ngha l h thng anten khng ch nghe c ln hn gp 8, 10 hay 12 ln m cn tr li p li to v trc tip hn. i thm mt bc na, nu c thm ngi ni, h thng x l tn hiu ni c th chnh cc nhiu khng mong mun v sau tp trung vo mt cuc ni chuyn ti mt thi im. Do , cc h thng dn thch nghi nng cao c kh nng tng t phn bit gia cc tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu khng mong mun.

3. Anten v cc h thng anten

Anten Anten v tuyn nhn i nng lng in t t mt mi trng (khng gian) n mi trng khc (v d dy, cp ng trc, ng dn sng). Thit k vt l c th thay i ng k. Anten v hng

T khi xut hin truyn thng khng dy, c anten n cc, pht v nhn nh nhau trong mi hng. tm c i tng s dng, phn t ny pht qung b theo mi hng vi gin ging ht nhau. Mi trng tn s v tuyn (RF) khng bit v i tng s dng, phng php ny tn x cc tn hiu, khi ti c ng i tng s dng th nng lng tn hiu ch bng mt phn nh tng nng lng pht x vo mi trng.
S vng ph sng S vng ph sng

Anten Nhn ngang Nhn t trn xung

Anten

Hnh 1. Anten v hng v vng ph ca n V hn ch ny, chin lc thit k anten n hng c gng vt qua nhng thch thc ca mi trng bng cch n gin l nng cao mc cng sut ca tn hiu pht qung b. Trong mt s lng ln cc i tng s dng (v nhiu), n to ra tnh hung xu nht l i tng s dng b mt tn hiu do nhiu ca cc i tng trong cng t bo hoc cc t bo lin k. Trong ng dng hng ln (i tng s dng n trm gc), anten n hng khng cung cp tng ch mong mun cho tn hiu ca i tng s dng dnh ring. Ni mt cch khc, i tng s dng t nng lng tn hiu cnh tranh. Tuy vy, k thut mt phn t khng th loi b c la chn cc tn hiu gy nhiu vi cc tn hiu ca i tng s dng c phc v v khng c kh nng nh hng a ng khng gian hay kh nng cn bng. Cc chin lc n hng trc tip v ngc li nh hng n hiu sut ph, ti s dng tn s. Nhng hn ch ny thc y cc nh thit k h thng v hoch nh mng lin tc c cc pht minh v iu chnh hiu qu. Trong nhng nm gn y, hn ch v cht lng, dung lng v vng ph sng ca cng ngh anten pht qung b trong cc h thng khng dy a n mt cuc cch mng trong thit k nn tng v vai tr ca anten trong h thng khng dy. Cc anten nh hng Mt anten nh hng c xy dng c cc hng pht v thu u tin c nh. Nh mt gii php thay th cho phng php b sung thm cc v tr pht mi, rt nhiu thp anten thng thng ngy nay phn chia thnh cc t bo hnh qut. Mt vng 3600 thng c phn chia thnh 3 vng nh 1200, mi vng ny c bao ph bi phng php qung b hp. cn bng hn, cc anten qut cho tng ch cao hn trong nhng vng hn ch ca gc phng v khi so snh vi cc anten n hng. iu ny thng c bit n nh l tng ch phn t anten v khng nn nhm vi tng ch x l trong cc h thng anten thng minh. Khi cc anten qut nhn ln s knh s dng, chng khng trnh khi nhng hn ch ca anten n hng tiu chun nh nhiu ng knh, c miu t chi tit phn sau.

Nhn ngang

Nhn t trn xung

Hnh 2. Anten nh hng v vng bao ph ca n Cc h thng anten Lm th no mt anten c th thng minh hn? Trc tin, thit k vt l ca n phi c thay i bng cch thm nhiu phn t. Th hai, mt anten c th tr thnh mt h thng anten c thit k dch tn hiu trc khi pht ti mi phn t lin tip m bo c hiu qu tng hp. Khi nim phn cng v mm c bn c bit n nh l anten mng dch pha. Phn sau tm tt pht trin theo th t tng dn v li ch v tnh thng minh. Cc h thng phn vng (qut) Cc h thng anten phn vng nhn mt vng t bo truyn thng v phn chia n thnh cc phn vng m cc phn vng ny c bao ph bi cc ng ten nh hng cng mt im trm gc. V mt hot ng, mi vng c xem nh mt t bo ring bit, phm vi ln hn trong trng hp n hng. Cc anten phn vng tng kh nng ti s dng knh tn s nh h thng t bo bng cch gim cc nhiu ng k t bo gc, v chng c s dng rng ri cho mc ch ny. Trn thc t, dng 6 phn vng cho mt t bo. Khi kt hp nhiu anten nh hng, trm gc c th bao ph mi hng.

Nhn ngang

Nhn t trn xung

Hnh 3. Anten qut v vng ph ca n Cc h thng phn tp Trong cc th h tip theo ca anten thng minh, h thng phn tp tch hp hai phn t anten trm gc, c mt s phn tch nh v vt l (phn tp khng gian) ci thin kh nng thu. Phn tp gip tng cng cng hiu dng ca tn hiu thu c bng cch s dng mt trong hai phng php sau: Phn tp chuyn mch: Gii thit l c t nht mt anten ti v tr mong mun mt thi im cho trc, h thng ny lin tc chuyn mch gia cc anten (kt 3

ni mi knh thu vi anten phc v tt nht) nn lun lun s dng phn t c tn hiu ln nht. Trong khi gim nhng nh hng tiu cc ca fainh, chng khng lm tng tng ch v vy mi thi im ch s dng mt anten. Kt hp phn tp: Phng php ny hiu chnh sai pha gia hai tn hiu a ng v kt hp mt cch hiu qu cng sut ca c hai tn hiu to tng ch. Cc h thng phn tp khc, nh h thng kt hp t s cc i, kt hp cc tn hiu ra ca tt c cc anten cc i ho t s nng lng tn hiu thu c tng hp trn nhiu. V cc trm gc kiu t bo v m thng pht cng sut ln hn nhiu hng xung (t trm gc ti i tng s dng) so vi thit b u cui di ng pht trn hng ngc li, nn phn ln cc h thng anten phn tp c ci tin thc hin hng ln (t i tng s dng ti trm gc).
H en Anten

Vng ph n phn t vi fainh

Vng ph vi phn tp chuyn mch

Hnh 4. Phn tp chuyn mch v vng ph

Anten

Vng ph - n phn t

Vng ph - phn tp kt hp

Hnh 5. Kt hp phn tp v vng ph Anten phn tp hon ton l thao tc chuyn mch t mt phn t ang lm vic sang mt phn t khc. Mc d phng php ny lm gim ng k fainh a ng, nhng mi thi im n ch dng mt phn t nn khng ci thin tng ch hng ln so vi phng php mt phn t. Trong mi trng nhiu cao, gii php n gin l kho tn hiu mnh nht hoc trch cng sut tn hiu cc i t anten th khng ph hp v c th gy ra vic thu tn hiu nhiu thay v tn hiu mong mun.

Nhu cu pht mt s lng ln i tng s dng hiu qu hn m khng trn ln nhiu a n nhng tin b ca cc h thng anten, cc h thng ny tch hp mt cch thng minh vn hnh ng thi ca cc phn t anten phn tp. Tnh thng minh Vic s dng nhiu anten v x l tn hiu phc v cc t bo t ra thng minh hn. Trn thc t, vic pht minh ra cc b x l tn hiu s (DSP), cc b x l a nng, cng nh phn mm cho cc k thut x l tn hiu (cc thut ton) to ra cc anten thng minh cho cc h thng thng tin t bo. Ngy nay, khi cc gii php s dng ph hiu qu ang gia tng, cc h thng nh vy s cho vng ph sng rng hn cho mi v tr t bo, kh nng loi b nhiu tt hn, ci thin dung lng nhiu hn.

4. Th no l mt h thng anten thng minh?

Thc t, anten khng thng minh, m phi mt h thng anten mi thng minh. Cng c t mt trm gc, mt h thng anten thng minh kt hp mt dn anten vi kh nng x l tn hiu s pht v thu vi nhy khng gian cao v thch nghi tt. Ni cch khc, mt h thng nh vy c th t ng thay i hng ca gin bc x ca n p ng vi mi trng tn hiu. iu ny lm tng ng k cc c tnh cht lng (nh dung lng) ca mt h thng v tuyn. Cc loi h thng anten thng minh Cc thut ng ph bin thng c nhc n nhiu trong lnh vc cng ngh h thng anten thng minh bao gm anten thng minh, dn dch pha, SDMA, x l khng gian, to chm s, h thng anten thch nghi. Cc h thng anten thng minh thng c phn loi thnh chm chuyn mch v cc h thng dn thch nghi. - Chm chuyn mch: mt s hu hn cc mu xc nh trc, c nh hoc kt hp. - Dn thch nghi: Mt s khng xc nh cc mu c iu chnh theo thi gian thc. Anten chm chuyn mch Cc h thng anten chm chuyn mch to ra cc chm c nh vi nhy c tng ln theo cc hng c bit. Cc h thng anten ny pht hin cng tn hiu, chn t cc chm c nh, xc nh trc ra mt chm, v chuyn t mt chm ny sang chm khc khi m i tng s dng di ng trong khp vng. Thay v nh dng mu anten nh hng bng cc c tnh kim loi v thit k vt l mt phn t n, h thng chm tia chuyn mch kt hp cc u ra ca cc anten to ra cc chm qut (nh hng) vi nhy khng gian cao hn cc phng php mt phn t thng thng.

Hnh 6. Vng ph ca anten chm Anten dn thch nghi Cng ngh anten thch nghi gii thiu mt loi anten thng minh tin tin hin nay. S dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu mi, h thng thch nghi tn dng kh nng ca n nh v c hiu qu v tm kim mt cch ch ng cc loi tn hiu khc nhau ti thiu ho nhiu v cc i ho tn hiu nh thu. C hai phng php u c gng tng tng ch theo v tr ngi s dng, tuy nhin ch h thng thch nghi l c tng ch ti u trong khi cng xc nh, tm v ti thiu ho cc tn hiu nhiu.
Ngi dng

Nhiu

Hnh 7. Vng ph ca anten dn thch nghi M t h thng Cc anten n hng khc bit r rng vi cc anten thng minh s lng anten c s dng. Tuy nhin, cc h thng dn thch nghi v chm chuyn mch cng chung kh nhiu c tnh phn cng v c phn bit ch yu bi tnh thng minh thch nghi. x l thng tin c nhy hng cao cn phi c mt dn cc phn t anten (thng l t 4 n 12 phn t), cc tn hiu vo t cc phn t c kt hp to ra tn hiu pht c iu khin thch nghi. Cc phn t anten c th c sp xp theo ng thng, ng trn, hay cu hnh mt phng, v thng c lp t trm gc, mc d chng vn c s dng c my tnh xch tay hay in thoi di ng. Ti sao chng li l anten thng minh? Mt anten n gin lm vic trong mi trng tn s v tuyn (RF) n gin. Gii php anten thng minh cn khi s lng ngi s dng, nhiu, phc tp ca mi trng truyn sng tng ln. S thng minh nm kh nng x l tn hiu s. V nh nh dng s m n pht huy c th mnh v chnh xc cng nh linh hot trong cch vn hnh. Vic bt u v kt thc m thoi cng tng t nh trong thng tin tng t. Nhng h thng anten thng minh bt tn hiu, chuyn i v iu ch tn hiu tng t v truyn i di dng tn hiu s ri li i ngc tr v thng tin tng t. Trong cc h thng anten thch nghi, kh nng x l tn hiu c bn cn c tng ln nh p dng cc thut ton tin tin iu khin thao tc khi trong nhng iu kin hot ng phc tp.

5. Mc ch ca h thng anten thng minh

Mc ch ca h thng anten thng minh l tng cht lng tn hiu v tng dung lng h thng. Cc c trng v li ch ca anten thng minh c lit k trong bng 1. Bng 1: Cc c trng v li ch ca h thng anten thng minh c trng Li ch Tng ch tn hiu: Cc tn hiu vo t cc Vng ph sng rng hn: Tp trung nng

phn t anten c kt hp vi nhau ti lng c pht i trong t bo lm tng u ho cng sut sn c nhm to c bn knh ph sng ca trm gc. Yu cu mt mc ph sng nht nh. cng sut thp hn gip cho tui th ca ngun pin di hn, cng nh kch c thit b nh gn hn. Loi b nhiu: Mu anten c th pht v Dung lng tng: iu khin chnh xc pha ngun nhiu cng knh, nh ci mc khng ca tn hiu, gim nhiu, kt thin c t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca cc hp vi gim khong cch ti s dng tn tn hiu thu c. s s lm tng dung lng. Nhiu cng ngh thch nghi h tr kh nng ti s dng tn s trong cng mt t bo. Phn tp khng gian: Thng tin tng hp Loi b hiu ng a ng: c th gim t dn c s dng ti thiu ho fainh tri tr ca knh mt cch hiu qu, h tr v cc hiu ng khng mong mun khc tc bit cao hn m khng cn cc b cn ca truyn sng a ng bng. Tit kim cng sut: Kt hp cc tn hiu Gim chi ph: Chi ph cho b khuch i vo t cc phn t ti u ho tng ch cng sut thp hn, cng sut tiu th t x l trong hng xung hn v tin cy cao hn.

6. Truyn sng: Nhiu a ng v nhiu cng knh

Nhng suy lun v truyn sng Chng ta tng tng l nm mt hn xung mt h nc. Cc vng sng pht i t im nm hon ton ng dng m ch khc v cng . Vic pht qung b hon ton n hng ny cng ging nh mt tn hiu ca ngi gi bt u t thit b u cui v i ln. N th hin mt tn hiu khp mi ni m n truyn i. Vi mt trm gc mt c ly no t sng gc. Nu mu khng b nhiu th trm gc khng gp kh khn trong vic nhn bit cc sng. Nhng khi cc sng ny chm n b th n phn x li v giao vi cc sng gc ban u. Khi kt hp vi nhau chng c th b yu i hay mnh ln. y chnh l vn nhiu a ng. By gi, nu nm nhiu hn vo nhng vng khc nhau trong h nc, tng ng nh nhiu cuc gi khc nhau cng bt u. Vy th trm gc mt v tr no trong h s lm th no phn bit c tn hiu ca ngun no v t hng no n. Vn ny c gi l nhiu cng knh. y l suy lun hai chiu, phn bit c nhng ngi gi (hay cc tn hiu trong khng gian), mt trm gc phi thng minh t thng tin m n phn tch vo trong bi cnh khng gian. a ng Khi tn hiu v tuyn pht i b phn x bi nhng cu trc vt l, gy ra nhiu ng tn hiu gia trm gc v thit b u cui s dng.

Tn hiu A hng trc tip Trm gc

Hnh 8. Hiu ng a ng Cc vn lin quan n a ng Mt vn do cc tn hiu phn x khng mong mun l pha ca cc sng n trm thu khng ph hp vi nhau. Hnh 9 minh ho hai tn hiu b lch pha vi nhau ti my thu.
Tn hiu mong mun

Thi gian

Tn hiu phn x

Hnh 9. Tn hiu a ng 2 pha Nhng vn do hin tng a ng gy ra: Fainh: Khi sng ca cc tn hiu a ng b lch pha, cng tn hiu s b gim. Hin tng ny vn c bit n l fainh Rayleigh hay fainh nhanh. S suy gim l s thay i lin tc, l hin tng 3 chiu. Cng tn hiu thu b thay i tht thng v rt nhanh chng gy ra suy gim v cht lng.

Bin tn hiu

Chu trnh khng gim

Chu trnh khng gim

Ngng

Gim

Gim

Thi gian

Hnh 10. Hiu ng fainh Rayleigh Trit tiu pha: Khi sng ca hai tn hiu a ng lch pha nhau 1800 th chng s trit tiu nhau, nh vy kh duy tr c cuc gi. Ni mt cch khc, mt cuc gi ch c th duy tr c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh khi khng c tn hiu mc d vi cht lng rt ti. Hu qu l khi tn hiu knh iu khin b mt, vng phc v m cuc gi c thit lp s khng th thc hin c.
Tn hiu mong mun

Thi gian

Tn hiu phn x

Hnh 11. Trit tiu pha Tri tr: nh hng ca hin tng a ng n cht lng tn hiu i vi giao din khng gian s c mt cht khc bit. Cc tn hiu phn x ca cng mt tn hiu c th n b thu nhng thi im khc nhau. iu ny gy ra nhiu xuyn k t. Khi iu ny xy ra th t l li bit tng, thm ch l cht lng tn hiu c th b suy gim ng k.
Time 1 Time 3 Time 2 Trm gc

Hnh 12. a ng gy nn tri tr 9

Nhiu ng knh: Hin tng ny xut hin khi tn s sng mang cng n mt my thu t hai my pht khc nhau, gy ra suy gim cht lng tn hiu.

Hnh 13. Nhiu giao thoa ng knh trong cng mt mng t bo Nh chng ta bit, c anten qung b v h thng anten tp trung u tn x tn hiu trong vng tng i rng. Cc tn hiu ny c th khng n c vi ng ngi s dng nh mun, chng li l nhiu cho nhng ngi s dng khc cng tn s trong cng mt t bo hay cc t bo ln cn. Khi cc anten phn vng nhn s knh s dng ln, chng khng khc phc c nhc im ny ca anten qung b. Vn qun l nhiu ng knh tr thnh hn ch u tin trong vic cc i ho dung lng ca h thng. khc phc nhiu cng knh, cc h thng anten thng minh khng ch tp trung hng vo i tng s dng nh mun m trong nhiu trng hp, nhng im v gi tr hoc khong nhiu c ch tm c hng v pha cc i tng khng mong mun..

7. Kin trc ca cc h thng anten thng minh

Cc h thng anten thng minh lm vic nh th no? Cc h thng dn thch nghi v chm chuyn mch truyn thng cho php mt trm gc p ng yu cu v chm tia m chng pht i cho mi i tng s dng xa mt cch hiu qu nh iu khin phn hi ni b. Ni chung, mi ln s to ra mt bp sng chnh v pha cc i tng s dng ring bit v c gng loi b nhiu hay tp m ngoi cc bp sng chnh. X l hng ln y gi thit l mt anten thng minh ch c lp t trm gc m khng lp t khi thu bao. Cc thit b u cui v tuyn t xa s pht bng cch dng anten v hng. n trm gc, s tch bit cc tn hiu mong mun vi nhiu. Thng thng, tn hiu thu c t cc phn t anten phn b trong khng gian s c nhn vi mt trng s, y chnh l s iu chnh bin v pha. Cc tn hiu ny c kt hp to ra mng u ra. Mt thut ton thch nghi iu khin cc trng s ny theo cc mc ch xc nh trc. Vi mt h thng chm tia chuyn mch, tiu ch ny c th l khuch i ti a, vi mt h thng dn thch nghi, c th cn phi xem xt n nhiu yu t khc. Vic tnh ton ng nh vy s cho php h thng c th thay i c cc mu bc x ca n ti u ho tn hiu thu. X l hng xung 10

Nhim v pht c la chn theo khng gian l vn c bn phn bit gia cc h thng chm tia chuyn mch v h thng dn thch nghi. Nh m t di y, cc h thng chm tia chuyn mch thng tin vi cc i tng s dng bng cch thay i gia cc mu nh hng t trc, phn ln da trn cng tn hiu. Trong khi , h thng dn thch nghi c gng nhn bit mi trng RF tt hn v pht c chn lc hn. Loi x l hng xung c s dng tu theo h thng thng tin s dng TDD, khi n s pht v thu cng tn s (v d PHS v DECT); hay FDD, khi n s dng tn s pht v thu ring bit . Phn ln, trong cc h thng FDD, c th xem xt cc c tnh truyn sng v fading hng ln v hng xung mt cch c lp. Trong khi , vi cc h thng TDD, cc knh hng ln v hng xung c th coi l tng h. V vy, knh hng ln trong cc h thng TDD c s dng pht chn lc theo khng gian. Trong cc h thng FDD, knh hng ln li khng th s dng trc tip v cn phi xem xt cc loi x l khc ca x l hng xung. Cc h thng chm tia chuyn mch V kha cnh cc mu bc x, chm tia chuyn mch l m rng ca phng php vi t bo hin ti hay phng php phn vng t bo ca vic chia mt t bo thng thng. Phng php ny cn chia cc vng v m thnh nhiu vng vi m nhm ci thin dung lng v phm vi. Mi mt vng vi m gm mt mu tia c nh c xc nh trc vi nhy ln nht c t trung tm ca chm tia cn nhy thp hn c t cc v tr khc. Vic thit k h thng nh vy lin quan n cc phn t anten c rng chm tia gc phng v hp, tng ch ln. H thng chm tia chuyn mch chn mt trong s cc mu chm tia c nh xc nh trc (da trn s kt hp trng s ca cc u ra anten) c cng sut u ra ln nht trong knh ca i tng s dng xa. S la chn ny c nh hng bi RF hay phn cng v phn mm ca DSP bng gc. H thng chuyn mch chm tia ca n theo cc hng khc nhau trong ton khng gian bng cch thay i pha tn hiu dn n cc phn t anten hay thu c t cc phn t anten. Khi i tng s dng di ng i vo mt vng v m nht nh, h thng ny s chn vng vi m c tn hiu mnh nht. Trong sut cuc gi, h thng s gim st cng tn hiu v chuyn mch n sang cc vng vi m c nh khc khi cn thit.

Chin lc chuyn mch

Chin lc thch ng

Hnh 14. Bp sng chnh v bp sng khng m h thng chm chuyn mch v h thng dy thch ng c th la chn tn hiu ngi s dng (ng xanh) v nhiu ng knh (ng vng) H thng anten thng minh thng tin trc tip bng cch to ra cc mu chm tia xc nh. Khi mt anten thng minh hng bp sng chnh ca n vi tng ch tng cng trong hng ca i tng s dng, t nhin n s to ra cc bp bin v khng (hay cc vng tng ng c tng ch trung bnh v ti thiu so vi bp sng chnh).

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S khc bit gia hai h thng ny l iu khin cc bp sng chnh v bp khng vi mc chnh xc v linh hot bin thin. Phng php anten thch nghi Cc h thng anten thch nghi thng tin gia mt i tng s dng v trm gc theo cch khc, c chu nh hng v mt khng gian. Bng cch iu chnh mi trng RF khi n thay i, cng ngh anten thch nghi c th thay i cc mu tn hiu mt cch ch ng ti gn v cc ti u ho cht lng h thng v tuyn. Dn thch nghi s dng cc thut ton x l tn hiu phc tp phn bit mt cch lin tc gia cc tn hiu mong mun, tn hiu a ng v tn hiu nhiu cng nh tnh ton hng n ca chng. Phng php ny cp nht lin tc hng pht chin lc ca n da vo vic thay i c v tr ca tn hiu mong mun v nhiu. Kh nng xc nh i tng s dng vi cc bp sng chnh v nhiu vi bp khng m bo l qu d tr ng truyn lun lun cc i v khng c cc vng vi m cng nh cc mu xc nh trc. Hnh 15 minh ho vng ph sng tng i gia h thng chm tia chuyn mch c phn vng truyn thng v h thng anten thch nghi. C hai loi h thng anten thng minh u c tng ch ng k so vi h thng phn vng truyn thng. Mc nhiu thp pha bn tri th hin cho mt h thng v tuyn mi vi cc mc thm nhp thp hn. Mc nhiu ln pha bn phi th hin cho h thng v tuyn c nhiu i tng s dng hoc mt i tng s dng nhiu mu ti s dng tn s ln nhau hn. Khi y, kh nng loi nhiu ca h thng thch nghi s cho vng ph sng ng k hn so vi h thng chm tia chuyn mch hay truyn thng.
Thch ng Chm chuyn mch Chm chuyn mch quy c Mi trng nhiu thp quy c Mi trng nhiu cao Thch ng

Hnh 15. Vng ph vi chm chuyn mch v anten thch nghi Nhng li ch v hn ch ca cc h thng dn thch nghi v chm chuyn mch Tch hp: Cc h thng chm chuyn mch c thit k trin khai rng ri trong cc h thng t bo vi xu hng l c th trang b thm. Trong khi , cc h thng dn thch khi c trin khai theo phng n tch hp y . Vng ph sng: Cc h thng chm tia chuyn mch c th tng bn knh ph sng ca trm gc t 20 n 200% so vi cc h thng t bo phn vng thng thng, tu iu kin mi trng cng nh phn mm v phn cng s dng. Vng ph sng tng ln s tit kim cho nh khai thc nhng chi ph cho c s h tng, v gi thnh trung bnh cho khch hng s thp xung. Vic chuyn mch ng t chm tia sang chm tia s tit kim dung lng v h thng khng cn pht tt c cc tn 12

hiu theo mi hng. Tuy nhin, cc h thng dn thch nghi c th ph sng rng hn, v ng u hn khi c cng mc cng sut nh h thng chm chuyn mch. Nn nhiu: Anten chm chuyn mch nn nhiu n t cc hng, tr hng trung tm ca chm ch ng. y l gii php thch hp nht gim thiu mc nhiu ng knh nhng li kh khn trong vic phn bit gia tn hiu mong mun v tn hiu nhiu. Nu tn hiu nhiu ti trung tm ca chm tia c chn, v ngi s dng xa trung tm chm tia th tn hiu nhiu c th tng hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu mong mun. Trong trng hp ny, cht lng cho ngi s dng chu s suy gim mnh. Cng ngh dy thch ng hin ti gip loi b nhiu mnh hn. Bi v n truyn nguyn dng ca mt t hp nn n tp trung hn, to ra t can nhiu hn so vi trng hp chm chuyn mch. a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian: Trong s cc cng ngh phc tp m anten thng minh s dng c a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian SDMA nh v, nh du cc thit b u cui c nh hay di ng, qut mt cch thch nghi cc tn hiu pht v pha ngi s dng trnh nhiu. Cng ngh dn thch nghi t c nn nhiu cao nn vic ti s dng tn s c hiu qu tt hn cc m hnh ti s dng tn s lc gic c nh tiu chun. K thut ny c th cp pht tn s thch nghi cho ngi s dng bt k v tr no. Vic x l khng gian ng to ra mi vng khc nhau cho mi ngi s dng v cp pht tn s/knh theo thi gian thc. X l tn hiu khng gian tch hp phn tch v o tn x ca mi trng RF mc cao hn. Trong khi k thut qut chm cho mt hng pht chnh xc v pha ngi s dng, x l khng gian cc i ho vic s dng cc anten kt hp cc tn hiu trong khng gian theo phng php mt ngi s dng - mt chm tia.
Ngi dng 1 Ngi dng 2

Hnh 16. X l khng gian y c th h tr hai thu bao trn cng mt knh Ai c th s dng cng ngh anten thng minh ? Cng ngh anten thng minh c th ci thin ng k cht lng v chi ph kinh t. cho h thng v tuyn. N cho php cc nh khai thc mng PCS, t bo v mch vng ni ht v tuyn hin thc ho vic tng ng k v cht lng tn hiu, dung lng v vng ph sng. Cc nh khai thc thng i hi kt hp nhng li ch khc nhau ny tu tng thi im. Do vy, cc h thng thng c linh hot cao v cu hnh v kh nng nng cp c hiu qu nht v mt chi ph trong cc gii php mang tnh lu di. Cc tiu chun p dng Cc h thng anten thng minh c th p dng cho tt c cc chun v giao thc v tuyn trong bng 2, vi mt vi hiu chnh.

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Bng 2: Cc tiu chun p dng Phng thc truy nhp Tng t - a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) (v d: AMPS, TACS, NMT) S - a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) (v d: GSM, IS-136), a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) ( v d: IS-95) Phng thc song cng Song cng chia theo tn s (FDD), song cng chia theo thi gian (TDD) Tnh trong sut vi mng Tnh linh hot ca cng ngh anten thng minh thch nghi cho php to ra cc sn phm v dch v gi tr gia tng, iu ny to cho cc nh khai thc nhiu u th cnh tranh. Anten thng minh thch nghi khng b gii hn bi nh dng iu ch c bit hay giao thc giao din khng gian no. Chng ph hp vi tt c cc k thut iu ch giao din khng gian hin hnh. u th b sung ca x l khng gian Vic x l khng gian em li li ch cho rt nhiu h thng thng tin v tuyn nh cc h thng t bo c tnh di ng cao, cc h thng di ngn c tnh di ng thp, cc ng dng mch vng ni ht v tuyn, thng tin v tinh, mng LAN v tuyn. Nh dng mt dn anten, m c th nhn cc knh ln trong khng gian, ging nh trong tn s v thi gian. tng dung lng h thng, cn phi pht v thu theo khng gian la chn. Nhiu ngi ng rng nhng li ch ca x l khng gian s nh hng khng gii hn ti cc mt trong thit k h thng v tuyn. TI LIU THAM KHO - IEC Web tutorials - ITU-R documentations

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