1

2
9
"
" ,
"

) , (... ,
.
, :

) f ( t ) = a0 + an cos ( n0 t ) + bn sin ( n0 t

.
T. )( .0
. 0T = 2 :
:
an bn .n0
an0 : .(a(n0
.
cos
. .

) f ( t ) = cn cos ( n0t + n
0

) bn = cn sin ( n

an = cn cos ( n ) ,

b
n =tg 1 n ,
an

cn = an 2 + bn 2 ,

: . b0=0 C0=a0 .0=0

. ,
:
an
n
bn
cn

"
.
. , n0 X(n,
(0
X (n0 ) = cn e jn
(Y(n0,
} j{ arg( H ( n0 )) + n

Y (n0 ) = cn H (n0 ) e

} y (t ) = c0 H (0) + cn H (n0 ) cos { n0 t + arg( H (n0 )) + n

n =1

. ,
an .bn
a0
a0 . . ,
.DC a0 .
.

T /2

T /2

T /2

T /2

1
1

f
(
t
)
dt
=
a
+
a
cos(
n

t
)
+
bn sin(n0 t ) dt =
0 n

T T / 2
T T / 2
n =1
n =1

T /2

1
1
1

{ a0 } dt + an cos(n0 t ) dt + bn sin(n0t ) dt = a0

T T / 2
T T / 2 n =1
T T / 2 n =1
14243
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43

a0
a
b
(T / 2 ( T / 2))
nn0 { sin( n0T / 2) sin( n0T / 2)}
nn0 { cos( n0T / 2)+ cos( n0T / 2)}
1T 4 442 4 4 43
n =14 4 4 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 4 4 4 43
1

a0

n sin( n ) sin( n )
142 43 14 2 43
n=1 n0
0
0

1 4 4 4 42 4 4 4 43
0

1n=14 4 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 43
b
n { cos( n )+ cos( n )}

n =1 n0
1444
42 4 4 4 43

:
T /2

1
a
=
f
(
t
)
dt
0

T T/ 2

an
:
T /2

f (t ) cos(m0 t )dt =

T / 2

T /2

a
+
a
cos(
n

t
)
+
bn sin(n0 t ) cos(m0 t )dt =
0 n

n =1
n =1

T / 2

T /2

= a0 cos(m0 t )dt + an cos(n0 t ) cos(m0 t ) dt + bn sin(n0 t ) cos(m0 t ) dt =

1 4 4 4 2 4 4 43
1 4 44 2 4 4 43
T / 2
T / 2 n =1
sin( ( n + m ) 0t ) +sin( ( n m ) 0t )
1 4 4 2 4 4 3 T / 2 n =1 cos( ( n + m ) 0t ) +cos( ( n m ) 0t )

0 =

1 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 42 4 4 4 44 3
T /2

T /2

cos(( n + m ) 0 t ) + cos(( n m ) 0 t )
cos(( 2m ) 0 t )
an
dt + am
dt
2
2
T / 2 n =1,n m

T
/
2
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 43 1 44 4 4 2 4 4 4 43
T /2

T /2

0=

cos(( 0 ) 0 t )
T
am
dt = am
2
2
T / 2
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43
T /2

am

T
2

:
T /2

2
cos(n0t ) f (t )dt
an =

T T / 2

.bn

T /2

2
b
=
sin( n0t ) f (t )dt
n

T T / 2

} {(f(t)=f(-t ) . cos(n0t , . n bn=0

- } {(f(t)=-f(-t ) . sin(n0t , n
.an=0
} {(f(t)=-f(T/2+t
-.
.
. ,
.
.
. ,

.
.
.

( .(f(t
T 2 >t< T 2

f (t ) = sign(t ),

)f(t
t
T/2

-T/2

.a0=0
- . n an=0
-.

T /2

a0 =

1
T T/ 2

0
T /2

1
f (t )dt = 1dt + 1dt = 0
T T / 2
0

14 2 43 {
T /2
1(044(2T4 /42))
3
1 4T44
/2
2 4 4 43
0

T /2

2
an =
T T/ 2

T /2

T /2
2
2

f (t ) cos(n0t )dt = cos(n0 t )dt + cos(n0 t )dt = 2 cos( n0 t )dt = 0

T T / 2
0
T 10 44 2 4 43
1442443
T /2

n ) sin(0)
sin(
cos( n0t )dt

{
1
4
2
4
3
n0
0

1 4 4 44020 4 4 40 43
1 4 44 2 4 4 43
0

T /2

2
bn =
T T/ 2

0
T /2
T /2

2
2
f (t ) sin(n0t )dt = sin(n0 t )dt + sin(n0 t )dt = 2 sin(n0t )dt =
T T / 2
0
T 10 44 2 4 43
1 4 42 4 43
T /2

0 sin( n0 ( t T / 2 ) )dt

1 cos(
n ) cos(0)
n0 14 2 43 1 2 3
1
4
4
4
4
2
4
4
4
43
T /2

n
1
( 1)

104 4sin(4 n4404( t2T4 /424+T4/ 42 ) 4)3dt

1 4 4 4 412( 14) n 4 4 43
T /2

1 4 44 2n04 4 43
sin( n0t )dt
0

n
2

1 ( 1)
1 ( 1)
=2
n 0T
n
{
n

1( 1)
n0

:
n
4
1 ( 1)

bn = 2
= n
n
0

- n
n

.- ,

4
) sin ( ( 2n + 1) 0t
n = 0 ( 2n + 1)

= ) f (t

n-

n
4
)1 ( 1

cn = an + bn = bn = 2
= n
n
0
2

b
= ) n = tan 1 n = tan 1 n = tan1 ( 2
0
an

4
) cos ( ( 2n + 1) 0t / 2
n = 0 ( 2n + 1)

= ) f (t

)C(

C1

) n-( Cn=4/n
C3
C5

90

70

50

30

10

( ) (g(t
(.
f ( ) d

= ) g (t

)f(t
t
T/2

-T/2
)g(t

4
= sin((2n + 1)0 ) d

)n = 0 (2n + 1

6 4 44number
7 4 4 48

4 cos(2n + 1)0 t ) cos((2n + 1)0 ( )

t

=
sin((2
n
+
)1

)
d

0
2

(2n + 1) 0
)n = 0 (2n + 1
n =0

6 4 44number
7 4 4 48
) 4 cos((2n + 1)0 () 4 cos ( (2n + 1)0 t
+
=
0 (2n + 1) 2
0 (2n + 1)2
n =0
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43 n = 0

= f ( )d

= ) g (t

} ) 4 { cos ( (2n + 1)0 t

0 (2n + 1) 2

n =0

a0
{
0

4
= ) a(2 n +1
2
0 (2n + 1)

:
g .cos
an .
, -.
g f
.
.

. .
, .
.
.
:
jn0t

e
n

n =

T /2

= ) . f (t

1
f (t )e jn0t dt
T T/ 2

= n

. n
. n .*((n)= (-n :
:

.|an=( n+ -n)=2rel(n)

bn=j( n- -n)=-2im(n)

cn=2 |n
:

nejn 0t

nejn 0t+ -ne-jn 0t= 2|n| cos(0t+)

-n

-ne-jn 0t

f , ,(
. .(f=5sin(t

0=. : .
T /2

T /2

T /2

1
1
5
n =
f (t )e jn0t dt =
5sin(0t )e jn0t dt =
sin(0 t ) ( cos(n0 t ) + j sin( n0 t ) ) dt =

T T / 2
T T / 2
T T/ 2

T /2
0,
n 1
T /2
5

= sin(0t ) cos( n0 t )dt + j sin(0 t ) sin( n0 t )dt = j 5 2, n = 1
T T / 2
1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43 1T4/ 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 43 j 5 2, n = 1
0
n 1 0

T
n =1 j

2
T

n =1 j

.
. an=( n+ -n)=2rel(n)=0
-2im(-5/2)=5,
b n =j( n - -n )=-2im(n )=
0,

n=1
n 1

.
2 5 2 = 5,
cn = 2 n =
0,

n =1
,
n 1

b
n = tg 1 n
an

tg 1 ( ) = - / 2
=

n =1
n 1

10

.

f (t ) =

n =

jn0t

= 1e j ( 1) 0t + 1e j ( 1) 0t =

j 5 j0t
j5
e
e j0t = ( 2 j sin ( 0 t ) ) = 5sin ( 0 t )
2
2

f ( t ) = a0 + an cos ( n0 t ) + bn sin ( n0 t ) = b1 sin ( 10 t ) = 5sin ( 0 t )

f ( t ) = cn cos ( n0 t + n ) = c1 cos ( 10 t + 1 ) = 5cos ( 0 t / 2 ) = 5sin ( 0 t )

0

. f (

T /2

1
n =
T T/ 2

0
T /2

1
f (t )e jn0t dt = e jn0t dt + e jn0t dt
=
T T / 2
0

1 44 2 4 43
1 4 2 43
e jn0 0 e jn0 T / 2 e jn0 T / 2 e jn0 0

jn0
jn0

( n 0)

cos( n0T / 2)
1
1
678

6 4 24
4 7 4 4 48 678
jn0 0
jn0T / 2
jn0T / 2
jn 0 0

1 e
+e
+e
e
2 + 2 cos(n )

=
=

T
jn0
j 2n
( n 0)

( n 0)

j { 1 + cos(n )}
n

n ( n 0) =

( n 0)

j { 1 (1) n }
n

( n 0)

j { 1 (1) n }
n
. . 0
:

11

bn=-2im(n

)1 ( 1
n

= (an=2rel(n)=0. 2

, .
( :
x(t)=1, -/2<t< /2
T/2<t<-/2- /2<t< T/2

x(t)=0,

1 e jn0 / 2 e jn0 / 2
T
jn0

/2
/ 2

/2

1
1
1 e jn0t
jn0t
jn0t
=
f
(
t
)
e
dt
=
1
e
dt
=
T T/ 2
T / 2
T jn0
T /2

) n ( n 0

)1 2 j sin(n0 / 2) 1 2sin(n0 / 2) sin(n0 / 2

) sin(n / T
=
=
=
{
T
jn0
T
n0
) T ( n0 / 2) 0 = 2 / T T (n / T
)sin(n D
)= Dsinc(n D
)(n D

=
{ D

=D
T

= D , D .

)sin( x
) = sinc ( x
)( x

sinc ."1 " :

.
0
/2

1
1
1 /2
j 00t
= 0
f
(
t
)
e
dt
=
1
dt
=
t
= =D
T T/ 2
T / 2
T / 2 T
T /2

n0 n=0
:

) n = Dsinc( n D
.sinc
. D/1
.
.

12

x1(t) 1
/2

nD

][3

-T

-/2
)X1(
D1

][] [3/2] [2

0
0 D1

x2(t) 1
T

-T

-/2 /2
)X2(
D2

][2

][3/2

][

0
0 D2

D=1/2 ) (
f .
"
.

f:

} j { 1 (1) n
n

= ) n ( n 0

)sin(n D
)sin( n / 2) sin(n / 2) (1) { 1 (1
=D
=
=
=
{
) (n D) D =1/ 2 (n
) (n
) ( n
n 1

) n ( n 0

13

.
D D-1 ) (
.
" " "-1 " "1 .
.
:
)sin( n D
) (n

= ) nD( n 0

1
64 70 48
64 7
48
) sin( n [ 1 D ] ) sin(n ) cos(n D) cos(n )sin(n D ) 1n sin(n D
=
=
=
) (n
) (n
) (n

)) n( 1(nD 0

"

T /2

1
f 2 dt :

T T / 2

= . p

.
.
T /2

T /2

1
1

2
=p
f
dt
=
C
(cos
n

t
+

n
0
n Cm cos( m0 t + m ) dt

T T / 2
T T / 2 n = 0
m = 0

T /2

2
=
C
(cos
n

t
+

)
C
(cos
m

t
+

)
+
C
(cos
m

t
+

dt

n
0
n
m
0
m
m
0
m
T T/ 2 n = 0
m = 0
m n m = 0

T /2
T
/
2

1
1


=
C
(cos
n

t
+

)
C
(cos
m

t
+

)
dt
+
= Cm 2 cos(m0 t + m )2 dt

n
0
n
m
0
m

T T / 2 n = 0
T T / 2 m = 0
m=0

1444442444443
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 m4 n43
0
1
C02 + Cm2
2
m =1

1
Cm 2

2 m =1
:

C0 2 +

14

1 2

2
p = c0 + cn
2 n =1

2
p
=

=
n n *

n
n =
n =

. f
6 ) (

f .

f .
T /2
0
T /2

1
1
2
2
2
=p
f
dt
=

1
dt
+
1
dt
(
)

0 = 1
T T/ 2
T T/ 2

8
1
= 2
2
) m =0 ( 2m + 1

1
1
4
p = c0 2 + cn2 =
2 n =1
2 m =0 ( 2m + 1)

:
1
2

)( 2n + 1

: g .

= 8
n=0

15

.
.
.

.
:
1 2
cn
2 n =1

=
1
c0 2 + cn2
2 n =1
: .
) x(t ) = cos( ' t

.

.
. "
. ,
.
.

16

) (:
jn0t

(n )e
0

T /2

1
x (t )e jn0t dt

T T / 2

= ) . x(t

n =

= ) (n0

T . ,
.T/1
x(t )e jn0t dt

T /2

= ) '(n0 ) = T (n0

T / 2

0
1
jn0t
= '(n0 )e
=
'(n0 )e jn0t

T n=
2 n =

jn0t

(n )e
0

= ) x(t

n =

T.
dt

jn0t

x(t )e

= ) X (n0 ) = lim '(n0

T

jn0t

'(n )e

n =

1
0 0 2

x(t ) = lim

, 0 d , n0 ,

.
.

dt

j t

x(t )e

= }) X ( ) = F { x(t

X ( )e

j t

1
=
2

}) { X (

x(t ) = F

.sec
.
[(v/(rad/sec] :

)(:

17

x(t)=1, -/2<t< /2
,x(t)=0
e jt / 2 e j / 2 e j / 2
=
j / 2
j

= 1e jt dt

/2

= x(t )e jt dt

/ 2

= }) X ( ) = F { x(t

)2 j sin( / 2) 2sin( / 2) sin( / 2

=
=
)= sinc( / 2
j

)( / 2

.
. .
x1(t) 1
t
- /2

/2

)X1(

][2/] 2[2/] 3[2/

x2(t) 1
t
[-/2]/2

[/2]/2

)X2(
/2

]4[2/

]2[2/

:
j 0
{ (t ) e
dt = 1
1

t =

= (t )e jt dt

t =

= }) Y ( ) = F { y (t )} = F { (t

18

:
}
=

dt

jt

y (t ) ' e

= }' ) F { y (t

t =

y (t )e jt dt
t =
142 43

) dt = ( j

'

y (t ) ( e

jt

t =

jt

y (t )e
1 4 2 43

) Y (

) = ( j )Y (

.
= dt

j t

{ h(t ) x(t )} e

= }) Y ( ) = F { y (t )} = F { h (t ) * x (t

t =

jt

jt
h
(

x
(
t

)
d

e
dt
=
}
= { h( ) x(t )e } dt d
t =
{

t =

= h( ) { x (t )e jt } dt d = h( ) x(t )e j ( t ) e j dt d

't
t
'
dt
'
}

}
}
j ( t )
j
j
h( )e
) X ( )d = X ( ) h( )e j d = X ( ) H (
x (t ) e
dt d = h( )e

=
1 44 2 4 43
1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4
43

) H (

) X (

.
(H( " .
(H(
. , D
).(j

> 0
0
64 >7048
64 71 48
e ( j + ) e ( j + ) 0
1
= e t u ( t ) e jt dt = e ( j + ) t dt =
=
) ( j +
) ( j +

} ) F { e t u ( t

19

> 0

( j + ) t
t
jt
= dt
te u ( t ) e dt = te

= } ) F { te t u ( t

e ( j + ) t
e ( j + ) t
e ( j + ) e ( j + ) 0
1
t

dt =
=
2
2
) ( j + ) 0 0 ( j +
) j +
) j +
(
(
1 44 2 4 43

> 00

) dt = e jT X (

1 4 4 4 2 4 4 43
)

x( t T ) e

j ( t T

jT

dt = e

j ( t T ) jT

x( t T ) e

= dt

jt

x( t T ) e

= }) F { x ( t T

)X (

? = F x ( t ) dt

.D/1 D j
.j/1
.
X ( 0 ) = 0 :

) X (
= F x ( t ) dt
j

X ( 0 ) 0
.
.

:
.
.

( D + ) vout = Dvin
:

20

( D + ) vout = Dv
F { ( D + ) vout } = F { Dv
( j + ) Vout = jV
in

in

in

H ( ) =

Vout
j
=
Vin
j +
: " .
. h(t ) = B + Au (t )e kt :

( D + ) h = D
( D + ) ( B + Au (t )ekt ) = D
BD + DAu (t )e kt + B + Au (t )ekt = D
14 2 43
A ekt + Aku (t ) e kt
1 4 44 2 4 4 43
A + Aku ( t ) e kt

BD + ( A + B ) + ( Aku (t )e kt + Au (t )ekt ) = D
1 4 2 4 3 1 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 43
0

B = , A = B = ,
h(t ) = u (t )e

k =

:
H ( ) = F { h(t )} =

h (t )e jt dt =

j t

dt

( j + )
( j )

dt =
=
=
( j + )
( j + )
( j + )

1
4 44 2 4 4 43

1 44 2 4 43

{ u (t )e } e

j t
{ } e dt

{ u (t )e } e
t

e
0
1

( j + ) t

j t

dt

44 2 4 43

j + ) ( j + ) 0
e (
e
( j + )
1 4 4 4 44 2 4 4 4 4 43
1
( j + )