Periodic sampling as a frequency conversion method Reference: R. Lyons, Understanding DSP, Second Ed., Prentice-Hall, 2004. Con ROS website ) Ob Preserve information content shift frequency up or down Consider a single sinusoidal signal x(t) = sin (2nfot): xt) ttt ty tes ats yt) = x()s(t) = x) x O(t— kt,) = y(kt,) BUT: There are an infinite number of frequencies that could give the same sample set. x(n) = sin(2a font,) = sin(2a(fo + Kf, nt,) for any positive or negative integer k.‘Therefore, the frequency spectrum consists of replicas of the frequency spectrum of x(t) spaced at intervals of fs = I/ts. mR iy NE ren=xiyes ¥ 6-2 Example: Low Pass Sampling. Take a baseband continuous spectrum, bandlimited between ~B and B, and sample it at frequency fs. “fy ~ fyf2 fy/2 fs Note that the sampled signals fold around + or ~ nfy/2. So, f, 2 2B is required to avoid aliasing. This is the Nyquist criterion.If we reduce sampling rate below Nyquist, we get spectral overlap that corrupts the information — cannot be undone. ~fs - £2 fy/2. fs ‘Thus, an analog anti-aliasing filter will be needed at the input of the sampler to strictly f f band-limit signals to —“£ < f <=£. 2 f 2 Anti-aliasing Analog LPF This is also needed to prevent out-of-band spectral content (noise, for example) from being aliased into the desired —B< f $B frequency range. Note that sampling reflects nf signal about +: TWAS