Chu d:Mua axit

A HOC QUC GA H NO
TRUNG A HOC KHOA HOC TU NHN
KHOA M TRUNG
Nhm 7: V Thanh Nam
Trn Th| Mi
Cao nh Ngc
Nguyn Th| Ngoan
T Th| Kim Ngn
Tiu lun mn: Ha Mi Trung
1. Tng quan v mua axit.
Nguyn nhn hnh thnh.
Co ch hnh thnh.
2. Tc dng ca mua axit.
3. o luong mua v hm luong axit trong nuc mua.
Bin php di ph vi mua axit.
jnh ngha v mua axit.
Ba vn d ln mang tnh cht ton cu
di vi mi trung hin nay
Ba vn d ln mang tnh cht ton cu
di vi mi trung hin nay
W nhu chung La d blL Lh gll ngy cng phL
Lrln cung vl d l vlc gla Lng cc vn d
ml Lrung 1rong d mua axlL l hln Luong
duoc quan Lm nhlu do nhng nh hung
ca n Ll dl sng vl vy chung Ll chon
ch d ny d bo co
pin
Nc tinh khit
Theo cc nh khoa hc th mua acid d xut hin t khoang 65 triu
nm truc.T d cho dn nay hin tung mua acid d gy ra nhng hu
qua ht sc nghim trng trn hnh tinh cua chng ta .
Mua axit duc nh khoa hc Robert Smith ghi nhn ti Anh ln
du tin vo nm 1872 qua vic quan st cc cng trnh bng d v
gch b| n mn.
Dn nhng nm 1959-1961 n mi duc x hi ch dn v d gy
ra nhiu tham ha cho mi trung v con ngui.
W Nuc mua t nhin c pH trung bnh l 5,6 do lun c mt lung CO2
ha tan vo t khng kh.
W C nhiu tranh ci v vic xc d|nh pH d d|nh nghia cho mua axit.
Theo ECE( Uy ban Kinh t chu Au) th mua axit c pH 5,5.
O M l 5.
Cn o mt s nuc chu th 5,6.
W Hin nay thng nht tt ca nhng con mua c pH do duc <
5,6 du duc xem l mua axit.
T l m.a axit mt s n.c
$O
2
: 70%
NO
x
: 30%
47
HO NAM
Nguyn nhn ca mua acid l do trong nuc mua c ho tan nhng
kh $O2,$O3,NO,NO2, N2O tao ra cc acid tuong ng lm gim pH
thp gy ra mua acid
C rt nhiu ngun nhim dua cc kh ny vo mi trung, ch
yu l 2 ngun chnh:
Ngun tu nhin.
Ngun nhn tao.
HO NAM
Do hoat dng ca ni Ia hay cc
dm chy rng.
T qu trnh phn hy sinh hc v hoat
dng ca sinh vt ph du.
Kh NO duc tao ra do sm st theo pu:
N2 + O2 -> 2NO
nguyn nhn chnh gy nn mua axit.
Ngy nay, con ngui pht thi qu nhiu
vo bu kh quyn cc kh NOx v $Ox:
ch yu tao ra do su dt chy khng hon
ton cc nguyn liu ha thach nhu than,
du kh.trong qu trnh sn xut cng
nghip hay giao thng.
Cng vi su pht trin ca kinh t x
hi,su bng n v khoa hoc k thut,
mc tiu dng nng luong cua con
ngui cng tng ln lm cho luong pht
thi COx v Nox ngy cng nhiu, do
d hin tuong mua axit xy ra cng
thung xuyn hon v trn vng rng
hon.

Lung SO
2
thai vo khi quyn t nhin v nhn to
Ngun pht sinh Lung SO
2
(triu tn/nm)
Nhn to
Dt than 46
Dt v lc du 13
Luyn dng 6
Luyn ch v km 13
T Nhin
Do phan ng sinh hc t m}t
dt
62
Do phan ng sinh hc t m}t
bin
27
Trong hoi bi cua nuc bin 40
W Trung Quc nguyn nhn chnh gy mua axit do vic s dung than
chim 68%. Du tao ra 23% kh gy mua axit.($ liu nm 2004).
!ht thi $O2 do than v du nuc ny tng rt nhanh k t nhng
nm 1970 Tng luong kh thi $O2 vo khng kh Trung Quc d ~22
triu tn vo nm 2003. nhiu hon tng luong pht thi chu u(17 triu
tn).
Ngoi pht thi t than, luong xe tng nhanh lm cho luong NOx
tng nhanh dn nm 2003 d l 12 triu tn, gp di chu u.
W M, chi tnh ring nm 1977, dt nuc ny d thi vo bu kh
quyn 31 triu tn oxit sulfur v 22 triu tn oxit nito.
1rong d
W Cho dn nay, nuc M vn l quc gia thi vo bu kh quyn luong
kh gy nhim nhiu nht th gii
Co ch hnh thnh mua acid l co ch hnh thnh nhng cht
ho hoc hnh thnh ln acid, d l $O2,NOx,cc cht ny t cc
ngun khc nhau duoc thi vo bu kh quyn.
Trong kh quyn nhng cht ny tri qua nhiu phn ng ha
hoc khc nhau, kt hop vi nuc tao thnh cc hat acid
sulfuric(H2$O4), acid nitoric (HNO3).
Khi tri mua, tuyt, cc hat acid ny tan trong nuc
mua, hoc lng dong trong tuyt lm d !H gim, gy
mua acid.
SO2 do 80 H2S sinh ra:
H2S bc ln t ni lua ho}c t cc qu trnh phn huy
ym kh sinh hc cc cht hu co v cht thai cng nghip.
Sau d H2S duc dua vo kh quyn v dy l qu trnh oxi
ha,qu trinh ny duc thc hin nh oxi hay ozon nhung quan
trng nht l ozon theo phan ng:
H2S+O3.......>SO2+H2O
Ngoi ra cn sinh ra t cc ngun cha S khc
nhu t:
Cacbondisufua(CSS) t qu trnh phn huy sinh hc
Dimetyl sunfua(CH3SCH3) v dimetyl disunfua sinh ra t cc
hot dng tao lam ,vi khun v tao nuoc ngt.
Do pht thi truc tip $O2 $O3 vo kh
quyn .
Cng nghip
Giao thng
$ dung nhin liu
hoa thach
Dng Ngun Lung thai
(10^6 tn)
Tnh ra luu
huynh(10^6
tn)
SO2 v SO3 Nhit din
Cng nghip
khc
Ni lua
Bin
60
24,5
1.35
118
30
12.2
0.68
39
SO4
Phn huy sinh
hc
185 175
H2S Phn huy sinh
hc
Cc ngnh cng
nghip khc
102
2.7
95
2.5
Lung luu huynh dua vo kh quyn t cc ngun khc nhau l:
W "u trnh oxi ha SO
2
bng cc phn ng dng pha buc
sng K = 300-400nm.
SO2--------- SO2
WTrong kh quyn SO2 duc oxi ha thnh SO3 nh cc phn ng
quang ha Iin quan dn O3,cacsbua hydro v NOx trong suong
m quang ha:
SO2 + O3 --------- SO3 + O2 + H2O
hv
W Trong diu kin bnh thung, vi nng d 5-30 ppm khi
d m khng kh I 32-90% v c mt cc kh Nox, CnHm
SO2 tam gia pu tao thnh H2SO4:
SO2 + 1/2O2 + H2O-------- H2SO4
W C xc tc l cc ion kim loai tao ra axit tuong ng:
$O2 + HO2------> OH + $O3
$O
2
+
.
OH + M ----> HO$
.
O
2
+ M
HO$
.
O
2
+ O
2
+ M -----> HOO
.
+ $O
3
+M
$O2 + O2------>$O3
$O
3
+ H
2
O -----> H
2
$O
4
W Khi c mt NH3 $O2 tham gia pu tao H2$O4:
2NH3 + $O2 + H2O---------> 2NH4+ +$O3-
$O3- + H2O------------> H2$O4
W SO2 cng c th tham gia vi hoi nuc tao ra hoi axit
S02 + H20 ------- H2S03
H2S03 ------ H
+
+ HSO3
- ---------
2H
+
+SO3
2-
SO3
2
+ H2O ------- H2SO4
Hoi axit gp Ianh ngung t thnh m axit, chng c th
hp th thm hoi nuc tao thnh mua axit.
"u trnh oxi ha SO
2
bng cc phan ng dng pha:
SO
2(gas)
------> SO
2(aq)
SO
2(aq)
+2H
2
O -----> HSO
3
-
(aq)
+ H
3
O
+
(aq)
HSO
3
-
(aq)
+H
2
O -----> SO
3
2-
(aq)
+ H
3
O
+
(aq)
HSO
3
-
(aq)
+ H
2
O
2
<> HOO.SO
2
-
(aq)
+ H
2
O
!07oxyl monosunfit
HOO.SO
2
-
(aq)
nhanh chng chuyn thnh HSO
4
-
sau d kt hp vi H
3
O
+
:
HSO
4
-
+ H
3
O
+
-----> H
2
SO
4(aq)
+ H
2
O
Khi c m}t O
3
:
.
HSO
3
-
(aq)
+O
3
--- SO
4
2-
+H
3
O
+
(aq)
+ O
2
H
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O
N
2
0 sinh ra trong t nhin t qu trnh phn huy cc cht
hu co, khu nitrat nh vi khun.
N
2
0 tham gia phan ng quang ha d to thnh NO:
N
2
0 NO + N
NO phan ng cc cht c tnh oxi ha nhu O
3
, HO
2
-
:
NO + 0
3
NO
2
+ O
2
NO+ HO
2
-
NO
2
+ OH
-
A= 100-169nm
NO
2
hv NO
2
.
hoat hoa
OH
.
NO
2
.
M HNO
3
M
M la thanh phn trung gian th.ng la cac ion
kim loai : Fe
3
; Cu
2
; Co
3
A> 430nm
Vo ban dm HNO
3
duc to thnh t gc NO
3
.
NO
2
.
+ O
3
NO
3
.
+ O
2
Gc NO
3
.
to thnh s phan ng vi cc ankan v
andehit d to thnh HNO
3
NO
3
.
+ RCHO RC
.
O + HNO
3
NO
3
.
+ RH R
.
+ HNO
3
NO
3
.
+ NO
2
N
2
O
5
N
2
O
5
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
W ua axit bn thn n gy nhim bn mi trung nghim
trng vi tnh axit nuc mua c th ha tan mt s bi
kim Ioai v oxit kim Ioai nhu oxit ch,.Im cho nuc mua
tr nn dc hon di con ngui v cc h sinh thi.
W Tuy nhin mua axit khng phi Ic no cng I
c hai.
!h huy h thc vt
ua axit thung khng trc tip Im cht cy, m Im suy yu cy
bng cch Im hu hai I,dn dn gy suy gim, ph hoai cc t
chc bn trong, Im mt cht dung, cht keo v cc axit amin
Im cy kh mc. Nu xy ra thung xuyn cy s tn a v cht.
Mua axit ha tan cht dinh dung trong dt(Ca,Mg,K,.) , c ch qu
trnh c d|nh dm cua vi sinh vt v s phn giai cc cht hu co,lm
giam s ph v mu m cua dt dai, hn ch s sinh truong cua r cy,
lm giam kha nng chng bnh v su hi.
W Theo s Iiu nghin cu th trn
ton th gii chi ring thit hai
v g do tc hai ca mua axit d
vut qu 10 t USD
W Vit Nam mua axit xy ra tai
tinh "ung Nam thng 10/2007
Im hu hai 123 ha bng
W "L phi Chu u" I cc di rng
In bn b sng ng b[ mua axit
tn ph d nh hung dn mi
trung sinh thi cc nuc Php,
c, Thy S. Ton Chu u c
khong14% S rng b[ mua axit ph
hoai ring nuc c b[ tn ph ti
50%.
W Mua axit lm c ch vic phn giai cc cht hu co v c d|nh
dm trong dt, rua tri cc nguyn t dinh dung trong dt
nhu canxi , magi, kali .
W Theo s liu thng k san lung ng cc hng nm giam 30 .
W O M, mua axit gy thit hi 1 ti dla hng nm, cn o Trung
"uc mi nm thit hi 5,3 triu tn luong thc.
- Ngoi ra mua axit cn Im tng d chua ca dt, hng nm mua
axit b sung vo dt 0,3-1,0 kgH+/ha/nm(Ngun RoweII v WiId,
1985)
- Song song vi s tng d chua ca dt I s Iinh dng ca cc
ion kim Ioai nhu Pb,Hg,Cd,AI,.cng tr nn Iinh dng hon
chng duc cy trng hp th v tch t Im gim gi tr[ s dng,
thm ch gy dc cho ngui v gia sc khi s dng ngun Iuong
thc Im thc n.
Mua axit gy nhim ngun nuc h,
de da s tn ti cua cc loi tm cua c
v sinh vt thuy khc.
W O Thy Din c khoang 20.000 h
nuc,22 d b| axit ha o mc d khc
nhau,4000 h khng cn c;
W O Na Uy 80 nuc h o min Nam
nuc ny b| ax ha v 1,3km2 S m}t h
nuc ny khng cn c
2. Axit ha nc h
W Canada c hon 5 vn h
dang c nguy co bin
thnh h cht
W O M c 2.7 h b| axit
ha c vng ln dn 28-
56 theo d don cu cc
chuyn gia mi trung
M trong vng 20-50 nm
ti mc d axit h cc h
cua ton nuc M s tng
5-10 ln hin nay
pH < 6,0 Cc sinh vt bc thp cua chui thc n b| cht (nhu
ph du, stonefly), dy l ngun thc n quan trng
cua c
pH < 5,5 C khng th sinh san duc. C con rt kh sng st.
C ln b| d| dng do thiu dinh dung. C b| cht do
ngt
pH < 5,0 "un th c b| cht
pH < 4,0 Xut hin cc sinh vt mi khc vi cc sinh vt ban
du
Bang anh huong cua axt h ti thuy sinh vt.
.Lm tn hi sc khe con ngi.
Cc tc hai cho con ngui t mua axit khng phi I trc tip.
Tuy nhin, cc cht nhim gy ra mua acid suIfur dioxide
(SO2) v cc oxit nito (NOx) - Im hai sc khe con ngui, vi
hm Iung SO2 trong khng kh In ti 8 mg/Iit con ngui s
cm thy kh ch[u,nu In dn 400mg/I s gy t vong.
Gy ra cc bnh tim v phi, bnh hen suyn v vim ph
qun.
Cc cht kh ny tuong tc vi nhau trong bu kh quyn d
tao thnh suIfat v nitrat hat c th duc vn chuyn dung
di bng sc gi v ht su vo phi ca con ngui ngui. Cc
tinh th cng c th xm nhp vo trong nh.
. n mn cc vt liu kin trc
- ua axit d ph hy nhiu cng trnh kin trc c (Thnh c
Aten ni ting, sn khu ngoi tri ca La , bc tung nhn su
ca Ai Cp, Lng Thai Chi ca n , pho tung pht In nht th
gii Lac Son -T" d b[ hu hng nhiu ch do tc dng n mn
ca mua axit).
- Ngoi ra, mua axit cn Im tng nhanh d n mn dung ray xe
Ia, cu bng kim Ioai, nh cao tng, cng trung, hm m,.
Mua axit cng dem li li ch dng k. Cc nh khoa hc va pht hin
thy nhng con mua cha axit sunphuaric lm giam pht thai methane t
nhng dm ly, nh d hn ch hin tung tri dt nng ln.
Cc vi khun o dm ly tiu th cht nn (gm hydro v axetat) trong
than bn, ri giai phng methane vo kh quyn. Nhung trong dm ly
ngoi vi khun sinh methane, cn c vi khun n sunphua cnh tranh thc
n vi chng.
Khi mua axit d xung, nhm vi khun ny s su dng sunphua, dng thi
tiu th lun phn cht nn dng l duc dnh cho vi khun sinh
methane.
Do vy, cc vi khun sinh methane b| "di" v san xut ra t kh nh knh.
Nhiu th nghim cho thy phn sunphua lng dng c th lm giam qu
trnh sinh methane ti 30.
W 5u%NC lnNC lnAl uO vA lnN 1lcn lON
S dng my do mua t dng d do mu
nuc mua.
- Cc mu c khi Iung khng di thu
trong khong thi gian khc nhau duc
ghi Iai tun t gi tr[ ca Iung mua.
-Sau mi In mua, cc mu thu thp duc
dng Ianh v duc ra sach bng nuc
deionized,sau d s dng phuong php
phn tch d xc d[nh pH.
- C th s dng my do pH hay phuong
php phn tch d xc d[nh Ph.
W Tai Vit Nam, Trung tm Gim st Ing dng quc gia (do Vin
Kh tung Thy vn - trc thuc Tng cc Kh tung Thy vn
c nay I B Ti nguyn v i trung ch tr) thc hin vic
gim st Ing dng axit thng qua cc tram gim st mi trung
cng vi cc phng th nghim d phn tch cc mu c Iin
quan.
W T nm 2000 dn nay, VKTTV d tin hnh gim st Ing dng
axit tai 2 v[ tr theo chuong trnh d thng nht vi mang Iui
Gim st Ing dng axit ng .
W (1) Tram Kh tung H Ni ( Ioai tram d th[)
W (2) Tram mi trung Ha Bnh (Ioai tram nng thn - min ni
W Tai cc dim quan trc Vit Tr, Lng, Cc Phuong, Ph Lin, Ninh
Bnh, Thanh Ha d c cc trn mua c pH=4,37;pH=4,58. c bit,
Ph Lin (1991) d xut hin d pH trung bnh thng ca nuc mua
I 5,2;5,4;5,5.
W cc Phuong (1990) trong cc thng 1,2,3,4,5,10, d pH=5,1-5,91
=>"ua s Iiu ny cho thy nuc ta d c du hiu mua axit cc b
Nhung hin tung ny ngy cng gia tng v c quy m v mc d:
W Cui nm 1993, Nh B, PhXun, Ph d xut hin mt trn
mua din rng 100 km2 c mu den Ic v mi hi, hm Iung
nitrat kh In, c nhiu tap cht hu co, Iung cn khng tan cao
v so b c th khng d[nh trn mua ny d b[ axit ho.
W Bo co hin trang mi trung Vit Nam (1997,1998) khng d[nh
c du hiu mua axit Lo Cai, pha nam c tai inh Hi, Tr
Vinh, TP HCv ph cn, Bnh Duong, ng Thp. So snh s
Iiu 2 nm cng cho thy hin tung ny gia tng. V d xung
quanh nh my Supe Phootphat Lm Thao dt d b[ axit ha
(pH=1,9-3,5)
Chng ta phai quan tm ca vn d quan l ngun
thai v khc phc hu qua cua mua axit.
1. "uan l ngun nhim:
2. Bin php cng ngh
- Xy dng cc diu Iut, cng uc v mi trung trong vic
x thi cc kh gy nua axit, p dng trn ton cu.
- Bn canh d nh nuc Iun cn c chuong trnh gio
dc tuyn truyn ngui dn c thc trong vic bo v
mi trung
- i vi cc phuong tin giao thng, tin hnh ci tin
cc dng co theo cc tiu chun EURO d dt hon ton nhin
Iiu, gn hp xc tc d kh NOx (DeNOx) v SOx nhm han
ch dn mc thp nht Iung kh thi ra.
- Tm kim v thay th dn cc nhin Iiu ha thach bng cc
nhin Iiu sach nhu hydro, s dng cc Ioai nng Iung ti
tao thn thin vi mi trung.
Ch yu I cc bin php Im gim thiu v hp thu kh thi truc khi thi
vo khng kh.
- Thu hi so2 bng Ca(OH)2 trong thp ra.
SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O
- Thu hi SO2 bng ZnO:
ZnO + SO2 + H2O ZnSO3.H2O
- Thu hi Nox bng H2O hay kim( p dng cho hm Iung < 1%).
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
- Thu hi bng kim
2NaOH + 2NO2 NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O
- !huong php sinh hoc khc phuc hu qu mua axit: s dung chng vi sinh
vt Myxococcus xanthus . Khi qut hay phun cc dung djch cha loai vi
khun trn ln cc b mt vt liu bng d n s xm nhp vo d vi vi
d su 0,5mm. Chng tao nn mt lp carbonate hay ''va sinh hoc'' bn
hon chnh d vi v chju duoc mua acid ( theo nghin cu ca Rodriguez-
Navarro v dng nghip thuc H Granada, Ty Ban Nha ). y l mt
phuong php kh don gin m lai hiu qu m chng ta c th nhn rng
v s dung .
1. Mua axit c pH < 5,6.
2. Nguyn nhn do c nguyn nhn tu nhin v nhn tao tuy
nhin ta quan tm nhiu ti nguyn nhn nhn tao. Do nguyn
nhn tu nhin ta khng c kh nng can thip duoc.
3. Ta phi s dung dng b c bin php qun l v cng ngh d
c th gi thiu dn mc thp nht tc hai ca mua axit.
4. Cn phi c su don kt gia cc quc gia trn th gii do dy
l vn d tan cu.
1. Acid rain in China nvi7onm0ntal sci0nc0 & t0chnology / janua7y 2
2. ACID RAIN IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF THE IVORY COAST
! LACAUX and S#'AA1 Labo7atoi70 d'At7ologi0
3. Acid raIN and potentiaI effects on crop/forestry in Viet NamAssoc. Prof.
Nguyen Thi Ha Faculty of Environmental Science, VNU.
5. ACID GASES AND ACID IN RAIN MONITORED FOR OVER 5 YEARS
IN RURAL EAST-CENTRAL ENGLAND A. MARTIN and F. R.BARBER
CEGB, Scientific Services Department, Ratcliffe-on-Soar Nottingham NGll
OEE, U.K.
ET SULFATE AND NITRATE DEPOSITION PATTERNS INEASTERN
NORTH AMERICA S. G. ZEMBA, 0. GOLOMB and 1. A. FAY Energy
Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139,
U.S.A.
GIO TRINH HA MI TRUNG( DANG KIM CHI).
GIO TRINH CO SO MI TRUNG KHNG KHI(DO HU HO).