9-10.

&

1. ............................................................................................ 1
2. ..................................................................................................... 1
2.1 , ............................................... 1
2.2 ........................................................................................ 2
2.3 ........................................................................................... 3
2.4 & .................. 4
2.4.1 : Michelson ........................................... 4
2.4.2 : Fabry-Perot ............................................... 5

2.5 ........................................................... 6
2.5.1 ................................................................................. 6
2.5.2 Bragg ............................................................................................................... 8

3. .............................................................................................. 9
4. & .............................................. 10
4.1 - ................................... 10
4.2 ............................................. 11
4.3 : ............... 11
4.4 ................................ 12
4.5 ...................................... 13
4.6 Michelson . 13
4.7 Fabry-Perot 14
4.8 ........................................................ 14
5. .......................................................................................................... 16

 &
1. .

. ,
. .
(
Polaroid) , , , ,
. . ,
, Michelson
Fabry-Perot 1 , Bragg .

, .

2. .
2.1 , .
() ()
0.1 cm < < 30 cm, 109 Hz < < 1011 Hz
( ) c=3108 m/s.
, (, , , Radar ). . -, I=F(R), , I=F(),
.
( 1()).
I R
=-2

()

I R
-1>>-2

()

I R
-1>>-2

()

1.
( 1())
, ,

Michelson Fabry-Perot .

&

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C
(1)
R2
, R C . R-2
. ,
- .
() ,
= 2.86 cm 10.525 GHz. - ( 1()).
, . , ,
~5 cm
.
- , , ,
( )
,
(2)
,
1/2, .
(2)
(1) ( ) R, <0
=2 , 1||2. . R
.
I R E
2

2.2 .

&
n
n
. Snell

=
(
n

)
2.
. . n n
2.

( ).
.
, - .
,
, =. Snell, nsin =
nasin. = + = + ( 2), ( )
na1 ,
&

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sin sin A
.
( 3)

sin
sin A
,
.
n

2.3 .

( & )
()
.
. .
Malus, =cos2,
.
(2) ( cos2) (2) ( |cos|). .

3.
. -

. .

3.
, .

, .
( ) , .
.
Malus, =cos2.
. Polaroid
, .

1
2
3
.

( 4)

& .

(). 4.
,
( -

&

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 ). 4 ()
.
Malus ,
cos4.
(4)
cos4 ( (2))
cos2 ( (2)). .

2.4 & .
2.4.1 : Michelson.
, (
). ,
Ei Eio cos i t , i=1, 2
(5)
i

( i= k i r ). .

1/ 2
I 12 I 1 I 2 2I 1 I 2 cos
(6)
2
i |io| ,
, 2-1 . (6) . ( )
1/ 2
I max I 1 I 2 2I 1 I 2 = 2n, n=0,1,2,
(7)
( )
1/ 2
I min I 1 I 2 2I 1 I 2 =(2n+1), n=0,1,2,
(7)
(1=2=) max = 4 min = 0. ..
( ) .
( Young)
& & .

-.
. Michelson
5. ( ) .
1, , . , 2l1 ( 5). 2 2l2.
, .

(8)
l=2|l2- l1|.


(8)
lo=2na|l2- l1|.
lo ,

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2l o
.
(9)

M2
( 1
5),
n
. 1
l2

M1
/2 ( ).

. 1
x
l1
l1
.
x, .
(

5.
l2>l1)
2 2l 2 l1
l1
2n1
(10)

2 2l 2 l1 x
(10)
l1 x
2n 2

n1,2 . (10,) :
2 2l 2 l1 l 2 l1 x
2x
2n 2 n1

n2 n1 n

2x
.
(11)

n
x , n = n2 - n1.

2.4.2 : Fabry-Perot.

2
1
6.
1

6.
2. d
x
,
1.
, .
. . , 2 d
( 6
,
). -. ,

&

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 2nad. ,
2 2n d

.
(12)

, (
, ). ( Airy),
1
I I max
(13)
1 Fsin 2 /2
. F (finesse) 1
2. F . ,

= 2n, n=0,1,2,, =max

(14)

=(2n+1), n=0,1,2,, =max/(1+ F).

(14)

6 Fabry-Perot. ,
, , , . ,
(
).
. d
. 2 x,
.
2 2d
d
2n1
(15)

2 2d x
d x
2n 2
(15)

n1,2 . (15,) (11) Michelson.

2.5 .
2.5.1 .

()
( ).
, . .
. 7 14 . -

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z
: (i)
c
a, b, c x, y, z. (ii) , , . Oxyz

. 7,

(a=bc

===90 ), .
b
y
, 7.
, (rotation),
(reflection), (reflection-rotation) (inversion).
. Miller h, k l. (hkl) a/h, b/k c/l Ox, Oy Oz
. ( ),
Miller 0. 8
(a = b = c = = = 90)
.
100 (1)
110 (2)
210 (3)
310 (4)
8.
d100

d210
d110

d310

d120

120 (5)
230 (6)

d230

y
z

1
.
.
1.
: a = b = c, = = = 90

/
Miller
a
b
c
1
1

1 0 0
2
1
1

1 1 0
3
1
2

2 1 0
4
1
3

3 1 0
5
2
1

1 2 0
6
3
2

2 3 0

&

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, {hkl} . {hkl}
(hkl), dhkl, ,
1
.
(17)
d hkl
2
h
k2 l2

a2 b2 c2
(100)
d100=a (110) d110=a/ 2 .
2.5.2 Bragg.

a, b c, .
Bragg ( Nobel 1915) 1913, (hkl) . Bragg.
9.

Bragg

hkl
l= 2d hkl sin Bragg

Bragg
d100

, ( 9).
Bragg, Bragg,
(18)
Bragg = 90
l . ,
9, Bragg ,
hkl
2d hkl sin Bragg
(19)
,m m , m = 0,1,2... .
Bragg (100) (110)
. a=b=c=3.85 cm,
(17) d100 = 3.85 cm d110 = 2.72 cm. (100) ,

100
100
sin Bragg
Bragg
,1
,1 =21.7
2d 100

100
100
sin Bragg
Bragg
,2 2
,2 =47.8 .
2d 100

&

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100
m>2, sin Bragg
,m 1 .

(110) ,

110
Bragg
,1 =31.6
2d 110
m>1.
110
sin Bragg
,1

3. .
:
(~15 mW)
(). .

.
( ). ( ).
(10) (10) . , ,
. .
( 1 m 30 1 m(30) = 30 m). .

()

10.

()

11.
&

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 , ,
~5 cm .
. .

0/360 . .
,
.
( 11). .

4. & .
4.1-4.5 4.6-4.8 .

4.1 -.

. R

R
5 cm

.

5 cm
( 12.
). ,
( (2)) . 12. :
1. - R ( )
( ).
2. .
3. 1-2 Ri (imax~9). Ri
i .
4. , Ri
i, Ri, = Ri+ 5 + 5 = Ri + 10 cm. i = F(Ri,) (log-log-) R, <0.
.
= 2
(2,).

&

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4.2 .
.
13. .
. :
1. =0 .
2. -70<

<+70

.
3. .
4. 1-2 i
~5. i
i .
5. i = F(i) ( ). 13.

( =0
). .

4.3 : .
( n=1.30)
,
n1, . ( 2.2). : ()
,
( 14()). () . ,
( 14()). ,
. () , , ( 14()).

90

14.

&

()

()

()

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 ( )
. ( ), .
.
1. (
14()). ( ).
2. ,
.
. .
3. 2 ( ).
i .
4. ,
. A (3)
.
. .

4.4 .

-
- =0
.

( )
15.
, .
- 15.

.
(>0.6 m) .
( -)
. ,
=0 ( ).
:
1. -100100
.
2. 1 =10. i i .
4. , i
i, i/max |cos(i)|.
i/max=F(i) (mm-) i/max=F(|cos(i)|) (log-log-). . , [|cos()|], . .
. ( ) ( 2.3) (2,).

&

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4.5 .

( )

16.
( 16).
,

( )


.
4.4.

-120120. i i . , i
i, i/max |cos(i)|.
i/max=F(i) (mm-) i/max=F(|cos(i)|) (log-log-). . , [|cos()|], .
. .
( )
( 2.3)
(2,).

4.6 Michelson.

ln1+n

ln1
Michelson 1

17
, ,
.
1,2
2
. 2

1
17.
. (2.4.1).
. :
1. 1 . l = ln1 , n1 .
2. 1 n=2 (
). ln1+2.
3. ln1+2 1 2
ln1+4. n=6, 8, 10 ( ~10 ). ln1, n, ln1+n .
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4. , n, ln1+n
ln= ln1+n - ln1 ( n=0 l0 =0). ln=
F(n) (mm-) (11) (0,0)
=/2. .

(2.1). c= , , c
.
cc=3108 m/sec .

4.7 Fabry-Perot.

-
l
Fab1
ry-Perot .
l+n
2
. 18

1,2.

18.
, , .
1 2
.
:
1. 2 l 1
. .
2. 2 n n (n~5). , l+n.
3. l,i ( )
. 2 n l+n,i. (imax~10) . l,i, l+n,i n
.
4. , l,i, l+n,i ln,i= l+n,i - l,i.
ln (ln). (11) () . c .
cc=3108 m/sec .
.

4.8 .
Bragg ( (100)
(110)) 12.65 mm,

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 . (2.5).
( 19).

Bragg

()

()

=2Bragg

(100)
()

Bragg
Bragg
= 2Bragg

( (100))

19.

:
1. , 19().
(x30).
2. Bragg
0Bragg55. =2Bragg (
19()).
(18). .
3. Bragg,i
i. Bragg . Bragg=1. Bragg,i, i .
4. i = F(Bragg,i) (mm-)
. Bragg
&

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( (100), m=1,2 (110) m=1) (2.5). Bragg a. .

5. .
[1] D. Halliday& R. Resnick, , (1976).
[2] . , , (2008).
[3] E. Hecht, Optics, Addison-Wesley, MA, Second Edition (1987).
[4] . , 3, (2005).
( ).
[5] A. M. Portis & H. D Young, Microwave Optics, Berkley Physics Laboratory, 2nd edition
McGraw-Hill Co., New York (1971).
[6] C. Kittel, , 5 (. , )
(1979).

&

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