:

:
:

1386
1

5 .......................................................................................................

1.1 5 ............................................................................................................ .
2.1 7 ......................................................................................................................

11 .....................................................................

1.2 )( 11 ..................................................................
2.2 )( 12 ...................................................
3.2 23........................................................................................................
4.2 - 23....................................................................................................

25 ..............................................................................................

1.3 26 ........................................................................................ :
2.3 )( 27 .................................................................................
3.3 28 .....................................................................................................
.4 28 ................................................................................................................ :
29 ..........................................................................................................................


1
.

.
.
.
.

.
-
"" "" .
.
1670 .

.
1864
.
1923
- -
. .
.
.

Wave-particle duality

 1927
.

.
.
1Kg 01 m s . 6.6 m 1034 = 6.6 1024 Ao.
.

). (.

.
. 1928
.
.
. .
) ( .

1.1

E P.
) ( ) ( :

)( 1-1

h
P

) ( 2-1

E
h

. - h
.
) ( .

De broglie principle



.

.

) ( .
.

:
)(3-1

h
h
h
v
=
=
1 ( )2
p
mv
m0 v
c

h m m 0 v c .

)( 4-1

E 2 E02
c

= E 2 = ( pc) 2 + E0 p

)(5-1

Etot = Ek + E0

)14),(15
(
(Ek + E0 ) 2 = E02 + ( pc) 2

Ek2 + 2Ek E0 + E02 = E02 + ( pc) 2

Ek2 + 2 Ek E0

)(6-1

)(7-1

hc
E + 2 Ek E0
2
k

=p

)11),( 6,1
(
=

6 ) (
) Ek ( E0 .
Ek
< 0.01)
E0

)(8-1

1 2 p2
h
= Etot Ek = mv
= p = 2mEk
2
2m
2mEk

v p .

2.1
1912
Ao 1
.

.
.
.
7


x x .
x
.
.
..

.

) (1-1

)
.(1
.
.


).)(( 2-1

)(2-1

d .
2d sin .
.

)(3-1

. ) ( .
. :

)(9-1

n = 1,2,3,...

n = 2 d sin

n d .
.

)(4-1

10

1.2 )(
.

.

2-2

1-2

). (2-2

.
) (

. )
(2.2

11

 2.2 )(
. .

.
. !

.
- .
. ...
.

.
TEM1 SEM2
. .

.
.

.

Transmission electron microscope

Scanning electron microscope

1
2

12

 6 . .
.

.

3-2

). ( .

.
.
. .
) (
1 ).
: ( .

13

-1

-2
-3
-4
-5
-6 .
-7 .
4-2

.
.
) (
.
) (
.

5-2

14

.
. .
.

.

.
.
. .
.

.
.
.

.

)- (6-2
.

15

) ( 0-10kv0

) (0-600 v ) (

) (7-2

wehnelt G1 = 25 v
Electrode G 2 = + 250 v
Anode G 3 = + 10 kev
= approx . + 250 v

ElectrodeG

G1 . G1

.
16

1mA 10 M

G3 .
.
:
Ek = eV 10kev

:
E0 = m0c 2 = 9.1 1031 (3 108 ) 2 = 8.19 1014 J 0.5Mev

Ek
10kev

= 0.02
E0 500kev

) ( .
:

6.64 1034
= 12.3 pm
5.396 10 23

6.64 1034
2 9.1 10 31 1.6 1019 10000v

h
=
2meV

h
=
2 m Ek

.
.

17

) ( pm

) - (1-2

4-10 kV

)V (kv

2
19.4

4.0

17.3

5.0

15.8

6.0

14.7

7.0

13.7

8.0

12.9

9.0

12.3

10.0

2 sin

= 2d sin = d

. :

r 2r = 2
2r
2r
1
2r
=
= sin 4
4 = Arc sin
= Arc sin
l
l
l
l
4
l
2

= sin 2

l l=127mm
). 2.5% (.

18


.
.

). .( d 2d sin

.. sin d . r .
) (d .
:

r1 = 7 . 5 mm
r2 = 13 mm

) (8-2

19

1
2r 1
2(7.5mm) 1
6.783
arcsin 1 = arcsin
= )= arcsin(0.118
= 1.69576...
4
l
4
127mm
4
4
12.3 pm
= 207.824 pm
)2(0.0295

2 sin

= 2d1 sin = d1

sin = 0.029592...

1
2r
1
2(13mm) 1
11.813
arcsin 2 = arcsin
= )= arcsin(0.204
= 2.9533...
4
l
4
127 mm
4
4
12.3 pm
= 119.364 pm
)2(0.05152

2 sin

= 2d1 sin = d1

= r1 = 7.5mm

= r2 = 13 mm

sin = 0.05152...

:

2. :
d 2 =123pm d1 =213pm

20

 ) (9-2

100

213 207.824
100 = 2.4%
213

123 119.364
100 = 2.95%
123

21

..
.
.


.
)( ) (
.
.
.


.
22

 3.2
x .

.
x
.
) . 1987 (
12kV
x ).
12kV
.
12kV .

4.2

. 54eV
Davisson-germer experiment

23

 . (1.
)
( .
(2
.

= 50o
.

.
.
) (
.
.
.
54 v 1.67 Ao .
d=2.15 Ao
1.65 Ao .

24

(1
(2.
" " .
.

25

 1.3 :

.

.
. .
1 2 .3
)( ...
:
) (
.

)(1-3

)(2-3

Lattice symmetry
Lattice structure
3
For more information go to: www.physchem.ox.ac.uk
2

26

 2.3 ) (
.
). (...

(.
.
.

. )
( :
.
.

.

)(3-3

27

 3.3

.
) ( .
.
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.
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.4 :
_
.
) (
.

.
.
2.5% .

28

 ) ( .

) (... .

.

:
(1 : -
(2 :
(3 :
(4 :
(5 :

29

www.farmfak.uu.se
www.doitpoms.ac.uk
www.physchem.ox.ac.uk
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/electron_diffraction
www.upscale.utoronto.ca/lyearlab/elecdiff.pdf
www.warren-wilson.edu
www.iop.org
www.geocities.com

30