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    212 views502 pages

    Siemens Handbook

    Uploaded by

    aashygang

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 502
    Power Engineering Guide Edition 6.2 Answers for energy. Imprint ‘Sites cages Ene Senor eyesenersass 1 ‘cmon comma) bins House bse angen, Germany Neto tes Nie tongen,Germeny ctor 62 Sanne Ainge er cma Siemens Eneray Sector - Power Encineering Guide - Edition 6.2 Foreword Dear reader, This updated edition of the wellknown Power Engineering Guide is @ manual for everyone involved in the generation, ‘transmission and distribution of electrical energy from system planning, to implementation and control. Our guide is designed to assist and support engineers, technicians, planners and advisors, as well as students, trainees and teachers of electrical engineering and energy technology. Beyond that, we hope the Power Engineering Guide will also be useful as a reference work for technical questions and support continuing education and training in the technical field. ur guide covers the entire portfolio of Siemens products for the transmission and distribution of electrical power — Including high, megium and low voltage, switching substations, transformers and switchgear, and is organized by product and function. It also covers solutions in the areas of automation, energy management and network communication, as nell as service and support. Key terms end abbreviations are explained in a handy appendix, and Internet addresses are provided for additional in-depth information. Siemens AG isa global leader in electronics and electrical engineering. Siemens’ products, systems and integrated, complete solutions benefit customers by meeting a wide varity of local requirements. They represent the Key technologies of the future and set global standards. All cur developments and innovations ~ which also affect methods and processes = ate distinguished by energy efficiency, economy, reliability, environmental compatibility and sustainability, The portfolio Includes solutions for power transmission and distribution, for smard grids, for low and medium voltage as well as energy automation, The importance of electricity is emphasized by the repidly increasing number of electrical applications end the fact that demand will continually grow in the coming decades. To help our customers master their respective challenges and achieve success and further growth, we continue to work on selectively strengthening and optimizing our portfolio. As a result, i addition to “traditional” products for power transmission and distribution, today's portfolio includes a wide range of additional products. We offer rid operators, electricity customers, planners and builders of electrical systems the additional benefits of integrated communications and automation technology. Our spectrum of services includes the planning, maintenance and repeir of entire power supply networks. Thanks to cur vast experience in managing projects around the world, we provide power utilities, industrial companies, cities, urban planer and city hubs (airports and harbors) with costeficient custom tailored solutions. Please don't hesitate to contact your local Siemens sales office. You will find the contacts to Siemens in your region at www.siemens.comlenergy and www siemens. comiinfrastructure-cities. Sincorely, Dr. Udo Niehage Ralf Christian Dr. Jan Mrosik Siemens Enerey Sector Siemens infrastructure & Cities Sector Siemens Infrastructure & Cities Sector CEO Power Transmission Division CEO Low and Mecium Voltage CEO Smart Grid Slemene Enorgy Sector - Power Engineering Gude «Edition 6.2 | 3 ontent 1, Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy 6 2, Power Transmission and Distribution Solutions 14 3. Switchgear and Substations 60 44, Products and Devices 136 5. Transformers 220 6, Protection and Substation Automation 248 7, Energy Management 386 8, Communication in Power Systems 426 9, Network Planning 458 10. Services & support 470 11. Glossary 496 12, Abbreviations, Trademark, Index 494 Siemens Energy Sector - Power Engineering Guide +E iW 1 Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy 6| Siemens Energy Sector - Poster Engineering Guiee - Edition 6.2 Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy Electrical energy is the backbone of our economy and supports every aspect of social and cultural life today. The comfort of always having electricity available is anything but guaranteed, however. We face major challenges in providing adequate power generation, transmission, and distribution to meet the world's needs. ‘The global demand for energy is steadily Increasing at the rate of three percent a yea. faster than the two percent annual increase in the global demand for primary eneray, There are meny factors contriouting to this escalation, including rapid population growth and longer life spans. The process of urbanization con- tinues to accelerate, and growing amounts of electricity must be transported to heavily populated areas, usually over long dis- tances. At the same time, the density and complexity of urban. ower grids are also increasing (fig. 1-1). Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are becoming mote scarce, and exploration and production of oll and gas are becoming more expensive. To slow the threat of climate change we must reduce our CO, emissions worldwide; for power grids, this means. increased integration af renewable energy sources such as hydro, wind, and solar power. At the same time, it also means boosting the energy efficiency of grids so they contribute to our environmental and climate protection efforts and help keep energy costs under control, The growing international trade in energy, fueled by the liberalization of energy markets, and the integretion of power grids across regions requites investment in ‘more transmission lines to ensure arid stability and guarantee power supplies ‘To meet all these challenges, an intelligent and flexible grid infrastructure, smart generation, and smart buildings are essen- tial. Achioving this will require a fundamental shift from the traditional unidirectional flow of energy and communication to a bidirectional power flow (fig. 1-2) In traditional power grids, power generation follows the load ~ but in the future, power consumption will follow generation rather than the other way around. A perfect example isthe electric car, which can be charged or operated at night while drawing on cheap wind power. The grids of today and tomorrow must integrate every type of ower generation to bridge the increasing distances between power generation - offshore wind farms, for example ~ and the consumer, The objectives set for smart grids are as diverse as they are exciting and ambitious. Instead of overloads, bottlenecks, and blackouts, smart grids will ensure the reliability, sustainability, Slemene Enorgy Sector «Power Engin Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy {irs ermaton and conmaneston remade ‘ig, 1-2: Paradige shift in poner grids ~ tho new ag ‘and efficiency of power supplies. Information and communica: tion systems within the network will be systematically expanded ‘and homogenized, Automation will increase considerably, and appropriately equipped smart substations will help reduce the. cost and labor intensity of planning and operation. Ongoing, ‘comprehensive monitoring willimprove the way that plants and the grid are run, Distributed power generators and storage units will be combined into virtual power plants so they can also participate in the development of the market. Susceptibility to failure will be Considerably reduced by “self-healing” grids that manage and redundantly compensate for faults atthe locel level. Consumers wil participate as end customers through electronic smart ‘meters that offer them better conirol oftheir own consumption, ‘and this will make load management easier because peak loads ‘can be avolded thiough price benefits. The potential of smart grids is enormous, and includes the use of buildings end electric Vehicles linked into the network as controllable power con- sumers, generators, and even storage units. Information and communication technology forms the crucial links between power generation, transmission, distribution, and ‘consumption. The smart grid will create consistent structures, ‘optimize power generation, and balance fluctuating power production with consumption (fig, 1-3). Fig, 1-3: The smart grid addresses future challenges ‘Siemens is ready to play @ leading role in the creation and expan: ‘sion of smart grids. Not only is Siemens uniquely positioned to ttansport and distribute power, Siemens s also a world market leader in energy automation, which plays a decisive role in the creation of smart grid. 8 Siemens Eneray Sector - PonerEncineering Guide - Edition 6.2 Smart Grids and The New Age of Energy Network planning Building smart grids isa highly complex task that begins with, a detailed quantitative assessment of the system requirements, finition of actual targets and their required performance levels, and specification of system concepts and equipment. 'As a result, a comprehensive strategy for building smart grits Js necessary ~ including the part of the grid that addresses electrical networks, ‘The foundation for designing an efficient smart-grid network isa detailed analysis ofthe system's required performance. Thisis the key task for stietegic network planning. Keeping a rigorous focus.on the system asa whole ensures thet the architecture and Configuration deliver the necessary performance lavels, and ‘meet other requirements as well, The solution will integrate the ‘most innovative technologias for energy generation, transmis sion, distribution, and consumption, while taking into account ‘each system's individual history end current condition. In most cases, the transition from today's network to the future smart dgrid cannot be made in one step; instead it requires step-by-step ‘modification plans. See chapter 9, page 458. Power electronics (HVDC/FACTS) Siemens power electronic solutions for High Voltage Direct CCurrent transmission (HVDC) and Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) address the greatest challenges in power transmission. FACTS devices can significantly increase the power transmission capacity of existing alternating curtent (AC) systems and extend ‘maximum AC transmission distences by balancing the varieble reactive power demand of the system. Reactive power compen- sation is used to control AC voltage, increase system stability. and reduce power transmission losses. State-of-the-art FACTS devices include fixed series compensators (FSC) and thyristor controlled series compensators (TCSC) for series compensation, or static VAR compensators (SVC) for dynamic shunt compensation, The latest generation of Siemens SVC devices is called SVC PLUS. These are highly standardized ‘compact devices that can easily be implemented in demanding network environments; for example, to allow connection of lage offshore wind pares [AC technology has proven very effective in the generation, ‘uansmission, and distribution of electiical energy. Nevertheless, there are tasks that cennot be performed economically or with technical precision using AC. These include power transmission ‘over very long distances, as well as between networks operating asynchronously or at difforent frequencies. In contrast, a unique Teatuie of HVDC systems is thait ability to feed power into ‘networks that cannot tolerete additional increases in short-

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