Bi ging K thut Vi x l

Ngnh in t-Vin thng i hc Bch khoa Nng ca H Vit Vit, Khoa CNTT-TVT Ti liu tham kho [1] K thut vi x l, Vn Th Minh, NXB Gio dc, 1997 [2] K thut vi x l v Lp trnh Assembly cho h vi x l, Xun Tin, NXB Khoa hc & k thut, 2001

Chng 2

Vi x l v H thng vi x l
2.1 B vi x l
- B vi x l (Microprocessor) l g? - Cc thnh phn ca b vi x l

- ng dng ca b vi x l

2.2 Cc h vi x l
- H x86 ca Intel- Lut Moore

- H 68x ca Motorola

2.3 H thng vi x l
B nh Cc cng I/O Bus h thng: D-Bus, A-Bus, C-Bus Thit k h thng vi x l?

2.1 B vi x l
Mt b vi x l l mt mch tch hp cha hng ngn, thm ch hng triu transistor (LSI, VLSI) c kt ni vi nhau Cc transistor y cng nhau lm vic lu tr v x l d liu cho php b vi x l c th thc hin rt nhiu chc nng hu ch Chc nng c th ca mt b vi x l c xc nh bng phn mm (c th lp trnh c)

B vi x l
B vi x l u tin ca Intel,4004, c gii thiu vo nm 1971. 4004 cha 2300 transistor. B vi x l Pentium 4 hin nay cha 55 triu transistor. B vi x l thng c s dng trong cc my vi tnh (microcomputer) vi vai tr l CPU. Ngoi ra, chng cn c mt nhiu thit b khc.

Cc thnh phn ca b vi x l

ALU v Control Unit

ALU Thc hin cc php ton logic (AND, OR, XOR, NOT) v cc php ton s hc (cng, tr, nhn, chia) Thc hin vic chuyn d liu Vic thc hin lnh thc s din ra ALU Control Unit C trch nhim lin quan n vic tm v thc hin cc lnh bng cch cung cp cc tn hiu iu khin v nh thi cho ALU v cc mch khc bit phi lm g v lm khi no.

Cc thanh ghi (Registers)

Thanh ghi l ni m b vi x l c th lu tr c mt s nh phn (Kch c ca thanh ghi tnh bng bit) B vi x l dng cc thanh ghi lu tr d liu tm thi trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh Cc thanh ghi c th c truy cp bng cc cu lnh ngn ng my thng c gi l cc thanh ghi ngi s dng c th nhn thy c (c th truy cp c) Cc thanh ghi iu khin v cc thanh ghi trng thi c CU dng iu khin vic thc hin chng trnh. a s cc thanh ghi ny ngi s dng khng th nhn thy c

2.2 Cc h vi x l
Hin nay, c rt nhiu nh sn xut ra cc chip vi x l:Intel, AMD, Motorola, Cyrix Thng thng, mt h vi x l l cc chip vi x l c sn xut bi mt nh sn xut no . Trong phm vi mt h vi x l, theo thi gian v theo cng ngh ch to c cc i (th h) vi x l khc nhau phn bit theo di T ca chng (bit) v tc (Hz). di T (Word Length) ca mt chip vi x l l kch c ti a ca cc ton hng nh phn m n c th thc hin cc php ton trn .

Tc ca h vi x l x86 ca Intel
The Continuing Evolution of Intel Microprocessors CIS105 December 2002
1600 1,400 1400 1200

Speed (MHZ)

1000 800 600 400 400 200 200 0.74 0 1971 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1995 1997 1998 1998 1999 1999 2000 2 8 12 33 100 200 233 333 400 550

Year

H vi x l x86 ca Intel
Model 4004 8008 8080 8086 80286 80386 processor 80486 DX processor Pentium processor Pentium II processor Pentium III processor Pentium 4 processor Nm sn xut 1971 1972 1974 1978 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 S lng Transistor 2,300 2,500 5,000 29,000 120,000 275,000 1,180,000 3,100,000 7,500,000 24,000,000 55,000,000

H vi x l x86 ca Intel 70s

4004
Introduced Clock Speeds Bus Width Number of Transistors Addressable Memory Virtual Memory Brief Description 11/15/71 108KHz 4 bits 2,300 (10 microns) 640 bytes -First microcomputer chip, Arithmetic manipulation

8008
4/1/72 200KHz 8 bits 3,500 (10 microns) 16 KBytes -Data/character manipulation

8080
4/1/74 2MHz 8 bits 6,000 (6 microns) 64 KBytes -10X the performance of the 8008

8086
6/8/78 5MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz 16 bits 29,000 (3 microns) 1 MB -10X the performance of the 8080

H vi x l x86 ca Intel 80s

Intel386TM DX Microprocessor
10/17/85 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz 32 bits 275,000 (1 micron) 4 gigabytes 64 terabytes First X86 chip to handle 32-bit data sets

80286
Introduced Clock Speeds Bus Width Number of Transistors Addressable Memory Virtual Memory Brief Description 2/1/82 6MHz, 8MHz, 10MHz, 12.5MHz 16 bits 134,000 (1.5 microns) 16 megabytes 1 gigabyte 3-6X the performance of the 8086

Intel386TM SX Microprocessor
6/16/88 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz 16 bits 275,000 (1 micron) 16 megabytes 64 terabytes 16-bit address bus enabled low-cost 32-bit processing

Intel486TM DX CPU Microprocessor

4/10/89 25MHz, 33MHz, 50MHz 32 bits 1.2 million (1 micron) (.8 micron with 50MHz) 4 gigabytes 64 terabytes Level 1 cache on chip

H vi x l x86 ca Intel 90s

Intel486TM SX Microprocessor
Introduced Clock Speeds Bus Width Number of Transistors Addressable Memory Virtual Memory Brief Description 4/22/91 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz 32 bits 1.185 million (1 micron) 4 gigabytes 64 terabytes Identical in design to Intel486TM DX but without math coprocessor

Pentium Processor
3/22/93 60MHz,66MHz 64 bits 3.1 million (.8 micron) 4 gigabytes 64 terabytes Superscalar architecture brought 5X the performance of the 33-MHz Intel486TM DX processor

Pentium Pro Processor

11/01/95 150MHz, 166MHz, 180MHz, 200MHz 64 bits 5.5 million (0.35 micron) 64 gigabytes 64 terabytes Dynamic execution architecture drives high-performing processor

Pentium II Processor
5/07/97 200MHz, 233MHz, 266MHz, 300MHz 64 bits 7.5 million (0.35 micron) 64 gigabytes 64 terabytes Dual independent bus, dynamic execution, Intel MMXTM technology

2.3 H thng vi x l

Lut Moore

Dr. Gordon E. Moore, Chairman Emeritus of Intel Corporation, d on rng C mt nm ri th s lng transistor c tch hp trn chip vi x l tng gp i

2.3 H thng vi x l
Address Bus

MEMORY
Microprocessor
Data Bus

I/O Ports

Control Lines (Control Bus)

S khi chc nng ca mt h thng vi x l

H thng vi x l
Gm 3 khi chc nng: Vi x l, B nh, Cc cng I/O B nh c thc hin bng cc chip nh bn dn ROM hoc RWM, l ni lu tr chng trnh v d liu. i vi vi x l, b nh l mt tp hp cc nh phn bit theo a ch ca chng. Cc cng I/O c thc hin bng cc chip MSI hoc LSI, l phn mch giao tip gia vi x l vi cc thit b I/O. B vi x l cng phn bit cc cng I/O theo a ch ca chng.

H thng vi x l
3 khi chc nng: Vi x l, B nh, Cc cng I/O ca mt h thng vi x l trao i tn hiu vi nhau thng qua Bus h thng. Bus h thng l mt tp hp cc ng truyn dn dng chung, bao gm: Bus a ch (A-Bus), Bus d liu (D-Bus) v Bus iu khin (C-Bus) Cc tn hiu a ch di chuyn trn A-Bus theo hng t vi x l n B nh v cc cng I/O. S lng ng truyn dn ca A-Bus (gi l rng ca A-Bus) tnh bng bit, phn nh kh nng qun l b nh ca chip vi x l.

H thng vi x l
Cc tn hiu d liu di chuyn trn D-Bus theo c 2 hng t vi x l n B nh v cc cng I/O v ngc li (mi lc mt hng). S lng ng truyn dn ca DBus (gi l rng ca D-Bus) tnh bng bit, phn nh mt phn tc trao i d liu ca chip vi x l vI cc khi chc nng khc. a s cc tn hiu trn C-Bus l cc tn hiu iu khin ring l, c tn hiu xut pht t vi x l, c tn hiu i vo vi x l. Vi x l s dng cc tn hiu ny iu khin hot ng v nhn bit trng thi ca cc khi chc nng khc.

Thit k phn cng ca h thng vi x l

Thit k b nh cho h thng vi x l: Ghp ni cc chip nh bn dn sn c vi bus h thng sao cho khi b vi x l truy cp b nh th khng xy ra xung t gia cc chip nh vi nhau v khng xung t vi cc chip dng lm cng I/O Tng t, Thit k cc cng I/O cho h thng vi x l: Ghp ni cc chip MSI hoc LSI thng dng lm cng I/O vi bus h thng sao cho khi b vi x l truy cp cc thit b I/O th khng xy ra xung t gia cc chip vi nhau v khng xung t vi cc chip dng lm b nh

Thit k phn mm ca h thng vi x l

Vit chng trnh iu khin hot ng ca h thng phn cng theo chc nng mong mun (thng dng ngn ng Assembly ca chip vi x l dng trong h thng) Dch chng trnh vit sang ngn ng my s dng cc chng trnh dch thch hp Np chng trnh ngn ng my vo b nh ca h thng vi x l Kim tra hot ng ca h thng v thc hin cc hiu chnh nu cn thit C th nh s tr gip ca cc chng trnh m phng trn my tnh