WhaL ls a blomarker?

Any blochemlcal geneLlc or lmmunologlcal lndlcaLor ln a blologlcal speclmen of a conLamlnanL

1wo Lypes cancerous or noncancerous
4 ancerous unA adducLs proLeln adducLs 8nA AdducLs (compounds formed by
conLamlnanLs blndlng Lo unA/proLeln/rna) chromosomal damage and aberraLlon unA
damage and repalr mlcronuclel (small addlLlonal nuclel LhaL form afLer cell dlvlslon)
4 noncancerous meLabollLes proLeln adducLs 8nA adducLs Lrace amounLs of
conLamlnanL ln blood
8lomarker exposure assessmenL
onLamlnanL enLers body Lhrough some meLhod (oral waLer alr)
onLamlnanL acLlvaLed Lhrough meLabollsm
onLamlnanL elLher leaves body Lhrough wasLe sweaL exhalaLlon halr sallva or covalenLly
blnds Lo unA/8nA/roLlen
ell repllcaLlon occurs and ln Lhe new cell Lhe unA adducLs are repllcaLed as gene errors Some
of Lhese errors are flxed by varlous unA repalr however aL a bloloclally effecLlve dose unA
errorscarclnogenesls
arclnogenesls ls caused when Lhere ls a unA error on an oncogene such as 8as p33 or hprL
Why use 8lomarkers?
More accuraLe lndlcaLors of Lhe amounL of a conLamlnanL belng consumed Lhan
groundwaLer/soll/alr concenLraLlon of a conLamlnanL
an be used Lo deLermlne conLamlnanL levels aL a slLe when no sensors are avallable
Able Lo ldenLlfy subpopulaLlons aL greaLer rlsk
Able Lo acL as early warnlng sysLems for an lncreased cancer rlsk
Able Lo ldenLlfy Lhe Llme perlod of Lhe exposure roLeln adducLs ln Lhe blood only remaln for a
cerLaln amounLs of Llme adducLs ln plaLeleLs only a day or Lwo hemoglobln a week
lymphocyLes monLhs Lo years
8eLLer Loxlcology models because of exLreme senslLlvlLy of assays for deLecLlng unA ad[uncLs
sLudy anlmals can be exposed aL much lower levels and accuraLe experlmenLal daLa can be
gaLhered aL Lhose lower ranges
ldenLlfy unknown conLamlnanLs each chemlcal carclnogen produces dlfferenL ad[uncLs
Pow 8lomarkers are ldenLlfled
Lnzyme levels
lmmunoassays (radlolmmunoassays LLlSA)
32pposLlabellng
Mass specLromeLry