TRNG H KHOA HC T NHIN

KHOA IN T-VIN THNG

..




LP CAO HC K THUT IN T - HNG T-MT-VT
KHA 21





X L TN HIU S V WAVELETS


BI TP










Gio vin hng dn

PGS. TS. NGUYN HU PHNG

Hc vin thc hin :

L DUY QUANG








Tp.H Ch Minh Thng 11/2011


CHNG 5: MULTIRATE SIGNAL PROCESSING
















Gii

a) ) ( ) (
) 5 . 0 (
n u n x
n
=
u(n) l nhn qu - x(n) cng l nhn qu
Bin i Fourier :
O

=
O

=
O

= = = O

j
n
n j
n
jn
e
e e n x X
5 . 0 1
1
) 5 . 0 ( ) ( ) (
0

tm ph bin , ta vit hm m phc theo hm lng gic:
O + O
=
O O
= O
jSin Cos jSin Cos
X
5 . 0 5 . 0 1
1
) ( 5 . 0 1
1
) (
O
=
O +
=
O + O
= O
Cos
Cos
Sin Cos
X
25 . 1
1
25 . 0 1
1
) 5 . 0 ( ) 5 . 0 1 (
1
) (
2 2

Lp bng bin thin theo O:

O t 2 / t 0 2 / t t
) (O X
0.667 0.894 2 0.894 0.667

ph bin l mt hm chn, i xng qua trc tung, tun hon trong trong chu k
2pi, ) , ( t t

BI 5.1

(Trang 358)
Cho tn hiu ) ( ) (
) 5 . 0 (
n u n x
n
=
a) Tm ph v v ph ca tn hiu x(n)
b) Xc nh ph ca ) ( ) 2 ( n x + v v ph
c) Xc nh ph ca ) ( ) 2 ( n x | v v ph




b)
5 . 0 5 . 0 1
1
) 5 . 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1
0
1
0
) 5 . 0 (

= = = => =

z
z
z
z z n x z x n u n x
n
n
n
n
n

1
2 / 1 2 / 1
25 . 0 1
1
25 . 0
]
5 . 0 5 . 0
[
2
1
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) ( ) 2 (

=


+

= + = +
z z
z
z
z
z
z
z x z x z x

=> ) ( ) 25 . 0 ( ) ( n u n x
n
=
Bin i Fourier cho :
O

=
O

=
O

= = = O

j
n
n j
n
jn
e
e e n x X
25 . 0 1
1
) 25 . 0 ( ) ( ) (
0

tm ph bin , ta vit hm m phc theo hm lng gic:
O + O
=
O O
= O
jSin Cos jSin Cos
X
25 . 0 25 . 0 1
1
) ( 25 . 0 1
1
) (

O
=
O +
=
O + O
= O
Cos Cos
Sin Cos
X
5 . 0 0625 . 1
1
5 . 0 0625 . 0 1
1
) 25 . 0 ( ) 25 . 0 1 (
1
) (
2 2

Lp bng bin thin theo O:

O t 2 / t 0 2 / t t
) (O X
0.8 0.970 1.333 0.970 0.8

ph bin l mt hm chn, i xng qua trc tung, tun hon trong trong chu k
2pi, ) , ( t t



















Gii



Ta c
= ) ( (
1
) (
2 1
M
k
M
M
e z x
M
z x
t
; ) ( ) (
M M
z x z x =

)) ( ) ( (
2
1
) (
) ( ) (
)) ( ) ( (
2
1
) (
2
2
1
2
1
z x z x z v
z u z v
z x z x z u
+ =
=
+ =
)] ( ) ( [
2
) (
1
1
1
z x z x
z
z v z x + = =

) ( ) ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
z x z z x z z d
z c z c z d
z x z z c
+ =
+ =
=

)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
1 1 2
2
z x z z x z z d x = =


) ( )] ( ) ( ) ( 2 [
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 1 1
2 1
^
z x z z x z z x z z x z z x z x z x

= + = + =
Vy tn hiu ra chnh l tn hiu vo b tr hon i mt n v thi gian.







BI 5.7
(Trang 359)


2 |
1
z
2 +
2 +
1
z
2 |
+
x(n)
^
x (n)
v
x1
c d x2
u

Tm tn hiu ra ca x(n) ?



i 5.
(Trang 359)




Tm p ng bin H() khng xy r hin tng chng ph v nhng nh c tn hiu


Gii


t mch ly mu xung :
khng xy r hin tng chng ph th tn s ln nht c tn hiu ti ng r mch lc H()
phi th mn iu kin :
h
/D = /6
hn
h
= /6
trnh ly nhng nh c tn hiu th mch lc phi c p ng tn s su :
H() =
1 0 min( , )
5 6 6
0 otherwise
t t t
e

s s =

y tn hiu vo mch lc c ph nm trong khong -/6;/6 v nhng nh lp li c n
t mch ly mu ln :
h c tn hiu ng r mch ly mu ln (5) cng chnh l ph c tn hiu ti ng vo mch
lc nn cng c ph nm trong khong -/6;/6y ph tn hiu vo () nm trong khong
[-5/6;5/6
Tm li t c ph tn hiu ng vo:

h tn hiu ti ng r mch ly mu ln :


h tn hiu ti ng r mch lc :

h tn hiu ti ng r mch ly mu xung :






i 5.
(Trang 359)



Gii
Tng t bi trn ,t cng phi c :

h
/D = /7
H() =
1 0 min( , )
3 7 7
0 otherwise
t t t
e

s s =

Gii










BI 5.13
(Trang 359)

Xem h thng nh hnh 54 vi ph x(n) c cho nh bn di. V ph ca cc tn hiu
y(n), v(n), u(n) v w(n).











Gii

Theo bi ra ta c: M=12, I=3 K=M/I=12/3=4
Gi s lc FIR(M=12) c dng:
H(z)= h(0)+h(1)z
-1
+ h(2)z
-2
+ h(3)z
3
+ h(4)z
-4
+ h(5)z
-5
+ h(6)z
6
+ h(7)z
-7
+ h(8)z
-8
+ h(9)z
-9
+
h(10)z
-10
+ h(11)z
-11
Vi I=3 H(z) c vit li nh su:
H(z)= h(0) + h(3)z
3
+ h(6)z
6
+ h(9)z
-9
+h(1)z
-1
+ h(4)z
-4
+ h(7)z
-7
+ h(10)z
-10

+ h(2)z
-2
+ h(5)z
-5
+ h(8)z
-8
+ h(11)z
-11
= (h(0) + h(3)z
3
+ h(6)z
6
+ h(9)z
-9
)+(h(1)

+ h(4)z
-3
+ h(7)z
-6
+ h(10)z
-9
) z
-1
+ (h(2)

+ h(5)z
-3
+ h(8)z
-6
+ h(11)z
-9
) z
-2
Gi:
H
0
(z) = h(0) + h(3)z
3
+ h(6)z
6
+ h(9)z
-9
H
1
(z) = h(1)

+ h(4)z
-3
+ h(7)z
-6
+ h(10)z
-9
H
2
(z) = h(2)

+ h(5)z
-3
+ h(8)z
-6
+ h(11)z
-9
H(z)= H
0
(z)+ H
1
(z) z
-1
+ H
2
(z) z
-2

Khi t c s :








Gii :






Gii



Bi 5.29
(Trang 361)

Xem h thng nh hh 57 vi ph c x(n) c cho nh bn di v H() bng di
lc thng thp. V ph tn hiu ra y(n) v tt c cc tn hiu trung gian.


Bi 16:
Draw the flow diagram a computationally eficient factor--3 dicimator using a
length-12 linear phase FIR filter.






























Gii:

Ta c:
1
0
( ) H z a bz

= +

1
0 1
( ) ( ) H z a bz H z

= =

1
1
( ) H z a bz

=

1
1 0
( ) ( ) H z a bz H z

= + =

0 1
( ) ( ) 2 H z H z a + =

1
0 1
( ) ( ) 2 H z H z bz

=

Mt 2-channel QMF bank cho perfect reconstruction nu v ch nu:
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2
l
F z H z F z H z
F z H z F z H z z

+ =

+ =

(*)
Vi l l mt s nguyn khng m
T (*) suy ra:
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2
l
F z H z F z H z
F z H z F z H z z

+ =

+ =

Cng 2 biu thc t c:
0 1 0 0 1 1
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] 2
l
H z H z F H z H z F z

+ + + =

0 1 0 1
[ ( ) ( )]( ) 2
l
H z H z F F z

+ + =

0 1
2 ( ) 2
l
a F F z

+ =

0 1
1
l
F F z
a

+ = (2)
Tr 2 biu thc t c:
0 1 0 1 0 1
[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] 2
l
H z H z F H z H z F z

+ + =

0 1 0 1
[ ( ) ( )]( ) 2
l
H z H z F F z

1
0
1 1
l l
F z z
a b
+
= +

1
0 1
1
l
F F z
b
+
= (3)
Ly phng trnh (2) cng phng trnh (3):
1
0
1 1
l l
F z z
a b
+
= +
(4)
Ly phng trnh (2) v (4):
1
1
1
l
F z
b
+
=

Bi 5.35
(Trang 361)

A 2-channel QMF bank has the filters H
0
(z) = a + bz
-1
and H
1
(z) = a bz
-1
. Find the
synthesis filters F
0
(z) and F
1
(z) for the perfect reconstruction.



CHNG 7: MULTIRATE SIGNAL PROCESSING










Gii

a) S khi tn hiu ly mu xung




(b) Tn s ct l tng cho bi cng thc:
16 2
s s
S
f
M
f
F = =
Do p ng tn s cho mch lc chng chng ph l tng c xc nh nh su:

8
2
1, 0 / 16
( )
0 / 16 / 2
S
S
f f
H f
f f f
s s

=

s s

(c) S dng bng 6.1 v 6.2 vi m = 40 v 20
2
p = =
m
, s dng ca s hanning ta c cc h
s ca lc hanning l :
) ( ) ( i h i w b
i
=

| |
) (
) ( 2 sin
)
5 . 0
cos( 1 5 . 0
p i
T F p i
m
i
M

=
t
t t

Bi 7.3 Xt mch ly mu xung, vi h s ly mu xung l M= 8
(a) V s khi tn hiu ly mu xung
(b) Tm p ng tn s l tng ca lc chng chng ph, vi f
s
l tn s ly
mu x(k)
(c) S dng bng 6.1 v 6.2, thit k b lc chng chng ph bc m = 40 s
dng phng php ca s vi ca s hanning
(d) Tm phng trnh hiu s cho tn hiu ly mu xung.



) 20 (
16
) 20 ( 2 sin
)
20
cos( 1 5 . 0

=
i
T f
i
i
s
t
t
t

| |
) 20 (
16 / ) 20 ( 2 sin
)
20
cos( 1 5 . 0

=
i
i i
t
t t
vi
f
s
=1/T, i 20 =
Ti s hng gia ta c :
) ( ) (
20
p h p w b = da vo bng 6.1 ta c:
| | T F
M
2 ) cos( 1 5 . 0 b
20
t =
= 2/16 = 0.125
(d) hng trnh hiu s c cho bi:

=
=
m
i
i
i Mk x b k y
0
) ( ) (

=
=
40
0
) 8 ( ) (
i
i
i k x b k y











Gii

() S khi tn hiu ni suy L = 10

(b) p ng tn s l tng ca lc chng chng ph, vi f
s
l tn s ly mu x(k)
Tn s ct l tng cho bi cng thc:

20 2
s s
S
f
L
f
F = =

Do p ng tn s cho mch lc chng chng ph l tng c xc nh nh su:

Bi 7.4
Xt mch ly mu ln, vi h s ni suy l L= 8
(a) V s khi tn hiu ni suy
(b) Tm p ng tn s l tng ca lc chng chng ph, vi f
s
l tn s ly
mu x(k)
(c) S dng bng 6.1 v 6.2, thit k b lc chng chng ph bc m = 30 s
dng phng php ca s vi ca s hamming
(d) Tm phng trnh hiu s cho tn hiu ni suy.



2
, 0
( )
0 / 2
L
L
L
L f F
H f
F f f
s s

=

s s

10
2
10, 0 / 20
( )
0 / 20 / 2
s
s
f f
H f
f f f
s s

=

s s

(c) S dng bng 6.1 v 6.2 vi m = 30 v 15
2
p = =
m
, s dng ca s hamming ta c cc h
s ca lc hamming l :
) ( ) ( i h i w b
i
=

| |
) (
) ( 2 sin
)
5 . 0
cos( 46 . 0 54 . 0
p i
T F p i
m
i
M

=
t
t t


) 15 (
20
) 15 ( 2 sin
)
15
cos( 46 . 0 54 . 0

=
i
T f
i
i
s
t
t
t

| |
) 20 (
20 / ) 20 ( 2 sin
)
15
cos( 1 5 . 0

=
i
i i
t
t t
vi

f
s
=1/T, i 20 =
Ti s hng gia ta c :
) ( ) (
15
p h p w b = da vo bng 6.1 ta c:

| | T F
M
2 ) cos( 1 5 . 0 b
15
t =

= 2/20 = 0.1

(d) hng trnh hiu s c cho bi:

=
m
i
L i
L
i k
x i k b k y
0
) ( ) ( ) ( o

=

=
30
0
10
)
10
( ) ( ) (
i
i
i k
x i k b k y o











Gii

(a ) V s khi cho mch chuyn i

Bi 7.5
Xt mch chuyn i tc ly mu hu t c t s L/M = 0.8
(a) V s khi cho mch chuyn i
(b) Tm p ng tn s cho mch lc chng chng ph v nh o l tng, vi f
s

l tc ly mu ca x(k)
(c) Thit k mch lc chng chng ph v nh o l tng c bc m = 50 s dng
phng php ca s vi ca s Backman s dng bng 6.1 & 6.2
(d) Tm phng trnh hiu s cho tn hiu ly mu chuyn i




(b) p ng tn s cho mch lc chng chng ph v nh o l tng
Tn s ct ca mch F
o
c cho bi: F
o
= min ,
2 2
s s
f f
L M

`
)
= ,
16 20 16
s s s
f f f
=
`
)

Nh vy p ng tn s ca mch cho bi:

2
, 0
( )
0 / 2
o
o
o
L f F
H f
F f f
s s

=

s s

2
8, 0 / 16
( )
0 / 16 / 2
s
o
s
f f
H f
f f f
s s

=

s s

(c) S dng bng 6.1 v 6.2 vi m = 50 v p 25
2
m
= = , s dng ca s Blackman ta c cc
h s ca lc Blackman l :
) ( ) ( i h i w b
i
=

| | sin 2 ( )
2
0.42 0.5cos( ) 0.8cos( )
0.5 0.5 ( )
M
i p F T
i i
m m i p
t
t t
t

(
= +
(




| |
) 25 (
16 / ) 25 ( 2 sin
)
25
cos( 5 . 0 42 . 0

=
i
i i
t
t t

vi
f
s
=1/T, i 25 =
Ti s hng gia ta c :
) ( ) (
25
p h p w b = da vo bng 6.1 ta c:

| | T F
M
2 ) cos( 5 . 0 42 . 0 b
15
t =

= 1.84/16 = 0.115
(d) hng trnh hiu s c cho bi:

=
m
i
L i
L
i k
x i k b k y
0
) ( ) ( ) ( o

=

=
30
0
10
)
10
( ) ( ) (
i
i
i k
x i k b k y o






















Gii


(a) Tc ly mu ca tn hiu ra:
fS = fs/M = 20 Hz

(b) T (7.10), Tn s ct l tng l:
FM = fs/2M = 10Hz
p ng tn s cn cho b lc s aliasing l:
HM(f) =

(c ) S dng bng 6.1 v 6.2 vi m = 32, p = m/2 = 16,v Hanning window, coefficients ca b lc l:
hM(k) = w(k)h(k) =



im gia gii hn l:
hM(16) = w(p)h(p) = 0.02689



d) T 7.32 Chng ta cn (m+1) = Mp ni M l s lng b lc polyphase v p l bc ca mi b lc
polyphase. V th 33 = Mp

Bi P7.8
Trang

Consider the problem of designing an interpolator with fs = 60 Hz and a rate
conversion
factor M = 3.
(a) What is the sampling rate of the output signal?
(b) Sketch the desired magnitude response of the ideal anti-imaging filter HM(z).
(c) Suppose the anti-imaging filter is a windowed filter of order m = 32 using the
Hamming
window. Use Table 6.1 and Table 6.2 to find the impulse response, hM(k).
(d) Suppose a polyphase realization is used. How many polyphase filters are
needed, and
what is the order of the each polyphase filter?
(e) Sketch a polyphase filter realization of the decimator

M =3 ( lc Filter )
p= 11 ( bc ca lc)




y0(k)


x(k) y1(k) 0 y(i)

1 2


y2(k)























Go(z)
G1(z)
G2(z)
CHNG 7: ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING









Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( )
opt
n w n w =
Tr w
opt
t hai cnh c phng trnh LMS, t s c
( 1) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( )]
T
opt opt
w n w w n w x d n x n w n + = +
{ ( 1)} { ( )} { ( ) ( )} { ( ) ( ) ( )}

T
E n E n E x n d n E x n x n w n + = +

T t { ( ) ( )} p E x n d n = v { ( ) ( )}
T
R E x n x n =
{ ( 1)} { ( )} [ { ( )}] (1) E n E n p RE w n + = +
Ta c
1
(2)
opt opt
w R p p w R

= =
Thy (2) vo (1), t c:
{ ( 1)} { ( )} [ { ( )}]
opt
E n E n Rw RE w n + = +
Ta thy khi E{(n)}0 th n nu
max
2
0

< <
M
2
max
( ) x n s
2
max
2 2
( ) x n

s
Vy iu kin thc LMS hi t l:
2
2
0
( ) x n
< <
Bi 7.17
(Trang 477)
u vo ca thut ton LMS l ting n vi gi tr trung bnh v
2
o Tm iu
kin hi t c thc LMS trong khong gia.

Chng : Adaptive Signal Processing











Gii

a) Dng u tin ca ma trn l [9,7,5,3,1].
9 5 7 3 1
1 9 5 7 3
3 1 9 5 7
7 3 1 9 5
5 7 3 1 9
R
| |
|
|
| =
|
|
|
\ .

b) Cng sut trung bnh ng vo:
2
[ ( )] (0) 9
v xx
P E x k r = = =
c) x(k) l nhiu trng nn cng sut:
( )
3 3 2
0
3 0 3
3 3 9 5.2
v
v
c c
P
c
c P

= =

= = ==


















i 9.5
Trang 712
ho dng u ca ma trn t tng qun R l r=9,7,5,3,1
a) Tm R
b) Tm cng sut trung bnh ng?
c) cho x(k) l nhiu trng phn phi u trn [0,c]. Tm c.






















Gii

a) S dng gi tr ring ca R, tm vng kch thc bc bo m hi t ca phng php
LMS

T ma trn hiu chnh R,t c nh thc sau
=det{ = det { = -1 = -4 + 4 -1 = -4 + 3
Gii phng trnh trn t c 2 nghim l:
= 3 v = 1
Theo iu kin hi t c phng trnh 945 trng 643 t c:
0 < < 0 < <

b) S dng cng xut trung bnh ca li vo, tm vng kch thc bc bo m hi t ca
pp LMS

S dng cng thc 949 trng 645 t c iu kin hi t nh su:

0 < < trong , trce(R) = = = = + = 4

Nh vy t c iu kin hi t l :
0 < <

c) Gi s kch thc bc l 1/10 ca cu b. Tm hng s thi gian ca sai s bnh phng
l

Bi 9.10

Gi s tn hiu va x(k) c ma trn hiu chnh nh su
R=

a) S dng gi tr ring c R, tm vng kch thc bc bo m hi t c phng php
LMS
b) S dng cng xut trung bnh c li vo, tm vng kch thc bc bo m hi t
c pp LMS
c) Gi s kch thc bc l 1/10 c cu b Tm hng s thi gin c si s bnh phng
d) S dng ging kch thc bc phn (c), Tm h s iu chnh ca pp LMS


= = 10 giy ( Theo cng thc 962 trng 647 )

d) Tm h s iu chnh ca pp LMS

Theo cng thc pt (9.70) trang 650 , ta c:
M (m+1) = (1/40) * 4 = 1/10




















Gii

(a) Tm gi tr
mse
t

vi n v l itertions t T = 1, ta c:
min min
1
4 4
mse
T
t

= =
(b) Nu eigenvalue nh nht ca R l
min
0,1 = th kch thc tip theo l:
min
1 2 1 <
min
min
1 1 2 1
1
0
1
0
0,1
0 10

< <
> >
< <
< <

(c) Nu kch thc tip theo l 0, 02 = , gi tr minimum eigenvalue ca R l:

max
1
0

< <

Bi 9.11
Trang 713

Suppose the LMS learning curve converges to within one percent of its final steady-
state value in 200 iterations.
(a) Find the learning-curve time constant,
mse
t , in units of iterations.
(b) If the minimum eigenvalue of R is
min
=0,1, what is the step size?
(c) If the step size is 0, 02 = , what is the minimum eigenvalue of R?

max
1
0 0, 02

< <

Gi tr 0, 02 = tha nn ta p dng cng thc:
1 1 2 1
2 2 0
2
0
2
1
0
0 50
i
i
i
i
i

< <
< <

> >

> >
< <


















Gii

a) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca li vo
p dng cng thc 9.11 trang 632 ta c: = trong b l khong m
white noise c phn pht i qu T y t c : = = = 1.33

b) Nu kch thc bc =0 .01, th bc lc s l my ?

T v d 9.5 v pt 9.49 trong sch, ta c : 0 < < = 0 < <
M =0 .01 < < 3 m + 1 < = 75 m < 74

c) Nu bc lc m = 9, kch thc bc s l g?
Tng t cu c, ta cng c : 0 < < = = 0.075
0 < < 0.075
Bi 9.12)
Gi s h s chnh cho phng php LMS l M = 0.4 khi li vo l white noise qua khong [2, 2].

a) Tm cng sut trung bnh ca li vo .
b) Nu kch thc bc =0 .01, th bc lc s l g ?
c) Nu bc lc m = 9, kch thc bc s l g?






























Gii

a) T c: bin i c :


Theo :

Theo (1) v (2):

b) in i c tn hiu li:
I .
Trang 715
t h thng kim sot nhiu hiu dng (ctive noise control system) trong hnh 918
Gi s ng vo th 2 l mt tr hon gim dn i tr hon v s gim dn ,

a) ho php khong ly mu Tm hm chuyn F(z).
b) Gi s ng vo chnh qu G(z), tm (z) s dng cng thc 9118

c) thc hin c th c b kim sot (z) khng Ti so hoc ti so khng

) ( k y

Hnh 918 b kim sot hiu dng nhiu m





ho li tn hiu bng 0 cho tt c cc ng vo, yu cu l:



c) Khng th thc hin c b kim sot (z)
: (z) cung cp 1 gii php n gin gii quyt vn tm lc kim sot nhiu hiu
dng v gii php ny khng phi l gii php thc t Tr hon F
-1
(z) l khng nhn qu, v th
khng thc hin 1 cch c th






























Chng : Least Squares Adaptive Algorithm









Gii

Th nht t cng thc tnh cost function (82) trng 484 t suy r c cc cng thc
Q(n), r(n) nh phng trnh (813) v (814) trng 485 c chng 8Nhng cng thc ny s
c s dng trong qu trnh tnh thut tn RLS

Q(n) = Q(n-1) + x(n)
R(n) = r(n-1) + d(n)x(n)

Th hi l t s s dng cng thc Mtrix Iverson Lemm trng 486:
A = + C vi bt k m trn no t c = B BC B

T cng thc Q(n) = Q(n-1) + x(n) ta suy ra nh cng thc Lemm trn vi
P(n) =
Chng minh cc cng thc trn cui cng ta s c c thut ton RLS vi n=1,2

K(n) =
(n) = d(n) -
w(n) = w(n-1) +K(n)(n)
P(n) = (P(n-1) K(n)

n u w(0) = 0 v (0) = I












Bi 2)

Tnh thut ton RLS one step forwrd predictor i redictor l b lc d bo mu x( n ) t
nhng mu trong qu kh x (n-1) , x(n-2),x(n-N+1)








Gii

Nh li cng thc Misdjustment trng 450 t c: /
M = + nn t pt 845 trng 490 t c: = , v n > N+1
Nh vy t chng minh c cng thc trn



































Bi 6)
h r l s iu chnh c thut ton RLS cho v n ln th



Chng 2: Mathematical Preliminaries (Wavelets)










Gii

*Ta c:

. = 1*1 + 2*0 + 1*(-2) = -1 y 2 vector ny khng trc gio nhu
. = 1*0 + 2*4 + 1*5 = 13 y 2 vector ny cng khng trc gio nhau
. = 1*0 + 0*4 + (-2)*5 = -10 y 2 vector ny cng khng trc gio nhu

*Tm cc dng vector trc gio vi , k= 1,2,3:

Hi vector gi l trc gio nu tch 2 vector = 0 Nh vy gi s t c
. = 1*n1 + 2*n2 + 1*n3 = 0 th c th l ( 0, 1, -2 )
. = 1*n1 + 0*n2 + (-2)*n3 th c th l ( 0, 1, 0 )
. = 0*n1 + 4*n2 + 5*n3 th c th l ( 1, 0, 0 )


















Bi 3:
Trang 29

ho 3 vector c s ( 1,2,1); (1,0,-2); (0,4,5)Hy chng minh cc
vector trn c trc gio hy khng Nu khng trc gio th hy tm dng
cc dng trc gio c , k= 1,2,3.









Gii

D vo trng 23 phng trnh 224 T lp c 4 phng trnh nh su:





( , ) = 1 0.5*x1 + 0.5*x2 = 1
( , ) = 0 0*x1 + (-1)*x2 = 0
( 2,0)
( , ) = 0 0.5*y1 + 0.5*y2 = 0
( , ) = 1 0*y1 + (-1)*y2 = 1
( 1,-1)
y lng cc c vector ny l ( 2,0) v ( 1,-1)





















Bi 5:
Trang 29

t = ( 0.5, 0.5) v = ( 0,-1) l song trc gio ch nh lng cc c vector
ny.

CHNG 4: TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
( WAVELETS)










Gii:

Ta c

2 2
/ 2 2
,
( ) 2 (2 ) 2 (2 )
s s s s
k s
t dt t k dt t k dt


= =
} } }

t u = 2
s
t-k du = 2
s
dt thay vo biu thc trn ta c:

2 2
2 2
,
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( )
2
s
k s s
du
t dt u u du u du


= = =
} } } }

Hay
2 2
,
( ) ( )
k s
t dt t dt


=
} }
vi , k s Z e











Bi 4.1
Trang 84 phn wavelet
Chng t rng vi mi hm
2
( , ) L e , thng thng hm c cho bi
/2
,
( ) 2 (2 )
s s
k s
t t k = , vi , , k s Z t R e e th c cng khng gian L
2
tha:
2 2
,
( ) ( )
k s
t dt t dt


=
} }
vi , k s Z e













Gii:

Trong khng gin nng lng ha hn
2
( , ) L ta c:
1/ 2
2
( ) x f x dx

(
=
(

}

V:
,
1
( )
b a
t b
t
a a


=
Suy ra

1/ 2
2 1/ 2
2
,
1 1
( )
b a
t b t b
t dt dt
a a a a



(
(
= = (
(

(

} }

t
t b
u
a

=
dt
du
a
= thay vo biu thc trn ta c:

1/ 2
1/ 2
2 2
,
1
( ) . . ( )
b a
t u a du u du
a



(
(
= =
(
(


} }


1/ 2
2
( ) ( ) t dt t

(
= =
(

}

Hay
,
( ) ( )
b a
t t =




Bi 4.6
Trang 84 phn wavelet
Trong bin i Wavelet lin tc ( CWT - Continuous Wavelet Transform),
ch ra rng thng thng hng s 1/ a th cn thit
,
( ) ( )
b a
t t = ?