1hlvakar8 1ravln 8odrlgo!1 udhayv SL!oseph's College of Lnglneerlng SevenLh semesLer Mlnl ro[ecL Wlreless uaLa Modem for ulglLal CommunlcaLlon Supervlsed by Mrs vlnayaga rlya Mr karLhlkeyan 8ackdrop Cugllelmo Marconl ploneer of Wlreless 30 th September 2011 70088 Communication but without wires. Electromagnetic Waves through Ether Radio Waves 300KHz to 1CHz Nicro Waves 1CHz to 3THz Light rays 3THz to 10 PHz Some Applications Satellite Communications Personal Communication Systems Wireless LAN / Bluetooth Agenda: To design a modulator section using NE SSS. To design a demodulator section using PLL S6S. To include a low pass filter in the circuit to convert sine wave input. To design a !R section to transmit and receive the digital data. FSK NODULATOR W Figure above shows the FSK modulator using 555 IC. W IC 555 is a VCO based monolithic Iunction generator capable oI producing Sine, Square, Triangle signals with AM and FM Iacility. W In this trainer 555 IC is used to generate FSK signal. W The output is phase continuous during transitions. W Bit 1----Fc1.44(R a 2R b )C W Bit 0----Fc1.44/((R a ,,R b ) 2R b )C The resultant FSK modulated signal along with the digital binary input data at 1S0Hz is shown in the Figure below 1he clrculL dlagram when Lhe lnpuL ls PlCP ls 1he clrculL dlagram when Lhe lnpuL ls LCW ls CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING OF TRANSMITTER USING IR LED n lnfrared emlLLer ls an LLu made from Calllum rsenlde whlch emlLs nearlnfrared energy aL abouL 880nm 1he lrequency ShlfL keylng slgnal from Lhe ModulaLor ls now wlrelessly LransmlLLed Lo Lhe recelver slde uslng l8 LLu 1he l8 LLu used as a LransmlLLer ls shown ln flgure 1he clrculL dlagram for Lhls process ls shown ln flgure 1he value of Lhe llmlLlng 8eslsLor 8 ls calculaLed uslng Lhe formula Pere Supply volLage vs ls 3v LLu volLage drop vfls33v and LLu currenL raLlng lf ls 20m Pence Lhe value of 8 ls 83 ohms RUT DACRAN AND WORKNC OF REEER USNC PHOTOTRANSSTOR The infrared Phototransistor acts as a transistor with the base voltage determined by the amount of light hitting the transistor, it acts as a variable current source. Creater amount of !R light cause greater current to flow through the collectoremitter leads. The signal from the Transmitter side should be received at the Receiver side by a spectrally matched Phototransistor. Thus the whole process of wireless transfer of data is achieved using the combination of !R LED and a spectrally matched Phototransistor. This wireless transmission channel is cheaper in comparison to the transmission medium obtained using Fibre Optic cable. The important parameter for a Nodem, which is the Probability of Error is good for this combination of !R LED and phototransistor. A basic !nfra Red Link for audio communication for distances upto 3 metres. !n his circuit Nilan has created a basic !nfra Red transmitter and receiver. The transmitter comprises a single amplifying stage driving two series connected !R LEDS. The input source is connected to ]1. Please note that the device will pass a small DC current through it and also directly bias the transistor. A suitable device is therefore a high output crystal microphone. These can produce high output voltages up to 1 volt but this will be reduced by the transistors low input impedance Low Pass FiIter RUT DACRAN AND WORKNC OF LOW PASS FLTER 1he Low ass lllLer (Ll) ls used Lo ellmlnaLe Lhe unnecessary hlgh frequency componenLs from any low frequency slgnal and hence helps ln lmprovlng Lhe robablllLy of Lrror of a SysLem Pere a second order Ll as shown ln Lhe flgure 20 ls used Lo remove Lhe hlgh frequency nolse componenLs lnLroduced by Lhe Wlreless Channel 1he Llmlng reslsLors are calculaLed uslng Lhe followlng formulae f L 1/(2*pl*81*C1) (3) f P 1/(2*pl*82*C2) (6) So for f L 1070Pz and f P 1270Pz we geL 81743 ohm 82123k ohm C1200nl C2100nl CIkCUI1 DIAGkAM CI LCW ASS IIL1Lk Demodulator section block diagram: FSK DENODULATOR Figure above shows FSK demodulator which is a combination of PLL (NES6S) and comparator (Opamp). The frequencychanging signal at the input to the PLL drives the phase detector to result in rapid change in the error voltage, which is applied to the input of the comparator. At the space frequency, the error voltage out of the phase detector is below the comparison voltage of the comparator. The comparator is a noninverting circuit, so its output level is also low. As the phase detector input frequency shifts low (to the mark frequency), the error voltage steps to a high level, passing through the comparison level, causing the comparator output voltage to go high. This error voltage change will snap the comparator output voltage between its two output levels in manner that duplicates the data signal input to the NE SSS modulator. Astable operation: Demodulator Output: