CHUYN H IU HNH LINUX

CC LNH C BN

ThS. L Ngc Sn lnson@fit.hcmus.edu.vn

Cu trc cc th mc

 /boot : kernel v cu hnh boot /bin : cc lnh c bn /dev : cc khai bo v thit b /etc : cu hnh h thng v ng dng /home : th mc ngi dng /lib

: th vin dng chung /mnt : th mc mount /proc : thng tin process /sbin : cc lnh qun tr /tmp : d liu tm /usr : ng dng v th vin /var : d liu tm v bin ng

Qui c t tn file
Ti a 255 k t, dng bt k k t no, k c cc

k t c bit
V d: Very ? long file + name . test

Tp tin (th mc) n c bt u bng du

chm .
V d: .bash_history

ng dn
ng dn tuyt i: bt u bng / V d : / /bin /usr /usr/bin ng dn tng i: khng bt u bng / V d: etc/httpd/ usr/bin ng dn t bit

.. - th mc cha . - th mc ang lm vic ~ - th mc home ca ngi dng hin hnh

V d: Nu ngi dng ang th mc /etc, mun

tham chiu n tp tin /etc/vsftp.conf th ng dn tng i s l ./vsftp.conf

SHELL
B thng dch dng lnh ng dng c bit Tng tc vi h iu hnh Cung cp kh nng lp trnh n gin

SHELL

SHELL

C php lnh
C php: command [flags] arg1 arg2 arg3 Cc thnh phn cch nhau mt khong trng.

Cc c thng theo sau du - hoc -- (nht l cc c nhiu k t)

V d: ls -a -l -F ls --color
Nhiu c c th dng chung mt k t -, v d: ls -al tng ng ls

-a -l
Mt s lnh c bit, khng cn k t - trc cc c Mun xem tr gip dng tham s --help hoc man.

V d: ls --help hoc man ls Ghi ch: C kh nhiu loi shell trn Linux, kim tra ang dng loi shell no:

echo $SHELL

K t thay th
Tn tp tin hoc th mc lm tham s dng lnh

c th dng khng tng minh. Dng k t thay th cho mt phn hoc ton b tn * : mi chui k c rng ? : mt k t bt k [] : tng ng vi mt trong cc k t [!/^] : khng tng ng \ : loi b ngha c bit ca cc k t *,?,)

T ng in dng lnh
Nhn <Tab> t ng in y dng lnh $ cd /usr/lo<Tab> (/usr/local)
$ cp<Tab><Tab> cp cpp cpio cproto $ cd dir<Tab><Tab> dir1 dir2 dir3

Cc lnh thng s dng

pwd cd ls cp mv rm find more grep file Xem th mc hin hnh Thay i th mc Lit k ni dung th mc Copy tp tin v th mc Chuyn hoc i tn file Xa tp tinh v th mc Tm kim Xem ni dung trn tng trang In cc dng ng vi tiu ch t ra Xc nh loi file.

pwd v cd
Cho bit ngi dng ang ti th mc no:

pwd Chuyn th mc (change directory): cd V d:

cd /etc cd ~ ( ~: macro tng trng cho home directory ca ngi dng) cd /home/sv cd .. cd ../../data

echo
Xut 1 chui ra mn hnh

echo Hello World Xut chui , khng xung dng echo n Nhap vao ten ban:

ls
Lit k ni dung th mc: lnh ls

mkdir, rmdir, touch

mkdir to th mc

$ mkdir p dir3/dir4 (tham s -p: to th mc cha nu cha tn ti) rmdir xa th mc rng touch to file rng $ touch file.txt

cp, mv, rm, ln

cp copy file

$ cp file1 file2 $ cp file1 dir1 -f : ghi , -i : hi trc khi ghi -R,-r : copy ton b th mc $ cp r dir1 dir2

 mv di chuyn/ i tn

$ mv file1 file2 $ mv dir1 dir2 rm xa file/ th mc $ rm file1 file2 $ rm r dir3 tham s -r: xa c th mc v tp tin con ln to lin kt (link), c th xem nh mt shortcut trong windows $ ln s dir1 firstdir $ ln f /tmp/test.txt -s : to symbolic link, -f : xa file ch

K t thay th trong cp,mv

* : mi chui k c rng ? : mt k t bt k [] : tng ng vi mt trong cc k t [!/^] : khng tng ng \ : loi b ngha c bit

Redirection
Redirection: Chuyn hng dng d liu sang ni khc. nh hng:

< : nhp > : xut, ghi >> : xut, ghi tip theo (append)

V d: ls l / > /root/list.txt : lit k ni dung th mc / , kt qu khng xut ra mn hnh m xut ra file /root/list.txt. Nu file tn ti s b ghi ls l / >> /root/list.txt: tng t nh trn, nhng thay v ghe (>) s ghi tip vo phn sau ca file (>>)

Dng d liu chun

Cc dng d liu chun:

stdin 0 stdout 1 stderr 2 V d: Thc hin lnh ls, cc thng bo li s xut ra file error.txt ls R / 2>/root/error.txt

Pipe
Pipe: Kt qu output ca mt lnh trc -> d

liu input ca lnh sau, s dng k t | V d: ls R / | less Lnh more cho php xem ni dung theo tng trang. Duyt mn hnh vi less Enter: dng k tip Spacebar: trang k tip b: trang trc q: Thot

Lnh tee
Va xut kt qu ra mn hnh, va xut

vo file. V d: ls l /etc | tee /root/list.txt

X l chui
cat & tac
head & tail nl & wc, od & hexdump join, sort, tr

grep

Lnh cat & tac

cat: Xem ni dung file

V d: Xem ni dung tp tin /etc/passwd

cat /etc/passwd Cc tham s: -n : nh s cc dng output -b : khng tnh dng trng (blank) -A : hin th k t xung dng Lnh tac ngc li vi lnh cat

Lnh head & tail

Lnh head: Xem cc dng u ca d liu.

V d: Xem 4 dng u tp tin /etc/passwd head -4 /etc/passwd HOC cat /etc/passwd | head -4 Hoc xem 4 tp tin / th mc con u tin trong th mc / ls l / | head -4 Lnh tail: Xem cc dng cui ca d liu V d: Xem 5 dng cui ca tp tin /etc/passwd tail -5 /etc/passwd HOC cat /etc/passwd | tail -5 Xem ni dung tp tin /etc/passwd t dng th 4 n ht: tail lines=+4 /etc/passwd hoc cat /etc/passwd | tail --lines=+4 Ch : tail c thm tham s -f c cc file ng

m s dng, t hoc byte wc

Syntax:

wc [option] [files] -l : m s dng -c hay m : m k t -w : m s t $ wc -l file1 - m s dng $ wc file[123] - m 3 file $ wc -c file1 - m s k t

nh s dng nl
Lnh nl: nh s dng V d:

ls l / | nl Xem danh sch cc files v c nh s dng

join
Syntax tham s:

join [options] file1 file2

-j field

File1:

1 one File2: 2 two 3 three

1 11 2 22 3 33

$ join j 1 file1

file2 $ join j 1 file2 file1

tr translate text
Syntax tr [options] [[string1 [string2]] tham s : d xa, -s : thay th lp $ cat file1 | tr a-z A-Z - thng sang hoa $ cat file1 | tr -d a - xa k t a $ tr '[A-B]' '[a-b]'< file.txt hoa sang thng $ tr ':' ' ' < /etc/passwd - thay : bng $ cat file1 | tr -d abc - xa k t abc

[:lower:] ch thng [:upper:] ch hoa [:alnum:] ch ci hoc s Ch : tr ch c 2 i s

Ct chui vi cut
C php:

cut -d<k t phn cch> -f<s field> V d: C chui input 1;2;3;4;5;6 Cn ct ra s 5 (trng th 5) echo 1;2;3;4;5;6 | cut -d; -f5

Ct chui vi awk
C php: in ra trng th n

awk -F<k t ngn cch> { print $n} Mc nh k t ngn cch l cc khong trng V d: C chui input 1;2;3;4;5;6 Cn ct ra s 5 (trng th 5) echo 1;2;3;4;5;6 | awk F; { print $5 }

grep
Tm kim ni dung. C php:

grep [OPTION] PATTERN [FILE] -i: Khng phn bit hoa thng -n: Km theo s th t dng khi xut -r: tm lp li trong th mc con -v: tm nghch o -w: tm nguyn t V d: grep root /etc/passwd : tm nhng dng c t root trong file /etc/passwd ls l /etc/ | grep conf : tm nhng file c cm t conf trong th mc /etc

Mt s regular expression trong grep

[abc]: k t a,b hoc k t c [a-h]: mt k t trong khong a h [^abc]: khng phi a,b,c (ab|bc|cd): ab hoc bc hoc cd ^: u 1 dng $: cui 1 dng .: mt k t bt k S ln xut hin: *: t 0 n n ln +: t nht 1 ln

find tm kim file

find [path] [expression] $ find / -name *.txt #Tm file c kiu txt trong th mc / $ find /usr/local -type f print : ch tm file $ find /usr/X11R6 -type d : ch tm th mc $ find . -perm 755 -a -type f : tm theo permission

Restart v shutdown
Shutdown:

init 0 Hoc shutdown h now Restart: init 6 Hoc shutdown r now

Cc ch init
C php: init <number>
0: shutdown 1: single user mode 3: command line mode 5: GUI mode

6: restart

Lnh history
Danh sch cc lnh thc thi lu trong ~/.bash_history ^P, <Up> lnh k trc ^N, <Down> lnh k sau history: in ra danh sch cc lnh a thc thi
$ history 1 clear 2 cd / 3 ls 4 mkdir /tmp/dir1

!n: thc thi li dng lnh th n !string: thc thi li dng lnh ngay trc bt u bng string

Hi p