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10-09-2010, 12:33 AM

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Tm hiu v giao thc TCP/IP

noob_ict 10-09-2010, 12:33 AM nh gi:
Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng.

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Hin nay cc my tnh ca hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP lin kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h thng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP thc cht l mt h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng. I. Giao thc IP 1. Tng qut Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu.

About noob_ict Cm n / THANKS ! Tr li ch ny Xem dng lu tr Gi trang ny ti bn b

S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch

IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (dotted decimal notation) tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng.

Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E). y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau: -----> Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte. -----> Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. -----> Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng. Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

Hnh 7.1: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

Hnh 7.2: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn m mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

Hnh 7.3: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng

Hnh 7.4: Dng thc ca gi tin IP

Hnh 7.4: Dng thc ca gi tin IP ngha ca thng s nh sau: -----> VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng version mi. -----> IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. -----> Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truy v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny. -----> Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). -----> D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong -----> D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng -----> D = 1 gi tin tr thp -----> T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao. -----> T = 0 thng lng bnh thng -----> T = 1 thng lng cao -----> R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu -----> R = 0 tin cy bnh thng -----> R = 1 tin cy cao -----> Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi nh mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. -----> Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng. -----> Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cu cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc. ngha c th ca trng Flags l: -----> bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0. -----> bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) -----> bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) -----> Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d li c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte. -----> Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gi i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nh ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live: -----> Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. -----> Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. -----> Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt. -----> Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17 -----> Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP. -----> Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun. -----> Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch -----> Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). -----> Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. -----> Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gi ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.

2. Cc giao thc trong mng IP mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung, cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n chng khi cn.

-----> Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l c nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thi -----> Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l. -----> Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng.) gia cc gateway hoc m nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch ca n, hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n cho router hoc trm ch.

3. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v bt u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn yu c t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n. i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc hin cc bc sau y: -----> To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c.

-----> To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c. -----> Tnh checksum v ghp vo header ca gi tin. -----> Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo. -----> Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng. i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau: 1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin. 3) Ra quyt nh chn ng. 4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn. 5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live, Fragmentation v Checksum. 6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng. Cui cng khi mt datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi cc cng vic sau: 1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on) 3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn.

II. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin trnh ng dng trong m my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) ca TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.

Hnh 7.5: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp u ni TCP/IP. M ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu c truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s dnh cho vic trao i d liu. -----> Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) hoc b ng (passive). -----> Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi n t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton) -----> Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt u ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa . Bng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin.

Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP. Chng 7-Giao thc TCP/IP Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng r nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng. Hin nay cc my tnh ca hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP lin kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h thng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP thc cht l m h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng. I. Giao thc IP --> 1. Tng qut Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu. S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (dotted decimal notation) tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E). y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau: --> Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte. --> Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. --> Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng. Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

--> Hnh 7.1: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

--> Hnh 7.2: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn m mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

--> Hnh 7.3: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng

--> Hnh 7.4: Dng thc ca gi tin IP ngha ca thng s nh sau: -->VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng version mi. -->IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. -->Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truy tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny. --> -->Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). -->D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong -->D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng -->D = 1 gi tin tr thp -->T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao. -->T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v -->T = 1 thng lng cao -->R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu -->R = 0 tin cy bnh thng -->R = 1 tin cy cao -->Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi nh mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. --> Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n v cn trn lin mng. --> Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc. ngha c th ca trng Flags l: -->bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0. -->bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) -->bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) -->Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte. -->Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gi (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nh ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live: -->Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. -->Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. -->Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt. -->Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP gi tr trng Protocol l 17 -->Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP. -->Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun. -->Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch -->Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). -->Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. -->Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm. --> 2. Cc giao thc trong mng IP mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung, cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n chng khi cn. --> Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l c nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thi -->Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l. -->Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng.) gia cc gateway hoc m

-->Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng.) gia cc gateway hoc m ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch ca n, hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n cho router hoc trm ch. -->3. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v bt u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn yu c t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n. i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc hin cc bc sau y: --> To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c. --> Tnh checksum v ghp vo header ca gi tin. --> Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo. --> Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng. i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau: 1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin. 3) Ra quyt nh chn ng. 4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn. 5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live, Fragmentation v Checksum. 6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng. Cui cng khi mt datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi cc cng vic sau: 1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on) 3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn. II. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin trnh ng dng trong m my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) ca TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.

--> Hnh 7.5: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp u ni TCP/IP. M ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu c truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s dnh cho vic trao i d liu. -->Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) hoc b ng (passive). -->Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi n t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton) -->Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt u ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa . Bng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin. S hiu cng M t 0 Reserved 5 Remote job entry 7 Echo 9 Discard 11 Systat 13 Daytime 15 Nestat 17 Quotd (quote odd day 20 ftp-data 21

21 ftp (control) 23 Telnet 25 SMTP 37 Time 53 Name Server 102 ISO - TSAP 103 X.400 104 X.400 Sending 111 Sun RPC 139 Net BIOS Session source 160 - 223 Reserved Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP. --> Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b (local connection name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c dng tham chiu t lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp c lin kt yu cu th n phi gi tham s Open Failure thng bo.) -->Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny dc chuyn n trong c hai tr hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi mt lin kt c m, vic truyn d liu trn lin kt c th c thc hin. -->Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu: Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s dng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v receive. -->Hm Send: D liu c gi xung TCP theo cc khi (block). Khi nhn c mt khi d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (buffer). Nu c PUSH c dng th ton b d liu trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng c dng th d liu c gi li trong b m v s gi i khi c c hi thch hp (chng hn ch thm d liu na gi i vi hiu qu hn). -->Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn vi mi lin kt. Nu d liu c nh du vi mt c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m (k c cc d li c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s dng. Cn nu d liu n khng c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu vi mc tiu tng hi qu h thng. Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s dng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s dng th c th dng c URGENT v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn phi s l khn cp d liu . -->Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt: Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn thit c thc hin theo mt trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort. -->Hm Close: yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic truyn d liu trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP s truyn i tt c d liu cn trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt. Lu rng khi mt ngi s dng gi i mt hm Close th n vn phi tip tc nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo cho pha bn kia bit v vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s dng ca mnh. -->Hm Abort: Ngi s dng c th ng mt lin kt bt v s khng chp nhn d liu qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP bit rng lin kt c hy b v TCP xa s thng bo cho ngi s dng ca mnh. -->Mt s hm khc ca TCP: -->Hm Status: cho php ngi s dng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin kt c th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng. -->Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP v cc yu cu dch v bt hp l lin quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc hoc v cc li lin quan n mi trng. n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c cc tham s vi ngha nh sau:

--> Hnh 7.5: Dng thc ca segment TCP -->Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun. -->Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch. -->Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. -->Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun. -->Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu). -->Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai -->Control bit (cc bit iu khin): -->URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc. -->ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. -->PSH: Chc nng PUSH. -->RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. -->SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number).

-->SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number). -->FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun. -->Window (16 bit): cp pht cre*** kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngu san sng nhn. -->Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data) -->Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. -->Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment. -->Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0. -->TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options. III. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt c s dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP. Khun dng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment.

--> Hnh 7.7: Dng thc ca gi tin UDP UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP th c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. -->

Hnh 7.8: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

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