resenLed by

1arun Sam MaLhew

1hlvakar8
1ravln 8odrlgo!1
udhayv
SL!oseph's College of Lnglneerlng
SevenLh semesLer Mlnl ro[ecL
Wlreless uaLa Modem for ulglLal CommunlcaLlon
Supervlsed by
Mrs vlnayaga rlya
Mr karLhlkeyan
8ackdrop Cugllelmo Marconl ploneer of Wlreless
30
th
September 2011
70088
Communication but without wires.
Electromagnetic Waves through Ether
Radio Waves 300KHz to 1CHz
Nicro Waves 1CHz to 3THz
Light rays 3THz to 10 PHz
Some Applications
Satellite Communications
Personal Communication Systems
Wireless LAN / Bluetooth
Agenda:
To design a modulator section using NE SSS.
To design a demodulator section using PLL S6S.
To include a low pass filter in the circuit to
convert sine wave input.
To design a !R section to transmit and receive
the digital data.
FSK NODULATOR
W Figure above shows the FSK modulator using 555 IC.
W IC 555 is a VCO based monolithic Iunction generator
capable oI producing Sine, Square, Triangle signals
with AM and FM Iacility.
W In this trainer 555 IC is used to generate FSK signal.
W The output is phase continuous during transitions.
W Bit 1----Fc1.44(R
a
2R
b
)C
W Bit 0----Fc1.44/((R
a
,,R
b
) 2R
b
)C
The resultant FSK modulated signal along with the digital binary input
data at 1S0Hz is shown in the Figure below
1he clrculL dlagram when Lhe lnpuL ls PlCP ls
1he clrculL dlagram when Lhe lnpuL ls LCW ls
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING OF TRANSMITTER USING IR LED
n lnfrared emlLLer ls an LLu made from Calllum rsenlde whlch emlLs nearlnfrared
energy aL abouL 880nm
1he lrequency ShlfL keylng slgnal from Lhe ModulaLor ls now wlrelessly LransmlLLed
Lo Lhe recelver slde uslng l8 LLu
1he l8 LLu used as a LransmlLLer ls shown ln flgure 1he clrculL dlagram for Lhls
process ls shown ln flgure
1he value of Lhe llmlLlng 8eslsLor 8 ls calculaLed uslng Lhe formula
Pere Supply volLage vs ls 3v LLu volLage drop vfls33v and LLu currenL raLlng lf ls
20m Pence Lhe value of 8 ls 83 ohms
RUT DACRAN AND WORKNC OF REEER USNC PHOTOTRANSSTOR
The infrared Phototransistor acts as a transistor with the base voltage
determined by the amount of light hitting the transistor, it acts as a variable
current source.
Creater amount of !R light cause greater current to flow through the
collectoremitter leads.
The signal from the Transmitter side should be received at the Receiver
side by a spectrally matched Phototransistor.
Thus the whole process of wireless transfer of data is achieved using the
combination of !R LED and a spectrally matched Phototransistor.
This wireless transmission channel is cheaper in comparison to the
transmission medium obtained using Fibre Optic cable.
The important parameter for a Nodem, which is the Probability of Error is
good for this combination of !R LED and phototransistor.
A basic !nfra Red Link for audio communication for distances upto
3 metres.
!n his circuit Nilan has created a basic !nfra Red transmitter and
receiver.
The transmitter comprises a single amplifying stage driving two
series connected !R LEDS.
The input source is connected to ]1. Please note that the device will
pass a small DC current through it and also directly bias the
transistor.
A suitable device is therefore a high output crystal microphone.
These can produce high output voltages up to 1 volt but this will
be reduced by the transistors low input impedance
Low Pass FiIter
RUT DACRAN AND WORKNC OF LOW PASS FLTER
1he Low ass lllLer (Ll) ls used Lo ellmlnaLe Lhe unnecessary hlgh frequency
componenLs from any low frequency slgnal and hence helps ln lmprovlng Lhe
robablllLy of Lrror of a SysLem
Pere a second order Ll as shown ln Lhe flgure 20 ls used Lo remove Lhe hlgh
frequency nolse componenLs lnLroduced by Lhe Wlreless Channel
1he Llmlng reslsLors are calculaLed uslng Lhe followlng formulae
f
L
1/(2*pl*81*C1) (3)
f
P
1/(2*pl*82*C2) (6)
So for f
L
1070Pz and f
P
1270Pz
we geL
81743 ohm 82123k ohm C1200nl C2100nl
CIkCUI1 DIAGkAM CI LCW ASS IIL1Lk
Demodulator section block diagram:
FSK DENODULATOR
Figure above shows FSK demodulator which is a combination of
PLL (NES6S) and comparator (Opamp).
The frequencychanging signal at the input to the PLL drives
the phase detector to result in rapid change in the error
voltage, which is applied to the input of the comparator.
At the space frequency, the error voltage out of the phase
detector is below the comparison voltage of the comparator.
The comparator is a noninverting circuit, so its output level is
also low.
As the phase detector input frequency shifts low (to the mark
frequency), the error voltage steps to a high level, passing
through the comparison level, causing the comparator output
voltage to go high.
This error voltage change will snap the comparator output
voltage between its two output levels in manner that duplicates
the data signal input to the NE SSS modulator.
Astable operation:
Demodulator Output: