Baùo Caùo: B Công Thương

B CNG THNG
BAO CAO
H Ni, thng 2 nm 2008
LU
Ti liu ny do Cc Thng mi in t v Cng ngh thng tin, B Cng Thng ch tr bin son. Nhng quan im v nhn nh a ra trong Bo co tng hp t kt qu iu tra kho st v khng phn nh quan im chnh thc ca B Cng Thng. Mi trch dn thng tin t ti liu ny phi nu r ngun Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2007 ca B Cng Thng. Ton vn bo co c ng trn website chnh thc ca B Cng Thng ti a ch: http://www.moit.gov.vn
LI GII THIU
Hai nm sau khi Lut Giao dch in t c ban hnh, thng mi in t Vit Nam tip tc khng nh ch ng trong cc lnh vc ca i sng kinh t - x hi vi nhng bc pht trin mnh m v ton din. Tip theo Bo co Thng mi in t c thc hin t nm 2003 n 2006, Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2007 s phn nh nhng bc tin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2007 so vi cc nm trc . Da trn kt qu nghin cu, nh gi chnh sch v iu tra rng ri cc doanh nghip trn ton quc, Bo co s a ra mt ci nhn ton cnh v mi trng v m cho thng mi in t cng nh tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip. Nhng c hi v thch thc t ra trong bi cnh Vit Nam l thnh vin ca T chc Thng mi th gii WTO, nhng kt qu sau hai nm trin khai Lut Giao dch in t, s pht trin vt bc ca h tng thanh ton v cc m hnh ng dng thng mi in t in hnh trong cng ng doanh nghip s l nhng im nhn ca Bo co nm nay. Mng sng nht ca thng mi in t 2007 l hiu qu u t thng mi in t ti cc doanh nghip r rng v c xu hng ngy cng tng. y cng l nm u tin mt s m hnh ng dng thng mi in t tng i hon chnh chnh thc c trin khai, vi cc cng c thanh ton trc tuyn c tch hp trong quy trnh giao dch. Trn c s cc phn tch v nhn nh ca Bo co, chng ta tin tng rng nhng chuyn bin mnh m trong nm 2007 s to cho thng mi in t Vit Nam tip tc pht trin mt cch thc cht v bn vng trong nhng nm tip theo. Thay mt B Cng Thng, ti xin chn thnh cm n cc t chc, doanh nghip, c quan bo ch, chuyn gia nhit tnh phi hp v cung cp thng tin trong qu trnh xy dng Bo co. Chng ti mong nhn c nhiu kin gp Bo co ngy cng hon thin v tr thnh mt ti liu c ch cho cc c quan hoch nh chnh sch, doanh nghip, vin nghin cu v ng o cc i tng c quan tm khc. H Ni, thng 2 nm 2008
PGS. TS. L Danh Vnh Th trng B Cng Thng
BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007
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iv
TNG QUAN
Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2005 nhn nh: cho ti ht nm 2005 thng mi in t nc ta kt thc giai on u tin l giai on hnh thnh v c php lut tha nhn chnh thc. Vi s chun b chn mui v n lc to ln ca c doanh nghip v cc c quan nh nc, c th d on t nm 2006 thng mi in t Vit Nam s bc sang giai on hai l giai on pht trin mnh m. Kt qu iu tra, kho st trn nhiu kha cnh lin quan ti thng mi in t, c bit l tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t ca trn 1.700 doanh nghip trn c nc cho thy d on trn l ng. Vi s pht trin mnh m v ton din ca thng mi in t trong nm 2006 v c bit l trong nm 2007, c th d on Vit Nam s t c nhng mc tiu c bn ca K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006 2010.1 Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2007 gii thiu bc tranh ton cnh v tnh hnh pht trin ca thng mi in t trong nm qua. Phn tng quan ny s thu nh bc tranh ton cnh , mc d c th b qua nhiu chi tit c sc nhng s gip cho ngi c nhanh chng nm bt c nhng mng quan trng nht ca tnh hnh pht trin thng mi in t Vit Nam cho ti cui nm 2007.
1.
Hiu qu ng dng TMT ti cc doanh nghip r rng v c xu hng ngy cng tng
Mng sng nht trong nm 2007 l hiu qu u t cho thng mi in t kh cao v c xu hng tip tc tng. Kt qu iu tra cho thy trn mt phn ba doanh nghip c doanh thu nh cc n t hng qua phng tin in t mc 15% tr ln so vi tng doanh thu. Nu so snh t l ny vi t l tng ng 8% ca nm 2005 th c th thy r cc doanh nghip thc s quan tm ti thng mi in t v bit cch bin nhng li ch tim tng ca n thnh hin thc. Tn hiu lc quan nht l c ti 63% doanh nghip tin tng rng doanh thu c c t cc n t hng s dng phng tin in t s tip tc tng. Kt qu trn c mi tng quan mt thit vi t trng cng nh c cu u t cho thng mi in t. Mt mt, chi ph u t cho thng mi in t tng mnh, nm 2007 c ti 50% s doanh nghip tham gia iu tra (cao gp ba ln t l 18% ca nm 2005) cho bit dnh trn 5% tng chi ph hot ng u t cho thng mi in t. Mt khc, c cu u t tr nn hp l hn vi khong mt na chi ph dnh cho phn cng v mt phn nm dnh cho o to. C cu u t ny cho thy c s chuyn bin mnh m t nhn thc ti trin khai thng mi thng in t nu so snh vi cc t l tng ng ca nm 2005. Tuy nhin, t l u t cho phn mm v gii php hu nh khng thay i trong ba nm qua v ch dng mc 23%. R rng, cn phi c s n lc rt ln t nhiu pha nng cao t l ny.
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Quyt nh s 222/2005/Q-TTg ngy 15/9/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006 2010.
Mt trong nhng thc o nh lng v u t cho thng mi in t l t l cc doanh nghip xy dng v vn hnh website tng u qua cc nm v t ti 38% trong nm 2007, tc l c 10 doanh nghip tham gia iu tra th c ti 4 doanh nghip c website. ng thi, trong nm 2007 c 10% doanh nghip tham gia cc sn giao dch thng mi in t (e-marketplace), 82% c mng cc b (LAN) v ng lu nht l c ti 97% doanh nghip kt ni Internet vi hnh thc kt ni ch yu l bng thng rng ADSL.
2.
Thanh ton in t pht trin nhanh chng
Theo nh gi ca cc doanh nghip tham gia iu tra th thanh ton in t lin tc l tr ngi ln th hai i vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t trong giai on t nm 2005 ti 2007. Tuy nhin, nm 2007 chng kin s pht trin nhanh chng v ton din ca lnh vc ny. Trc ht, tm chnh sch v m, u nm 2007 mt vn bn quan trng lin quan ti thanh ton in t c hiu lc, l Quyt nh s 291/2006/Q-TTg ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020. Ngay trong nm u tin trin khai Quyt nh ny ngnh ngn hng t c nhiu thnh tu ni bt. Trc ht, ton ngnh ngn hng c 15 ngn hng lp t v a vo s dng 4.300 my ATM, 24.000 my POS. Th hai, 29 ngn hng pht hnh gn 8,4 triu th thanh ton v hnh thnh nn cc lin minh th. Trong , h thng cc ngn hng thnh vin ca Smartlink v Banknetvn chim khong 90% th phn th c nc v ang lin kt vi nhau tng bc thng nht ton th trng th. Cc ngn hng thng mi xy dng l trnh chuyn dn t cng ngh s dng th t sang cng ngh chip in t. Th ba, hu ht cc nghip v t Ngn hng Nh nc ti cc ngn hng thng mi v cc t chc tn dng c ng dng cng ngh thng tin. Hin c khong 20 ngn hng cung cp dch v thanh ton qua Internet (Internet Banking) v tin nhn di ng (SMS Banking). Thanh ton qua th hay POS c a vo ng dng rng ri hn vi cc chc nng ngy cng a dng. Bn cnh ngn hng, i tng cung cp dch v thanh ton in t ang m rng sang nhng loi hnh doanh nghip khc. M hnh cng thanh ton (payment gateway) c hnh thnh v bt u i vo hot ng. c bit, nm 2007 l nm u tin mt s website thng mi in t Vit Nam trin khai cung cp dch v thanh ton trc tuyn, bao gm Pacific Airlines, 123mua!, Viettravel v Ch in t.2
3.
Hot ng ph bin, tuyn truyn v o to v thng mi in t tip tc c coi trng v bt u i vo chiu su
Trong nm 2007 hot ng ph bin, tuyn truyn v o to v thng mi in t tip tc c y mnh mt cch ton din trn phm vi c nc v thu c nhng kt qu c th. Trc ht, nhiu doanh nghip khng ch nhn thc c li ch to ln ca thng mi in t m thy s cn thit phi tp hp li h tr nhau trong vic trin khai. Nhng doanh nghip tin
2
Vi cc tn min tng ng l: www.pacificairlines.com.vn, www.123mua.com.vn, www.viettravel.com.vn v www.chodientu.vn
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phong nht trong lnh vc ny tr thnh thnh vin sng lp ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) vo gia nm 2007. Nhiu s kin ln v thng mi in t c t chc v tuyn truyn trn nhiu knh thng tin i chng nh Din n thng mi in t Vit Nam 2007 (Vebiz), Hi tho bo v d liu c nhn trong thng mi in t, Chng trnh nh gi xp hng website thng mi in t uy tn (TrustVn), Chng trnh sinh vin vi thng mi in t, cc s kin lin quan ti bnh chn v trao gii thng cup vng v thng mi in t ca Hi Tin hc Vit Nam (VAIP) v Hip hi doanh nghip phn mm Vit Nam (Vinasa). Trong nm 2007, B Cng Thng vn coi trng hot ng tp hun ngn hn cho cc cn b qun l nh nc v doanh nghip v thng mi in t. Vi s phi hp v gip ca nhiu S Thng mi v cc n v khc, bao gm Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam (VCCI), nhiu kha tp hun v qun l nh nc cng nh k nng ng dng thng mi in t c t chc. o to chnh quy v thng mi in t tip tc c nhiu trng i hc quan tm. Mt s trng i hc c k hoch u t su cho vic o to thng mi in t vi vic hon thin gio trnh v h tng cng ngh phc v cho o to, gn o to vi thc tin kinh doanh ht sc nng ng v i mi lin tc ca thng mi in t.
4.
H thng php lut cho thng mi in t c bn c xc lp
Mc d chm hn yu cu nhng mi trng php l cho thng mi in t tng i hon thin nh mt lot cc vn bn quy phm php lut hng dn Lut Giao dch in t v Lut Cng ngh thng tin c ban hnh trong nm 2007. Ngay trong qu mt Chnh ph ban hnh lin tip ba ngh nh quan trng, l Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s, Ngh nh s 27/2007/N-CP v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh, Ngh nh s 35/2007/N-CP v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng. Tip , u qu hai Chnh ph tip tc ban hnh Ngh nh s 63/2007/N-CP quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin v Ngh nh s 64/2007/N-CP v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc. Nhiu vn bn chuyn ngnh c ban hnh. Chng hn, trong lnh vc ngn hng l cc Quyt nh ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc v Quy ch cp pht, qun l v s dng ch k s v chng thc ch k in t trong ngnh ngn hng; Quy trnh cp pht, qun l v s dng chng ch s ca Ngn hng Nh nc; Quy ch pht hnh, thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng; Thng t sa i Thng t s 09/2003/TT-NHNN hng dn thc hin mt s quy nh ti Ngh nh s 55/2001/N-CP cho ph hp vi Lut Giao dch in t v cc ngh nh hng dn thi hnh. Th tng Chnh ph cng ban hnh Ngh nh s 20/2007/QTTg v vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng hng lng t ngn sch nh nc. Trong lnh vc ti chnh v hi quan, B Ti chnh v Tng cc Hi quan ban hnh cc Quyt nh v Quy nh v th im th tc hi quan in t; Quy trnh th tc hi quan in t; Quy ch p dng qun l ri ro trong th im th tc hi quan in t; Quy ch cng nhn t chc cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng trong hot ng hi quan. ng thi, nhm tho g nhng tr ngi lin quan ti chng t in t trong hot ng bn v my bay in t, B Ti
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chnh ban hnh Quyt nh s 18/2007/Q-BTC v vic in, pht hnh, s dng v qun l v my bay in t. Trong lnh vc thng mi l Quyt nh s 018/2007/Q-BTM v vic ban hnh Quy ch cp chng nhn xut x in t.3 Cc vn bn trn cng nhiu vn bn lin quan ti thng mi in t v cng ngh thng tin khc c ban hnh trong nm 2007 gp phn lm cho h thng php lut v thng mi in t hon thin hn.
5.
Nhiu a phng xy dng v trin khai k hoach pht trin thng mi in t
Mc d da trn nn tng cng ngh tin tin v ch yu c tin hnh trn mi trng mng nhng thng mi in t khng th tch ri khi a bn c th. Lut mu ca Lin Hp quc v thng mi in t cng nh Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP ngy 9 /6/2006 quy nh r v a im kinh doanh ca cc bn tham gia giao dch thng mi. Hot ng qun l nh nc v thng mi in t khng th t hiu qu cao nu khng c s tham gia tch cc v ch ng ca cc c quan qun l nh nc v thng mi ti a phng, c th l ca cc S Thng mi hoc S Thng mi v Du lch ti cc tnh v thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (gi chung l tnh). Cc s ny tham mu cho y ban nhn dn tnh qun l nh nc v thng mi in t ti a phng, c bit l trong cc hot ng t chc thc hin chin lc, k hoch v cc quy nh php lut v thng mi in t; ch tr hoc phi hp vi cc n v lin quan tuyn truyn ph bin nng cao nhn thc v thng mi in t; h tr cc doanh nghip ng dng thng mi in t; thanh tra, kim tra vic chp hnh php lut v thng mi in t. Tnh ti cui nm 2007 c trn ba mi y ban nhn dn tnh ph duyt chng trnh, k hoch pht trin thng mi in t ti a phng giai on ti nm 2010. Trn mi d tho k hoch khc c cc s xy dng xong v trnh cp c thm quyn ph duyt. Nhiu k hoch c xy dng vi cht lng tt v c tnh kh thi cao, chng hn nh Chng trnh pht trin thng mi in t Thnh ph H Ch Minh giai on 2008 2010 hay K hoch pht trin thng mi in t tnh Bc Ninh giai on 2007 2010. Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2007 khng dng li vic trnh by kt qu iu tra kho st tnh hnh m c gng phc tho tc ng ca vic Vit Nam gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) ti s pht trin thng mi in t trong nhng nm ti. Trn c s phn tch nhng cam kt lin quan trc tip ti thng mi in t trong lnh vc hng ha, dch v, u t, s hu tr tu, cam kt tun th cc nguyn tc c bn ca WTO v minh bch ha v khng phn bit i x v nhng li th khi c tham gia vo c ch gii quyt tranh chp tng i khch quan, Bo co nhn nh vic Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc th 150 ca WTO vo thng 1 nm 2007 s c tc ng su sc v ton din ti s pht trin ca thng mi in t trong tng lai.
3 Ngy 16/01/2008 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 06/2008/N-CP quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong hot ng thng mi. iu 52 ca Ngh nh ny quy nh chi tit v x pht nhng hnh vi vi phm lin quan ti chng t in t trong hot ng thng mi.
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MC LC
LI GII THIU ................................................................................................................................... iii
TNG QUAN ............................................................................................................................................. v
CHNG I - THNG MI IN T VIT NAM SAU HAI NM BAN HNH LUT GIAO DCH IN T ............................................................................................................. 3 I. Tc ng ca vic ban hnh Lut Giao dch in t ........................................................ 3 1. Tc ng ti nhn thc x hi........................................................................................................ 3 2. Tc ng ti phng thc kinh doanh........................................................................................ 9 3. Tc ng ti m hnh qun l........................................................................................................ 11 4. Tc ng ti h thng lut v chnh sch ................................................................................. 13 5. Lut Giao dch in t vi K hoch tng th pht trin TMT ................................. 17 II. Tnh hnh ban hnh cc vn bn di lut nhm hng dn Lut Giao dch in t ....................................................................................................................... 21 1. Ngh nh v Thng mi in t ............................................................................................... 22 2. Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s .............................................. 23 3. Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh.............................................. 23 4. Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng .......................................... 25 5. Ngh nh v ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc.................. 26 6. Mt s vn bn c lin quan khc ............................................................................................... 26 III. Mt s vn trong thc thi Lut Giao dch in t .................................................... 28 1. Gi tr php l ca chng t in t trong giao dch thng mi ................................ 28 2. Cc quy nh v k ton, thu vi vic trin khai Lut Giao dch in t ................ 31 3. Vn xc thc thng tin trong chng t in t............................................................... 32 4. Bo v thng tin c nhn ca ngi tiu dng trong TMT ........................................ 35 5. Hnh lang php l cho th qung co v cc bin php chng th rc ..................... 38 6. Mt s vn khc ............................................................................................................................ 40
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CHNG II - TC NG CA VIC VIT NAM GIA NHP WTO TI PHT TRIN THNG MI IN T ...................................................................................... 47 I. Khi qut ...................................................................................................................................... 47 1. Thng mi in t vi vic nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip .... 47 2. WTO v thng mi in t.......................................................................................................... 48 II. Tc ng ca cc cam kt trong lnh vc thng mi dch v ................................... 54 1. Cam kt chung ...................................................................................................................................... 54 2. Dch v h tr kinh doanh ............................................................................................................. 55 3. Cc dch v thng tin ........................................................................................................................ 60 4. Dch v phn phi............................................................................................................................... 63 5. Dch v ti chnh ................................................................................................................................. 65 6. Dch v gio dc .................................................................................................................................. 68 7. Dch v du lch v cc dch v lin quan .................................................................................. 69 8. Dch v gii tr, vn ha v th thao........................................................................................... 70 9. Dch v vn ti hng khng............................................................................................................ 72 III. Tc ng ca cc cam kt trong lnh vc thng mi hng ho ................................ 73 1. Thu quan ............................................................................................................................................... 73 2. Phi thu quan ........................................................................................................................................ 74 3. Hip nh Cng ngh thng tin (ITA) ...................................................................................... 75 IV. Tc ng ca cc cam kt trong lnh vc s hu tr tu v u t ............................ 75 1. S hu tr tu......................................................................................................................................... 75 2. u t ....................................................................................................................................................... 76 V. Cc tc ng khc...................................................................................................................... 77 1. Tun th cc nguyn tc khng phn bit i x v minh bch ha .......................... 77 2. Chnh sch ti chnh tin t........................................................................................................ 78 3. Chnh sch ngoi hi v thanh ton ........................................................................................... 79 4. Gii quyt tranh chp ........................................................................................................................ 79 5. Tham gia vo qu trnh xy dng lut thng mi ton cu ca WTO .................... 80
CHNG III - THANH TON IN T ...................................................................................... 83 I. Thanh ton i vi thng mi in t ............................................................................... 84 1. Yu cu ca thng mi in t i vi h thng thanh ton ..........................................84 2. Thc trng ca hot ng thanh ton ..........................................................................................85 3. Tin ca h thng thanh ton in t ti Vit Nam ........................................................87 4. nh hng ca nh nc v pht trin thanh ton in t ............................................89 II. Ngn hng vi thanh ton in t ......................................................................................... 91 1. Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn (Internet Banking) .................................................................91 2. Dch v tin nhn ngn hng (SMS Banking) ............................................................................ 99 III. Doanh nghip cung cp dch v thanh ton in t ..................................................... 100 1. PayNet vi thanh ton qua POS v ePOS ................................................................................ 101 2. VnPay vi dch v thanh ton TopUp ...................................................................................... 104 IV. Trin vng kt ni dch v phc v thanh ton trc tuyn trong TMT .............. 105 1. Cng thanh ton in t .................................................................................................................. 105 2. Mt s m hnh ng dng thanh ton in t ...................................................................... 110
CHNG IV - TNH HNH NG DNG THNG MI IN T TRONG DOANH NGHIP .................................................................................................................................. 117 I. Mc sn sng cho thng mi in t ca doanh nghip ..................................... 119 1. Tnh hnh s dng my tnh trong cc doanh nghip ....................................................... 119 2. Tnh hnh o to CNTT v TMT .......................................................................................... 121 3. H tng vin thng v Internet ca doanh nghip .............................................................. 122 4. Hiu qu ca vic s dng Internet trong doanh nghip ................................................. 124 5. Mc xy dng v s dng mng ni b ............................................................................. 125 II. Mc trin khai ng dng thng mi in t .......................................................... 126 1. Khi qut ................................................................................................................................................. 126 2. Ngun nhn lc cho thng mi in t ................................................................................. 127 3. ng dng thng mi in t trong qun tr doanh nghip ......................................... 128 4. Tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t ........................................................................... 130 5. Xy dng website ...........................................................................................................132
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6. Dch v h tr thng mi in t ............................................................................................. 134 III. Hiu qu ng dng thng mi in t ............................................................................ 136 1. u t cho thng mi in t ................................................................................................... 136 2. Doanh thu t ng dng thng mi in t......................................................................... 137 3. Tng quan gia doanh thu v u t ...................................................................................... 139 4. Tc ng ca TMT ti hot ng kinh doanh ................................................................... 139 5. Tr ngi cho ng dng TMT...................................................................................................... 140 IV. Cc m hnh kinh doanh thng mi in t chuyn bit ......................................... 141 1. Sn TMT h tr giao dch doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B) ......................... 141 2. Sn TMT h tr giao dch doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng (B2C) v ngi tiu dng vi ngi tiu dng (C2C) ................................................................................ 145 V. Mt s lnh vc ng dng TMT ni bt ......................................................................... 148 1. ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc du lch ...................................................... 149 2. ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc chng khon .......................................... 151 3. ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc bn l ......................................................... 155
KHUYN NGH .................................................................................................................................... 161 I. i vi c quan qun l nh nc ............................................................................................... 161 II. i vi doanh nghip ..................................................................................................................... 164 III. i vi ngi tiu dng ................................................................................................................ 166
PH LC ................................................................................................................................................ 169 Ph lc 1 Ngh nh v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s ............................ 169 Ph lc 2 Danh sch ngn hng trin khai dch v ngn hng trc tuyn v tin nhn ngn hng......................................................................................................... 201 Ph lc 3 TrustVN website thng mi in t uy tn Vit Nam.............................. 207 Ph lc 4 Danh sch cc sn v website thng mi in t........................................... 210 Ph lc 5 Kt qu kho st website cc cng ty chng khon thng 12/2007 .......... 214 Ph lc 6 Mu phiu iu tra tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip ........................................................................................................ 216 Ph lc 7 Tng quan thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2006 ...................................... 222 xii
MC LC BNG
Bng 1.1 Bng 1.2 Bng 1.3 Bng 1.4 Bng 1.5 Bng 1.6 Bng 1.7 Bng 3.1 Bng 3.2 Bng 3.3 Bng 3.4 Bng 3.5 Bng 3.6 Bng 3.7 Bng 4.1 Bng 4.2 Bng 4.3 Bng 4.4 Bng 4.5 Bng 4.6 Bng 4.7 Mt s ch tiu v mc s dng di ng ca Vit Nam trong tng quan vi th gii .........................................................................................................7 Mt s chng trnh o to v thng mi in t ti cc trng i hc .......................................................................................................................................................8 Tng trng s lng website ca cc a phng t 2005 n 2007 ......................12 Cc vn bn php quy lin quan n thng mi in t ban hnh trong hai nm 2006-2007...............................................................................................................13 Mt s chnh sch lin quan n thng mi in t ban hnh trong hai nm 2006-2007...............................................................................................................16 Tnh hnh trin khai K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t 2006-2010 ti cc a phng ......................................................................................................18 Kt qu kho st v chnh sch bo v thng tin c nhn trn cc website thng mi in t ..........................................................................................................37 Mt vi s liu thng k v th trng thanh ton th nm 2007...............................87 S lng ngn hng trin khai dch v Internet Banking ..............................................91 Danh sch cc ngn hng trin khai Internet Banking ...................................................91 Danh sch cc ngn hng trin khai SMS Banking ...........................................................99 Danh sch cng ty cung cp v trin khai dch v thanh ton in t ................. 100 Danh sch cc ngn hng thnh vin ca Smartlink v Banknetvn....................... 107 T l s dng cc hnh thc thanh ton theo tng giai on ti 123!mua ......... 113 So snh phn b my tnh trong doanh nghip 2 nm 2006-2007 ......................... 120 Mc trung bnh my tnh phn theo ngnh ...................................................................... 120 Mc ch s dng Internet trong doanh nghip.............................................................. 124 Tr ngi i vi vic s dng Internet ca doanh nghip........................................... 124 Cc phng thc nhn t hng qua phng tin in t......................................... 127 Tnh hnh ng dng cc phn mm trong doanh nghip: so snh 2006-2007 . 129 Mc tham gia sn giao dch ca doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh ngh khc nhau ................................................................................................................ 130
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Bng 4.8 Bng 4.9
T l doanh nghip c website phn theo lnh vc kinh doanh nm 2007 ......... 132 c im v tnh nng TMT ca website doanh nghip ......................................... 133
Bng 4.10 Cc phng thc giao hng p dng trong doanh nghip .................................. 135 Bng 4.11 Cc phng thc thanh ton ca doanh nghip ............................................................ 135 Bng 4.12 D on ca doanh nghip v doanh thu t cc n t hng qua phng tin in t....................................................................................................................... 138 Bng 4.13 nh gi ca doanh nghip v cc tc ng ca TMT ti hot ng kinh doanh ............................................................................................................................ 140 Bng 4.14 nh gi ca doanh nghip v cc tr ngi cho ng dng TMT......................... 141 Bng 4.15 Mt s thng k v tnh hnh hot ng ca ECVN ti thi im 31/12/2007 ......................................................................................................................................... 143 Bng 4.16 Cc hp ng k kt nh ECVN ........................................................................................... 143 Bng 4.17 S thnh vin tm c i tc qua ECVN........................................................................ 144 Bng 4.18 Phn b s thnh vin v i tc tm c nh ECVN ............................................... 145 Bng 4.19 Doanh s bn hng trn sn TMT B2C www.25h.vn (trc l BTSPlaza.com.vn) .......................................................................................................................... 145 Bng 4.20 Gii thiu mt s sn TMT C2C......................................................................................... 147 Bng 4.21 10 website TMT B2C tiu biu nm 2006-2007 theo bnh chn ca TrustVn ....................................................................................................................................... 148 Bng 4.22 Mt s website cung cp thng tin tng hp v khch sn v dch v t phng ti Vit Nam ........................................................................................................ 151 Bng 4.23 Cc ng dng TMT trong giao dch chng khon ..................................................... 152 Bng 4.24 Tnh hnh trin khai giao dch in t cc cng ty chng khon thng 12/2007................................................................................................................................... 154 Bng 4.25 Mt s website bn l cc mt hng thng dng ............................................................. 157 Bng 4.26 Mt s gii php bn l do cc cng ty Vit Nam xy dng....................................... 157
xiv
MC LC HNH V TH
Hnh 1.1 Hnh 3.1 Hnh 3.2 Hnh 3.3 Hnh 3.4 Hnh 3.5 Hnh 3.6 Hnh 3.7 Hnh 4.1 Hnh 4.2 Hnh 4.3 Hnh 4.4 Hnh 4.5 Hnh 4.6 Hnh 4.7 Hnh 4.8 Hnh 4.9 Pht trin ngi dng Internet 2001-2007 .............................................................................. 8 T trng tin mt so vi tng phng tin thanh ton....................................................85 S pht trin ca s lng ti khon c nhn giai on 2000-2007 ..........................86 Lng giao dch/ngy thng qua h thng chuyn mch Banknetvn ......................89 S lng khch hng s dng dch v ngn hng trc tuyn v tin nhn ngn hng ng ............................................................................................................................96 Thng k s giao dch v gi tr chuyn khon ca dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ng ...........................................................................................................................97 M hnh hot ng ca Smartlink ......................................................................................... 108 V my bay in t ca Pacific Airlines ............................................................................... 111 Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip c iu tra................................................ 117 Doanh nghip c iu tra phn theo khu vc a l ................................................ 118 Doanh nghip c iu tra phn theo ngnh ngh kinh doanh ........................... 118 Phn b my tnh trong doanh nghip nm 2007 .......................................................... 119 Tnh hnh o to CNTT v TMT trong doanh nghip qua cc nm ............. 121 T l nhn vin s dng my tnh thng xuyn trong cng vic .......................... 122 Mc tip cn Internet ca doanh nghip qua cc nm .......................................... 122 Chuyn bin trong hnh thc truy cp Internet ca doanh nghip qua cc nm ...... 123 Cc hnh thc truy cp Internet ca doanh nghip nm 2007 ................................. 123
Hnh 4.10 Tnh hnh s dng mng ni b ca doanh nghip trong hai nm 2006-2007........... 125 Hnh 4.11 Chuyn bin v ng dng TMT trong doanh nghip qua 2 nm 2006-2007 ........... 126 Hnh 4.12 T l doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v CNTT v TMT qua cc nm ........ 127 Hnh 4.13 Tnh hnh trin khai mt s phn mm ng dng qua cc nm ............................. 128 Hnh 4.14 T l doanh nghip c website nm 2007 ........................................................................... 131 Hnh 4.15 T l doanh nghip c website qua cc nm ...................................................................... 131 Hnh 4.16 So snh t l website tn min Vit Nam nm 2004 v 2007 ..................................... 133
xv
Hnh 4.17 Tn sut cp nht thng tin trn website ca doanh nghip ...................................... 134 Hnh 4.18 Chuyn bin trong u t CNTT v TMT ca doanh nghip qua cc nm .......136 Hnh 4.19 So snh c cu u t CNTT v TMT trong doanh nghip nm 2005-2007 .....137 Hnh 4.20 Chuyn bin trong doanh thu t ng dng TMT qua cc nm .......................... 138 Hnh 4.21 Tng quan gia u t v doanh thu t hot ng ng dng TMT trong doanh nghip nm 2007 ................................................................................................. 139 Hnh 4.22 Phn loi thnh vin ECVN ...................................................................................................... 142 Hnh 4.23 Cc phng thc thanh ton v vn chuyn p dng ti sn TMT B2C www.123mua.com.vn ................................................................................................................... 146 Hnh 4.24 Cc thnh vin tham gia th trng chng khon.......................................................... 151 Hnh 4.25 Cc dch v giao dch trc tuyn do Cng ty chng khon FPT cung cp ......... 152
xvi
MC LC HP
Hp 1.1 Hp 1.2 Hp 1.3 Hp 1.4 Hp 1.5 Hp 1.6 Hp 1.7 Hp 1.8 Hp 1.9 Hp 1.10 Hp 1.11 Hp 1.12 Hp 1.13 Hp 1.14 Hp 1.15 Hp 1.16 Hp 1.17 Hp 1.18 Hp 1.19 Hp 1.20 Hp 1.21 S ra i ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam ........................................................ 4 Chng trnh nh gi xp hng website TMT uy tn TrustVn .................................. 5 Chng trnh sinh vin vi thng mi in t ( tng s) nm 2007 .................. 6 Tng trng tn min .vn qua cc nm ....................................................................................... 9 Chng trnh ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca cc c quan nh nc........... 11 Gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu c Lut Dn s v Lut Thng mi tha nhn ............................................................................................................16 Quy nh v cp chng nhn xut x cho hng ha xut khu.....................................19 Mc sn sng trin khai dch v cng in t trong ngnh ti chnh .................20 Phng hng trin khai hi quan in t trong thi gian ti .....................................21 Gi tr php l ca ch k s ...........................................................................................................23 Thng t hng dn giao dch in t trn th trng chng khon trong qu trnh d tho...................................................................................................................................25 Quy nh lin quan n tn min trong mt s Lut .........................................................27 Khi nim Chng t in t trong hai Ngh nh v Thng mi in t v Ngh nh v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh .........................................28 Tranh chp trong vic thc hin hp ng giao kt qua website thng mi in t .........................................................................................................................................................30 Trin khai v my bay in t ti Vietnam Airlines v Pacific Airlines.....................32 tin cy ca ch k s ....................................................................................................................33 Cc quy nh lin quan n ch k s ca c quan, t chc trong Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s ..............................................34 So snh m hnh t chc chng thc cu ni v m hnh t chc chng thc gc .......................................................................................................................................35 Mt s v vic v n cp d liu c nhn trong thi gian qua........................................36 Tnh bt hp l ca cc quy nh v qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh ....38 Quy nh v th rc trong Lut Cng ngh thng tin ........................................................39
xvii
Hp 1.22 Hp 1.23 Hp 1.24 Hp 1.25 Hp 2.1 Hp 2.2 Hp 2.3 Hp 2.4 Hp 3.1 Hp 3.2 Hp 3.3 Hp 3.4 Hp 3.5 Hp 4.1 Hp 4.2 Hp 4.3 Hp 4.4 Hp 4.5
Cc c ch qun l th rc thng dng trn th gii ............................................................ 39 Vn bn quyn phn mm nhn t gc c quan qun l v doanh nghip............................................................................................................................................. 41 V la o tn dng ca nhm Colony Invest .......................................................................... 42 Hnh vi la o ca nhm Colony Invest s b x l theo vn bn lut chuyn ngnh no?........................................................................................................................ 43 Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t ca WTO ................................................. 51 V tranh chp u tin trong WTO v cung cp dch v trc tuyn qua bin gii............................................................................................................................................... 56 Cc cng ty bo him cn c chin lc cng ngh thng tin nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh khi Vit Nam hi nhp kinh t quc t ....................... 66 Tin chy ra nc ngoi....................................................................................................................... 72 Li ch ca vic tr lng qua ti khon...................................................................................... 90 CitiBank Vit Nam vi dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ......................................................... 94 Minh ho cc thao tc thc hin dch v ca Paynet .........................................................102 Minh ho cc bc thc hin dch v ca VnPay ................................................................105 M hnh hot ng ca Mobivi .....................................................................................................109 Hiu qu ng dng ERP ti mt doanh nghip in hnh...............................................129 Tiu ch nh gi website thng mi in t uy tn ca TrustVn ..............................149 Dch v trc tuyn ca Cng ty du lch Vietravel.................................................................150 iu khon s dng dch v trc tuyn ca Cng ty CP Chng khon Gia Quyn .................................................................................................................................................153 ng dng thng mi in t - hng i mi ca ngnh bn l ................................156
xviii
DANH MC T VIT TT
ADSL APEC ATM B2B B2C C2C C/O G2B eCoSys ECVN EDI ERP ISP IP PNTR PKI POS TMT ng thu bao s khng i xng (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) Din n Hp tc kinh t Chu Thi Bnh Dng My rt tin t ng (Automatic Teller Machine) Giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (Business to Business) Giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi c nhn (Business to Consumer) Giao dch thng mi in t gia c nhn vi c nhn (Consumer to Consumer) CNTT Cng ngh thng tin Giy chng nhn xut x (Certificate of Origin) Giao dch thng mi in t gia chnh ph vi doanh nghip (Government to Business) H thng cp chng nhn xut x in t (E-Certificate of Origin System) Cng thng mi in t quc gia Trao i d liu in t (Electronic Data Interchange) Gii php hoch nh ngun lc doanh nghip (Enterprise Resources Planning) Nh cung cp dch v Internet (Internet Service Provider) Giao thc Internet (Internet Protocol) Quy ch thng mi bnh thng vnh vin (Permanent Normal Trade Relations) H tng m kho cng cng (Public Key Infrastrure) im bn hng chp nhn thanh ton th (Point of Sales) Thng mi in t
xix
UNCITRAL U ban Lin hp quc v Lut Thng mi quc t (United Nations Conference on International Trade Law) UNCTAD VCCI VNNIC WTO C quan Lin hp quc v Thng mi v pht trin (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam (Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry) Trung tm Internet Vit Nam T chc Thng mi th gii (World Trade Organization)
xx
CHNG I THNG MI IN T VIT NAM SAU HAI NM BAN HNH LUT GIAO DCH IN T
CHNG I THNG MI IN T VIT NAM SAU HAI NM BAN HNH LUT GIAO DCH IN T
Ngy 29/11/2005, Lut Giao dch in t c Quc hi kha XI, k hp th 8 thng qua v c hiu lc t ngy 1/3/2006. c xy dng da trn cu trc v ni dung ca Lut mu UNCITRAL v thng mi in t, y l lut u tin ca Vit Nam iu chnh mt cch ton din cc giao dch in t trong mi lnh vc ca i sng x hi, t giao dch hnh chnh, dn s cho n hot ng kinh doanh, thng mi. Vic ban hnh Lut Giao dch in t m ra mt giai on mi ca thng mi in t Vit Nam, nh du vic thng mi in t chnh thc c php lut tha nhn v bt u pht trin mnh m trn tt c mi kha cnh. Bo co Thng mi in t 2007 s dnh mt chng tng kt nhng chuyn bin trong hai nm qua gn vi s ra i v trin khai Lut Giao dch in t ti Vit Nam.
I. 1.
TC NG CA VIC BAN HNH LUT GIAO DCH IN T Tc ng ti nhn thc x hi
Theo kt qu iu tra ca B Thng mi trong hai nm 2005 v 2006,1 vn nhn thc x hi lun c doanh nghip coi l tr ngi hng u cho s pht trin ca thng mi in t ti Vit Nam. nh gi ny cho thy doanh nghip thc c tm quan trng ca nhn t con ngi v x hi khi bt tay vo trin khai mt phng thc kinh doanh mi l thng mi in t. Vi c s php l c hnh thnh, trong hai nm qua doanh nghip cng cc c quan nh nc v t chc x hi c nhiu n lc to ra nhng chuyn bin tch cc trong nhn thc v thng mi in t, m tiu im l s ra i ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) vo gia nm 2007. 1.1. S ra i Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam
Ngy 25/6/2007, B Ni v ban hnh Quyt nh s 706/Q-BNV cho php thnh lp Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam. y l kt qu ca qu trnh vn ng t pha cc doanh nghip v xut pht t nhu cu thc t ca x hi, khi nhn thc cng nh ng dng v TMT ang tr nn ngy cng ph cp trong mi lnh vc ca i sng kinh t.
1
Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2005, 2006
Hp 1.1 S ra i ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam Ti Din n Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vebiz) t chc vo ngy 17/01/2007 ti H Ni, nhiu i din doanh nghip, c nhn xut kin mong mun c mt t chc ng ra tp hp cc doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc ny.2 Trong qu trnh kinh doanh, cc doanh nghip TMT cn mt hip hi i din cho quyn li v ting ni ca mnh, ng thi l ni gp g, chia s kinh nghim, gip nhau trong hot ng kinh doanh. TMT l lnh vc mi, c nhiu ri ro nn cng cn thit c mt t chc nh Hip hi cc doanh nghip thng mi in t. y c coi l mt trong nhng nhm gii php mang tnh chin lc i vi doanh nghip v cn trin khai ngay trong thi gian ti. Trc nhu cu thc t cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t Vit Nam nhng nm qua, Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 706/Q-BNV ngy 25/06/2007 ca B Ni v. i hi ln th nht nhim k 2007 - 2011 ca Hip hi c t chc ti H Ni vo ngy 24 thng 7 nm 2007. i hi nht tr thng qua iu l ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam, Bo co phng hng hot ng nhim k I (2007 -2011), v bu Ban chp hnh Hip hi gm 23 y vin. ng Lng Vn T, nguyn Th trng B Thng mi, Trng on m phn gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam, m nhn v tr Ch tch Hip hi. Tng Th k Hip hi l ng Nguyn Tin Dng, Gim c Trung tm Cng ngh v Truyn thng - i Truyn hnh H Ni. Thng tin v hot ng v t chc ca Vecom c ti www.vecom.vn.
Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam l t chc x hi - ngh nghip ca cc doanh nghip, cc t chc v c nhn c s dng hoc ng dng thng mi in t phc v hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh hng ho v dch v; hoc nghin cu hay cung cp cc dch v v thng mi in t. iu l Hip hi nu r tn ch hot ng l trn c s t nguyn, phi li nhun, nhm mc ch tp hp, on kt, h tr cc hi vin pht trin lnh vc TMT Vit Nam. Hin Vecom c hn 130 t chc v c nhn t nguyn ng k tham gia lm hi vin ban u, ch yu l cc doanh nghip c ng dng TMT phc v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh v cc t chc nghin cu hay cung cp dch v v TMT. 1.2. Hot ng tuyn truyn o to v thng mi in t
Hot ng tuyn truyn nng cao nhn thc v thng mi in t bt u tr nn si ni trong vng 3 nm tr li y, vi s tham gia tch cc ca cc phng tin thng tin i chng nh truyn hnh, i pht thanh v bo ch. Bn cnh mt s bo, tp ch chuyn ngnh cng ngh thng tin, nhiu t bo ln c hn chuyn trang v cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in t. i ting ni Vit Nam, i truyn hnh Vit Nam v Truyn hnh k thut s u xy dng cc chuyn mc v ng dng tin hc trong cuc sng v kinh doanh. Ngoi ra, vic tuyn truyn thng mi in t thng qua cc cuc thi, bnh chn v trao gii thng cng c tc ng rt ln ti doanh nghip v ngi dn. Mt s hot ng nay tr thnh s kin thng nin v c ch ng vng chc trong i sng x hi nh Chng trnh nh gi xp hng website
2
Vebiz l tn vit tt ca Din n Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vietnam E-Business Forum). Din n ny c t chc ln u tin vo thng 1 nm 2007 v c th s c t chc mi nm mt ln. y l mt trong cc s kin ln nht v thng mi in t Vit Nam. Vebiz c B Cng Thng bo tr v do V Thng mi in t phi hp vi IDG t chc. Chi tit v Vebiz xem ti www.vebiz.com.vn
thng mi in t uy tn do B Thng mi v Hi Tin hc Vit Nam phi hp thc hin hay cc cuc thi bnh chn s kin thng mi in t tiu biu do cc bo i thc hin. xut hin nhng gii thng mi dnh ring cho thng mi in t nh Cp vng Thng mi in t ca Hi Tin hc Vit Nam, gii Sao Khu cho gii php thng mi in t xut sc ca Hip hi phn mm Vit Nam hay BIT Cup do Tp ch Th gii vi tnh bnh chn.
Hp 1.2 Chng trnh nh gi xp hng website TMT uy tn TrustVn Trc s n r ca cc website thng mi in t trong nhng nm gn y, doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc cng nh ngi tiu dng rt cn c nh hng la chn, cn nhc vic tham gia website TMT th no cho hiu qu, ph hp vi mc ch kinh doanh ca tng doanh nghip v m bo lng tin cho ngi tiu dng. p ng nhu cu thc t ny ca x hi, bt u t nm 2005, V Thng mi in t, B Thng mi (nay l Cc Thng mi in t v Cng ngh thng tin, B Cng Thng) hng nm phi hp vi Hi Tin hc Vit Nam thc hin chng trnh TrustVn Website thng mi in t uy tn. Mc tiu ca TrustVn - Tp hp tt c cc website TMT ca Vit Nam theo cc loi hnh B2C, C2C v B2B e-marketplace - nh gi cc website TMT theo cc tiu ch chn ra cc website tiu biu hng nm - Qung b rng ri cc website TMT uy tn ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip yn tm tin hnh mua hng, giao dch trc tuyn - nh hng cho cc ch website v nhng tiu chun cn c v nn c khi kinh doanh trc tuyn nhm bo v quyn li ca ngi tiu dng - Cc website TMT p ng cc tiu ch ca chng trnh s c s dng logo qung b. Thng tin chi tit v chng trnh xem ti www.trustvn.gov.vn.
V o to ngun nhn lc chuyn nghip cho thng mi in t, nhiu trng i hc trn c nc thnh lp b mn thng mi in t, c trng thnh lp khoa TMT. Tnh ti cui nm 2006, 75% cc trng i hc kinh t - thng mi min Bc c mn hc v thng mi in t vi t nht 3 hc phn.3 Mt s trng m chng trnh o to cao hc v thng mi in t.4 Tuy nhin, nng lc ca ging vin v cht lng gio trnh cho thng mi in t vn l nhng hn ch m cc trng hin nay ang phi i mt khi trin khai a thng mi in t vo chng trnh o to chnh kho. V tp hun ngn hn, nhiu trng i hc v cc t chc tch cc trin khai cc kho tp hun thng mi in t ko di trong phm vi mt tun. B Cng Thng i tin phong trong vic t chc cc kho tp hun TMT cho cn b qun l nh nc v kinh t - thng mi hu ht cc tnh v thnh ph trn c nc.5 Trong khun kh n h tr doanh nghip
3 4
iu tra nm 2006 ca V Thng mi in t, B Thng mi (nay l Cc Thng mi in t v Cng ngh thng tin, B Cng Thng)
Trong khun kh hp tc v o to thc s gia Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni v Trng i hc Northcentral University ca Hoa K, thng 11/2007 ti H Ni hai trng t chc l tt nghip kha o to thc s chuyn ngnh thng mi in t u tin ti Vit Nam vi ng cp quc t.
5
Trong nm 2007, ring V Thng mi in t ca B Cng Thng t chc 28 t tp hun 22 a phng trn ton quc
ng dng cng ngh thng tin phc v hi nhp v pht trin giai on 2005-2010, Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam cng tch cc t chc hi tho, tp hun v TMT cho i tng l doanh nghip nhiu a phng. Ngoi ra, cc cng ty kinh doanh thng mi in t l lc lng nng ng gp phn khng nh cho vic o to v ph bin kin thc v thng mi in t n ngi tiu dng cng nh cc i tc tim nng. Chng trnh Sinh vin vi Thng mi in t Nm 2007, ln u tin Chng trnh Sinh vin vi Thng mi in t c t chc vi mc tiu tm kim nhng tng mi v thng mi in t t sinh vin. Bt u pht ng vo cui thng 5/2007 v kt thc vo thng 12/2007, chng trnh to c hi cho cc trng i hc, doanh nghip kinh doanh thng mi in t v sinh vin giao lu, tm hiu v nng cao hiu qu hc tp nghin cu v thng mi in t. Chng trnh c B Cng Thng bo tr vi s tham gia ca nhiu doanh nghip v qu u t, d kin s t chc u n hng nm nhm gp phn nng cao nhn thc x hi v thng mi in t, ng thi khuyn khch nhng tm ti ng dng mi v thng mi in t trong hot ng kinh doanh.
Hp 1.3 Chng trnh Sinh vin vi Thng mi in t ( tng s) nm 2007 Ti Din n Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vebiz) t chc ti H Ni vo thng 1/2007, nhiu sinh vin chuyn ngnh thng mi in t v kinh t thng mi by t hy vng tr thnh doanh nhn thnh t trong lnh vc thng mi in t. Nhiu sinh vin xut tng kinh doanh TMT v mong mun nhn c s h tr, t vn ca V Thng mi in t cng nh cc doanh nghip, cc qu u t. Nhm lm cu ni gia tng ca sinh vin vi cc doanh nghip, V Thng mi in t - B Cng Thng t chc Chng trnh Sinh vin vi Thng mi in t (website chnh thc ca Chng trnh: www.ytuongso.vn). Chng trnh nhm mc tiu: 1) Ph bin, tuyn truyn rng ri, nng cao nhn thc x hi v TMT; 2) y mnh hot ng o to chuyn ngnh TMT trong cc trng i hc ca Vit Nam; 3) Gn kt hot ng hc tp v o to cc trng i hc vi thc tin kinh doanh TMT; 4) Pht hin cc tng kinh doanh TMT mi, sng to v c gi tr thc tin ca sinh vin. Ni dung Chng trnh Sinh vin hoc nhm sinh vin th hin cc tng lin quan ti ng dng hay trin khai thng mi in t trong hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, c kh nng thu li nhun. tng c th cha bao gi cng b, cha c ng dng, hoc c th c a vo trin khai trong thc t.Phm vi ca lnh vc thng mi in t l vic ng dng cc phng tin in t trong hot ng mua bn hng ho v dch v. i tng tham gia Sinh vin hoc nhm sinh vin ang theo hc cc h o to trong trng i hc ca Vit Nam (cao ng, i hc, thc s, tin s...).
Sau 5 thng pht ng, Chng trnh nhn c 233 tng tham d t 31 trng i hc trn c nc. Sau vng s kho, 11 doanh nghip v qu u t trong lnh vc thng mi in
t chn c 14 tng xut sc trao gii. Hu ht 14 tng ny u cp n cc vn nng bng trong cuc sng sinh hot v hc tp ca sinh vin nh tm nh tr trc tuyn, th vin s, th sinh vin a nng, v.v..., c tnh sng to v gi tr ng dng cao trong thc tin. 1.3. Mc ph cp Internet v thit b di ng
Cng vi nhn thc x hi v thng mi in t ngy cng c nng cao, mc ph cp Internet v thit b di dng nhng phng tin c bn tip cn ng dng TMT cng gia tng nhanh chng. T nm 2001 n 2006, tng s thu bao di ng ca Vit Nam tng t 1,25 triu ln 15,5 triu, vi tc tng trng hng nm t 65,4%, gp 2,5 ln mc bnh qun ca Chu v gp gn 3 ln mc bnh qun ca th gii. Tuy nhin, xt tng quan v dn s, t l thu bao di ng ca Vit Nam vn cn tng i thp (nm 2006 t t l 18,17 thit b/100 dn, so vi con s 29,28 ca Chu v 40,91 ca th gii). Vi s pht trin v cnh tranh a dng ca th trng dch v di ng nh hin nay, d on tng trng thu bao s tip tc duy tr mc cao trong thi gian ti.
Bng 1.1 Mt s ch tiu v mc s dng thit b di ng ca Vit Nam trong tng quan vi th gii Tng s thu bao di ng (n v: 1.000) 2001 144'820,0 6'520,9 74'819,2 29'045,6 7'385,0 12'159,2 2'991,6 21'786,4 7'550,0 1'251,2 341'212,4 25'309,4 223'417,3 357'147,.5 13'701,2 960'787,7 2006 461'058,0 63'803,0 101'698,0 40'197,1 19'463,7 42'868,9 4'788,6 23'249,3 40'815,5 15'505,4 1'136'885,9 192'498,9 558'051,0 767'601,2 24'074,6 2'679'111,6 Tc tng trng hng nm (%) 2001 - 2006 26,1 57,8 6,3 6,7 21,4 28,7 9,9 1,3 40,1 65,4 27,2 50,0 20,1 16,5 11,9 22,8 T l trn 100 dn 2006 34,83 28,30 79,32 83,77 75,45 50,75 109,34 101,97 63,02 18,17 29,28 20,97 61,95 94,29 72,57 40,91 % tng s thu bao in thoi 2006 55,6 81,1 64,8 59,9 81,8 92,2 72,1 61,6 85,2 37,7 64,8 87,1 65,6 70,4 66,5 67,8
Khu vc
Trung Quc Indonesia Nht Bn Hn Quc Malaysia Philippines Singapore i Loan Thi Lan Vit Nam Chu Chu Phi Chu M Chu u Chu i Dng Th gii
Ngun: Thng k ca ITU (Lin on Vin thng Quc t, c quan trc thuc Lin Hp Quc).
Tip theo tng ca nm 2006, s ngi dng Internet nm 2007 tng 26,3%, t 18,5 triu ngi, chim 22,0% dn s. T l ngi dng Internet vt mc trung bnh ca th gii (19,1%) Mt c
im ni bt ca th trng Internet trong hai nm 2006-2007 l s pht trin mnh cc thu bao bng thng rng. Tng s thu bao vo cui nm 2007 t gn 1,3 triu, gp 6 ln so vi thi im thng 12/2005 (0,21 triu thu bao). Ngoi ra, xu hng hi t cng ngh gia dch v vin thng, truyn thng v Internet cng ang gp phn y nhanh tc ph cp Internet trong x hi. y l tin tt cho vic pht trin theo chiu rng cc ng dng thng mi in t trong tng lai.
Hnh 1.1 Pht trin ngi dng Internet 2001-2007
20,000 18,000 S ngi dng internet (ngi) 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Ngun: S liu thng k ca Trung tm Internet Vit Nam ti www.vnnic.vn
18,551 14,684
10,711
6,345 3,098 1,000 1,300
Bng 1.2 Mt s ch tiu Internet ca Vit Nam trong tng quan vi th gii Khu vc Tng s ngi s dng Internet (n v: 1.000) 2005 Trung Quc Nht Bn Hn Quc Malaysia Singapore i Loan Thi Lan Vit Nam Chu Chu Phi Chu M Chu u Chu i Dng Th gii 111'000,0 64'160,0 33'010,0 11'016,0 1'731,6 13'210,0 7'084,2 10'711,0 368'437,8 32'753,7 276'455,5 269'605,2 17'019,5 964'271,7 2006 2007 137'000,0 162000,0 87'540,0 34'120,0 11'292,0 14904,0 1'910,3 2421,8 14'520,0 14500,0 8'465,8 14'683,8 18226,7 444'607,0 495213,7 43'568,7 44234,2 332'963,3 359553,6 290'576,4 343787,4 18'953,9 19243,9 1'130'669,3 1262032,7 S ngi s dng Internet trn 100 dn 2005 8,44 50,2 68,4 42,4 39,8 58,0 11,0 12,7 9,8 3,7 31,6 33,7 52,0 15,2 2006 10,4 68,3 71,1 43,8 43,6 63,7 13,0 17,2 11,6 4,8 37,0 35,7 57,2 17,4 2007 12,3 52,7 66,3 63,0 21,4 12,4 4,7 39,8 42,9 57,3 19,1
Ngun: s liu nm 2005 v 2006 theo ngun thng k ca ITU (Lin on Vin thng Quc t, c quan trc thuc Lin Hp Quc). S liu nm 2007 (cp nht n thng 11) theo ngun ca Internet World Stats ti www.internetworldstats.com
2.
Tc ng ti phng thc kinh doanh
Ti cui nm 2001, mc ng dng thng mi in t ti cc doanh nghip cn rt thp. Bo co ca D n quc gia K thut thng mi in t nm 2002 nhn nh T l cc doanh nghip nc ta c th tham gia thng mi in t l rt thp, c th ni i a s cc doanh nghip cn cha sn sng. Tuy nhin, cng vi s hon thin ca mi trng php l, thng mi in t ti Vit Nam pht trin nhanh chng trong thi gian qua, tc ng mnh m ti phng thc kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.6 2.1. Doanh nghip trin khai nhiu ng dng thng mi in t trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh
Phn ln doanh nghip s dng th in t: Nm 2007 c ti 86% doanh nghip s dng email thng xuyn trong giao dch vi i tc. xut hin mt s doanh nghip s dng chun trao i d liu in t (EDI) trong giao dch. S doanh nghip c website tng nhanh: S doanh nghip c website vo cui nm 2004 c tnh vo khong 17.500, chim khong 19% tng s doanh nghip v 35% nhng website ny c thit lp t sau nm 2002.7 Trong ba nm 2005-2007 s doanh nghip xy dng website tng mnh, a t l doanh nghip c website ln n 38% vo cui nm 2007. T l website tng gp i ch trong vng ba nm cho thy doanh nghip thc s bc vo giai on trin khai cc ng dng thc t m thng mi in t em li ci tin phng thc kinh doanh ca mnh.
Hp 1.4 Tng trng tn min .vn qua cc nm Tnh ring v tn min .vn, cho n cui nm 2007, s lng tn min .vn c ng k ln n 60.604, gp gn 4 ln s lng tn min vo cui nm 2005 thi im Lut Giao dch in t c ban hnh. Thi im Tng s tn min .vn c ng k Tc tng trng 12/2003 5.478 2/2004 9.037 65% 12/2005 14.345 59% 12/2006 12/2007 34.924 143% 60.604 64%
Ngun: Thng k ca Trung tm Internet Vit Nam www.vnnic.vn
Doanh nghip tch cc tham gia cc sn TMT: Bn cnh vic thit lp website, vic tham gia cc sn TMT l mt tiu ch quan trng phn nh mc ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip. Trong bi cnh ngun nhn lc trin khai thng mi in t ca doanh nghip cn t v ngun ti chnh khim tn, tham gia cc sn TMT l mt gii php mang tnh chin lc v mang li hiu qu cao. Nm 2007 c ti 10% doanh nghip tham gia cc sn TMT ca Vit Nam v nc ngoi vi hn mt na s doanh nghip ny tham gia nhiu hn mt sn.
6 7
Cc s liu s dng trong phn ny l kt qu iu tra ca B Thng mi phc v cho Bo co Thng mi in t hng nm. Theo s liu ca Tng cc Thng k ti www.gso.gov.vn, tng s doanh nghip Vit Nam tnh ti thi im 31/12/2004 l 91.755.
Nhiu doanh nghip bt u ng dng CNTT v TMT trong qun tr doanh nghip: Kt qu kho st trnh ng dng CNTT v TMT trong qun l doanh nghip cho thy t l doanh nghip s dng cc phn mm qun tr hin i ngy cng tng. Bn cnh phn mm k ton ph bin c gn chc nm nay, hai phn mm ang c nhiu doanh nghip s dng v t hiu qu cao l phn mm qun l c s d liu khch hng (31%) v phn mm qun l ngun lc doanh nghip (11%). Vic kt ni vi cc i tc cng bt u c doanh nghip quan tm. Nm 2007, 14% doanh nghip c kho st cho bit bc u c kt ni tin hnh trao i d liu in t (EDI) vi i tc kinh doanh. y s l tin pht trin phng thc thng mi in t B2Bi (giao dch trc tuyn doanh nghip vi doanh nghip trn quy m ln) trong tng lai. 2.2. Xut hin nhiu doanh nghip kinh doanh thng mi in t chuyn nghip
Sn thng mi in t cn c cc tn gi khc nh ch o, ch trn mng, ch in t, cng thng mi in t, website TMT, ting Anh gi chung l e-Marketplace. Song song vi vic cc doanh nghip trn c nc ng dng thng mi in t ngy cng mnh m v hiu qu, xut hin nhiu doanh nghip chuyn kinh doanh thng mi in t. Hnh thc kinh doanh thng mi in t ph bin nht ca cc doanh nghip ny l xy dng v vn hnh cc sn TMT theo cc m hnh B2B, B2C v C2C. Phn ln cc sn ny do cc doanh nhn tr, nng ng, chp nhn mo him u t kinh doanh vi tnh ton cha c li trong nhng nm u nhng s c li nhun cao khi th trng bng n, c bit khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin WTO. Bt u xut hin vo nm 2003, n cui nm 2007 ti Vit Nam c khong 40 sn thng mi in t B2B. Tuy nhin, bn cnh mt s sn thu ht c kh ng doanh nghip tham gia vi s c hi kinh doanh tng ln nhanh chng, nhiu sn giao dch pht trin tng i chm. 70% cc n v qun l sn cho bit vn cha thu ph thnh vin tham gia giao dch, ngun thu ch yu l t hot ng qung co trc tuyn, xc tin thng mi v dch v ngoi tuyn cung cp cho mt s i tc trng im. Tnh n cui nm 2007, Vit Nam c khong 100 doanh nghip kinh doanh sn B2C. Trong khi mt s sn B2B do cc t chc phi li nhun xy dng v vn hnh vi mc ch h tr doanh nghip lm quen vi thng mi in t, th hu nh tt c cc sn B2C u do cc doanh nghip kinh doanh vi mc tiu thu li nhun. Phn ln nhng sn thng mi in t B2C ny hot ng theo dng siu th in t, kinh doanh tng hp nhiu mt hng, trong ch yu l cc mt hng c tiu chun ho cao nh hng in t, thit b in, gia dng, sch bo, vn phng phm, v.v... Vi m hnh kinh doanh v chin lc qung b bi bn, nhiu sn thng mi in t B2C mang li doanh thu ng k. M hnh sn thng mi in t C2C xut hin rm r nht trong hai nm 2004 v 2005, giai on 2006-2007 s lng sn tng chm hn nhng i vo ci tin cht lng theo chiu su. Cc sn phm c mua bn trn cc sn ny tng nhanh, cc tin ch v tnh nng h tr a dng hn, s ngi mua ngi bn cng nh lng giao dch thc hin ngy cng tng. Tuy gi tr cc giao dch khng ln, nhng m hnh thng mi in t C2C c sc lan to cao v gp phn a ng dng thng mi in t ti tng ngi dn, to thi quen mua bn hin i cho x hi.
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Bn cnh cc sn thng mi in t cung cp dch v trung gian mua bn, nm 2006-2007 chng kin s pht trin mnh m ca mt s loi hnh kinh doanh dch v trc tuyn thuc ngnh cng nghip ni dung s, nh qung co trc tuyn, tr chi trc tuyn, ni dung cho thit b di ng, v cc dch v gia tng gi tr trc tuyn khc. y l nhng dch v c tim nng pht trin mnh m vi doanh thu ln v tc tng trng cao, gp phn vo s pht trin mnh m v a dng ca TMT trong nhng nm ti.
3.
Tc ng ti m hnh qun l
Lut Giao dch in t t nn tng php l u tin cho vic trin khai giao dch in t trong cc c quan nh nc, gp phn y mnh tin trnh ci cch hnh chnh v tin ti xy dng Chnh ph in t ti Vit Nam. Tip sau Lut Giao dch in t, trong hai nm 2006 v 2007, mt s vn bn php quy c ban hnh vi nhng quy nh c th hn, tiu biu l Ch th s 10/2006/CT-TTg ngy 23/3/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic gim vn bn giy t trong hot ng ca cc c quan hnh chnh nh nc v Ngh nh s 64/2007/NCP ngy 10/4/2007 v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc. Ngh nh s 64/2007/N-CP hng dn Lut Giao dch in t v Lut Cng ngh thng tin l mt bc tin ln trong vic php ch ha m hnh hot ng mi cho cc c quan nh nc theo hng dch v cng in t. Theo quy nh ti Ngh nh ny, ngi ng u c quan nh nc cc cp c trch nhim ch o vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo x l cng vic, tng cng s dng vn bn in t, tng bc thay th vn bn giy trong qun l, iu hnh v trao i thng tin. Ngh nh nu r, cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph, UBND cp tnh c trch nhim cng b danh mc, l trnh cung cp cc dch v hnh chnh cng trn mi trng mng; hng dn t chc, c nhn tham gia giao dch vi c quan nh nc khi thc hin cc dch v hnh chnh cng; tuyn truyn, qung b thu ht ngi dn tham gia giao dch vi c quan nh nc trn mi trng mng.
Hp 1.5 Chng trnh ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca cc c quan nh nc Chng trnh ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca cc c quan nh nc giai on 2007-2010 c Chnh ph giao B Thng tin v Truyn thng ch tr xy dng. Tinh thn chnh ca chng trnh ny l pht huy s ch ng ca cc b ngnh, a phng v s dng thng nht tiu chun m bo tnh tng thch v cng ngh trong ton b h thng thng tin ca cc c quan nh nc. Chng trnh nu ra nhng nhim v cn lm cc c quan ch ng xy dng k hoch, d n ph hp vi yu cu v thc tin ng dng CNTT trong phm vi qun l ca mnh. D tho chng trnh xut mc sn 1% ngn sch nh nc hng nm cho ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc. Vic gn kt ng dng CNTT vi ci cch hnh chnh c th hin trong tt c cc ni dung ca chng trnh: quan im, mc tiu, ni dung, gii php, t chc thc hin. Vi quy nh ngi ng u c quan trc tip chu trch nhim v ci cch hnh chnh, ng thi trc tip ch o ng dng CNTT, vic gn kt gia ci cch hnh chnh v CNTT s ng b hn.Tuy nhin, ti 31/12/2007, Chng trnh ny vn cha c cp c thm quyn ph duyt.
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Vi hnh lang php l c to nn bi Lut Giao dch in t v cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh, thc hin ch trng ci cch hnh chnh ca Nh nc, trong hai nm qua cc c quan chnh ph t trung ng n a phng y mnh ng dng CNTT trong cng tc qun l v hot ng tc nghip ca mnh. Nhng chuyn bin tch cc v nhn thc cng nh nng lc trin khai giao dch in t ang dn to nn mt m hnh hot ng minh bch, hiu qu hn cho b my qun l nh nc. Mt trong nhng tiu ch nh gi mc trin khai giao dch in t trong cc c quan chnh ph l vic thit lp website v cung cp dch v cng trn nhng website . Nm 2007, c cu Chnh ph Vit Nam c 18 B v 4 c quan ngang B. Tr B Quc phng v B Cng an, hin tt c nhng c quan ny u c website giao tip vi cng dn cng nh cc t chc trong x hi.8 Theo Bo co Ch s sn sng ng dng CNTT (Vietnam ICT Index) ca Ban ch o Quc gia v Cng ngh thng tin, 58% cc B v c quan ngang B c cung cp dch v cng trn Internet (dch v cng bao gm c vic cung cp thng tin v quy trnh, th tc hnh chnh cng v tng tc vi t chc, c nhn thng qua website). Tnh n cui nm 2007, trong tng s 64 y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, c 58 tnh, thnh ph c website hot ng. 6 tnh, thnh ph khng c website hoc website khng hot ng trong thi gian kho st l k Nng, in Bin, Yn Bi, Ha Bnh, Lai Chu v Qung Ninh.9 So vi con s 15 tnh thnh khng c website vo nm 2005, y l tin b ng khch l ca chnh quyn cc a phng trong vic m ra mt knh giao dch in t vi ngi dn v doanh nghip qua Internet.
Bng 1.3 Tng trng s lng website ca cc a phng t 2005 n 2007 Nm S tnh thnh c website hot ng T l tnh thnh c website 2005 49 76% 2006 52 81% 2007 58 90%
Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng - thng 12/2007
mc cao nht, website ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam www.cpv.vn v website ca Quc hi www.na.gov.vn cng l nhng knh quan trng cung cp thng tin v ng li, chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc, cung cp dch v i thoi trc tuyn gia lnh o ng v Nh nc vi doanh nghip v cng dn. Ngoi ra, Chnh ph hin xy dng website www.chinhphu. vn (cng c th truy cp theo a ch www.vietnam.gov.vn) v www.egov.vn, cung cp thng tin chnh thng t c quan hnh php cao nht ny. Nhng website trn tp trung d liu v lin kt website ca cc b ngnh v a phng trong c nc, to iu kin thun li cho t
8 Website chnh thc ca B Ni v www.moha.gov.vn khng hot ng trong thi gian kho st. Tuy nhin, B c website www.caicachhanhchinh.gov.vn giao tip vi ngi dn v cung cp nhng thng tin lin quan n hot ng trng tm hin nay ca B l cng tc ci cch hnh chnh nh nc. 9
Tuy nhin, S Thng mi (Thng mi v Du lch) cc tnh in Bin, Qung Ninh, Yn Bi thit lp website ca S vi mc tiu xc tin thng mi v du lch ti a phng.
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chc c nhn c nhu cu tm hiu thng tin t pha cc c quan cng quyn. Ngy 10/4/2007, Th tng Chnh ph ch o chuyn Trang tin in t Chnh ph (www.chinhphu.vn) thnh Cng thng tin in t Chnh ph, vi 3 chc nng ch yu l bo in t Chnh ph, mng thng tin hnh chnh in t ca Chnh ph v cng thng tin v dch v cng ca Chnh ph. Cng vi vic ban hnh Ngh nh v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc, ch o ca Th tng Chnh ph chuyn Trang tin in t Chnh ph thnh Cng thng tin in t Chnh ph l mt bc c th ha ch trng, chnh sch v quyt tm ca Chnh ph trong vic y nhanh tin trnh ci cch hnh chnh ni chung v l trnh xy dng nn hnh chnh in t ni ring theo nguyn tc to iu kin cho ngi dn tip cn ngy cng d dng, hiu qu hn ngun thng tin chnh thng ca Chnh ph v cc cp hnh chnh qua Internet. Nh vy, mt trong cc tr ct h tr TMT, c bit l giao dch TMT gia Chnh ph vi doanh nghip (G2B), c hnh thnh v c th s c nhiu thay i mnh m trong giai on 2008-2010.
4.
Tc ng i vi h thng lut v chnh sch
Lut Giao dch in t chnh thc t nn tng u tin cho vic thit lp mt h thng vn bn php quy ton din v giao dch in t ti Vit Nam. Sau khi Lut c ban hnh, trong hai nm 2006 v 2007 hng lot vn bn di lut ra i nhm iu chnh chi tit vic trin khai giao dch in t trong cc lnh vc ca i sng x hi.
Bng 1.4 Cc vn bn php quy lin quan n TMT ban hnh trong hai nm 2006-2007
Lut
29/6/2006 Lut Cng ngh thng tin Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP v Thng mi in t Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s Ngh nh s 27/2007/N-CP v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh Ngh nh s 35/2007/N-CP v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng Ngh nh s 64/2007/N-CP v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc Ngh nh s 63/2007/N-CP quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin Ngh nh s 71/2007/N-CP v vic quy nh chi tit v hng dn thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Cng ngh thng tin v cng nghip cng ngh thng tin
Ngh nh
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Cc vn bn khc
Quyt nh 04/2006/Q-NHNN ca Ngn hng Nh nc v vic ban hnh Quy ch an ton, bo mt h thng cng ngh thng tin trong ngnh Ngn hng Ch th 10/2006/CT-TTg v vic gim vn bn giy t hnh chnh trong hot ng ca cc c quan hnh chnh nh nc Quyt nh 13/2006/Q-BBCVT ca B Bu chnh Vin thng v chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca Trung tm ng cu khn cp my tnh Vit Nam (VNCERT Thng t lin tch s 60/2006/TTLT-BVHTT-BBCVT-BCA v qun l tr chi trc tuyn Thng t s 03/2006/TT-BBCVT v x pht hnh chnh v khiu ni, t co v qun l, cung cp, s dng dch v Internet v tr chi trc tuyn Quyt nh s 169/2006/Q-TTg quy nh v vic u t, mua sm cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin ca cc c quan, t chc s dng ngun vn ngn sch nh nc Quyt nh ca Ngn hng Nh nc s 35/2006/Q-NHNN ban hnh quy nh v cc nguyn tc qun l ri ro trong hot ng ngn hng in t Quyt nh s 223/2006/Q-TTg sa i quy nh v vic u t, mua sm cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin ca cc c quan, t chc s dng ngun vn ngn sch nh nc Ch th s 14/2006/CT-BTM v vic trin khai k hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006-2010 Quyt nh s 40/2006/Q-BTM ca B Thng mi v vic ban hnh K hoch tng th ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin ngnh thng mi n nm 2010 Quyt nh s 04/2007/Q-NHNN ca Ngn hng Nh nc v vic thu chi v cho vay qua m p dng trong thanh ton in t lin ngn hng Ch th s 04/2007/CT-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng bo h quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh my tnh Ch th s 03/2007/CT-BBCVT ca B Bu chnh Vin thng v vic tng cng m bo an ninh thng tin trn Internet Quyt nh s 18/2007/Q-BTC ca B Ti chnh v vic in, pht hnh, s dng v qun l v my bay in t Quyt nh s 05/2007/Q-BBCVT ca B Bu chnh Vin thng ban hnh quy nh v gii quyt khiu ni v hng dn gii quyt tranh chp gia ngi s dng dch v vi bn cung cp dch v bu chnh, chuyn pht, vin thng v Internet
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Quyt nh s 20/2007/Q-NHNN ca Ngn hng Nh nc ban hnh Quy ch pht hnh, thanh ton, s dng v cung cp dch v h tr hot ng th ngn hng Quyt nh s 20/2007/Q-BBCVT ca B Bu chnh Vin thng ban hnh mu quy ch chng thc ch k s Quyt nh s 52/2007/Q-BTC ca B Ti chnh ban hnh Quy nh v th im th tc hi quan in t Quyt nh s 706/2007/Q-BNV ca B Ni v cho php thnh lp Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam Quyt nh s 32/2007/Q-NHNN ca Ngn hng Nh nc v hn mc s d i vi th tr trc v danh Quyt nh s 18/2007/Q-BTM ca B Thng mi v vic ban hnh Quy ch cp chng nhn xut x in t Ch th s 20/2007/CT-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng hng lng t ngn sch nh nc Quyt nh s 1699/Q-TCHQ ca Tng cc Hi quan ban hnh Quy trnh th tc Hi quan in t
Cng mt s vn bn c ban hnh t nm 2005 tr v trc, nhng vn bn ra i trong 2 nm gn y to nn mt khung php l tng i ton din cho giao dch in t ni chung v thng mi in t ni ring ti Vit Nam, c bit l 4 ngh nh hng dn Lut Giao dch in t v 3 ngh nh hng dn Lut Cng ngh thng tin. Nu trc nm 2005, phn ln vn bn c ban hnh ch lin quan n nhng vn k thut cng ngh thng tin, th cc vn bn ban hnh sau Lut Giao dch in t m rng din iu chnh n nhng ng dng c th nh thng mi, hi quan, ti chnh, hnh chnh nh nc, v.v... y l nhng ng dng nn tng ca x hi v l tin cho vic trin khai cc quy trnh thng mi in t hon chnh cp doanh nghip trong thi gian ti. Ngoi tc ng trc tip a n s ra i cc vn bn hng dn cho nhng vn c th trong trin khai ng dng giao dch in t, tc ng su xa hn ca Lut Giao dch in t l a khi nim thng ip d liu v chng t in t vo nhng b lut c bn ca h thng php lut hin hnh. B lut Dn s sa i v Lut Thng mi sa i, c bin son song song vi Lut Giao dch in t, u b sung quy nh tha nhn gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu trong cc giao dch dn s v thng mi.
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Hp 1.6 Gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu c B lut Dn s v Lut Thng mi tha nhn iu 15 Lut Thng mi nm 2005: Nguyn tc tha nhn gi tr php l ca thng ip d liu trong hot ng thng mi Trong hot ng thng mi, cc thng ip d liu p ng cc iu kin, tiu chun k thut theo quy nh ca php lut th c tha nhn c gi tr php l tng ng vn bn. iu 124 B lut Dn s nm 2005: Hnh thc giao dch dn s 1. Giao dch dn s c th hin bng li ni, bng vn bn hoc bng hnh vi c th.Giao dch dn s thng qua phng tin in t di hnh thc thng ip d liu c coi l giao dch bng vn bn.
Cng vi khung php lut cho thng mi in t ang dn hon thin, trong hai nm 20062007 khung chnh sch lin quan n thng mi in t cng lin tip c b sung nhng n v chng trnh quy m quc gia, t quy hoch pht trin vin thng Internet cho n chng trnh pht trin cng nghip ni dung s. Vi mc tiu xy dng mt x hi thng tin trn h tng cng ngh tin tin, nhng chnh sch ny s h tr v gp phn thc y s pht trin ca thng mi in t ti Vit Nam trong giai on ti.
Bng 1.5 Mt s chnh sch lin quan n TMT ban hnh trong hai nm 2006-2007
07/2/2006
Quyt nh s 32/2006/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin Vin thng v Internet Vit Nam n nm 2010 Quyt nh s 112/2006/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt n pht trin ngnh Ngn hng Vit Nam n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 Quyt nh s 291/2006/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam Quyt nh s 51/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt Chng trnh pht trin cng nghip phn mm Vit Nam n nm 2010 Quyt nh s 55/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt danh mc cc ngnh cng nghip u tin, ngnh cng nghip mi nhn giai on 20072010, tm nhn n nm 2020 v mt s chnh sch khuyn khch pht trin
24/5/2006
29/12/2006
12/4/2007
23/4/2007
16
03/5/2007
Quyt nh s 56/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt chng trnh pht trin Cng nghip ni dung s Vit Nam n nm 2010 Quyt nh s 75/2007/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt K hoch tng th pht trin cng nghip in t Vit Nam n nm 2010 v tm nhn n nm 2020 Ch th s 07/CT-BBCVT ca B Bu chnh Vin thng v nh hng Chin lc pht trin Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng Vit Nam giai on 2011 2020 (gi tt l Chin lc Ct cnh) Quyt nh s 05/2007/Q-BTTTT ca B Thng tin v Truyn thng ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin ngun nhn lc cng ngh thng tin Vit Nam n nm 2020
28/5/2007
07/7/2007
26/10/2007
5.
Lut Giao dch in t vi K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006 2010
Nm 2005, song song vi Lut Giao dch in t, K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t Vit Nam giai on 2006-2010 cng c ban hnh ti Quyt nh s 222/2005/Q-TTg ngy 15/9/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph (Quyt nh 222). Nu Lut Giao dch in t l khung php l c bn v u tin cho ton b cc giao dch in t trong x hi, th K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t l chnh sch v m u tin ca Nh nc vi nhng nh hng, gii php ton din v chng trnh hnh ng c th nhm thc y s pht trin ca thng mi in t trn phm vi ton quc. K hoch ny l nn tng cho vic trin khai rt nhiu hot ng lin quan ti thng mi in t trong giai on 5 nm, ng thi gp phn a Lut Giao dch in t vo cuc sng thng qua nhng chnh sch, gii php c th trong cc lnh vc kinh t v thng mi. Thc hin ch o ca Th tng Chnh ph, cc b ngnh Trung ng tch cc trin khai nhng hot ng c ra ti K hoch tng th. ng thi, nhiu a phng trn c nc cng khn trng xy dng k hoch trin khai Quyt nh 222. Tnh n cui thng 12/2007 c 42 trong tng s 64 tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (chim t l trn 60%) xy dng k hoch trin khai thng mi in t ti a phng, trong s 31 k hoch c UBND tnh v thnh ph ph duyt a vo trin khai.
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Bng 1.6 Tnh hnh trin khai K hoch tng th pht trin TMT 2006-2010 ti cc a phng Cc a phng ph duyt k hoch STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 H Ni TP H Ch Minh An Giang Bc Ninh Bnh Dng Bnh nh Bnh Thun C Mau Cn Th k Lk c Nng ng Thp H Ty H Tnh Hi Phng Hu Giang STT 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Ho Bnh Khnh Ho Kon Tum Lng Sn Lo Cai Long An Ph Yn Qung Nam Ty Ninh Thanh Ho Tha Thin Hu Tin Giang Vnh Long Vnh Phc Yn Bi Cc a phng ang ch duyt k hoach STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bc Kn Bc Giang Bnh Phc Cao Bng Nng Hng Yn Ngh An Ninh Bnh Ninh Thun Ph Th Qung Ninh
Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng - thng 12/2007
c Chnh ph giao cho chc nng thng nht qun l nh nc v thng mi in t v ng thi c giao ch tr theo di vic trin khai Quyt nh 222, B Thng mi c Ch th s 14/2006/CT-BTM ngy 6/12/2006 v vic trin khai K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t trong ngnh thng mi. Cc n v thuc B Thng mi c phn cng chi tit trin khai 9 hot ng ln: 1) tuyn truyn, o to v thng mi in t; 2) hon thin h thng php lut thng mi in t; 3) cung cp trc tuyn cc dch v thng mi cng; 4) pht trin cc cng ngh h tr; 5) t chc thc thi quy nh php lut v thng mi in t; 6) tng cng hp tc quc t; 7) trin khai qun l nh nc v thng mi in t ti a phng; 8) h tr doanh nghip ng dng thng mi in t; v 9) y mnh hot ng nghin cu v thng mi in t. Tnh hnh trin khai cc dch v cng in t Vi vai tr ngi to lp mi trng cho thng mi in t pht trin, cc c quan Nh nc ng thi cng phi i u trong vic trin khai ng dng thng mi in t. Quyt nh 222 yu cu cc c quan Chnh ph y mnh cung cp dch v cng h tr thng mi in t v coi y l mt trong 6 nhm gii php ch yu t c nhng mc tiu pht trin thng mi in t n nm 2010: n nm 2010 cc c quan Chnh ph phi a ht cc dch v cng ln mng, trong u tin cc dch v thu in t, hi quan in t, cc th tc xut nhp khu in t, th tc lin quan ti u t v ng k kinh doanh in t, cc loi giy php thng mi chuyn ngnh, th tc gii quyt tranh chp. 18
Sau hai nm trin khai Quyt nh 222, ng thi l hai nm u tin thc thi Lut Giao dch in t, mt s dch v cng in t kt thc giai on th nghim v chun b a vo ng dng trn din rng cho cng ng doanh nghip, to ng lc ln cho vic ph cp giao dch in t trong cc lnh vc ca i sng kinh t- x hi thi gian ti.
a. H thng qun l v cp chng nhn xut x in t (eCoSys)
Song song vi vic trin khai H thng truyn visa dt may in t (ELVIS), trong hai nm 2006-2007 B Thng mi (nay l B Cng Thng) tch cc trin khai xy dng H thng cp chng nhn xut x in t (eCoSys) nh mt trong cc dch v cng in t u tin ca ngnh thng mi.
Hp 1.7 Quy nh v cp chng nhn xut x cho hng ha xut khu Quy tc xut x l tt c nhng quy nh php lut v quyt nh hnh chnh xc nh nc xut x ca hng ho. Trc ht, vic xc nh nc xut x nhm xc nh liu mt hng ho nhp khu c c hng ch u i no khng. Th hai, vic xc nh xut x ca hng ho l iu kin cn thit trong trng hp nc nhp khu nh p dng thu chng bn ph gi, thu i khng hay cc bin php t v khc. Th ba, quy tc xut x cn yu cu hng ho nhp khu phi p ng cc quy nh v nhn mc. Ngoi ra vic xc nh nc xut x hng ho cn phc v mc ch thng k thng mi v mua sm chnh ph. Nh vy, vic xc nh xut x hng ha khng ch nhm mc ch dnh u i m cn l cng c qun l ngoi thng quan trng. Ngy 20/02/2006, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 19/2006/N-CP quy nh chi tit Lut Thng mi v xut x hng ho. Khon 2 iu 17 ca Ngh nh nu r B Thng mi t chc vic thc hin cp Giy chng nhn xut x hng ho xut khu; trc tip cp hoc u quyn cho Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam v cc t chc khc thc hin vic cp Giy chng nhn xut x hng ho. H thng qun l cc th tc xut khu Vit Nam hin nay cn th cng, cha p ng tt nhu cu ca doanh nghip cng nh qun l nh nc. Trin khai ng dng cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) i vi vic cp chng nhn xut x gip cc c quan qun l nh nc nhanh chng c c s liu thng k v xut khu ca Vit Nam, phc v tt hn cng tc qun l nh nc v thng mi, c bit i vi cng tc m phn v gii quyt tranh chp thng mi quc t. ng thi vic trin khai ng dng CNTT s gip doanh nghip gim bt cc chi ph u vo, h gi thnh sn phm, nng cao sc cnh tranh ca hng ho, doanh nghip.
Theo n c duyt, Giai on 1 ca eCoSys ch yu tp trung vo cng tc qun l cc s liu C/O do cc t chc cp C/O trn c nc cp. Cc t chc cp C/O khi tham gia eCoSys khng phi ci t phn mm ring m s dng ngay phn mm do B Thng mi xy dng da trn cng ngh web. i vi C/O do cc phng qun l xut nhp khu cp, cc phng c th cp nht d liu trc tuyn trn h thng eCoSys ti a ch http://ecosys.mot.gov.vn. n cui nm 2007, B thu thp c thng tin ca khong 700.000 b C/O trn phm vi c nc. Giai on 2 ca eCoSys bt u trin khai t thng 7/2006 v h thng cp chng nhn xut x in t eCoSys c chnh thc khai trng vo ngy 27/11/2007. Giai on 2 ca eCoSys cp C/O in t cho cc form u i do B Cng Thng cp, bao gm form A, D, E, S v form
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AK. Giai on 2 ch cp cho cc doanh nghip tho mn mt trong bn iu kin theo quy nh ti Quyt nh s 018/2007/Q-BTM ngy 30/7/2007 ca B Thng mi. Ngoi ra, cc doanh nghip phi c my tnh kt ni Internet v trang b thit b c th kt ni vi h thng MOT-CA ca B (nay i thnh MOIT-CA) Phn mm eCoSys c pht trin gm cc module ring bit dnh cho cc t chc cp C/O v cho doanh nghip. Module dnh cho doanh nghip t ti Cng Thng mi in t quc gia (ECVN). Module dnh cho cc t chc cp C/O t trn trang web B Cng Thng ti a ch http://ecosys.moit.gov.vn. u im ni bt ca h thng l cc doanh nghip tham gia eCoSys khng phi u t mua phn mm m dng ngay phn mm min ph ca B xy dng trn ECVN. Qua eCoSys, doanh nghip c th theo di c tnh hnh ngh cp C/O ca mnh. Cc phng qun l xut nhp khu c th tip nhn C/O do cc doanh nghip gi ln mt cch d dng, sau duyt h s v cp s C/O in t ngay trn my. Ton b thng tin v cp C/O c cp nht trn h thng gip cc phng qun l XNK tip tc theo di c tnh hnh cp C/O gn vi cng tc qun l xut nhp khu, ging nh giai on 1. Vic trin khai eCoSys giai on 2 gip tit kim chi ph v thc y ng dng TMT trong doanh nghip, qun l tt yu cu cp C/O ca doanh nghip, ng thi tng bc chun b cho vic trao i C/O in t vi cc nc khc trong khun kh thc hin cc Hip nh Khu vc mu dch t do v cc tha thun v thun li ha thng mi trong APEC.
b. Thu v hi quan in t
Theo k hoch xy dng chnh ph in t ca ngnh ti chnh, n nm 2010 s cung cp 5 dch v cng trc tuyn: khai hi quan in t, khai thu in t, ng k ti sn cng qua mng, cp m s ngn sch qua mng v Din n trao i ch chnh sch vi B trng B Ti chnh.
Hp 1.8 Mc sn sng trin khai dch v cng in t trong ngnh ti chnh So vi cc ngnh khc, thu v hi quan c th xem nh u tu trong vic ng dng CNTT, gim thiu th tc hnh chnh v giy t chuyn dn sang nn hnh chnh in t. ng ng c Mai, Cc trng Cc Tin hc v Thng k Ti chnh, B Ti chnh cho bit: hu ht cc quy trnh ca ngnh ti chnh ng dng phn mm phc v qun l iu hnh. Ngnh xy dng kho c s d liu (CSDL) ca 2,5 triu i tng np thu vi trn 100 ch tiu qun l; kho CSDL ca 77 i tng s dng ngn sch; kho CSDL thu chi ngn sch t nm 1945 2003; kho CSDL cng sn t nm 1998 n nay; CSDL vn bn php quy vi trn 17.000 vn bn. T nn tng ny, ngnh ti chnh c h thng khai hi quan in t, h thng t khai np thu, h thng kiosk thng tin kho bc nh nc. Thu - Hi quan: u tu i mi, Th gii vi tnh Series B, thng 10/2007, tr.12
Theo s liu ca Cc Tin hc v Thng k Ti chnh, n ht thng 12/2007 c 501 doanh nghip tham gia h thng hi quan in t vi 36.135 t khai xut nhp khu. Tng kim ngch xut nhp khu ca cc l hng x l qua h thng hi quan in t t trn 3,4 t USD, s 20
thu t trn 3.261 t ng. Trung bnh thi gian thng quan l 5-10 pht i vi t khai lung Xanh v 20-30 pht i vi t khai lung Vng. So vi th tc hi quan truyn thng th thi gian lm th tc hi quan in t gim t 4-8 gi cho mt l hng. Tuy nhin, c th tin ti mt h thng dch v cng hin i, thi gian ti ngnh cn phi y mnh hn na nhng ci cch trong quy trnh nghip v cng nh cc ng dng CNTT v TMT tin tin.
Hp 1.9 Phng hng trin khai hi quan in t trong thi gian ti ng ng Hnh Thu, Ph Tng cc trng Tng cc Hi quan, cho bit phng hng ca ngnh ti cui nm 2008 l m rng th im v trin khai th tc hi quan in t m rng cho tt c cc loi hnh qun l hi quan v m rng ti cc cc Hi quan a phng, vng trng im. Ngnh s xy dng thng t v nh cung cp dch v truyn/nhn d liu in t (CVAN) cng cc khung php l cn thit cho th tc hi quan in t; hon thin c s h tng, tch hp y chc nng nghip v hi quan v kt ni vi tt c cc n v trong ngnh, hi quan a phng, tin ti m bo x l cc giao dch 24 gi/ngy v 7 ngy/tun. Thu - Hi quan: u tu i mi, Th gii vi tnh Series B, thng 10/2007, tr.12
i vi ngnh thu, hin Tng Cc, 64 cc thu v gn 700 chi cc trn ton quc c kt ni bi mt h thng mng my tnh thng nht gip trao i v x l nhng thng tin c bn v k khai, np thu. Nhiu ng dng h tr cng tc qun l thu c trin khai, tuy nhin vn tn ti rt nhiu bt cp nh mi t ng ha c mt s khu trong qun l, cha tch hp thng tin gia cc chc nng nghip v trong h thng, kh nng cp h thng khi thay i quy trnh nghip v, v.v..., v quan trng nht l cha c cc ng dng cung cp c cho ngi dng u cui l i tng np thu. gii quyt tn ti trn, ngnh thu d kin s u t 88 triu USD trin khai d n qun l thu tch hp (ITAIS), giai on 2008-2012. Mc tiu ca ITAIS l xy dng mt h thng thu hin i, c kh nng qun l tp trung, p ng yu cu nghip v mi. H thng ny cn phi p ng yu cu chia s thng tin gia cc cp v kt ni vi cc c nhn v t chc lin quan nh: ngi np thu, Tng cc Thng k, B Ti chnh, Kho bc, Hi quan, ngn hng, cnh st, ta n, cc UBND, B v cc S K hoch u t, v.v..., to iu kin theo di thanh tra thu. Ngnh thu cng hng ti vic xy dng h thng e-Tax service h tr i tng np thu. nh hng ca h thng l cho php doanh nghip, c nhn xem h s thu qua mng Internet, tip nhn v x l t khai in t, v.v... tin ti tch hp h thng dch v thanh ton in t cung cp mt cch c bn h thng thu in t.
II.
TNH HNH BAN HNH CC VN BN DI LUT NHM HNG DN LUT GIAO DCH IN T
n cui nm 2007, cc ngh nh hng dn Lut Giao dch in t c ban hnh, to nn khung php l cho vic trin khai ng dng giao dch in t trong nhng lnh vc ln ca i sng x hi.
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1.
Ngh nh v Thng mi in t
Ngh nh v Thng mi in t l ngh nh u tin hng dn Lut Giao dch in t, c ban hnh vo ngy 9/6/2006. Vi vic tha nhn chng t in t c gi tr php l tng ng chng t truyn thng trong mi hot ng thng mi t cho hng, chp nhn cho hng, giao kt hp ng cho n thc hin hp ng, Ngh nh ny to hnh lng php l cc doanh nghip yn tm tin hnh giao dch thng mi in t, bo v quyn v li ch hp php ca cc bn tham gia, ng thi cng l cn c php l xt x khi c tranh chp lin quan n hot ng thng mi in t. Trong nm 2007 cc c quan qun l nh nc tin hnh son tho hai thng t hng dn Ngh nh Thng mi in t. l Thng t ca B Cng Thng v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t v Thng t lin tch B Cng Thng B Y t hng dn vic bn bun thuc qua cc phng tin in t. n cui nm 2007, hai thng t ny c bn hon thnh v mt ni dung v c a ra xin kin rng ri ca doanh nghip trc khi chnh thc ban hnh. Thng t hng dn Ngh nh Thng mi in t v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t c xy dng trong bi cnh s lng website thng mi in t ang gia tng nhanh chng ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, h thng php lut hin vn cha iu chnh v quy tc giao dch cng nh m hnh hot ng ca cc website thng mi in t. Mi giao dch c tin hnh mt cch t pht v khng c c s php l gii quyt nhng tranh chp pht sinh. V vy, Thng t c xy dng nhm thit lp nhng nguyn tc v chun mc chung cho cc website thng mi in t, nng cao tnh minh bch ca mi trng giao dch, ng thi gip bo v v cn bng li ch ca cc bn tham gia. Ni dung chnh ca Thng t gm nhng quy nh v quy trnh giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t, thi im giao kt v gi tr php l ca hp ng giao kt bng chc nng t hng trc tuyn; nguyn tc chung v nhng quy nh c th v cung cp thng tin lin quan n cc iu khon hp ng. Thng t cng quy nh chi tit cc c ch bo v quyn li khch hng trn website thng mi in t nh c ch r sot v xc nhn iu khon hp ng, th tc chm dt hp ng, gii quyt tranh chp v ngha v bo v thng tin c nhn ca khch hng trn website thng mi in t. Vn bn th hai hng dn Ngh nh v Thng mi in t c xy dng trong nm 2007 l Thng t lin tch B Cng Thng B Y t hng dn vic bn bun thuc qua cc phng tin in t. Thuc l mt hng thch hp cho mua bn trc tuyn v c gi tr cao, khi lng nh. Vic bn thuc v cng khai gi thuc trn mng Internet s gip ngi dn cng nh doanh nghip d dng tip cn cc ngun thuc khc nhau, gp phn bnh n gi thuc trn th trng. Mt khc, thuc cha bnh l mt hnh kinh doanh c bit, trc tip nh hng n sc khe v tnh mng con ngi nn cng cn c nhng quy nh ring, trnh vic li dng bn thuc qua mng c hnh vi gian ln, la di khch hng. Cho ti nay c mt s doanh nghip u t thit lp website bn thuc qua mng. Tuy nhin, do cha c c s php l iu chnh hot ng bn thuc qua mng nn nhng doanh nghip ny mc d thit lp website vn cha th tin hnh kinh doanh trong thc t.
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Ngh nh 79/2006/N-CP ngy 9/8/2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Dc cng cp n vic bn thuc qua mng. Khon 4c iu 43 ca Ngh nh quy nh r: B Thng mi phi hp vi B Y t xy dng, trnh c quan c thm quyn ban hnh hoc ban hnh theo thm quyn v trin khai thc hin cc quy nh php lut v thng mi in t trong lnh vc kinh doanh thuc. Trn c s , Thng t lin tch hng dn vic bn bun thuc qua cc phng tin in t c xy dng vi mc tiu thit lp hnh lang php l cho hot ng ny trong thc t. Do c th ca mt hng thuc l sn phm nh hng trc tip n tnh mng con ngi trong khi nng lc qun l cng nh trnh ngi tiu dng cha p ng cc iu kin tin hnh giao dch trn Internet, ni dung ca Thng t ch tp trung iu chnh hot ng bn bun, cha cho php bn l thuc qua cc phng tin in t.
2.
Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s
Ngh nh s 26/2007/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s c ban hnh ngy 15/2/2007. Ngh nh ny quy nh v ch k s v cc ni dung cn thit lin quan n s dng ch k s, bao gm chng th s v vic qun l, cung cp v s dng dch v chng thc ch k s. y l nhng quy nh nn tng thit lp mt c ch m bo an ninh an ton cng nh tin cy ca cc giao dch in t, thc y thng mi in t pht trin mnh m hn.
Hp 1.10 Gi tr php l ca ch k s
Ch k s l dng ch k in t cho php xc nhn s chp thun ca ngi k i vi ni dung thng ip, ng thi chng thc s ton vn ca thng ip d liu t thi im c k. iu 8 Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s chnh thc tha nhn gi tr php l ca ch k s trong cc giao dch in t: Trong trng hp php lut quy nh vn bn cn c ch k th yu cu i vi mt thng ip d liu c xem l p ng nu thng ip d liu c k bng ch k s.
Vi ch trng ca Ban son tho xy dng Ngh nh tht chi tit c th a vo trin khai ngay trong thc t m khng cn cc vn bn hng dn thi hnh, Ngh nh ny i su vo nhng vn mang tnh k thut v qun l v cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. Cc quy nh c chi tit ha trong 72 iu, chia thnh 11 chng: Chng 1: Nhng quy nh chung: quy nh phm vi iu chnh, i tng p dng, cc chnh sch pht trin dch v chng thc ch k s, trch nhim qun l nh nc v nhng hnh vi b nghim cm lin quan n ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s. Chng 2: Ch k s v chng th s: quy nh v gi tr php l ca ch k s; ni dung ca chng th s; mt s vn lin quan n ch k s v chng th s ca c quan, t chc; gi tr php l ca ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi. Chng 3: iu kin hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng
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cng: quy nh v iu kin, quy trnh th tc cp php, gia hn v thu hi giy php ca cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. Chng 4: Hot ng cung cp dch v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng: quy nh vic cp, gia hn, tm dng, phc hi v thu hi chng th s; to cp kha v cc dch v c lin quan ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. Chng 5: Quyn v ngha v ca cc bn tham gia cung cp v s dng dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng: quy nh quyn v ngha v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng cng nh quyn v ngha v ca thu bao. Chng 6: T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng: quy nh iu kin, th tc ng k hot ng, quyn v ngha v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng; iu kin, th tc cp giy chng nhn iu kin hot ng cho nhng t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng mun m bo gi tr php l ca ch k s cho cc thu bao ca mnh nh i vi ch k s ca thu bao ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. Chng 7: Cng nhn ch k s, chng th s v hot ng cung cp dch v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi: quy nh v iu kin, th tc cng nhn ch k s, chng th s nc ngoi v hot ng cung cp dch v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi. Chng 8: T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia: quy nh v iu kin hot ng, quyn v ngha v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia. Chng 9-11: quy nh vic gii quyt tranh chp, khiu ni v bi thng thit hi; thanh tra, kim tra, x l vi phm v cc iu khon thi hnh.
3.
Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh
Ngy 23/2/2007, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 27/2007/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh. Ngh nh ny ra i nhm m bo cc iu kin cn thit hnh thnh v pht trin mt mi trng giao dch in t an ton, hiu qu, gip Chnh ph qun l c giao dch in t trong hot ng nghip v ti chnh, gim thiu hu qu xu pht sinh trong giao dch in t nh trn thu, gian ln khi lp ha n chng t, v.v, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho tin trnh ci cch ca ngnh ti chnh trn nn tng ng dng cng ngh thng tin. Ngh nh gm 25 iu chia thnh 5 chng v iu chnh hai ni dung chnh sau: Chng t in t (Chng 2): quy nh gi tr php l ca chng t in t; vic k, m ha, chuyn i, hy, tiu hy, nim phong, tm gi hoc tch thu chng t in t; vic s dng h thng thng tin t ng gi, nhn, v x l chng t in t. Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh (Chng 3): quy nh v trch nhim, quyn hn ca t chc, c nhn khi tham gia giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh; t chc cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng; dch v chng thc ch k s trong hot ng ti chnh; bo m mi trng thc hin giao dch in t trong ngnh ti chnh v gia t chc, c nhn vi ngnh ti chnh; qun l nh nc v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh. 24
Lnh vc ti chnh l mt lnh vc rng, lin quan n cc mt ca i sng kinh t - x hi v bao gm nhiu hot ng nghip v nh nghip v ti chnh - ngn sch, thu, hi quan, kho bc, k ton, kim ton, v.v Mi nghip v ny c nhng quy trnh mang tnh c th v do t ra yu cu khc nhau cho qu trnh trin khai ng dng giao dch in t. Trong bi cnh , Ngh nh v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh mi ch l nhng quy nh khung, to c s php l cho vic xy dng cc thng t hng dn cho tng lnh vc c th sau ny. B Ti chnh hin ang d tho bn thng t hng dn Ngh nh trong cc lnh vc nghip v hi quan, kho bc nh nc, thu, chng khon v mt thng t hng dn v quy nh k thut cho giao dch in t trong hot ng nghip v ti chnh.
Hp 1.11 Thng t hng dn giao dch in t trn th trng chng khon trong qu trnh d tho Ngy 20/12/2007, d tho Thng t hng dn giao dch in t trn th trng chng khon do y ban Chng khon nh nc ch tr son tho c a ra ly kin ln u. i tng tham gia ng gp kin l cc cng ty chng khon v cc thnh vin th trng chng khon. Thng t ny quy nh v nguyn tc, th tc t chc giao dch in t trong hot ng giao dch chng khon trc tuyn, hot ng trao i thng tin in t lin quan n hot ng cho bn chng khon ra cng chng, lu k chng khon, nim yt chng khon, hot ng qun l cng ty chng khon, cng ty u t chng khon, hot ng cng b thng tin v cc hot ng khc lin quan n th trng chng khon theo quy nh ti Lut Chng khon. Ni dung chnh ca d tho thng t xoay quanh cc yu cu v dch v v k thut i vi cng ty chng khon khi t chc giao dch chng khon trc tuyn, ng thi quy nh chi tit th tc ng k cung cp dch v giao dch chng khon trc tuyn. Tuy nhin, cn mt s vn kh then cht i vi giao dch in t trong hot ng chng khon nh bo mt thng tin, bin php xc thc ngi giao dch, v.v... cha c cp n trong d tho thng t. Theo kin ca i din cc cng ty chng khon, d tho cn c thm quy nh chi tit v tiu chun giao dch trc tuyn, tiu chun m ho, tiu chun kt ni ca cc t chc cung cp dch v m bo hot ng thng sut ca th trng giao dch chng khon trc tuyn trong tng lai.
4.
Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng
Ngh nh s 35/2007/N-CP ngy 8/3/2007 v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng l ngh nh th ba lin tip c ban hnh trong nm 2007 nhm hng dn Lut Giao dch in t. Ngh nh ny tp trung hng dn vic p dng Lut Giao dch in t cho cc hot ng ngn hng c th, bo m nhng iu kin cn thit v mi trng php l cng c, pht trin cc giao dch in t an ton v hiu qu i vi h thng ngn hng. Ngh nh gm 5 chng, 29 iu, vi hai ni dung iu chnh chnh nh sau: Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng (Chng 2): xc nh phm vi cc giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng; quy nh v iu kin giao dch in t; quy nh cc loi ch k in t s dng trong hot ng ngn hng v t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t.
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Chng t in t trong hot ng ngn hng (Chng 3): hng dn b sung, lm r nhng quy nh v ni dung, tnh hp php, hp l, nh dng ca chng t in t; nguyn tc lp, kim sot, x l, s dng, chuyn i, lu tr, bo qun chng t in t trong giao dch in t ngn hng; vic k v gi tr ca ch k in t trn chng t in t. Ngn hng l mt trong nhng lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin sm nht Vit Nam. Giao dch in t c trin khai trong hot ng nghip v ngn hng t cui nhng nm 90. Quyt nh 196/TTg ngy 1/4/1997 v Quyt nh 44/2002/TTg ngy 21/3/2002 ca Th tng Chnh ph cho php s dng chng t in t v ch k in t trong nghip v k ton v thanh ton ngn hng c th coi l nhng vn bn php l u tin lin quan n giao dch in t ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, ch vi s ra i ca Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng, khung php l cho lnh vc ny mi c bn c hon thnh, t nn mng cho qu trnh m rng trin khai giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng v pht trin dch v ngn hng in t, h tr hiu qu cc gii php thanh ton cho thng mi in t ti Vit Nam.
5.
Ngh nh v ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc
Ngy 10/4/2007, Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 64/2007/N-CP v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc. y l vn bn hng dn ng thi Lut Giao dch in t v Lut Cng ngh Thng tin vi phm vi rt rng, bao gm xy dng c s h tng cng ngh thng tin, u t cho ng dng CNTT v hot ng ca c quan nh nc trn mi trng mng. Ngh nh v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc a ra nhng quy nh mang tnh nguyn tc nhm y mnh giao dch in t trong khu vc hnh chnh cng. Cc quy nh v cung cp, tip nhn thng tin trn mi trng mng, kt ni v chia s thng tin s, tng cng s dng vn bn in t, bo m truy nhp thng tin v khai thc dch v hnh chnh cng, v.v s gp phn y nhanh qu trnh ci cch hnh chnh, minh bch ha mi trng giao dch, y nhanh vic cung cp trc tuyn cc dch v cng v qua thc y s pht trin ca thng mi in t.
6.
6.1.
Mt s vn bn c lin quan khc

Cc ngh nh hng dn Lut Cng ngh thng tin
Lut Cng ngh thng tin uc Quc hi kha XI, k hp th 9 thng qua ngy 29/6/2007. Cng vi Lut Giao dch in t, Lut Cng ngh thng tin thit lp nn tng php l c bn cho vic y mnh giao dch in t ni chung v thng mi in t ni ring. Chng II (ng dng cng ngh thng tin) v Chng IV (Bin php bo m ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin) ca Lut ny bao gm nhiu quy nh lin quan trc tip n ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng thng mi, hot ng ca cc c quan nh nc v trong mt s lnh vc khc ca i sng x hi.
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Ngoi Ngh nh s 64/2007/N-CP ngy 10/4/2007 v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc, hai ngh nh khc hng dn Lut Cng ngh thng tin cng c ban hnh trong nm 2007: Ngh nh s 63/2007/N-CP ngy 10/4/2007 quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin; Ngh nh s 71/2007/N-CP ngy 3/5/2007 quy nh chi tit v hng dn thc hin mt s iu ca Lut Cng ngh thng tin v cng nghip cng ngh thng tin. Cc ngh nh ny tp trung iu chnh nhng vn ln v trin khai ng dng cng ngh thng tin nh ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca cc c quan nh nc, pht trin cng nghip CNTT v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc CNTT. 6.2. Quy nh v gii quyt tranh chp tn min quc gia .vn
Tn min gn vi website ang ngy cng tr thnh mt yu t khng th tch ri ca thng hiu v hnh nh doanh nghip. Vi s pht trin nhanh ca s lng website thng mi in t thi gian gn y, cc v tranh chp tn min, c bit l tn min lin quan n nhn hiu v tn thng mi cng tng nhanh c v s lng ln phc tp. Thc tin ny t ra nhu cu phi c mt c ch hiu qu gii quyt cc tranh chp, bn cnh th tc khiu ni hnh chnh vn p dng t trc n nay m VNNIC l u mi tip nhn v x l.
Hp 1.12 Quy nh lin quan n tn min trong mt s Lut Khon 3 iu 68 Lut Cng ngh thng tin quy nh: T chc, c nhn s dng tn min quc gia Vit Nam .vn phi chu trch nhim trc php lut v mc ch s dng v tnh chnh xc ca cc thng tin ng k v bo m vic ng k, s dng tn min quc gia khng xm phm cc quyn, li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn khc c trc ngy ng k. Theo quy nh ti im d khon 1 iu 130 Lut S hu tr tu, hnh vi ng k, chim gi quyn s dng hoc s dng tn min trng hoc tng t gy nhm ln vi nhn hiu, tn thng mi c bo h ca ngi khc hoc ch dn a l m mnh khng c quyn s dng nhm mc ch chim gi tn min, li dng hoc lm thit hi n uy tn, danh ting ca nhn hiu, tn thng mi, ch dn a l tng ng b coi l hnh vi cnh tranh khng lnh mnh.
p ng nhu cu ny ca thc tin pht trin thng mi in t ti Vit Nam, vi chc nng qun l nh nc v vin thng - Internet, B Thng tin v Truyn thng ang xy dng Quy nh gii quyt tranh chp tn min quc gia Vit Nam. Quy nh ny s l cn c chuyn ngnh cc t chc trng ti v ta n tham kho khi phn x tranh chp dn s hoc thng mi pht sinh trong qu trnh s dng tn min cc cp di tn min quc gia .vn. c xy dng da trn Chnh sch gii quyt tranh chp tn min thng nht ca T chc tn min quc t ICANN, Quy nh s a ra cc cn c gii quyt tranh chp, bao gm iu kin khi kin i vi tn min, nh ngha hnh vi s dng tn min vi xu, v bng chng cho quyn v li ch hp php ca ch th trong tn min.
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Vic p dng kt qu phn x ca to n v trng ti cho cc tranh chp lin quan n tn min l mt thay i ln v phng thc qun l i vi ngun ti nguyn Internet quan trng ny. Bng cch gim can thip hnh chnh v nng cao vai tr ca cc th ch x hi, Quy nh ny s gip thit lp mt c ch cng bng, minh bch trong vic phn b tn min, to mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh trn Internet v gp phn thc y pht trin thng mi in t ti Vit Nam.
III. 1.
MT S VN TRONG THC THI LUT GIAO DCH IN T Gi tr php l ca chng t in t trong giao dch thng mi
Mt chu trnh thng mi hon chnh lun gn lin vi rt nhiu loi chng t, bao gm nhng chng t lin quan n vic giao kt hp ng nh cho hng, chp nhn cho hng, ph lc hp ng, cho n chng t pht sinh trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng nh chng t vn ti, chng t thanh ton, v.v... Vic trin khai thng mi in t theo mt chu trnh trn vn s dn n nhng yu cu mi v hnh thc cng nh thay i ln trong cch thc qun l i vi h thng chng t thng mi ny. Ti Vit Nam hin nay, cng vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t, chng t in t ang tr nn kh ph bin trong giao dch gia cc i tc kinh doanh, c bit nhng bc tin ti vic giao kt hp ng. V mt php l, Lut Giao dch in t, Ngh nh Thng mi in t v Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh cung cp c s doanh nghip c th s dng chng t in t trong cc giao dch thng mi ni chung. Tuy nhin, lut cng quy nh r vi nhng tnh hung i hi xc thc cao ca thng tin cha trong chng t in t, cc bn cn c bit lu n nhng bin php k thut m gi tr php l ca chng t trong trng hp xy ra tranh chp.
Hp 1.13 Khi nim Chng t in t trong Ngh nh v Thng mi in t v Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh Ngh nh Thng mi in t: iu 3. Gii thch t, ng 1. Chng t l hp ng, ngh, thng bo, tuyn b, ha n hoc ti liu khc do cc bn a ra lin quan ti vic giao kt hay thc hin hp ng. 2. Chng t in t l chng t dng thng ip d liu. 3. Thng ip d liu l thng tin c to ra, c gi i, c nhn hoc c lu tr bng phng tin in t. iu 7. Gi tr php l Chng t khng b ph nhn gi tr php l ch v chng t l chng t in t. iu 8. Gi tr php l nh vn bn Chng t in t c gi tr php l nh vn bn nu thng tin cha trong chng t in t c th truy cp c s dng khi cn thit.
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iu 9. Gi tr php l nh bn gc 1. Chng t in t c gi tr php l nh bn gc nu tha mn ng thi c hai iu kin sau: a) C s m bo tin cy v tnh ton vn ca thng tin cha trong chng t in t t khi thng tin c to ra dng cui cng l chng t in t hay dng khc. b) Thng tin cha trong chng t in t c th truy cp, s dng c di dng hon chnh khi cn thit. 2. Tiu ch nh gi tnh ton vn l thng tin cn y v cha b thay i, ngoi nhng thay i v hnh thc pht sinh trong qu trnh trao i, lu tr hoc hin th chng t in t. 3. Tiu chun v s tin cy c xem xt ph hp vi mc ch thng tin c to ra v mi bi cnh lin quan. Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh: iu 3. Gii thch t ng 1. Chng t in t l thng tin c to ra, gi i, nhn v lu tr bng phng tin in t trong hot ng ti chnh. Chng t in t l mt hnh thc ca thng ip d liu, bao gm: chng t k ton in t; chng t thu, chi ngn sch in t; thng tin khai v thc hin th tc hi quan in t; thng tin khai v thc hin th tc thu in t; chng t giao dch chng khon in t; bo co ti chnh in t; bo co quyt ton in t v cc loi chng t in t khc ph hp vi tng loi giao dch theo quy nh ca php lut. iu 5. Gi tr php l ca chng t in t 1. Hnh thc th hin, vic gi, nhn, lu tr v gi tr php l ca chng t in t c thc hin theo Lut Giao dch in t. 2. Chng t in t trong hot ng ti chnh phi p ng cc yu cu v qun l Nh nc, ph hp vi quy nh ca php lut i vi cc chuyn ngnh v ti chnh. 3. Chng t in t phi c ch k in t ca nhng ngi c trch nhim k chng t. 4. Trng hp chng t in t ch c ch k ca ngi c thm quyn th h thng thng tin phi c kh nng nhn bit v xc nhn vic x l ca nhng ngi c trch nhim theo quy nh ca php lut trong qu trnh lun chuyn chng t in t n ngi k cui cng. Khi nim chng t in t hai Ngh nh c gii hn khc nhau ph hp vi phm vi iu chnh ca tng ngh nh. Nhng kt hp li, hai ngh nh ny bao qut ton b cc chng t gn vi quy trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng thng mi, theo Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong lnh vc ti chnh s iu chnh ha n bn hng v nhng chng t phc v cng tc thu, k ton ca t chc hoc doanh nghip. Ngh nh v Thng mi in t s iu chnh cc chng t cn li ca chu trnh thng mi, c bit l nhng chng t lin quan n qu trnh giao kt hp ng gia cc bn.
Trong bi cnh ng dng EDI vn cha ph bin Vit Nam,10 vic giao kt hp ng trc tuyn hin c tin hnh ch yu thng qua website ca doanh nghip hoc sn giao dch
10
Trao i d liu in t (Electronic Data Interchange EDI) l hnh thc ph bin nht trao i d liu c cu trc gia h thng my tnh ca cc doanh nghip. EDI c ngha quyt nh i vi giao dch TMT quy m ln gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B) v c ng dng rng ri trn th gii. Tuy nhin, ti Vit Nam mi ch c mt s doanh nghip trong ngnh ngn hng v vn ti bin trin khai EDI giao dch vi i tc nc ngoi v thc hin cc hot ng nghip v trong ni b ngnh.
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TMT ca cc nh cung cp dch v trung gian. Khc vi th in t trao i trc tip gia hai bn, chng t in t c hin th hoc khi to trn website kh xc nh cc yu t cu thnh gi tr php l (nh thi im hiu lc, mc rng buc trch nhim ca ngi khi to, v.v...). c bit, khch hng l ngi tiu dng thng chu bt li khi tham gia giao dch trn website do thiu kin thc, kinh nghim, v khng c cung cp y thng tin.
Hp 1.14 Tranh chp trong vic thc hin hp ng giao kt qua website thng mi in t Audition l mt tr chi trc tuyn kh ph bin trong gii tr do Cng ty VTC cung cp. Tin dng giao dch trong tr chi c tnh bng Vcoin (1Vcoin=15.000 ng). Ngi chi c th mua th Vcoin np tin hoc np tin bng nhn tin in thoi thng qua s tng i ca cc nh cung cp dch v nh Mobifone, Vinaphone, Vietel Mt tin nhn s b tr 15.000 ngtng ng vi 1Vcoin s c np vo ti khon game ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, do l hng k thut ca h thng tng i tin nhn, nu khch hng nhn tin lin tc trong mt thi gian ngn th c th np Vcoin vo ti khon tr chi ca mnh vt qu s tin c trong ti khon di ng. Kt qu l Vcoin vn c np vo ti khon ngi chi nhng trn thc t nh cung cp vin thng khng thu c tin cc, v do VTC cng khng thu c phn trm tin dch v trn khon cc ph ny. Khi pht hin ra s vic, VTC lp tc tuyn b s thu hi s tin b coi l nhn tin khng hp l m c ca khch hng bng cch t ng tr ti khon Vcoin hin ti ca ngi chi, s tin b tr tng ng vi s tin nhn c t vic nhn tin khng hp l. L l cng ty a ra l: Vcoin l tin trong game nhng c th mua c cc mn trong game, thm ch cn mua c in thoi di ng, my tnh ti h thng ca hng ca VTC. Tuy nhin, hnh ng ny ca VTC li b cc khch hng phn i. L do cc khch hng a ra l: h thng ca nh cung cp khng m bo an ninh, nn mc d in thoi ca h khng cn tin h vn c th gi c tin nhn ln tng i np Vcoin vo ti khon tr chi. Do , nh cung cp dch v phi t chu trch nhim khi xy ra sai st k thut ny. Ngoi ra, cc iu khon s dng dch v gia VTC v ngi chi cng khng c quy nh c th no c th p dng cho trng hp ny. V th, cch x l ca VTC l cha tha ng v vi phm quyn li khch hng.
S vic trn minh ha cho mt trong nhiu vn c th pht sinh trong qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng trn website thng mi in t, c bit trong cc giao dch B2C. Thng thng, mt quy trnh giao kt hp ng c tin hnh qua nhiu bc, t bc ngi bn cung cp thng tin, ngi mua ngh giao kt hp ng, n khi ngi bn chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng. Trong giao dch TMT B2C, phn ln nhng bc ny c thc hin thng qua cc chc nng t ng ci t trn website, vi khong cch thi gian nht nh gia mt bc vi bc tip theo. Do khng c s tng tc trc tip gia cc bn, qu trnh giao kt v thc hin hp ng c th pht sinh mt s vn nh sau: Thng tin ngi mua c c ch gii hn trong phm vi thng tin ngi bn cung cp sn trn website, i khi khng y hoc thiu chnh xc; Cc iu khon ca hp ng c cung cp ri rc nhiu ni trn website, hoc nhiu bc trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng, do ngi mua c th b st nhng iu khon bt li cho mnh; 30
Vic trao i chng t in t gia ngi mua v ngi bn c thc hin thng qua phng tin trung gian l Internet, v th kh kim sot khong cch thi gian gia cc bc ca quy trnh giao kt hp ng; Mt s yu t cu thnh gi tr php l ca ngh giao kt hp ng v chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng trong mi trng truyn thng c th khng ph hp vi hnh thc chng t in t; Nu vic thc hin hp ng cng c tin hnh trn mi trng in t th vic ph thuc vo cc yu t cng ngh s t ra mt s ri ro nht nh m cc bn cn lng trc khi tha thun cc iu khon ca hp ng. Nh vy, c th thy vic hng dn v cung cp thng tin y t pha ngi bn ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic phng nga nhng ri ro nu trn. Quan im ny c phn nh ti d tho Thng t v giao kt hp ng trn website thng mi in t m B Cng Thng ang tin hnh son tho. Thng t quy nh r trch nhim ca ngi bn trong vic cung cp cc iu khon hp ng trn website TMT, thit lp khung c bn cho mt quy trnh giao kt hp ng trn website, v quy nh chi tit mt s yu t cu thnh nn gi tr php l ca chng t in t trong qu trnh giao kt hp ng.
2.
Cc quy nh v k ton, thu vi vic trin khai Lut Giao dch in t
Khc vi nhng chng t thng mi lin quan n qu trnh giao kt hp ng, chng t v ha n ti chnh khng ch l cn c phn nh trch nhim gia cc bn tham gia hp ng, m cn c s dng xc nh ngha v ti chnh, thu gia cc bn vi c quan qun l nh nc. Do vy, c th tin hnh mt chu trnh thng mi in t trn vn n khu thanh ton, ngoi s thng nht ch gia cc bn tham gia giao dch, cn cn nhng quy nh c th ca c quan qun l nh nc v vic tip nhn v x l cc ho n, chng t in t pht sinh t giao dch ny. Thay v cc mu ho n in sn nh hin hay s l ho n t in t h thng qun l ni b doanh nghip, hoc cc chng t in t c gi, nhn v lu tr trong h thng thng tin ca tng bn tham gia giao dch. nhng chng t ny c gi tr s dng thc t i vi nghip v ti chnh doanh nghip, th ngoi s tha nhn chnh thc ca nh nc v gi tr php l ca chng t in t, cn cn s thay i tng ng trong cc quy nh v ho n chng t ca h thng php lut ti chnh hin hnh. Hin nay, ho n vn c coi l chng t gc c bn nht xc nh cc ngha v v quyn li v thu ca doanh nghip, doanh nghip hch ton chi ph v doanh thu, cng nh xc nhn quyn s hu ca ngi mua hng. Do vy, cc ha n lu hnh trong ni b nn kinh t u phi tun th nhng quy nh nghim ngt ca B Ti chnh v hnh thc in n, ni dung cng nh con du. Chng t in t khng p ng nhng iu kin ny s khng c coi l hp l trong giao dch gia t chc vi c quan thu, mc d chng c gi tr php l nh vn bn v nh bn gc theo quy nh ca php lut hin hnh. y l im vng mc ln cho cc doanh nghip mun trin khai thng mi in t trn quy m rng, m trng hp v my bay in t ca Tng Cng ty Hng khng Vit Nam v Pacific Airlines l mt v d minh ha.
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Hp 1.15 Trin khai v my bay in t ti Vietnam Airlines v Pacific Airlines Di sc p ngy cng tng ca mi trng kinh doanh vn ti hng khng, nm 2004 Hip hi hng khng quc t (IATA) ra Ngh quyt v vic cc thnh vin Hip hi p dng ng nht v my bay in t bt u t ngy 1/1/2008. L mt thnh vin ca t chc ny, Vietnam Airlines tin hnh trin khai D n v my bay in t t nm 2005 v a vo p dng th im trong thng 11/2006 vi chng H Ni - TP HCM. Thi gian u, khch hng vn phi n cc i l bn v thanh ton v nhn v in t - thc cht l cc chi tit hnh khch v chuyn bay c in ra mt t giy thng thng. Bt u t thng 12/2007, Vietnam Airlines trin khai i tr vic bn v in t cho tt c cc tuyn bay ni a v t gia nm 2008 s thc hin phn phi v qua cc knh nh Internet hoc qua cc hng c hp ng xut v trn chuyn bay ca Vietnam Airlines. Pacific Airlines, hng hng khng gi r u tin ca Vit Nam, chuyn sang p dng hnh thc bn v in t trong ton h thng bt u t ngy 13/2/2007. Ton b hot ng t ch, mua/ bn v, in v v thanh ton u c tin hnh thng qua mng Internet. Khc vi hnh thc bn v truyn thng, trong cung v my bay l chng t c m bo cao do p ng nhng yu cu c bit v loi giy, mu m, hnh thc in n, v in t khng c s m bo ny xc minh tnh bn gc ca chng t. Do , nu khch hng cn chng t lm cn c k khai v khu tr thu v sau (trong trng hp tin mua v c trch t chi ph hot ng ca doanh nghip hoc t chc), th cc hng hng khng khi bn v in t cho khch vn phi pht km theo phiu thu.11 Yu cu ny ca B Ti chnh phn no lm hn ch tc dng ca v in t l gim chi ph qun l i km vi giy t, ng thi gy phc tp cho vic trin khai quy trnh bn v hon chnh qua mng Interrnet.
Vic Tng Cc Thu gn y khuyn khch doanh nghip s dng ho n t in (vi iu kin c ng k mu ho n v p ng mt s yu cu v th thc ho n) bc u to thun li cho doanh nghip trin khai cc quy trnh giao dch trn nn h thng thng tin qun tr doanh nghip vi mc t ch cao. Tuy nhin, yu cu v ho n chng t giy vi ch k v con du theo cch hiu truyn thng vn l mt tr ngi ln cho vic pht trin cc gii php thng mi in t ton din trong doanh nghip. Trc thc t ny, Tng cc Thu lp n ci cch cng tc qun l, s dng ha n giai on 2007-2012 nhm iu chnh cc quy nh v chng t cho ph hp vi nhng hnh thi kinh doanh mi trong thi k hi nhp. Tuy nhin, y l mt d n di hn v cn c s chun b cng phu cng nh s phi hp ca nhiu thnh phn trong x hi trc khi c th a vo trin khai trn thc t.
3.
Vn xc thc thng tin trong chng t in t
Ch k in t, hay vn m bo gi tr php l ca chng t in t, hin l khc mc ln nht trong qu trnh trin khai cc giao dch thng mi in t c gi tr cao hoc giao dch
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Quy ch in, pht hnh v qun l v my bay in t ban hnh km theo Quyt nh 18/2007/Q-BTC ca B trng B Ti chnh quy nh: iu 4 khon 2: V in t giao dch trc tip vi khch hng ti quy bn v do Hng hng khng hoc i l bn v in trc tip t h thng d liu my tnh (t hnh trnh/phiu thu) km theo Phiu thu tin cc vn chuyn giao cho khch hng. iu 7: V in t giao cho khch hng theo quy nh ti im 2, iu 4 Quy ch ny l chng t hp php khu tr thu gi tr gia tng, tnh vo chi ph hp l ca doanh nghip v thanh, quyt ton ti chnh cho cc n v th hng ngn sch nh nc.
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hnh chnh i hi con du v ch k. V mt php l, Ngh nh Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s t nn tng cho vic ng dng loi ch k in t ph bin nht hin nay ch k s. Tuy nhin, n cui nm 2007 dch v ch k s vn cha c trin khai rng ri ti Vit Nam do cn thiu nhng gii php cng ngh v c ch qun l tng ng hin thc ha cc quy nh ca Ngh nh ny. Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s tp trung gii quyt mt s vn c tnh then cht trong vic cung cp, s dng dch v ch k s nh: hnh thc qun l cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s, vic thnh lp T chc chng thc ch k s quc gia, v gi tr php l ca ch k s trong mi tng quan vi ch k v con du truyn thng ca cc c quan, t chc. 3.1. Ch k s ca c quan, t chc
Trong mi trng truyn thng, vn bn ca cc c quan, t chc ch c gi tr php l khi c ch k ca ngi c thm quyn v con du ca c quan, t chc . Vai tr ca con du l chng thc ch k trong vn bn ng l ca ngi c thm quyn ca c quan hay t chc ni trn. Trong mi trng giao dch in t, khi nim con du khng cn tn ti v phng php to ra ch k s cng khc hon ton so vi ch k tay truyn thng.
Hp 1.16 tin cy ca ch k s V cng ngh, ch k s khng phi do ngi k t to ra m c to trn c s kt hp kha b mt ca ngi k v ni dung ca thng ip d liu. Ngi k l thu bao ca t chc chng thc ch k s v c t chc chng thc ch k s kim tra, xc minh, chng thc l c tht thng qua vic cp chng th s. Do , nu t chc chng thc ch k s l tin cy v thng ip d liu c ch k s ca mt ngi c thm quyn ca mt c quan, t chc c cp chng th s th v mt php l, thng ip d liu hon ton tng ng vi vn bn c k tay ng du.
Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s quy nh mi chc danh c thm quyn trong c quan, t chc theo quy nh ca php lut c mt ch k s v ch k s ny tng ng vi ch k tay ca ngi v con du ca c quan, t chc . Quy nh ny va to thun li cho ngi s dng, pht huy c u im ca ch k s, va gp phn thc hin mc tiu n gin ha cc th tc hnh chnh ca giao dch in t.
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Hp 1.17 Cc quy nh lin quan n ch k s ca c quan, t chc trong Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s iu 8. Gi tr php l ca ch k s 2. Trong trng hp php lut quy nh vn bn cn c ng du ca c quan, t chc th yu cu i vi mt thng ip d liu c xem l p ng nu thng ip d liu c k bi ch k s ca ngi c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut v qun l v s dng con du v ch k s c m bo an ton theo quy nh ti iu 9 Ngh nh ny. iu 11. Chng th s ca c quan, t chc 1. Tt c cc chc danh nh nc, ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc theo quy nh ca php lut v qun l v s dng con du u c quyn cp chng th s c gi tr nh quy nh ti khon 2 iu 8 Ngh nh ny. 2. Chng th s cp cho chc danh nh nc, ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc phi nu r chc danh ca ngi . 3. Vic cp chng th s cho chc danh nh nc, ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc phi cn c vo cc ti liu sau: a) Vn bn ca c quan, t chc ngh cp ch k s cho ngi c thm quyn hoc chc danh nh nc; b) Bn sao hp l giy chng nhn ng k mu con du ca c quan, t chc hoc chc danh nh nc c cp theo quy nh ca php lut v qun l v s dng con du; c) Bn sao hp l vn bn xc nhn chc danh ca ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc hoc chc danh nh nc .
3.2.
Cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s
Chng thc ch k s l mt dch v mi v mang tnh php l cao, i hi h thng cung cp dch v phi c an ton bo mt cao. V vy, trong giai on u quan im ca Nh nc l qun l cht trn nguyn tc vn m bo c s cnh tranh, sau tng bc iu chnh cc quy nh qun l cho ph hp vi s pht trin ca x hi v th trng. Trn quan im , Ngh nh quy nh tng i chi tit cc iu kin thnh lp t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng nh: phi l doanh nghip c thnh lp theo php lut Vit Nam; phi c giy php do B Bu chnh Vin thng cp; phi p ng c cc iu kin v nhn s, ti chnh, k thut, an ton an ninh v mt s iu kin khc. Ring i vi hot ng ca cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng nhm phc v vic trao i thng tin ni b ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc, an ninh, quc phng s thc hin theo quy nh ring ca Chnh ph. i vi cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng, do ch phc v nhu cu trao i thng tin ni b v phi li nhun ca cc c quan, t chc nn v nguyn tc cc c quan t chc s t thnh lp, duy tr hot ng v t chu trch nhim v hot ng ca mnh trn c s ph hp vi cc tiu chun an ton, an ninh quc gia. Ngh nh ny cng quy
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nh cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng phi ng k vi B Bu chnh Vin thng (c), nay l B Thng tin v Truyn thng. 3.3. T chc chng thc ch k s quc gia
Vn t chc h thng chng thc ch k s trong mt quc gia mt cch khoa hc cng l ht sc quan trng to iu kin cho ngi s dng c th s dng dch v mt cch n gin, hiu qu v kinh t nht. Hin nay trn th gii c hai m hnh t chc cho n v cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia l m hnh t chc chng thc cu ni (Bridge CA) v m hnh t chc chng thc gc (Root CA).
Hp 1.18 So snh m hnh t chc chng thc cu ni v m hnh t chc chng thc gc M hnh t chc chng thc cu ni l gii php tnh th, p dng cc quc gia c t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s hot ng trc khi c lut (Nht Bn, Trung Quc, M, v.v). Trc khi c t chc chng thc cu ni, cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s t hot ng m khng theo mt chnh sch v tiu chun thng nht no. V vy, ngi dng ch giao dch c vi cc thu bao ca cng mt nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s, v do phi s dng dch v ca nhiu t chc khc nhau cho nhng mc ch khc nhau, rt tn km v phc tp. T chc chng thc cu ni c chc nng hi ha cc chnh sch v tiu chun k thut gia cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s, nh thu bao ca cc nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s khc nhau c th giao dch c vi nhau. Hu ht cc quc gia sau khi c lut mi c dch v chng thc ch k s u p dng m hnh t chc chng thc gc. y l m hnh trong cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s u tun theo nhng quy nh chung v chnh sch chng thc v tiu chun chng thc ca quc gia, c xc nhn bi mt t chc chng thc gc thng qua vic cp chng th s cho cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. Trong h thng ny, vai tr ca t chc chng thc gc l cc k quan trng v y l im mu cht m bo tin cy ca ton h thng.
Ngh nh ny chn m hnh t chc chng thc gc v quy nh chc nng, iu kin hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s gc vi tn gi T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia, giao B Bu chnh Vin thng (nay l B Thng tin v Truyn thng) thnh lp v duy tr hot ng. Tuy nhin, n thi im cui nm 2007, T chc chng thc ch k s quc gia vn cha i vo hot ng, ng ngha vi vic cc nh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s vn cha th trin khai cung cp dch v ny ti th trng Vit Nam.
4.
Bo v thng tin c nhn ca ngi tiu dng trong thng mi in t
Trong bi cnh ng dng thng mi in t ngy cng pht trin, vic thu thp thng tin khch hng trn mi trng mng ang tr thnh xu hng tt yu trong hot ng pht trin kinh doanh ca doanh nghip. Cc giao dch thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi c nhn (B2C), cc hot ng thu thp v x l d liu, tip th, qun tr quan h khch hng (CRM), v.v din ra ngy cng ph bin. Nhng hot ng ny t ra nhu cu ln v thng tin c nhn,
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bao gm c nhng thng tin ring t nht. Nhiu cng ngh tin tin nh cookies, rp web, nh v ton cu v cc c s d liu s ho cho php cc cng ty chuyn hot ng kinh doanh trn Internet c th t ng thu thp v x l thng tin c nhn mt cch d dng. Cc nh qung co trc tuyn cng lun hng ti mc tiu thu thp, thit lp, thm ch kinh doanh cc h s thng tin v ngi tiu dng. Thng tin c nhn ang tr thnh th hng ho c gi tr cao i vi doanh nghip, v ngi tiu dng cng kh c th hnh dung ht nhng nguy c thng tin c nhn ca mnh b khai thc bt hp php khi tham gia mua bn trn mi trng mng. Trong khi cc nc pht trin v nhiu t chc hp tc quc t a vn thng tin c nhn ln v tr u tin trong chng trnh ngh s,12 th khi nim bo v thng tin c nhn v quyn ring t thng tin vn cn l mt ch kh mi m ti Vit Nam. Mt mt, h thng php lut thiu nhng quy nh v bo v thng tin c nhn, mt khc bn thn ngi dn v doanh nghip vn cn tng i b ng vi khi nim ny. Cng vi cc bc tin ca cng ngh thng tin v s xm nhp su rng ca Internet vo mi mt i sng x hi, nhng tc ng t vic r r thng tin c nhn dn tr nn r nt, v vn bo v thng tin c nhn ang ni ln thu ht s ch rng ri ca d lun. Theo kt qu iu tra ca B Cng Thng qua cc nm, vn an ninh an ton thng tin trong giao dch ngy cng c doanh nghip quan tm khi tnh trng n cp cc d liu c nhn nh thng tin ti khon, pht tn hnh nh i t, gi th rc, v.v... ang din ra vi mc ngy cng ph bin.
Hp 1.19 Mt s v vic v n cp d liu c nhn trong thi gian qua Trng hp in hnh trong thi gian qua l v n Trn Quang Duy (21 tui) n cp c s ti khon th tn dng ca nhiu ngi t mua gn 100 v my bay ca hng Tiger Airway ri em bn li kim tin. Khi hnh vi ca Duy b pht hin, hng Tiger Airway ch kp hy mt s v my bay, cn li 59 v b bn b ca Duy s dng cho vic du lch v bn cho ngi khc, thu li hn 50 triu ng. http://vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Phap-luat/2007/09/3B9FAAF1/ Cng lin quan n vic trm d liu th tn dng, V Ngc H thc hin trt lt vic dng tin n cp mua hng trn mng tr gi 441.226.215 ng trong sut qung thi gian t nm 2004 n 2006. H mua mt phn mm domain, ng k tr chi in t, ri sau t tm kim thng tin ti khon th tn dng bng cch tung virus (Keylogger) vo cc a ch e-mail ca h cc chng trnh dit virus khng pht hin c, b kho ly mt m. Khi ly c cc thng tin t cc ti khon m ch ti khon tn dng khng bit b virus xm nhp, nn kch hot virus lm cho cc thng tin v ti khon tn dng c gi n e-mail ca H. Nhiu khch hng ng k ti khon ti dch v chuyn tin trc tuyn trn mng b l thng tin v mt khu truy cp. V Ngc H thng s dng, thc hin cc lnh chuyn tin n bt k a ch no theo mnh. http://www.laodong.com.vn/Home/cntt/2007/8/52317.laodong
Mt hnh thc vi phm vic bo v d liu c nhn kh ph bin trong thi va qua l vic thu thp a ch th in t tri php nhm phc v cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau nhng cha
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T chc Hp tc v Pht trin kinh t OECD thng qua Nguyn tc chung v bo v thng tin c nhn vo nm 1980. Lin minh Chu u EU thng qua Ngh quyt v bo v d liu c nhn vo nm 1995, c hiu lc t nm 1998. Din n hp tc kinh t Chu -Thi Bnh Dng (APEC) thng qua Nhng nguyn tc c bn v bo v d liu c nhn (APEC Privacy Framework) vo thng 11/2004 v thnh lp hn mt Tiu ban Bo v d liu c nhn thuc Ban ch o v Thng mi in t (ECSG), mi nm nhm hp 2 ln.
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c s chp thun ca ch th thng tin. Vic cng khai bn danh sch cc a ch th in t ang rt ph bin hin nay, iu ny lm nh hng tiu cc ti hot ng qung co in t, gy thit hi cho li ch ngi tiu dng. Theo iu tra ca V Thng mi in t nm 2006, vn an ninh mng bao gm bo v d liu c nhn trong giao dch in t c nh gi l tr ngi th 3 trong s 7 tr ngi hng u i vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam. n nm 2007, vn ny c coi l tr ngi u tin trn 7 tiu ch a ra kho st.13 Kt qu ny cho thy ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip quan tm v t ra kh e ngi v vic m bo d liu thng tin ca mnh trong khi trin khai, ng dng thng mi in t. Vit Nam hin vn cha c mt vn bn quy phm php lut no nhm iu chnh cc hnh vi lin quan n bo v d liu c nhn mang tnh h thng. Song cng vi tin trnh hi nhp, cc c quan qun l nh nc cng bt u thc c tm quan trng ca vn ny. iu ny c th hin qua nhng quy nh ring r trong tng mng ni dung khc nhau. C th, trong Lut Giao dch in t dnh ring mt iu quy nh v Bo mt thng tin trong giao dch in t (iu 46). Tip , Lut Cng ngh thng tin c nhng quy nh r rng hn v bo v thng tin c nhn trong mi trng in t ti iu 21 v iu 22.
Bng 1.7 Kt qu kho st v chnh sch bo v thng tin c nhn trn cc website thng mi in t Loi hnh website C2C B2C Sn giao dch B2B Tng s S lng 19 36 20 75 C % 19% 24% 57% 26% Khng c S lng 83 117 15 215 % 81% 76% 43% 74%
Ngun: ti Thng tin c nhn v bo v thng tin c nhn trong TMT- V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng, thng 5/2007
Trong s 290 website TMT c kho st vo thi im cui nm 2006, ch c 75 website cng b chnh sch bo v thng tin khch hng, chim 26% tng s website.14 Nh vy, vn cn 74% website TMT thiu nhng cam kt c th v ch thu thp v s dng thng tin cho cc bn tham gia. Nhn su hn vo c cu phn b website theo hnh thi TMT, c th thy nhng website trnh t chc cng cao th cng quan tm n vn ny. Cc sn giao dch B2B nhng website TMT mc chuyn nghip nht c t l xy dng chnh sch bo v d liu, thng tin khch hng cao nht (57%). Cc website TMT B2C v C2C, mc d chim s lng p o v c i tng phc v ch yu l c nhn, li c t l khim tn hn nhiu trong vic xc nh c chnh sch bo v thng tin c nhn cho nhng ngi tham gia giao dch.
13 14
Chi tit kt qu iu tra xem ti Chng 4 Bo co ny. ti Thng tin c nhn v bo v thng tin c nhn trong TMT- V TMT, B Cng Thng.
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5.
Hnh lang php l cho th qung co v cc bin php chng th rc
Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca lng ngi s dng Internet v in thoi di ng Vit Nam, cc hnh thc qung co qua phng tin in t nh email, tin nhn, bo in t ang ngy cng ph bin. u im ca nhng cng c ny l tc nhanh, chi ph r, kh nng tng tc cao v din pht tn rng. Tuy nhin, vic qung co qua tin nhn v th in t, nu khng c tin hnh mt cch bi bn, s gy ra nhng tc ng tri chiu nh xm phm quyn ring t thng tin ca ngi tiu dng v lm gim hiu sut hot ng ca ton b h thng thng tin. Thc t ny t ra yu cu v mt khun kh php l cho hot ng qung co qua cc phng tin in t, sao cho va to iu kin doanh nghip tn dng cc u th ca knh qung co ny, va bo v quyn li chnh ng ca ngi tiu dng trong vic tip nhn qung co. Mc d Php lnh v Qung co v Ngh nh s 24/2003/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Php lnh Qung co cng nhn hnh thc qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh v bo in t, nhng nhng quy nh qu kht khe v hu nh khng c kh nng thc thi lm mt i vai tr iu chnh ca cc vn bn php quy ny. Lut Thng mi v Ngh nh 37/2006/N-CP quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut Thng mi v hot ng xc tin thng mi cng ch dng li mc quy nh chung i vi qung co thng mi.
Hp 1.20 Tnh bt hp l ca cc quy nh v qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh Khon 2 Mc III Thng t 43/2003/TT-BVHTT hng dn thc hin Ngh nh 24/2003/N-CP quy nh: a) Sn phm qung co thc hin trn mng thng tin my tnh (bao gm c mng kinh doanh dch v qung co v trang tin in t website) phi gi trc tip hoc qua ng bu chnh n Cc Vn ho - Thng tin c s trc khi thc hin qung co; b) Trng hp Cc Vn ho - Thng tin c s c yu cu sa i sn phm qung co trc khi a ln mng thng tin my tnh th ngi thc hin qung co c trch nhim sa i theo yu cu ca Cc Vn ho - Thng tin c s.Trng hp ngi thc hin qung co khng nht tr vi yu cu sa i sn phm qung co th Cc Vn ho - Thng tin c s c quyn khng cho php thc hin qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh; c) H s ng k thc hin qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh bao gm: - ng k thc hin qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh, s lng sn phm qung co, thi gian thc hin qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh. - Bn sao c gi tr php l giy php cung cp thng tin trn mng thng tin my tnh (ICP) hoc giy php lp trang tin in t (Website). - Bn sao c gi tr php l giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh dch v qung co (i vi c quan, t chc, doanh nghip ng k kinh doanh dch v qung co trn mng thng tin my tnh). - a hoc sn phm c cha cc sn phm qung co (hai bn). Nhng quy nh trn, c xy dng theo m hnh qun l p dng cho cc phng tin qung co truyn thng, hon ton khng ph hp vi c th ca mi trng in t v lm mt i ng k u th ca qung co trc tuyn. c bit, quy trnh ng k thc hin qung co nh quy nh ti Thng t 43 hu nh khng kh thi i vi qung co qua th in t, v trong thc t cng khng p dng cho hnh thc ny.
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Trc nhu cu thc t t ra i vi vic thit lp trt t trong qung co trn mi trng in t, nm 2006 B Thng mi tin hnh son tho Quyt nh ca B trng B Thng mi v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng trong qung co thng mi qua phng tin in t. Cng vic trn c tin hnh tng i hon chnh. Tuy nhin, sang nm 2007 trong bi cnh Chnh ph tin hnh xy dng Ngh nh chng th rc vi phm vi iu chnh bao trm c vn th qung co, B Thng mi ngng vic xy dng Quyt nh ny.
Hp 1.21 Quy nh v th rc trong Lut Cng ngh thng tin Lut Cng ngh thng tin (thng qua ngy 29/6/2006) nh ngha Th rc l th in t, tin nhn c gi n ngi nhn m ngi nhn khng mong mun hoc khng c trch nhim phi tip nhn theo quy nh ca php lut, v quy nh: iu 70. Chng th rc 1. T chc, c nhn khng c che giu tn ca mnh hoc gi mo tn ca t chc, c nhn khc khi gi thng tin trn mi trng mng. 2. T chc, c nhn gi thng tin qung co trn mi trng mng phi bo m cho ngi tiu dng kh nng t chi nhn thng tin qung co. 3. T chc, c nhn khng c tip tc gi thng tin qung co trn mi trng mng n ngi tiu dng nu ngi tiu dng thng bo khng ng nhn thng tin qung co.
n thi im cui nm 2007, d tho Ngh nh chng th rc c c bn hon thnh v trnh ln Chnh ph. Vi hai mc tiu chnh l hn ch th rc ng thi to hnh lang php l cho vic qung co qua phng tin in t, Ngh nh ny dnh hn mt chng iu chnh vic gi th in t qung co v tin nhn qung co. M hnh qun l i vi hnh thc qung co ny l s kt hp c hai c ch opt-in v opt-out ca th gii. Hp 1.22 Cc c ch qun l th rc thng dng trn th gii Hin trn th gii tn ti hai c ch chnh v qun l th in t qung co l opt-in v opt-out. C ch opt-in quy nh ngi dng mc nh khng ng nhn th in t qung co, ngi gi ch c gi email khi c s ng hoc ng k ca ngi nhn. C ch ny thin v bo v ngi dng, nhng li c cho l qu cht nn khng to iu kin cho doanh nghip khai thc li ch chnh ng ca qung co qua th in t. Ngc li, opt-out ngha l doanh nghip khng cn xin php ngi nhn trc khi gi th qung co, nhng phi chm dt gi khi ngi nhn t chi nhn tip. y l c ch tng i thong cho doanh nghip, nhng im yu l rt d b li dng lch lut. Ngi nhn khi t chi th u tin, ngi gi s thay i a ch gi th buc h nhn mt th in t u tin khc ngay sau .
Theo cc quy nh ti d tho Ngh nh, m hnh opt-out s c p dng i vi nh cung cp dch v qung co bng tin nhn hoc th in t ng k vi c quan qun l chuyn
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ngnh (B Thng tin v Truyn thng), cn m hnh opt-in c p dng vi cc t chc c nhn khc c nhu cu t gi qung co. Vic kt hp c hai m hnh trong Ngh nh ny l n lc ca cc nh lm lut nhm a vic qung co trn mi trng in t vo khun kh, mt mt vn to iu kin qung co hp l c th pht trin, mt khc hn ch nhng tc ng bt li gy ra cho ngi tiu dng v x hi. Vi mc tiu ny, d tho Ngh nh cng a ra nhng quy nh rt chi tit v ni dung v hnh thc m th in t hay tin nhn qung co phi p ng khng b coi l th rc. Sau khi Ngh nh c ban hnh, vic qung co qua th in t v tin nhn ti Vit Nam s c th pht trin theo hng chuyn nghip hn, gp phn y mnh cc ng dng thng mi in t ni chung trong doanh nghip
6.
6.1.
Mt s vn khc
Bn quyn phn mm
Sn phm phn mm l nn tng ca ng dng thng mi in t, do vy chnh sch v bn quyn phn mm l mt nhn t khng th thiu nu mun xy dng mi trng cnh tranh tht s lnh mnh cho thng mi in t pht trin. Ngy 22/2/2007, Th tng Chnh ph ra Ch th s 04/2007/CT-TTg v tng cng bo v bn quyn tc gi i vi chng trnh my tnh. Ngy 12/4/2007, Th tng Chnh ph k Quyt nh s 51/2007/Q-TTg ph duyt Chng trnh pht trin cng nghip phn mm Vit Nam n nm 2010. Mc tiu l Vit Nam t trn 800 triu USD/nm tng doanh thu t phn mm, dch v v s thuc nhm cc nc dn u v thu ht u t trc tip nc ngoi trong lnh vc phn mm, lt vo danh sch 15 quc gia cung cp dch v gia cng phn mm hp dn nht trn th gii. t c nhng kt qu ny, Quyt nh 51 a ra mc tiu n nm 2010 Vit Nam gim t l vi phm quyn s hu tr tu trong lnh vc phn mm xung bng mc trung bnh ca khu vc.
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Hp 1.23 Vn bn quyn phn mm nhn t gc c quan qun l v doanh nghip Ngy 16/5/2007, Hip hi Doanh nghip Phn mm Vit Nam (VINASA), B Vn ha Thng tin v B Bu chnh Vin thng ln u tin phi hp t chc ta m v bn quyn phn mm (BQPM). Hn 100 i biu n t cc doanh nghip (DN) v c quan qun l nh nc tham d s kin ny. Th trng B Bu chnh Vin thng V c am ti cuc ta m khng nh ch trng, chnh sch v quyt tm nht qun ca Nh nc v bo v bn quyn phn mm pht trin ngnh phn mm v kinh t t nc, ng thi tn trng cc cam kt quc t. ng am cho rng, nu gim c t l vi phm bn quyn th Vit Nam s to c hnh nh tt trong con mt nh u t nc ngoi. Nhiu doanh nghip phn mm ti ta m c chung kin: vic vi phm bn quyn trn lan hin nay ang cn tr s u t ca doanh nghip vo sn phm; cn phi gim t l vi phm bn quyn tng lng tin ca nh u t vi th trng ni a; nu quy nh v quyn s hu phn mm khng c chnh sa bo v quyn li hp php ca ch doanh nghip trong hot ng pht trin v sng to phn mm th s cn xy ra nhiu v tranh chp, kin tng bn quyn gia ch s hu v cc ng tc gi... Mt s doanh nghip kin ngh: bo v bn quyn phn mm cn c nhng quy nh c th v r rng v sn phm phn mm khc vi tc phm vn hc. ng V Ngc Hoan, Ph Cc trng Cc Bn quyn Tc gi, B Vn ha Thng tin cho bit: B Vn ha Thng tin cam kt s xem xt, sa cha nhm hon thin cc quy nh bo v bn quyn phn mm. Trong , s c bit xem xt iu chnh li quy nh v quyn nhn thn. Theo ng V c am, cc quy nh v vn bn php lut hin nay phn no h tr bo v bn quyn phn mm. Vn l c quan qun l nh nc, hip hi, doanh nghip cng bn gii php xem cn kin quyt chng vi phm bn quyn th no, ch khng nn cho tc ng khch quan. ng khng nh mc tiu trc mt l cn nhanh chng a Vit Nam ra khi danh sch cc nc c t l vi phm bn quyn cao nht th gii v phn u t ngang mc trung bnh ca cc nc trong khu vc. VINASA cn d kin s cho thnh lp Trung tm t vn bn quyn phn mm v sn phm thng tin s trin khai cc hot ng t vn, bo v bn quyn phn mm trong lnh vc phn mm v ni dung s. Bn quyn phn mm: Quyt tm gim vi phm, Tp ch Th gii vi tnh Series B, thng 6/2007.
gii quyt vn vi phm bn quyn phn mm, quan im ca cc c quan qun l chuyn ngnh l phi kt hp ng thi hai hng: xy dng quan h i tc chin lc vi cc nh cung cp phn mm nc ngoi cng tham gia sn xut v phn phi phn mm ng gi vi chi ph hp l; ng thi y mnh xy dng phn mm ca Vit Nam v to iu kin cho phn mm ngun m pht trin. 6.2. An ninh an ton trong giao dch thng mi in t
Nm 2006 v 2007, vi vic ng dng thng mi in t bt u c trin khai rng trn tt c cc mt ca i sng x hi, nhng nguy c tim n v an ton an ninh trong giao dch
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thng mi in t cng bt u bc l. Mt lot cc v ti phm cng ngh cao xut hin trong hai nm 2006-2007, thu ht s ch rng ri ca d lun. Tc ly lan v din nh hng ca nhng hnh vi ti phm ny cho thy nhn thc x hi v cc bin php t bo v khi tham gia giao dch in t cn rt thp. Ngoi nhng hnh vi phm ti trc tip lin quan n thng mi in t nh la o trong giao dch C2C, lm gi th thanh ton, tn cng website, v.v..., nm 2007 chng kin mt v la o quy m ln trong lnh vc ti chnh tn dng vi s tr gip ca cng c in t: v la o Colony Invest.
Hp 1.24 V la o tn dng ca nhm Colony Invest T thng 5/2007 cc i tng tham gia v vic s dng trang web www.colonyinvest.net tuyn truyn mi ngi tham gia u t ti chnh vo cc d n ca Cng ty Colony Invest Management Inc. c a ch ti Hoa K. c bit, th on d d chnh l t l li sut rt cao (t 2,5% n 3,0%/ngy theo m hnh a cp vi nhiu hnh thc chia li nu nh ngi tham gia gii thiu c ngi tham gia tip theo, c th: c 10% trn s tin u t nu trc tip gii thiu c 1 n 3 ngi, t ngi th 4 n ngi th su s c 12%, ngi th 7 tr i s c 15% (nhng ngi ny gi l tng 1, cn ngi gii thiu c xem l trng mt mng li u t). Ngoi ra, nu nhng ngi thuc tng 1 li gii thiu c ngi tip theo th ngi gii thiu ra tng mt s c hng li gin tip trn tng s tin u t ti a n 8 tng. Vi th on ny, nhm la o d d c gn 30.000 ngi tham gia gp tin ri chim ot ton b s tin ny. Mt trong nhng th on nhm la o s dng to nim tin cho cc nn nhn l lp website vi nhng thng tin khng c thc v mt tp on ti chnh ln ca nc ngoi (website www. colonyinvest.net c ng k tn min quc t nn khng c c ch kim sot v qun l thng tin v ngi ng k). Ngoi ra, website ny c mt phn mm to ti khon (account) v tnh im da trn s tin ngi tham gia ng gp. Thc t xc minh ca c quan iu tra cho thy vic giao dch, chuyn tin u c thc hin bng cc phng thc thng thng nh chuyn tin mt trao tay hoc chuyn khon qua ngn hng, hon ton khng c vic giao dch qua mng. Bn cnh website ny, nhm la o cn tin hnh nhiu th on truyn thng tinh vi khc nh tuyn truyn li sut cc cao t 2 n 3%/ngy, xy dng h thng i l theo kiu kinh doanh bn hng a cp vi t l hoa hng cao, t chc qung co rm r nhiu ni. Thm ch, nhm la o cn mi vn phng lut s hng dn nhm le bp, li ko nhiu ngi tham gia. Kt qu l mc d vic giao dch nhn tin hu nh khng c chng t nh ha n, bin nhn nhng rt nhiu nn nhn nhiu a phng trong c nc tin cy np tin cho bn la o. http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tinbai/?top=40&sub=67&article=111470
C th thy nhm la o s dng website nh mt cng c to nim tin cho khch hng, ng thi s dng website ny thc hin vic la o nhiu ni. Ngoi nhn thc km ca ngi dn, s vic ny xy ra mt phn cng do l hng trong c ch qun l website v cc hot ng lin quan nc ta hin nay. Hin nay, vn bn php lut cao nht quy nh vic thit lp, ng k, s dng website l Lut
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Cng ngh thng tin, c Quc hi ban hnh thng 6/2006, quy nh tng th v hot ng ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin, cc bin php bo m v pht trin cng ngh thng tin, quyn v ngha v ca c quan, t chc, c nhn tham gia hot ng ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin. Tuy nhin, hin nay nc ta cha c quy nh chi tit i vi vic thit lp v qun l hot ng ca cc website trong cc lnh vc chuyn ngnh nhy cm nh ti chnh, ngn hng, v.v...
Hp 1.25 Hnh vi la o ca nhm Colony Invest s b x l theo vn bn lut chuyn ngnh no? Ngy 10-4-2007 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh 63/2007/N-CP quy nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. iu 8 Ngh nh 63 v hnh vi vi phm cc quy nh v ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong thng mi quy nh pht tin t 10 triu ng n 20 triu ng i vi nhng hnh vi nh gi mo thng tin, cung cp thng tin sai s tht la o bn hng, mua hng qua mng, cung cp sai s tht nhng thng tin c lin quan vic thnh lp v hot ng ca t chc, c nhn khi hot ng kinh doanh trn mi trng mng. Lut Giao dch in t ch yu quy nh v kha cnh gi tr php l ca chng t in t, cc vn k thut lin quan ti chng t in t nh giao kt hp ng, thi im, a im gi v nhn chng t in t. Lut Giao dch in t quy nh tranh chp trong giao dch in t l tranh chp pht sinh trong qu trnh giao dch bng phng tin in t. Vi thc t s dng website nh mt th trang sc t tin, nhm la o hon ton khng giao dch qua mi trng mng. Nh vy, hot ng ny cha trc tip thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Lut Giao dch in t v cc Ngh nh hng dn thi hnh. Vic bo v ngi tiu dng ca nc ta hin nay ang c thc hin theo Php lnh s 13/1999/PL-UBTVQH ngy 27-4-1999 v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng. iu 7 ca Php lnh c quy nh nghim cm vic thng tin, qung co sai s tht v cc vi phm khc nhm la di ngi tiu dng. Php lnh ny ch yu quy nh v bo v ngi tiu dng trong vic mua, s dng hng ha, dch v. Trong lnh vc tn dng, Lut cc T chc tn dng quy nh cc t chc tn dng v cc t chc khc trc khi trin khai hot ng ngn hng phi c Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam cp php khi p ng cc iu kin theo quy nh ti Lut Cc T chc tn dng. Theo iu 117 Lut Cc T chc tn dng v cc t chc khc c hot ng ngn hng phi chu s thanh tra ca Thanh tra ngn hng. Trong trng hp ny, nhm la o qua mt Thanh tra ngn hng khi tin hnh huy ng vn tn dng bt hp php.
Nh vy, c th thy h thng php lut hin hnh cha c vn bn no iu chnh hot ng ca nhng website chuyn ngnh trong lnh vc u t ti chnh, huy ng tn dng. iu ny dn n vic thiu mt c ch qun l r rng v mt c quan ch qun chu trch nhim gim st hot ng ca nhng website ny. Nhm ngn chn c hiu qu, khng xy ra cc trng hp la o nh v Colony Invest v nhng th on la o vi mc tinh vi cao hn, trong thi gian ti, cc c quan qun l nh nc s phi tip tc xy dng nhng vn bn di lut iu chnh vic ng dng thng mi in t v cng ngh thng tin trong hot ng ti chnh, ngn hng, thng mi.
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Lut Bo v ngi tiu dng c xy dng trong thi gian ti cng s phi tnh n nhng kha cnh lin quan cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in t, nhm bo v ngi tiu dng mt cch hu hiu nht trong bi cnh nn kinh t s. Trc mt, c th giao cho c quan qun l cnh tranh v bo v ngi tiu dng xy dng c ch tip nhn cc hnh thc cnh bo nhanh ca ngi tiu dng khi pht hin du hiu ca mt v la o trn mng. Vi c im phi bin gii ca Internet v thng mi in t, vic hon thin lut php trong nc cng cn c tin hnh song song vi tng cng hp tc quc t, nhm xy dng c ch qun l quc gia ph hp vi quy nh ca cc t chc quc t, c bit l cc cam kt ca Vit Nam khi tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca WTO. Xy dng c ch hp tc song phng v a phng trong thng mi in t s cn gip y mnh trao i thng tin v h tr iu tra trong cc trng hp quyn li ca ngi tiu dng b xm hi c lin quan n yu t nc ngoi.
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CHNG II TC NG CA VIC VIT NAM GIA NHP WTO TI PHT TRIN THNG MI IN T
CHNG II TC NG CA VIC VIT NAM GIA NHP WTO TI PHT TRIN THNG MI IN T
I. 1. KHI QUT Thng mi in t vi vic nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip
Thng mi in t ngy cng chim mt v tr xng ng trong hot ng kinh t thng mi Vit Nam.15 Nhn nh v vai tr ca thng mi in t, Bo Nhn dn ngy 24 thng 8 nm 2007 c bi vi nhan Thng mi in t gp phn nng cao sc cnh tranh. Bi bo nu r trong nhng nm qua thng mi in t gp phn quan trng thc y thng mi v nng cao sc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trong bi cnh Vit Nam hi nhp ngy cng su vo nn kinh t th gii. Nh ng dng TMT, cc doanh nghip c th d dng v nhanh chng tip cn nhng thng tin quan trng lin quan ti th trng, sn phm, cc quy nh php l, ti chnh, thit lp v duy tr cc mi lin h vi khch hng v i tc kinh doanh hiu qu hn.16 qui m doanh nghip, thng mi in t gp phn m rng knh tip xc vi khch hng hin c, thu ht khch hng mi, nng cao hnh nh v v th ca doanh nghip, tng doanh thu v li nhun, gim chi ph kinh doanh, v.v... Tng hp cc li ch ny s lm tng nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip.17 Hn na, thng mi in t c th gp phn thay i cu trc ca cc cng ty v thm ch ca cc ngnh kinh t. Mt cng ty c th tch thnh nhiu cng ty hoc mt s cng ty c th hp
15 Thm ch, Thi bo Vi tnh Si gn (s 12-07) ng bi vi nhn xt Thng mi in t l ch ang c nhc n nhiu nht trong ngnh cng ngh thng tin Tham kho bi vit trc tuyn ti http://tbvtsg.com.vn/show_article.php?id=14648&ln_id=65 . 16
B Thng mi Hoa K c nh gi nh sau: S pht trin v s dng cc website mua bn trc tuyn ca ngi tiu dng Vit Nam s to thm mt con ng mi thc y tng trng kinh t v thng mi (Vietnam: The Next Frontier for Trade in Asia Key . Issues for the Information and Communication Technology Sector, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, September 2007, trang 9). C th tham kho trc tuyn ti http://web.ita.doc.gov/ITI/itiHome.nsf/9b2cb14bda00318585256cc40068ca69/b4cdfe468f196cb9852573520069beec?OpenDocument
17 nh gi v tc ng ca ng dng thng mi in t i vi hot ng ca doanh nghip, rt nhiu doanh nghip coi trng li ch tng kh nng cnh tranh vi i th (Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006, trang 117)
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nht li vi nhau tn dng li th ca thng mi in t vi chi ph thu thp v trao i thng tin cc thp, qua tng thm sc mnh th trng. Ngay t nm 1998 WTO quan tm ti kha cnh tch cc ny ca thng mi in t. S thay i trong lnh vc dch v ti chnh l mt v d. Trc kia, cc nh mi gii ti chnh hay bn cc dch v tch hp (tc l bn dch v v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti dch v cho khch hng). By gi, do c th d dng tip cn thng tin ti chnh trc tuyn, h thy rng h phi cnh tranh vi cc nh mi gii trc tuyn ch bn dch v m khng cung cp thng tin km theo. Trong trng hp ny s cnh tranh c bn l v gi bn dch v ch khng phi l cht lng dch v. Nh vy, c s phn chia th trng gia dch v cung cp thng tin vi dch v ti chnh. S thay i cu trc tng t xy ra vi cc i l du lch v i l bn v my bay. Chi ph bn v my bay trc tuyn thp hn bn trc tip ti cc i l du lch rt nhiu. Do cc hng hng khng mun t bn v thay v bn qua cc i l du lch nhm trnh phi tr ph hoa hng. Mt khc, cc hng hng khng cng bn qua cc i l bn v trc tuyn vi mc ph hoa hng thp hn. Tuy nhin, do cc qui nh v hng khng, d cho chi ph bn v gim i nhng gi v c th khng c gim. Do vy, hnh khch mua v my bay trc tuyn khng c hng li t vic ny. Kt qu l cc hng hng khng mun t bn v, tc l tch hp dch v bn v vo trong cc hot ng ca mnh. Lnh vc bn bun, bn l v ngay c th trng mua bn thng tin cng thay i su sc. Khch hng sn sng tr thm tin cho thng tin vi cht lng cao, do cc cng ty c th s chuyn mn ho rt su trong vic thu thp v x l thng tin phc v c nhn cng nh doanh nghip. Ngnh cng nghip x l thng tin c th s pht trin mau l.18 Nh chi ph kinh doanh thp i, thng mi in t s kch thch cnh tranh trong nc cng nh ton cu, nh vy sn phm s a dng hn, cht lng tt hn v gi s r hn. Nh tip cn thng tin nhanh chng vi chi ph thp, vic gia nhp th trng n gin hn, nhiu nh cung cp hng ho v dch v tch cc tham gia u thu hn, nhiu doanh nghip va v nh s nng ng hn, v.v... Khng ch c s cnh tranh trong nc tng ln m thng mi in t cng kch thch mnh m cnh tranh ton cu thng qua chi ph qung co v so snh gi trn phm vi ton cu thp, chi ph vn ti cho cc sn phm s ho gn nh bin mt, nhiu nh sn xut c th t ni sn xut c lp vi ni tiu th do c th cung cp trc tuyn cc dch v sau bn hng, v.v...19
2.
WTO v thng mi in t
Thng mi in t l mt hnh thi kinh doanh da trn khoa hc cng ngh tin tin v l mt phn quan trng ca kinh t s. Thng mi in t l mt biu hin r rng ca ton cu ho v hi nhp kinh t quc t. S pht trin ca thng mi in t gn cht vi s pht trin ca nhiu lnh vc dch v khc nh vin thng, phn phi, ti chnh, php l cng nh cc lnh vc u t v bo v s hu tr tu.
Ti liu Thng mi in t v Vai tr ca WTO (Electronic Commerce and the Role of the WTO), WTO 1998, trang 18. C th tham kho ti www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/special_study_e.pdf
19 18
Ti liu trn, trang 21.
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Ngay t khi mi thnh lp, WTO quan tm ti hnh thi thng mi in t vi vic thng qua Quyt nh ca cc B trng WTO v thng mi in t ton cu.20 Vic Vit Nam hi nhp kh nhanh vo nn kinh t th gii trong nhng nm qua c tc ng rt ln ti s pht trin mnh m ca thng mi in t. S kin Vit Nam chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin th 150 ca T chc Thng mi Th gii l mt trong nhng s kin ni bt nht ca nm 2007. y l mt im mc quan trng trong tin trnh t do ho thng mi ca Vit Nam. Vi t cch l thnh vin chnh thc ca WTO, mt mt, Vit Nam c hng y cc quyn li nh cc thnh vin khc. Mt khc, Vit Nam c trch nhim thc hin cc ngha v qui nh trong h thng php lut ca WTO cng nh cc cam kt ca mnh trong Ngh nh th gia nhp t chc thng mi ton cu ny.21 Lin quan ti thng mi in t, trc ht, cn nghin cu v tun th nhng quyt nh hoc tuyn b ca cc B trng WTO v thng mi in t.22 Nhng vn bn ny khng xut hin trong ti liu Cc vn kin gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii ca Vit Nam nhng Vit Nam vn c ngha v thi hnh theo quy nh ti Ngh nh th v vic gia nhp ca nc Cng ho X hi ch ngha Vit Nam.23 2.1. Tuyn b ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th hai v thng mi in t ton cu 24
Ti Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th hai, t chc ti Geneva (Thu s) thng 5 nm 1998, ln u tin WTO nh gi s pht trin nhanh chng ca thng mi in t v nhng c hi mi m thng mi in t to ra. ng thi, cc thnh vin WTO thng qua mt quyt nh quan trng, l quyt nh khng thnh vin no c p t thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t. y l quyt nh nn tng trnh to ra nhng ro cn i vi thng mi in t gia cc thnh vin. Ton vn tuyn b nh sau:
Tuyn b ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th hai v thng mi in t ton cu Geneva, 20/5/1998 Cc B trng, Tha nhn thng mi in t ton cu ang pht trin nhanh chng v to ra cc c hi mi cho thng mi, Tuyn b nh sau: Ti phin hp tip theo, i Hi ng cn xy dng mt chng trnh lm vic ton din xem xt ton b cc vn lin quan ti thng mi ca thng mi in t ton cu, bao gm cc vn do cc Thnh vin xut. Chng trnh lm vic s bao gm cc c quan lin quan ca WTO, c tnh ti nhu
20 21 22 23 24
Ti trang ch ca www.wto.org, menu Cc ch thng mi (Trade Topics) gm 16 ch . Thng mi in t l mt trong cc ch ny, cc ch khc l Hng ho, Dch v, S hu tr tu, u t, Gii quyt tranh chp, v.v...
H thng php lut ca WTO bao gm Hip nh WTO, GATT 1994, GATS, TRIPS, cc quyt nh, tuyn b, cc cam kt c th ca cc thnh vin, v.v... Trong c cu t chc ca WTO, Hi ngh B trng c quyn lc cao nht, thng thng hai nm hp mt ln. Cc vn kin gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii ca Vit Nam, U ban Quc gia v Hp tc kinh t quc t, H Ni 2006. Ti liu ca WTO vi m WT/MIN(98)/DEC/2, c th tm ti liu ny ti www.wto.org
49
cu ca cc nc ang pht trin v kinh t, ti chnh v pht trin. Cc B trng nhn mnh cng vic ny cng c thc hin trong cc t chc quc t khc. i Hi ng s xy dng mt bo co v s tin b ca Chng trnh lm vic v cc khuyn ngh trin khai trnh ln Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th ba. Bt k mi kt qu ca Chng trnh lm vic hay cc quyn v ngha v ca cc Thnh vin ti cc Hip nh ca WTO, cc B trng tuyn b cc Thnh vin s tip tc duy tr hin trng khng p t thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t. 25 Khi bo co Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th ba, i Hi ng s r sot li Tuyn b ny. Vic m rng phm vi ca Tuyn b s c quyt nh bi s ng thun c tnh ti tin b ca Chng trnh lm vic.
2.2.
Tuyn b ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th t
Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th ba t chc ti Seatle (Hoa K) vo thng 11 nm 1999 tht bi, cc B trng khng ra c tuyn b chung v WTO khng th pht ng c vng m phn thng mi ton cu mi. Ti thng 11 nm 2001, ti Doha (Quatar), Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th t din ra thnh cng. Vng m phn thng mi ton cu mi vi tn gi Vng m phn Doha v s pht trin c pht ng. ng thi, Hi ngh ghi nhn nhiu cng vic do i Hi ng v cc c quan lin quan ca WTO trin khai t nm 1998 v khng nh li cam kt khng p t thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t.
Tuyn b ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th t 26
Doha, 14/11/2001
Chng ta ghi nhn cc cng vic do i Hi ng v cc c quan lin quan ca WTO thc hin t Tuyn b ca cc B trng ti Geneva ngy 20 thng 5 nm 1998 v ng tip tc trin khai Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t. Cng vic trin khai cho ti nay cho thy thng mi in t to ra nhiu c hi v thch thc mi cho thng mi ca cc thnh vin mi mc pht trin. Chng ta tha nhn tm quan trng ca vic to ra v duy tr mi trng thun li cho s pht trin ca thng mi in t trong tng lai. Chng ta yu cu i Hi ng xem xt thnh lp th ch thch hp nht trin khai Chng trnh lm vic v bo co tin trin khai cho Hi ngh B trng ln th nm. Chng ta tuyn b cc thnh vin s duy tr hin trng khng p t thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t cho ti khi t chc Hi ngh B trng ln th nm.
2.3.
Tuyn b ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th su
Vng m phn Doha din ra ht sc phc tp. Theo d kin ban u, vng m phn ny s kt thc vo cui nm 2004. Tuy nhin, s khc bit v quan im v quyn li gia cc thnh vin rt su sc. Cng vi vic Trung Quc tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca WTO, nhm cc nc thnh vin ang pht trin tp hp lc lng v th hin r hn v th m phn. Ngoi ra, s b tc trong vn t do ho thng mi nng sn v gim mnh tr cp trong nng nghip khin cho vng m phn khng tin trin. Trong bi cnh , cc hot ng trin khai Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t ca i Hi ng v cc c quan lin quan cng tr tr. Tuy nhin, cc B trng vn nht tr duy tr th ch c thit lp ngay
25 26
Nguyn vn ting Anh: Without prejudice to the outcome of the programme or the rights and obligations of Members under WTO Agreements, we also declare that Members will continue their current practice of not imposing customs duties on electronic transmissions Ti liu ca WTO vi m WT/MIN(01)/DEC/1, on 34, c th tham kho ti www.wto.org
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sau Hi ngh B trng ln th hai tip tc trin khai Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t v duy tr hin trng khng p t thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t cho ti khi t chc Hi ngh B trng ln tip theo.
Tuyn b ca Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th su 27 HongKong, 18/12/2005 Chng ta ghi nhn cc bo co ca i Hi ng v cc c quan lin quan i vi Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t v vic cha hon thnh r sot nh gi cc vn theo Chng trnh lm vic. Chng ta nht tr phi ni li cng vic mt cch mnh m, bao gm cc vn lin quan ti pht trin theo Chng trnh lm vic v tho lun v chnh sch thng mi i vi vic mua bn phn mm trc tuyn. Chng ta nht tr duy tr th ch hin ti trin khai Chng trnh lm vic. Chng ta tuyn b cc Thnh vin s duy tr hin trng khng p t thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t cho ti khi t chc Hi ngh B trng ln tip theo.
Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t ca WTO rt rng, bao qut nhiu lnh vc v cc c quan chuyn mn. Trong qu trnh trin khai Chng trnh lm vic, nhiu kha cnh lin quan ti thng mi in t c xem xt, bao gm cc kha cnh lin quan ti thng mi hng ho, thng mi dch v, s hu tr tu v pht trin. Hp di y gii thiu ton b Chng trnh lm vic ny.
Hp 2.1 Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t i Hi ng WTO thng qua ngy 25 thng 9 nm 1998 1.1 Tuyn b ca cc B trng v thng mi in t ton cu ti Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th hai yu cu i Hi ng xy dng Chng trnh lm vic ton din xem xt ton b cc vn lin quan ti thng mi ca thng mi in t ton cu, c tnh ti nhu cu ca cc nc ang pht trin v kinh t, ti chnh v pht trin. i Hi ng s xy dng mt bo co v s tin b ca Chng trnh lm vic v cc khuyn ngh trin khai trnh ln Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th ba. Do , i Hi ng xy dng chng trnh lm vic cho cc c quan lin quan ca WTO t mc 2 ti mc 5 di y. Cc vn khc c th c cp nht theo yu cu ca cc Thnh vin ti bt k c quan c nu. Cc c quan khc ca WTO s thng bo cho i Hi ng nhng hot ng ca mnh lin quan ti thng mi in t. 1.2 i Hi ng s ng vai tr trung tm trong ton b tin trnh v lin tc nh gi, r sot Chng trnh lm vic ti cc k hp ca mnh. Ngoi ra, i Hi ng s cn nhc mi vn lin quan ti thng mi v lin quan ti nhiu c quan chuyn mn. c bit, mi kha cnh ca Chng trnh lm vic lin quan ti vic p thu nhp khu i vi vic truyn d liu in t s do chnh i Hi ng xem xt. i Hi ng s tin hnh r sot gia k v vic thc hin Chng trnh lm vic vo 31 thng 3 nm 1999. Cc c quan c nu t mc 2 ti 5 s bo co hoc cung cp thng tin ti i Hi ng vo 30 thng 7 nm 1999. 1.3 Vi mc ch trin khai Chng trnh lm vic v bt k kt qu t c ca Chng trnh ny ra sao, thut ng thng mi in t c hiu l phng tin sn xut, phn phi, tip th, bn
27
Ti liu ca WTO vi m WT/MIN(05)/DEC/1, on 46, c th tm kim ti www.wto.org
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hay phn pht hng ho v dch v thng qua cc phng tin in t. Chng trnh lm vic cng bao gm vic cn nhc cc vn lin quan ti s pht trin h tng cho thng mi in t. 1.4 Khi trin khai cng vic ca mnh, cc c quan c nu cn phi tnh ti cng vic ca cc t chc lin chnh ph khc. ng thi, cn phi cn nhc ti cc bin php c c thng tin t cc t chc phi chnh ph lin quan. Hi ng Thng mi dch v 2.1 Hi ng Thng mi dch v s xem xt v bo co v nhng bin php lin quan ti thng mi in t theo cc quy nh php l ca Hip nh chung v Thng mi dch v (GATS). Cn phi xem xt cc vn sau: phm vi (bao gm cc phng thc cung cp) (iu I); MFN (iu II); r rng, minh bch (iu III); tng cng s tham gia ca cc nc ang pht trin (iu IV); cc qui nh trong nc, cc tiu chun v tha nhn ln nhau (iu VI v VII); cnh tranh (iu VIII v IX); bo v o c c nhn v cng ng, ngn cn cc hnh vi xu (iu XIV); cc cam kt tip cn th trng v cung cp dch v trc tuyn (bao gm cc cam kt v dch v vin thng c bn v gi tr gia tng, dch v phn phi) (iu XVII); i x quc gia (iu XVII); tip cn v s dng cc mng trc v dch v vin thng cng cng (Ph lc v vin thng); thu nhp khu; cc vn phn loi dch v. Hi ng Thng mi hng ho 3.1 Hi ng Thng mi hng ho s xem xt v bo co v nhng bin php lin quan ti thng mi in t theo cc quy nh ca GATT 1994, cc hip nh thng mi a phng ti Ph lc 1A ca Hip nh WTO v chng trnh lm vic c chp thun. Cc vn cn phi xem xt bao gm: tip cn th trng cho thng mi in t v tip cn ti cc sn phm lin quan ti thng mi in t; cc vn xc nh gi tr tnh thu nhp khu khi p dng Hip nh thc hin iu VII ca GATT 1994; cc vn gn vi vic p dng Hip nh v Th tc cp php nhp khu; thu nhp khu, cc loi thu v ph khc theo iu II ca GATT 1994; cc tiu chun lin quan ti thng mi in t; cc vn v qui tc xut x; cc vn v phn loi.
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Hi ng v S hu tr tu (TRIPS) 4.1 Hi ng TRIPS s xem xt v bo co v cc vn s hu tr tu lin quan ti thng mi in t. Cc vn cn nghin cu bao gm: bo v v thc thi bn quyn v cc quyn lin quan; bo v v thc thi thng hiu; cc cng ngh mi v tip cn ti cng ngh. U ban Thng mi v Pht trin 5.1 U ban Thng mi v Pht trin s xem xt v bo co v nhng tc ng ca thng mi in t ti s pht trin, tnh ti nhng nhu cu v kinh t, ti chnh v pht trin ca cc nc ang pht trin. Cc vn cn nghin cu bao gm: nhng tc ng ca thng mi in t i vi tng trng kinh t v thng mi ca cc nc ang pht trin, c bit l i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh (SMEs), cc bin php mang li hiu qu cao nht t thng mi in t; nhng th thch v cch thc tng cng s tham gia ca cc nc ang pht trin i vi thng mi in t, c bit l cc nh xut khu cc sn phm c cung cp trc tuyn: vai tr ca vic tip cn tt hn ti h tng v chuyn giao cng ngh, s di chuyn ca th nhn cung cp dch v; vic s dng cng ngh thng tin trong qu trnh hi nhp ca cc nc ang pht trin vo h thng thng mi a bin; nhng nh hng i vi cc nc ang pht trin bi tc ng c th c ca thng mi in t i vi cc phng thc phn phi truyn thng cc hng ho hu hnh; nhng nh hng v mt ti chnh ca thng mi in t i vi cc nc ang pht trin. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/wkprog_e.htm
Ngoi vic thu c li ch trc tip t cc quy nh trn ca WTO v thng mi in t, nhiu cam kt ca Vit Nam khi gia nhp WTO c ngha rt ln i vi s pht trin thng mi in t trong di hn. Cc phn cn li ca Chng ny s tm tt nhng cam kt lin quan trc tip nht ti thng mi in t v nh gi tc ng ca nhng cam kt .28
II.
TC NG CA CC CAM KT TRONG LNH VC THNG MI DCH V
Cc cam kt ny c trch dn t Biu cam kt v dch v.29

28
Nhm gip cho c gi thun tin trong vic tra cu, cc cam kt gii thiu trong Bo co ny s dng ti liu ting Vit Cc vn kin gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii ca Vit Nam, U ban Quc gia v Hp tc kinh t quc t, H Ni 2006 (vit tt l Cc vn kin gia nhp WTO). Cc vn kin gia nhp WTO bao gm Ngh nh th v vic gia nhp ca nc Cng ho X hi Ch ngha Vit Nam (vit tt l Ngh nh th), Bo co ca Ban Cng tc (vit tt l BC BCT), Biu cam kt v thu quan, Biu cam kt c th v dch v (vit tt l Biu cam kt v dch v), v.v...
29 Bo co nh gi tc ng ca cc ngha v v cam kt theo Hip nh chung v thng mi dch v ca D n H tr chnh sch thng mi a bin giai on II (MUTRAP II), thng 7 nm 2007, cung cp nhiu thng tin lin quan ti cc quy nh v lnh vc thng mi dch v ca WTO, cc cam kt ca Vit Nam, cc vn bn quy phm php lut hin ti v cc khuyn ngh sa i nhng vn bn tun th cc cam kt gia nhp. (Implication Assessment of Viet Nams GATS Obligations and Commitments, Final Report, Hanoi, 16th July 2007).
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1.
1.1.
Cam kt chung
Thnh lp chi nhnh
* Cam kt: Cha cam kt thnh lp chi nhnh, tr khi c quy nh khc ti tng ngnh v phn ngnh c th. * Tc ng: Vit Nam t ra thn trng i vi vic cho php cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi hot ng Vit Nam di hnh thc chi nhnh. Cam kt ny c th c nhng hn ch nht nh trong vic tip cn th trng i vi cc nh cung cp dch v trc tuyn. 1.2. Mua c phn
Cam kt lin quan trc tip nht ti thng mi in t ti phn cam kt chung l cam kt ca Vit Nam v vic mua c phn ca cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi. * Cam kt: Nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi c php gp vn di hnh thc mua c phn trong cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Trong trng hp ny, tng mc vn c phn do cc nh u t nc ngoi nm gi trong mt doanh nghip khng c vt qu 30% vn iu l ca doanh nghip , tr khi php lut Vit Nam c quy nh khc hoc c c quan c thm quyn ca Vit Nam cho php. Mt nm sau khi gia nhp, hn ch 30% c phn nc ngoi trong vic mua c phn ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam s c bi b, ngoi tr i vi vic gp vn mua c phn trong cc ngn hng thng mi c phn v vi nhng ngnh khng cam kt trong Biu cam kt ny. Vi nhng ngnh v phn ngnh khc cam kt trong Biu cam kt ny, mc c phn do cc nh u t nc ngoi nm gi khi mua c phn ti doanh nghip Vit Nam phi ph hp vi cc hn ch v t l tham gia gp vn ca nc ngoi c quy nh trong cc ngnh v phn ngnh , bao gm c hn ch di dng thi gian chuyn i, nu c. * Tc ng: Kinh doanh thng mi in t l mt lnh vc ht sc mi m Vit Nam. Phn ln cc doanh nghip trong nc l nhng doanh nghip mi thnh lp, thiu vn, thiu ngun nhn lc c cht lng cao v c nhng tng sng to mang tnh t ph. Mc d mt s doanh nghip nm bt c c hi v c th tng trng nhanh, i vi phn ln doanh nghip th y l lnh vc c ri ro rt cao. Do , vic cam kt thng thong cho nh u t ca nc ngoi mua c phn vi t l khng hn ch s to c hi cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam kinh doanh trong lnh vc thng mi in t tip cn c ngun vn qu gi trong giai on u tin, qua thc y s pht trin thng mi in t.
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Vi nm gn y cc qu u t mo him nc ngoi xut hin Vit Nam v tin hnh mua c phn mt s doanh nghip kinh doanh trc tuyn.30 Khi bi b hn ch mua 30% c phn ti doanh nghip Vit Nam vo nm 2008, s tham gia ca cc qu ny trong lnh vc thng mi in t c th mnh m hn.31
2.
2.1.
Dch v h tr kinh doanh

Phng thc cung cp qua bin gii 32
* Cam kt: V tng th Vit Nam khng hn ch cung cp dch v h tr kinh doanh qua bin gii, tr cc phn ngnh sau: Dch v cho thu my mc v thit b khc (CPC 83109):33 cha cam kt i vi tip cn th trng v i x quc gia, ngoi tr cho thu my mc v thit b cng nghip (khng bao gm thit b khai thc m v thit b dn khoan; cc thit b vin thng, truyn hnh v truyn thanh thng mi). Dch v phn tch v kim nh k thut (CPC 8676 ngoi tr vic kim nh v cp giy chng nhn cho phng tin vn ti): cha cam kt i vi tip cn th trng. Ngoi ra, i vi dch v lin quan ti khai thc m (CPC 883) v dch v lin quan n t vn khoa hc k thut (ch i vi CPC 86751, 86752 v 86753), cc cng ty cung cp dch v khng c hin din thng mi ti Vit Nam c th phi ng k vi c quan c thm quyn ca Chnh ph Vit Nam theo quy nh c lin quan ca php lut Vit Nam.
30
Chng hn, Qu u t IDG Ventures Vit Nam (IDGVV) thnh lp thng 8/2004 vi s vn 100 triu USD, u t ch yu vo cc doanh nghip t nhn mi thnh lp mun tm kim ngun vn pht trin v m rng phm vi hot ng trong cc lnh vc nh kinh doanh trc tuyn, cng ngh thng tin. Xem Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2005, trang 87. Ngy 30/10/2007, IDGVV cng b u t vo www.cyvee.com mng cng ng dnh cho gii kinh doanh v chuyn mn. Nh vy, tnh ti thng 10/2007, tng vn m IDG u u t vo 14 doanh nghip l 30 triu USD trong tng s 100 triu USD ca Qu v ang xem xt tip khong 10 doanh nghip u t. D kin ti cui nm 2007 s nng tng s doanh nghip m IDG u t ln 25 doanh nghip. Nm 2008, s u t vo khong 10 doanh nghip. Bo Thng mi s 89, ngy 6/11/2007.
31 Vic bi b gii hn 30% c phn nc ngoi thu ht s ch ca c phng tin thng tin i chng. Chng hn, Thi bo Kinh t Si gn vit: ...ng ch nht trong cc cam kt s thc hin vo u nm ti l b gii hn 30% c phn nc ngoi ti doanh nghip Vit Nam, Hnh trang no ra khi? Thi bo Kinh t Si gn s 43-2007 ngy 18/10/2007. 32
Hip nh chung v thng mi dch v ca WTO (GATS) quy nh bn phng thc cung cp dch v, bao gm: 1) cung cp qua bin gii; 2) tiu dng ngoi lnh th; 3) hin din thng mi; 4) hin din th nhn. Phng thc cung cp qua bin gii (gi tt l Phng thc 1) l phng thc theo dch v c cung cp t lnh th ca mt Thnh vin ny sang lnh th ca mt Thnh vin khc. V d, vn ti hng ho hoc hnh khch t Trung Quc sang Vit Nam. Phng thc tiu dng ngoi lnh th (gi tt l Phng thc 2) l phng thc theo ngi tiu dng ca mt Thnh vin di chuyn sang lnh th ca mt Thnh vin khc tiu dng dch v. V d, khch du lch nc ngoi sang Vit Nam tham quan v mua sm. Phng thc hin din thng mi (gi tt l Phng thc 3) l phng thc theo nh cung cp dch v ca mt Thnh vin thit lp cc hnh thc hin din nh cng ty 100% vn nc ngoi, cng ty lin doanh, chi nhnh, v.v... trn lnh th ca mt Thnh vin khc cung cp dch v. V d, ngn hng Hoa K thnh lp chi nhnh kinh doanh ti Vit Nam. Phng thc hin din th nhn (gi tt l Phng thc 4) l phng thc theo th nhn cung cp dch v ca mt Thnh vin di chuyn sang lnh th ca mt Thnh vin khc cung cp dch v. V d, cc ngh s, chuyn gia nc ngoi sang Vit Nam hot ng. Xem Cc vn kin gia nhp WTO, trang 8. Hu ht cc thnh vin WTO, k c Vit Nam, khng hn ch tip cn th trng theo phng thc 2, trong khi li rt hn ch cung cp dch v theo phng thc 4. V vy, Bo co ny tp trung phn tch cc cam kt ca Vit Nam i vi phng thc 1 v 3. CPC l vit tt ca Central Product Classification. Lin Hp Quc tin hnh hi ho ho quc t vic phn loi cc sn phm, bao gm hng ho, dch v v ti sn. WTO da vo cch phn loi CPC ny trong cc cuc m phn v thng mi dch v. Cng Thng mi in t quc gia (ECVN) do B Cng Thng qun l s dng h thng m CPC phn loi cc sn phm dch v giao dch trc tuyn ca cc doanh nghip thnh vin. Chi tit v phn loi theo CPC c th xem ti www.ecvn.com
33
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* Tc ng: Khi cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng, c bit l Internet pht trin, phng thc cung cp dch v qua bin gii lin quan cht ch ti thng mi in t. i vi mt s dch v c th, vic hn ch cung cp dch v theo phng thc ny c th s gy ra cn tr, thm ch trit tiu, thng mi gia cc nc (xem v d chi tit Hp 2.2). Tuy nhin, nhng hn ch trn ca Vit Nam t tc ng ti s pht trin thng mi in t trong nc cng nh cc giao dch mua bn trc tuyn gia Vit Nam vi cc nc khc.
Hp 2.2 V tranh chp u tin trong WTO v cung cp dch v trc tuyn qua bin gii Hoa K: Cc bin php tc ng ti cung cp qua bin gii dch v nh bc v c cc Ngy 7/4/2005 nh du mt s kin ln lin quan ti thng mi in t gia hai nc u l thnh vin WTO nhng rt khc nhau v mi phng din, thnh vin th nht l Hoa K - siu cng duy nht ca th gii v thnh vin th hai l mt o quc b xu vng Caribbean - nc Antigua vi dn s ch c 67000 ngi. S kin ny khng ch nh hng ti hai thnh vin ny m cn tc ng mnh m v su sc ti lnh vc nh bc trc tuyn trn Internet, cc hot ng cung cp dch v trc tuyn gia cc nc thnh vin, Hip nh chung v thng mi dch v (GATS) v c h thng WTO. Nh c t cch l thnh vin WTO, mt nc nh nh Antigua c c hi s dng c ch gii quyt tranh chp ca WTO v c coi l nc ginh thng li trong v tranh chp lch s. Nguyn nhn ca v tranh chp l Hoa K cm cc nh cung cp dch v nh bc c c s Antigua cung cp qua Internet dch v ny cho khch hng Hoa K, vi cc l do nh bo v o c v trt t an ton x hi, bo v tr em v chng ra tin. Trong khi , Hoa K cho php cng dn ca bang ny tham gia c ua nga do cc nh cung cp dch v ca bang khc cung cp trn Internet. Theo Antigua, Hoa K vi phm nguyn tc khng phn bit i x quc gia v phi bi b bin php cm trn. Tm tt v tranh chp: Ngy 21/3/2003, Antigua v Barbuda (gi tt l Antigua) yu cu tham vn vi Hoa K lin quan ti cc bin php ca nc ny tc ng ti vic cung cp qua bin gii dch v nh bc v c cc. Antigua cho rng cc bin php ca Hoa K ngn cn vic cung cp qua bin gii dch v ny t cc thnh vin WTO. Theo Antigua, cc bin php do Hoa K p dng c th khng ph hp vi cc ngha v ca Hoa K theo GATS, c th l iu II, VI, VIII, XI, XVI v XVII, cng nh Biu cam kt c th v dch v ca Hoa K.34 Kt lun s thm Ngy 21/7/2003, C quan gii quyt tranh chp ca WTO (DSB) thnh lp Ban s thm gii quyt v tranh chp ny. Ngy 10/11/2004, Ban s thm cng b bo co vi cc kt lun sau: Biu cam kt c th v dch v ca Hoa K theo GATS bao gm c dch v nh bc v c cc ti phn ngnh D. Cc dch v gii tr v phc hi sc kho khc (tr th thao);
34 Ti Biu cam kt c th v dch v, Hoa K khng hn ch tip cn th trng v i x quc gia theo phng thc cung cp qua bin gii i vi phn ngnh cc dch v gii tr v hi phc sc kho khc. Hoa K cho rng dch v nh bc khng thuc phn ngnh dch v ny. Tuy nhin, Antigua khng nh ngc li rng theo GATS v cc ti liu lin quan, phn ngnh trn bao gm c dch v nh bc. Xem ti liu WT/DS285/AB/R v cc l l ca mi bn v cam kt lin quan ca Hoa K (trang 138).
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Mt s lut ca Lin bang v Bang cm cung cp dch v nh bc qua bin gii, do vy mu thun vi cam kt ca Hoa K theo GATS v Biu cam kt c th rng Hoa K s dnh cho dch v v nh cung cp dch v ca cc thnh vin WTO (bao gm Antigua) s i x khng km thun li hn nh cung cp dch v trong nc (lin quan ti tip cn th trng); Antigua tht bi trong vic chng minh rng cc bin php ny ca Hoa K l khng ph hp vi iu VI:1 v VI:3 ca GATS (tc l lin quan ti qui nh trong nc); Hoa K khng chng minh c cc lut lin quan ca Hoa K l cn thit theo qui nh ngoi l ca GATS v l do nh bo v o c v trt t an ton x hi, cng nh khng chng minh c cc lut ph hp vi tinh thn iu XIV ca GATS; Ban s thm kt lun Hoa K khng c hn ch vic chuyn tin ca khch hng Hoa K tr cho dch v nh bc c cung cp qua Internet t Antigua theo iu XVI, ng thi khng c phn bit i x quc gia theo iu XVII ca GATS. Kt lun phc thm C Hoa K v Antigua u khng tho mn vi kt lun ca Ban s thm v ngh DSB x phc thm. Ngy 7/4/2005, Ban phc thm cng b bo co vi cc kt lun sau: Nht tr vi nh gi ca Ban s thm rng vic cm hon ton cung cp qua bin gii dch v nh bc v c cc khng to ra bin php dn ti gii quyt tranh chp theo GATS; Nht tr vi nh gi ca Ban s thm, rng Biu cam kt c th v dch v ca Hoa K cam kt t do ho hon ton vic tip cn th trng i vi dch v nh bc v c cc; Nht tr vi nh gi ca Ban s thm rng cc lut ca Hoa K khng ph hp vi cam kt tip cn th trng ca Hoa K theo iu XVI:1 v XVI:2 v duy tr cc bin php hn ch tip cn th trng khng c trong Biu cam kt c th v dch v ca mnh; Kt lun rng Hoa K khng ch ra c cc bin php ca mnh tho mn cc iu kin ca iu XVI v nhng ngoi l ca GATS. Tnh hnh thc hin phn quyt ca Ban phc thm Ti cuc hp ca DSB ngy 19/5/2005, Hoa K cho bit cn mt khong thi gian hp l thc hin cc khuyn ngh ca DSB. Vi s dn xp ca trng ti theo iu 21.3 (b) ca Hip nh v gii quyt tranh chp ca WTO (DSU), khong thi gian hp l l 11 thng v 2 tun k t 20/4/2005, tc l hn cui cng cho Hoa K thc hin cc khuyn ngh ca DSB s l 3/4/2006. Ti 24/5/2006, hai bn thng bo ti DSB nhng bt ng v vic thc thi phn quyt. Vo ngy 16/8/2006, Ban s thm v vic thc thi phn quyt c thnh lp theo iu 21.5 ca DSU. Ngy 30/3/2007, Ban s thm cng b bo co vi kt lun Hoa K khng tun th cc phn quyt ca DSB. tr a s chm tr ca Hoa K, ngy 21/6/2007, Antigua yu cu DSB theo iu 22.2 ca DSU cho php min tr khng p dng cc cam kt v ngha v trong WTO lin quan ti GATS v Hip nh cc bin php s hu tr tu lin quan ti thng mi (TRIPS) ca mnh vi Hoa K. Vo ngy 23/7/2007, Hoa K : i) phn i mc min tr khng p dng cc cam kt do Antigua xut; ii) khiu ni rng xut ca Antigua khng tun theo cc nguyn tc v th tc ti iu 22.3 ca DSU. Ngy 24/7/2007, DSB ng chuyn khiu ni ca Hoa K ti trng ti. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dispu_e/cases_e/ds285_e.htm
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2.2.
Phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng mi
2.2.1. Dch v php l (CPC 861, khng bao gm: 1) tham gia t tng vi t cch l ngi bo cha hay i din cho khch hng ca mnh trc To n Vit Nam; 2) dch v giy t php l v cng chng lin quan ti php lut Vit Nam): *Cam kt: T chc lut s nc ngoi c php thnh lp hin din thng mi ti Vit Nam di cc hnh thc: chi nhnh; cng ty con; cng ty lut nc ngoi; cng ty hp danh gia t chc lut s nc ngoi v cng ty lut hp danh ca Vit Nam. Hin din thng mi ca t chc lut s nc ngoi c php t vn lut Vit Nam nu lut s t vn tt nghip i hc lut ca Vit Nam v p ng c cc yu cu p dng cho lut s hnh ngh tng t ca Vit Nam. * Tc ng: Bn cnh nhng li ch to ln, mua bn trc tuyn cng c nhiu ri ro, chng hn nh nn vi phm bn quyn, thng tin c nhn b s dng bt hp php, la o trn mng, th rc, mt ti sn o, v.v... Ti mt s nc tin tin, cc lut s c kh nhiu kinh nghim gii quyt cc tranh chp thng mi trong lnh vc cng ngh cao, bao gm thng mi in t. Trong khi , cc lut s Vit Nam cha c kinh nghim trong vic gii quyt cc tranh chp trong lnh vc thng mi in t. Cam kt thng thong trong lnh vc dch v php l s thu ht cc t chc lut s nc ngoi vo Vit Nam, qua nng cao cht lng dch v ny, gin tip h tr gii quyt cc tranh chp thng mi in t gia cc i tc trong nc vi nhau v c bit l gia i tc trong nc vi nc ngoi. 2.2.2. Dch v my tnh v cc dch v lin quan (CPC 841-845, CPC 849) *Cam kt: Vit Nam khng hn ch tip cn th trng v hn ch i x quc gia i vi phn ngnh dch v ny, ngoi tr: Trong vng 2 nm k t ngy gia nhp WTO, cc doanh nghip 100% vn u t nc ngoi ch c cung cp dch v cho cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Sau 3 nm k t khi gia nhp, cho php thnh lp chi nhnh. Trng chi nhnh phi l ngi thng tr ti Vit Nam. * Tc ng: My tnh l mt trong nhng phng tin ch yu tin hnh thng mi in t. Vic Vit Nam cam kt thng thong i vi dch v my tnh v cc dch v lin quan s c nh hng tch cc ti h tng cho thng mi in t.35
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Tuy nhin, cho ti nay t c doanh nghip lin doanh hay 100% vn u t nc ngoi cung cp dch v my tnh v cc dch v lin quan. Mt mt, cc cng ty tin hc Vit Nam c nng lc chuyn mn cung cp dch v ny vi chi ph thp. Th hai, nhng t chc s dng nhiu my tnh nh cc c quan nh nc, cc ngn hng thng mi, cc tng cng ty ln, v.v... thng c b phn chuyn trch v cng ngh thng tin. Th ba, th trng cho dch v my tnh v cc dch v lin quan tng trng nhanh nhng quy m cha ln. Cui cng, phn ln t chc v c nhn Vit Nam cha c thi quen thu dch v bn ngoi m vn t cung t cp, v d nh t cung cp dch v li xe, v sinh, bo v, v.v... Thi quen ny hn ch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca cc nh cung cp dch v chuyn nghip trong nhiu phn ngnh dch v.
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2.2.3. Dch v qung co (CPC 871, tr dch v qung co thuc l) * Cam kt: Vit Nam khng hn ch tip cn th trng v hn ch i x quc gia i vi phn ngnh dch v ny, ngoi tr: K t ngy gia nhp, cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi c thnh lp lin doanh hoc tham gia hp ng hp tc kinh doanh vi i tc Vit Nam c php kinh doanh dch v qung co. K t ngy gia nhp, cho php thnh lp lin doanh trong phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi khng c vt qu 51% vn php nh ca lin doanh. K t ngy 1/1/2009, khng hn ch t l gp vn ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh. * Tc ng: Dch v qung co chim t trng kh cao trong lnh vc dch v. Hin nay, cc nh qung co nc ngoi chim th phn kh ln trn th trng qung co Vit Nam.36 Vi cam kt rt thng thong trong phn ngnh dch v qung co, c phng thc cung cp qua bin gii ln hin din thng mi, trong nhng nm ti c th h s chim th phn cao hn na. Cc nh qung co trong nc s phi cnh tranh rt gay gt vi cc nh qung co nc ngoi, c bit trong lnh vc qung co trc tuyn. Nguyn nhn chnh l qung co trc tuyn ang chim th phn ngy cng tng so vi cc hnh thc qung co truyn thng nh qua bo, p-phch, t ri, v.v... Vi nhng u th ni bt nh chi ph qung co trung bnh rt thp v s tch hp ca cng ngh my tnh v truyn hnh, tng lai ca qung co s thuc v qung co trc tuyn. y l tin cho s pht trin mnh m ca dch v qung co trc tuyn trong nhng nm ti vi u th thuc v cc nh qung co nc ngoi.37 2.2.4. Dch v trng ti v ho gii i vi tranh chp thng mi gia cc thng nhn (CPC 86602**) * Cam kt: Vit Nam khng hn ch tip cn th trng v hn ch i x quc gia i vi phn ngnh dch v ny, ngoi tr: Sau 3 nm k t khi gia nhp, cho php thnh lp chi nhnh. Trng chi nhnh phi l ngi thng tr ti Vit Nam. Trong vng 3 nm k t ngy gia nhp, Vit Nam cha cam kt, sau khng hn ch v tip cn th trng.
Hin nay Vit Nam c hn 3000 doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh vc qung co nhng ch nm gi 1/5 th phn, phn cn li thuc v vi chc cng ty qung co a quc gia. Cc cng ty qung co Vit Nam cn y mnh o to ngun nhn lc, xy dng c s h tng, tng cng hp tc vi nc ngoi thu ht vn, k thut, kinh nghim qun l. Sn chi ca nhng tng, Nhp cu u t, s 47 (10 - 16 thng 9) 2007.
37 C Yahoo! v Google u a ra cc dch v bng ting Vit vi mc tiu thu ht ngi s dng Vit Nam, t thc y doanh nghip trong nc tham gia qung co ti trang thng tin in t hoc cc dch v qung co ca nhng cng ty ny, Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006, trang 74.
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* Tc ng: Cam kt ny b sung cho cam kt trong phn ngnh dch v php l v c tc ng tng t. Trng ti v ho gii c th l cc bin php gii quyt tranh chp quan trng trong thng mi in t, c bit khi h thng php lut v thng mi in t thng khng theo kp s thay i v cng ngh.
3.
Cc dch v thng tin
Cc cam kt ca Vit Nam kh thng thong i vi dch v chuyn pht v dch v vin thng, trong khi kh cht ch i vi dch v nghe nhn. 3.1. Cc dch v chuyn pht
* Cam kt: Vit Nam cam kt i vi dch v chuyn pht nhanh v dch v x l cc vt phm khng ghi a ch ngi nhn.38 Vit Nam m ca hon ton i vi vic cung cp dch v chuyn pht theo phng thc cung cp qua bin gii.39 Vit Nam cng khng hn ch tip cn th trng v i x quc gia i vi vic cung cp theo phng thc hin din thng mi, ngoi tr t l vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh c th b hn ch mc 51% trong vng 5 nm sau khi gia nhp. 5 nm sau khi gia nhp, cho php thnh lp cng ty 100% vn u t nc ngoi. Hn na, Vit Nam cam kt dch v v nh cung cp dch v ca cc Thnh vin s c dnh cho s i x khng km thun li hn s i x dnh cho Bu chnh Vit Nam hoc cc cng ty con ca Bu chnh Vit Nam i vi cc hot ng cnh tranh. * Tc ng: Thng mi in t l mt mi trng hon ho tin hnh mua bn cc sn phm v hnh, c bit l cc sn phm s ho khi m ton b chu trnh mua bn c th tin hnh hon ton trc tuyn.40 i vi sn phm hu hnh, tn ti mt s khu trong chu trnh mua bn khng th tin hnh trn mng c, in hnh l vic chuyn hng ho t ngi bn ti ngi mua.
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Cc dch v chuyn pht nhanh c th bao gm, ngoi yu t tc x l nhanh hn v tin cy cao hn, cc yu t gia tng gi tr nh thu gom tn tay ngi gi, pht tn tay ngi nhn, truy tm v nh v, kh nng thay i ni nhn v a ch nhn trong khi ang vn chuyn, bo pht. Vic cung cp dch v qua bin gii c th c thc hin thng qua s lin kt vi mt nh cung cp dch v trong nc i vi cc khu thu gom v pht.
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C th phn sn phm thnh hai dng hu hnh v v hnh. Sn phm hu hnh l sn phm c khi lng, th tch, hnh dng, c th tn ti (lu gi) trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v khi mua bn khng cn c s tip xc trc tip gia ngi mua v ngi bn. Ngc li, sn phm v hnh khng c khi lng, th tch, hnh dng, tn ti trong khon thi gian cc ngn (khng lu gi c) v khi mua bn cn c s tip xc trc tip gia ngi mua v ngi bn. Tuy nhin, vi s tin b v khoa hc v cng ngh, s phn bit bit ny ch l tng i.
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Thng mi in t i vi hng ho hu hnh cc hnh thc giao dch doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng (B2C) v ngi tiu dng vi ngi tiu dng (C2C) lin quan mt thit ti dch v chuyn pht nhanh. Chnh v vy, cam kt rt ci m ca Vit Nam trong lnh vc ny s h tr mnh cho c thng mi in t trong nc cng nh vi nc ngoi. 3.2. Dch v vin thng
Vit Nam cam kt thc hin cc ngha v nu trong Bn Tham chiu v dch v vin thng. Cam kt ny to c hi cho s cnh tranh lnh mnh i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng c bn v gi tr gia tng. 3.2.1. Dch v vin thng c bn * Cam kt: i vi phn ln cc dch v vin thng c bn, Vit Nam cam kt thng thong i vi tip cn th trng qua phng thc cung cp qua bin gii. Cc dch v ny bao gm: cc dch v thoi, dch v truyn s liu chuyn mch gi, dch v truyn s liu chuyn mch knh, cc dch v telex, telelegraph v facsimile, dch v thu knh ring, cc dch v khc nh dch v kt ni Internet (IXP), dch v hi ngh truyn hnh, dch v truyn dn tn hiu video tr truyn qung b, cc dch v thng tin v tuyn bao gm dch v thoi di ng, dch v s liu di ng, dch v nhn tin.41 i vi phng thc cung cp dch v qua hin din thng mi, vi cc dch v khng c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi c php lin doanh vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng c cp php ti Vit Nam, phn vn gp khng c vt qu 51% vn php nh ca lin doanh. 3 nm sau khi gia nhp, cho php lin doanh v t do chn i tc. Phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng vt qu 65% vn php nh ca lin doanh. Vi cc dch v c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cho php lin doanh vi nh cung cp dch v vin thng c cp php ti Vit Nam. Phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng vt qu 49% vn php nh ca lin doanh. i vi dch v mng ring o (VPN), Vit Nam khng hn ch tip cn th trng i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii.42 i vi phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng
Dch v kt ni Internet (IXP) l dch v cung cp ng kt ni gia cc nh cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet (IAS) vi mng trc Internet quc t. Dch v mng ring o (VPN): cc dch v, c cung cp trn c s thng mi, gm thit lp v qun l mt mng dng ring trn mng cng cng (mng dng chung) thit lp lin lc thoi v s liu trn c s phi li nhun gia cc thnh vin ca mt nhm s dng khp kn c xc nh t trc khi thit lp VPN. Nhm s dng khp kn c th l cc n v trong mt tp on hoc mt t chc, hoc mt nhm cc php nhn c quan h lin kt vi nhau cng thc hin li ch/mc tiu chung. Cc thnh vin ban u ca nhm s dng khp kn cng dch v VPN phi c lit k trong mt k hoch quay s hoc nh tuyn do c quan c thm quyn ph duyt v chu s gim st. Cc nh cung cp dch v VPN phi thng bo cho c quan c thm quyn nhng thay i v thnh vin t nht trc 2 tun lm vic trc khi thc s bt u cung cp dch v thng mi v ch c th bt u cung cp dch v nu trong 2 tun khng c s phn i ca c quan c thm quyn. Cc thnh vin khng c php bn li cc dch v VPN cho mt bn th ba khng lin quan. Cc mng VPN khng c php truyn/chuyn tip lu lng ca/gia cc bn th ba khng lin kt. Cc dch v VPN c th c cc nh khai thc dch v c vn u t nc ngoi cung cp trong mt gi cng vi dch v truy nhp Internet v cc dch v gi tr gia tng t (h) n (n) trong Biu cam kt dch v, II.2.C ca Vit Nam.
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mi, trong trng hp cc dch v khng c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, pho php lin doanh v t do chn i tc. Phn gp vn ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng c vt qu 70% vn php nh ca lin doanh. Trong trng hp cc dch v c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cho php lin doanh vi nh cung cp dch v vin thng c cp php ti Vit Nam. Phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng c vt qu 49% vn php nh ca lin doanh. * Tc ng: Mc d cn c mt s hn ch nht nh i vi phng thc hin din thng mi nhng tc ng chung l mi trng kinh doanh dch v vin thng tr nn cnh tranh hn vi s tham gia ca nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin thng trong nc v cc cng ty lin doanh vi cc nh u t nc ngoi. Cc dch v vin thng c bn s pht trin mnh m, song song vi s xut hin nhiu dch v mi, cht lng dch v s ngy cng tng trong khi gi cc s ngy cng gim, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin ca Internet.43 Do dch v vin thng c bn to ra h tng thit yu nht cho thng mi in t, nn tc ng ca cc cam kt i vi thng mi in t l rt tch cc. 3.2.2. Cc dnh v gi tr gia tng * Cam kt: Vit Nam khng a ra hn ch c bit no i vi phng thc cung cp dch v qua bin gii vi cc dch v vin thng gi tr gia tng. a) i vi cc dch v th in t, th thoi, thng tin trc tuyn v truy cp ly thng tin t c s d liu, trao i d liu in t, cc dch v facsimile gia tng gi tr, bao gm lu tr v chuyn, lu tr v khi phc, chuyn i m v giao thc, thng tin trc tuyn v x l d liu (bao gm x l giao dch), hn ch tip cn th trng i vi nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi hin din thng mi ti Vit Nam nh sau: Trong trng hp cc dch v khng c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cho php hp ng hp tc kinh doanh hoc lin doanh vi phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng c vt qu 51% vn php nh ca lin doanh. T l ny khng c vt qu 65% sau ba nm gia nhp. Trong trng hp cc dch v c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cho php hp ng hp tc kinh doanh hoc lin doanh vi phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng c vt qu 50% vn php nh ca lin doanh. b) i vi dch v truy nhp Internet (IAS), trong trng hp khng c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cho php lin doanh vi cc nh cung cp cc dch v vin thng c cp php ti Vit Nam.44 Phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng c vt qu
Cnh tranh trong vic cung cp dch v vin thng c bn s kch thch s pht trin ca Internet, xem phn tch chi tit trong ti liu Thng mi in t v Vai tr ca WTO, trang 17.
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Cc dch v cung cp truy nhp Internet cho cc khch hng u cui.
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51% vn php nh ca lin doanh. 3 nm sau khi gia nhp, cho php thnh lp lin doanh v t do la chn i tc vi phn vn gp khng c vt qu 65%. Trong trng hp cung cp dch v IAS c h tng mng, ngay sau khi gia nhp, cho php lin doanh vi cc nh cung cp cc dch v vin thng c cp php ti Vit Nam. Phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi trong lin doanh khng c vt qu 50% vn php nh ca lin doanh. * Tc ng: Mc d cn c hn ch ng k i vi t l gp vn v chn i tc lin doanh, cam kt l tng i ci m v to iu kin thun li cho s pht trin cc dch v vin thng gi tr gia tng, hu thun trc tip cho thng mi in t. c bit, nhu cu s dng dch v trao i d liu in t (EDI) khng c h tng mng c th tng rt nhanh trong nhng nm ti khi m hnh thng mi in t gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B) pht trin mnh Vit Nam. Cho ti nay, hu nh cha c doanh nghip no Vit Nam cung cp dch v ny. Yu cu nh cung cp dch v EDI nc ngoi phi lin doanh vi doanh nghip Vit Nam vi phn vn gp khng c vt qu 65% c th qu cht ch v gy ra cn tr i vi vic cung cp dch v ny, dn ti lm chm tc ng dng EDI ti Vit Nam. 3.3. Dch v nghe nhn
* Cam kt: Vit Nam cam kt kh cht ch i vi dch v nghe nhn. V phm vi, Vit Nam ch cam kt i vi dch v sn xut phim (CPC 96112, tr bng hnh), dch v pht hnh phim (CPC 96113, tr bng hnh), dch v chiu phim (CPC 96121) v dch v ghi m. i vi dch v sn xut, pht hnh v chiu phim, tt c cc phim phi c c quan c thm quyn ca Vit Nam kim duyt ni dung. Vit Nam cha cam kt i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii cho tt c cc dch v trn. * Tc ng: Cam kt ny khng nh hng i vi hot ng mua bn cc sn phm nghe nhn trc tuyn trong nc.45 Vic qun l hot ng mua bn cc sn phm nghe nhn trc tuyn qua bin gii trn Internet cng tng t nh chi tr chi trc tuyn.46 Mc d Vit Nam cha cam kt i vi phng thc qua bin gii nhng vi s hi t mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin v vin thng, cng vi s pht trin ca dch v thanh ton trc tuyn, khch hng Vit Nam c th d dng tip cn dch v nghe nhn c cung cp trc tuyn t nc ngoi.47
45
Dch v nghe nhn trc tuyn bt u hnh thnh v c xu hng pht trin mnh Vit Nam. Chng hn, c th xem truyn hnh trc tuyn ti www.vnntelevision.net, xem phim trc tuyn ti http://tv.fpt.net, nghe nhc trc tuyn ti www.soncamedia.com. Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006 c phn tch chi tit v hnh thc thng mi in t ny (trang 80 82). Xem chi tit ti mc 8.2 ca chng ny. Chng III s trnh by tng quan v tnh hnh pht trin thanh ton trc tuyn.
46 47
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4.
Dch v phn phi
* Cam kt: V phm vi sn phm, cc cam kt v dch v phn phi ca Vit Nam khng bao gm nhng sn phm sau: thuc l v x g, sch, bo v tp ch, vt phm ghi hnh, kim loi qu v qu, dc phm, thuc n, du th v du qua ch bin, go, ng ma v ng c ci. V phm vi dch v, Vit Nam cam kt i vi cc dch v i l hoa hng, dch v bn bun, dch v bn l v dch v nhng quyn thng mi. a) i vi dch v i l hoa hng, bn bun v bn l, Vit Nam cha cam kt v tip cn th trng v i x quc gia cho phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, ngoi tr phn phi cc sn phm phc v nhu cu c nhn v cc chng trnh phn mm my tnh hp php phc v nhu cu c nhn hoc v mc ch thng mi. Trong trng hp cung cp theo phng thc hin din thng mi, hn ch i vi nh phn phi nc ngoi nh sau: Phi thnh lp lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam v t l vn gp ca pha nc ngoi khng c vt qu 49%. K t ngy 1/1/2008, hn ch vn gp 49% s c bi b. K t ngy 1/1/2009, khng hn ch. K t ngy gia nhp, cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi trong lnh vc phn phi s c php cung cp dch v i l hoa hng, bn bun v bn l tt c cc sn phm sn xut ti Vit Nam v cc sn phm nhp khu hp php vo Vit Nam, ngoi tr: xi mng v clinke, lp (tr lp my bay), giy, my ko, phng tin c gii, t con v xe my, st thp, thit b nghe nhn, ru v phn bn. K t ngy 1/1/2009, cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi trong lnh vc phn phi s c php cung cp dch v i l hoa hng, bn bun v bn l my ko, phng tin c gii, t con v xe my. Trong vng 3 nm k t ngy gia nhp, cng ty c vn u t nc ngoi trong lnh vc phn phi s c php cung cp dch v i l hoa hng, bn bun v bn l tt c cc sn phm sn xut ti Vit Nam v nhp khu hp php vo Vit Nam. Vic thnh lp cc c s bn l (ngoi c s th nht) s c xem xt trn c s kim tra nhu cu kinh t (ENT). Vic xin php thnh lp nhiu hn mt c s bn l phi tun th quy trnh c v c cng b cng khai v vic cp php phi da trn cc tiu ch khch quan. Cc tiu ch chnh kim tra nhu cu kinh t l s lng cc nh cung cp dch v hin din trong mt khu vc a l, s n nh ca th trng v quy m a l. b) i vi dch v nhng quyn thng mi (CPC 8929), Vit Nam khng hn ch cung cp dch v qua phng thc cung cp qua bin gii. Trong trng hp hin din thng mi, cng ty nc ngoi phi thnh lp lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam v t l vn gp ca pha nc ngoi khng c vt qu 49%. K t ngy 1/1/2008, hn ch vn gp 49% s c bi b. K t ngy 1/1/2009, khng hn ch. Sau 3 nm k t ngy gia nhp, s cho php thnh lp chi nhnh, vi iu kin trng chi nhnh phi l ngi thng tr ti Vit Nam. 64
* Tc ng: Mc d rt thn trng khi cha cam kt i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii dch v i l hoa hng, bn bun v bn l (bao gm c hot ng bn hng a cp do cc i l hoa hng l c nhn Vit Nam tin hnh), nhng ngay ti thi im gia nhp Vit Nam cho php cc nh phn phi nc ngoi bn hng qua bin gii cc sn phm phc v nhu cu c nhn. iu ny cho php hnh thc giao dch thng mi in t B2C v C2C ca Vit Nam vi cc nc khc pht trin thun li. Tuy nhin, vic loi khi phm vi cam kt sch, bo v tp ch, vt phm ghi hnh, dc phm c th c nhng tc ng nht nh ti thng mi in t. V d, nh bn l sch khoa hc k thut nc ngoi trn website thng mi in t kh d on trc c liu Vit Nam c p dng bin php hn ch no trong tng lai hay khng, do h s khng u t vo ni dung ting Vit trn website cng nh tin hnh cc chin dch tip th qui m ln vo th trng Vit Nam.48 Trong trng hp vt phm ghi hnh, do s tin b nhanh chng ca cng ngh, cc chng trnh nghe nhn c th pht tn d dng trn Intetnet.49 Trong khi , cam kt i vi dch v phn phi theo hnh thc hin din thng mi rt ci m. K t u nm 2010, cc nh phn phi nc ngoi v c bn c tip cn y ti th trng Vit Nam, tr hn ch v vic thnh lp cc c s bn l ngoi c s th nht v mt s t sn phm ngoi phm vi cam kt. Cc nh phn phi Vit Nam, c bit l s lng rt ln cc nh bn l quy m nh s phi cnh tranh khc lit vi cc nh phn phi nc ngoi. Nhng vi nn kinh t tng trng nhanh v n nh, sc mua tng mnh v cam kt m ca th trng kh t do, lnh vc phn phi ti Vit Nam trong nhng nm ti s pht trin mnh m.50 Mt mt, ngi tiu dng s tip cn nhanh chng hnh thc mua hng trc tuyn tit kim thi gian hn v c nhiu c hi chn la sn phm, so snh gi c hn. Mt khc, cc nh phn phi cng nh chnh cc nh sn xut cng s ng dng mnh m thng mi in t bn c nhiu sn phm hn trong khi chi ph thp hn, ng thi c th cung cp cc dch v sau bn hng vi cht lng cao hn v lin tc 24/7.
5.
5.1.
Cc dch v ti chnh
Dch v bo him v cc dch v lin quan ti bo him
* Cam kt: V phm vi, Vit Nam cam kt cc dch v bo him gc, bao gm bo him nhn th (tr bo him y t) v bo him phi nhn th; ti bo him v nhng ti bo him; trung gian bo
48
i vi bo v thm ch c tp ch, tnh hnh c th khc vi sch. Vit Nam, nm 2004 l nm khi u ca bo in t, nm 2005 l nm pht trin v nm 2006 l nm khng nh v th (Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006, trang 88 91). S ln lt ca bo in t so vi bo giy cn din ra mnh hn nhiu nc khc. Chng hn, ngnh cng nghip bo in Hoa K ang tri qua nhng ngy m m, s khng hong cn su sc hn c khi truyn hnh xut hin m th phm l bo trn mng v blog. Bo ch M: c sc Internet, Thi bo Kinh t Si gn, s 37-2007, ngy 6/9/2007.
49 Vic pht tn bt hp php v cc k mau l hnh nh sinh hot c nhn ca din vin ng vai chnh trong chng trnh truyn hnh ca VTV3 thu ht s hm m ca thanh thiu nhi Nht k Vng Anh l mt dn chng sinh ng v kh nng lan truyn cc hnh nh s ho. Trong vng vi ngy, hu nh bt c ai c kh nng truy cp Internet u c th xem c hnh nh ny, k c rt nhiu tr em v thnh nin. 50 Theo Ch tch Hip hi Bn l Vit Nam Phan Th Ru, ngi tiu dng Vit Nam d kin s chi tiu hn 700.000 t ng (43 t USD) nm 2007, tng 20% so vi nm 2006. Nhiu hng bn l (nc ngoi) ang tip tc vo Vit Nam sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO. Tin kinh t, Thng Tn x Vit Nam ngy 20/10/2007.
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him (nh mi gii bo him v i l bo him); dch v h tr bo him (nh t vn, dch v tnh ton, nh gi ri ro v gii quyt bi thng). V phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, Vit Nam khng hn ch i vi dch v bo him cung cp cho cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi, ngi nc ngoi lm vic ti Vit Nam; dch v ti bo him; dch v bo him vn ti quc t; dch v mi gii bo him v mi gii ti bo him; dch v t vn, dch v tnh ton, nh gi ri ro v gii quyt bi thng. V phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng mi, Vit Nam cam kt kh thng thong. K t 1/1/2008 cc doanh nghip bo him 100% vn nc ngoi c kinh doanh cc dch v bo him bt buc. Sau 5 nm k t khi gia nhp, cho php doanh nghip bo him nc ngoi thnh lp chi nhnh bo him phi nhn th. * Tc ng: Mc d cn nhiu hn ch i vi vic cung cp dch v bo him theo phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, cam kt ca Vit Nam to c s php l vng chc cho cc nh bo him nc ngoi ng dng thng mi in t cung cp dch v bo him vn ti quc t, ti bo him v hu ht cc loi hnh bo him cho cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi v ngi nc ngoi lm vic ti Vit Nam. ng thi, Vit Nam cng cam kt thng thong i vi cc doanh nghip bo him nc ngoi mun kinh doanh ti th trng Vit Nam. Cc doanh nghip bo him c vn u t nc ngoi vi tim lc ti chnh to ln v cng ngh kinh doanh hin i s ng dng thng mi in t mnh m cho bn dch v v chm sc khch hng.
Hp 2.3 Cc cng ty bo him cn c chin lc cng ngh thng tin nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh khi Vit Nam hi nhp kinh t quc t ti nghin cu Nng lc cnh tranh v tc ng ca T do ho Thng mi dch v Vit Nam: Ngnh dch v bo him phn tch nng lc cnh tranh, nh gi cc tc ng ca vic t do ho ngnh dch v bo him i vi nn kinh t, doanh nghip bo him v ngi tiu dng trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t mnh m ca Vit Nam. Cc tc gi a ra 8 khuyn ngh i vi cc cng ty bo him, trong c khuyn ngh v cng ngh thng tin nh sau: Cc cng ty bo him trong nc b tt hu rt xa so vi cc i th cnh tranh nc ngoi trong lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin. Cho ti nay, cha c mt cng ty bo him trong nc no c phn mm bo him chuyn bit mc d cc cng ty u nhn thy tm quan trng ca yu t ny. Cc cng ty trong nc cn gii quyt vn ny ngay lp tc. Cn phi c mt chin lc cng ngh thng tin r rng nhm thch ng vi nhng thay i trong tng lai. Trong mi trng kinh doanh ngy nay, cng ngh thng tin l xng sng ca mi hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh. Cng ngh thng tin h tr gim chi ph lao ng, lm cho hot ng hiu qu hn v gp phn nng cao cht lng dch v khch hng. Vic u t hng triu la (USD) vo mt h thng cng ngh thng tin thc s l mt th thch i vi cc cng ty nh, nhng cc cng ty cn n lc hn na nhm tm ra hng i thch hp cho mnh.
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ti nghin cu Nng lc cnh tranh v tc ng ca T do ho Thng mi dch v Vit Nam: Ngnh dch v bo him trong khun kh D n Tng cng nng lc Qun l v Xc tin hot ng Thng mi Dch v Vit Nam trong Bi cnh Hi nhp VIE/02/009 do Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hp Quc (UNDP) ti tr, H Ni, 6/2006 (trang 70).
5.2.
Dch v ngn hng v cc dch v ti chnh khc
* Cam kt: V phm vi, Vit Nam cam kt kh nhiu phn ngnh dch v ngn hng v ti chnh khc, bao gm: nhn tin gi v cc khon phi tr khc t cng chng; cho vay di tt c cc hnh thc; mi dch v thanh ton v chuyn tin, bao gm th tn dng, th thanh ton v th n, sc du lch v hi phiu ngn hng; cc dch v thanh ton v b tr ti sn ti chnh, bao gm chng khon, cc sn phm phi sinh v cc cng c chuyn nhng khc. V phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, Vit Nam hu nh cha cam kt i vi mi dch v ngn hng v dch v ti chnh khc. V phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng mi, cam kt ca Vit Nam kh thng thong. K t khi gia nhp, cc t chc tn dng nc ngoi c php pht hnh th tn dng trn c s i x quc gia. K t 1/4/2007 cc ngn hng thng mi nc ngoi c php thnh lp ngn hng 100% vn u t nc ngoi. Vit Nam hn ch chi nhnh ngn hng thng mi nc ngoi khng c php m cc im giao dch khc ngoi tr s chi nhnh ca mnh. Hn na, t 1/1/2011, chi nhnh ngn hng nc ngoi c hng i x quc gia y i vi dch v nhn tin gi bng ng Vit Nam t cc th nhn Vit Nam m ngn hng khng c quan h tn dng. * Tc ng: Mc d Vit Nam hu nh cha cam kt i vi vic cung cp qua bin gii mi dch v ngn hng v dch v ti chnh khc nhng iu ny c th khng nh hng ln ti s pht trin ca thng mi in t. Ngc li, cc ngn hng nc ngoi c c hi rt ln khi hin din ti Vit Nam ngay ti thi im gia nhp v c th c hng i x gn nh cc ngn hng Vit Nam t nm 2011. Do nhu cu kinh t x hi v p lc cnh tranh, lnh vc ngn hng v ang thay i nhanh chng theo hng hin i ho.51 Kt qu l dch v thanh ton in t - mt khu rt quan trng trong chu trnh giao dch thng mi in t - s pht trin nhanh chng v c th to ra bc t ph mi cho thng mi in t Vit Nam.52
Vi gi nh cc dch v ngn hng s c t do ho, cho php cc ngn hng nc ngoi tham gia th trng trn c s i x quc gia trong khun kh WTO, kt qu mt cuc iu tra cho thy cc khch hng c xu hng mnh m ri b cc ngn hng trong nc s dng dch v ca cc ngn hng nc ngoi. Nhng l do chnh l ngn hng nc ngoi chuyn nghip hn, th tc n gin hn v c s vt cht tt hn. ti nghin cu Nng lc cnh tranh v tc ng ca T do ho Thng mi dch v Vit Nam: Ngnh ngn hng trong khun kh D n Tng cng nng lc Qun l v Xc tin hot ng Thng mi Dch v Vit Nam trong Bi cnh Hi nhp VIE/02/009 do Chng trnh Pht trin Lin Hp Quc (UNDP) ti tr, H Ni, 5/2006 (trang 36 - 42).
52 Kt qu iu tra ca V Thng mi in t (B Cng Thng) v nhng tr ngi i vi vic ng dng thng mi in t doanh nghip cho thy s thay i ln trong vi nm qua. Nm 2003, nhng tr ngi ln nht l mi trng php l, nhn thc v h tng vin thng. Nm 2006, hai tr ngi ln nht l nhn thc v h thng thanh ton. Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2003 (trang 1-2) v 2006 (trang 117). 51
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5.3.
Dch v chng khon
* Cam kt: V phm vi, Vit Nam cam kt nhiu phn ngnh dch v chng khon nh: giao dch cho ti khon ca mnh hoc ti khon ca khch hng ti s giao dch chng khon, th trng giao dch trc tip (OTC), hay cc th trng khc; tham gia vo cc t pht hnh mi loi chng khon, bao gm bo lnh pht hnh, lm i l bn; cc dch v thanh ton v thanh ton b tr chng khon, cc cng c phi sinh v cc sn phm lin quan ti chng khon khc; t vn, trung gian v cc dch v ph tr lin quan n chng khon. V phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, Vit Nam hu nh cha cam kt m ca th trng v i x quc gia. V phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng mi, ngay khi gia nhp, cc nh cung cp dch v chng khon nc ngoi c thnh lp vn phng i din v cng ty lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam vi t l vn gp khng vt qu 49%. Sau 5 nm k t khi gia nhp, cho php thnh lp doanh nghip chng khon 100% vn u t nc ngoi v cho php thnh lp chi nhnh cung cp mt s dch v chng khon. * Tc ng: Nm 2006 chng kin s bng n ca th trng chng khon ti Vit Nam. Mc d s si ng gim i i cht nhng th trng chng khon trong nm 2007 vn tng trng kh mnh m. Th trng ny to ra mt knh huy ng vn kh ln v hiu qu, gp phn to ra ng lc mi cho s pht trin nng ng ca nn kinh t Vit Nam. S bng n ca th trng chng khon cng gn lin vi s ra i ca cc dch v ph tr trc tuyn lin quan ti chng khon. Mt lot cc website cung cp dch v thng tin chng khon v cc dch v khc hnh thnh.53 C th d on lnh vc chng khon s vt lnh vc bo him v ngn hng trong vic ng dng cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in t. Trong bi cnh , vic Vit Nam hu nh cha cam kt m ca th trng chng khon i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii khng c tc ng mnh ti vic ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc ny. Mt khc, khng ging nh trong dch v ngn hng, cam kt m ca kh thng thong i vi cc nh cung cp dch v chng khon nc ngoi hin din Vit Nam cng khng tc ng ln ti vic ng dng thng mi in t.
6.
Dch v gio dc
* Cam kt: Vit Nam ch cam kt cc lnh vc k thut, khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh, qun tr kinh doanh v khoa hc kinh doanh, kinh t hc, k ton, lut quc t v o to ngn ng. Vit Nam cha cam kt m ca th trng i vi dch v gio dc ph thng c s.
53 Chng hn nh cc website www.bsc.com.vn, www.vse.org.vn, www.ckvn.com, www.sanotc.com, www.tinnhanhchungkhoan.vn, www. dautuchungkhoan.com, www.vietstock.com.vn.
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i vi dch v gio dc bc cao (CPC 923), gio dc cho ngi ln (CPC 924) v cc dch v gio dc khc (CPC 929, bao gm o to ngoi ng), chng trnh o to phi c B Gio dc v o to ca Vit Nam ph chun, ng thi Vit Nam cha cam kt i vi phng thc cung cp dch v qua bin gii. Trong trng hp cung cp cc dch v ny theo phng thc hin din thng mi, k t ngy gia nhp, ch cho php thnh lp lin doanh. Cho php pha nc ngoi s hu a s vn trong lin doanh. K t ngy 1/1/2009 s cho php thnh lp c s o to 100% vn u t nc ngoi. Sau 3 nm k t ngy gia nhp: khng hn ch. Gio vin nc ngoi lm vic ti cc c s o to c vn u t nc ngoi phi c ti thiu 5 nm kinh nghim ging dy v phi c B Gio dc v o to ca Vit Nam cng nhn v chuyn mn. * Tc ng: Dch v gio dc o to trc tuyn (e-Learning) ang pht trin mnh m trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam, c bit i vi lnh vc hc ngoi ng, luyn thi i hc.54 Chng trnh o to, k c ngoi ng, phi c B Gio dc v o to ph chun, cng thm vic cha cam kt i vi phng thc cung cp dch v qua bin gii c th tc ng khng tch cc ti hot ng cung cp dch v o to trc tuyn t nc ngoi ti khch hng trong nc. Trn thc t, nh qun l rt kh kim sot c hot ng cung cp dch v o to trc tuyn t nc ngoi, nht l khi khch hng c nhu cu hc tp mt s mn nh ngoi ng, cng ngh thng tin, qun tr kinh doanh.55 Cc mn hc ny thch hp vi hnh thc o to trc tuyn, nhu cu hc tp cao cn cc c s o to ca Vit Nam li rt yu. Khi c ng hc vin s dng dch v o to trc tuyn thng qua my tnh truy cp Internet t gia nh, cc hn ch cung cp dch v c th hu nh khng c ngha thc t.
7.
Dch v du lch v cc dch v lin quan
* Cam kt: Vit Nam khng hn ch cung cp qua bin gii dch v xp ch khch sn (CPC 64110) v dch v i l l hnh v iu hnh tour du lch (CPC 7471). i vi dch v i l l hnh v iu hnh tour du lch c cung cp theo phng thc hin din thng mi, cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi c php lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam m khng b hn ch phn vn gp ca pha nc ngoi. Hng dn vin du lch trong doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi phi l cng dn Vit Nam. Cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi ch c php cung cp dch v a khch vo du lch Vit Nam (inbound) v l hnh ni a nh l mt phn ca dch v a khch vo du lch Vit Nam.
54 55
Nhiu doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v o to trc tuyn coi y l hng u t mang li li nhun. Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006, trang 84 - 88. ng trc xu hng lnh vc cng ngh thng tin pht trin rt nhanh nhng vic o to nhn lc li khng theo kp c v s lng ln cht lng, mt s nh lnh o ph trch chnh sch v gio dc o to c quan im cn cho php cc t chc o to nc ngoi cung cp dch v o to cng ngh thng tin bng ting Anh v theo chng trnh ca chnh h.
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* Tc ng: Ti Vit Nam, du lch l mt ngnh dch v pht trin kh nhanh, ng thi cng l mt trong s cc lnh vc kinh t ng dng thng mi in t sm nht v thnh cng nht. S lng v cht lng cc website cung cp dch v xp ch khch sn v l hnh khng ngng tng c v s lng v cht lng. Ngay t nm 2004 hu ht cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v du lch, c bit l dch v l hnh quc t, xy dng website nhm qung b v bn dch v.56 Vic Vit Nam khng hn ch cung cp qua bin gii cc dch v xp ch khch sn, dch v i l l hnh v iu hnh tour du lch (gi chung l dch v du lch trc tuyn) s to thun li cho cc nh cung cp dch v du lch nc ngoi a khch vo Vit Nam v c a khch Vit Nam ra nc ngoi.57 S thun li v hiu qu ca dch v du lch trc tuyn cng vi cam kt khng hn ch cung cp dch v ny qua bin gii c th c hai tc ng ln. Tc ng th nht l mc bo h cc doanh nghip du lch trong nc thng qua bin php hn ch cc doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi ch c php cung cp dch v a khch vo du lch Vit Nam gim i. Tc ng th hai l mc cnh tranh trong dch v du lch trc tuyn ni ring v ton b ngnh du lch tr nn ht sc mnh m.
8.
8.1.
Dch v gii tr, vn ho v th thao

Dch v gii tr, bao gm nh ht, nhc sng v xic (CPC 9619)
* Cam kt: Vit Nam cha cam kt m ca th trng i vi c phng thc cung cp dch v qua bin gii ln hin din thng mi, ngoi tr sau 5 nm k t ngy gia nhp, cho php thnh lp lin doanh trong t l vn gp ca pha nc ngoi khng c vt qu 49%. * Tc ng: Mt mt, cam kt ca Vit Nam rt thn trng. Mt khc, Internet v cc cng ngh lin quan pht trin ht sc nhanh chng. Do , kh d bo trc c nh hng ca s pht trin i vi vic cung cp dch v gii tr cng nh tc ng ca cam kt ny ti thng mi in t ti Vit Nam. 8.2. Cc dch v gii tr v hi phc sc kho khc
Trong phn ngnh ny, Vit Nam ch cam kt vi dch v tr chi in t (CPC 964**)
Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2004, trang 69 70. Theo Bo co ny, dch v cng ngh thng tin v dch v du lch l hai dch v ng dng thng mi in t mnh m nht ti Vit Nam tnh ti nm 2004.
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Tun bo BusinessWeek d bo ngnh dch v du lch chu s tng trng mnh trong nhng nm ti nh thu nhp tng ln v s ph bin ca dch v du lch trc tuyn. Tun bo ny trch dn d bo ca cng ty nghin cu Internet NewYork eMarketer cho rng dch v du lch trc tuyn chu s bng n trong giai on 2006 2010 vi mc tng trng cao nht thuc v n (271%/nm) v Vit Nam (202%/nm). Asian Tourists Love to Click and Go, BusenessWeek, July 30, 2007. C th tham kho trc tuyn ti www.businessweek.com/ globalbiz/content/jul2007/gb20070730_564594.htm?chan=search
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* Cam kt: Vit Nam cha cam kt m ca th trng i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii. i vi phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng mi, nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi ch c cung cp dch v di hnh thc hp ng hp tc kinh doanh hoc lin doanh vi i tc Vit Nam c php cung cp dch v ny vi t l vn gp khng c vt qu 49% vn php nh ca lin doanh. * Tc ng: Tr chi in t l mt hnh thc gii tr trc tuyn hp dn nhiu i tng, c bit l gii tr. Nhu cu ca th trng tr chi trc tuyn ti Vit Nam tng rt nhanh trong vi nm qua. Bn cnh nhng kha cnh gii tr tch cc, nu khng c chnh sch hp l, tr chi trc tuyn cng bc l mt s kha cnh khng lnh mnh, chng hn nh mt s tr em chi qu nhiu gy nh hng xu ti sc kho v hc tp, mt s tr chi c ni dung khng ph hp vi thun phong m tc, kch ng bo lc. ng thi, s pht trin ca tr chi trc tuyn cng t ra nhiu vn php l mi, chng hn nh vn s hu, mua bn ti sn o, v.v... Nm 2006, Vit Nam c gng ban hnh mt s bin php nhm hn ch nhng kha cnh c th gy tc hi xu i vi x hi ca tr chi trc tuyn ti Thng t lin tch s 60/2006/ TTLT-BVHTT- BBCVT- BCA v qun l tr chi trc tuyn (Online Games) ngy 1/6/2006 v Thng t s 03/2006/TT-BBCVT ngy 29/6/2006 v x pht hnh chnh v khiu ni, t co v qun l, cung cp, s dng dch v Internet v tr chi trc tuyn. Thng t lin tch s 60 a ra nhiu quy nh cht ch i vi vic sn xut, cung cp v s dng dch v tr chi trc tuyn ti Vit Nam. i tng p dng l doanh nghip, c nhn sn xut tr chi trc tuyn, doanh nghip cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn, doanh nghip cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet (ISP), i l Internet v ngi s dng dch v tr chi trc tuyn. iu kin cung cp dch v ny ti Vit Nam i vi cc doanh nghip nc ngoi v doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi (phng thc hin din thng mi) l: 1) Vic xt duyt cc iu kin c cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn ti Vit Nam cn c theo qui nh ca Lut u t v cc iu c quc t lin quan n dch v vn ho v Internet m Vit Nam k kt hoc tham gia; 2) C vn bn ca B Vn ho - Thng tin ng v ni dung, kch bn ca tng tr chi; 3) C vn bn xc nhn ca B Bu chnh Vin thng trn c s thng nht vi B Cng an v vic p ng cc iu kin k thut, nghip v ca doanh nghip cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn nhm bo m an ton, an ninh thng tin, cht lng dch v v cc quyn li chnh ng ca ngi s dng dch v. Hn na, nh cung cp dch v phi c bin php k thut nghip v qun l gi chi ci ti cc my ch. Theo cho php mi ti khon chi trong 180 pht u tin c tnh 100% im thng; t pht th 181 n pht th 300 ch c tnh 50% s im thng; t pht th 301 s khng c tnh im thng di mi hnh thc. Nh cung cp dch v phi xy dng cc quy nh qun l hot ng tr chi trc tuyn nhm mc ch: 1) Yu cu ngi s dng dch v phi cung cp cho doanh nghip cc thng tin c nhn nh tn, a ch, s chng minh th cng nh nhng yu t khc c ngha trong vic xc nh nhn thn ngi s dng dch v; 2) Khuyn co ngi s dng dch v v nhng tc ng ngoi mong mun c th xy ra nh: nh hng v th cht v tinh thn khi chi qu nhiu, quyn nh ot ti sn pht sinh
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trong tr chi. Quy nh ny ng thi phi c gi n cc B: Vn ho - Thng tin, Bu chnh - Vin thng, Cng an. Nh cung cp dch v i l Internet ch c: 1) Cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn ti cc a im kinh doanh i l Internet t 6 gi n 23 gi hng ngy; 2) Cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn cc a im cch cng ra vo ca cc trng hc (t mu gio n ph thng trung hc) ti thiu 200m, khng phn bit trng thuc a phng no. Ngi chi (s dng dch v) phi cung cp y , chnh xc cc thng tin c nhn nh tn, a ch, s chng minh th nhn dn cng nh nhng yu t khc c ngha trong vic xc nh nhn thn ngi s dng dch v theo yu cu ca doanh nghip cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn. Do c th ca thng mi in t qua bin gii ni chung v vic cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn qua bin gii ni ring, mc tiu ca cc gii php ra ti cc thng t trn c th khng t c c y . Mc d Vit Nam a ra nhiu hn ch i vi phng thc cung cp dch v tr chi trc tuyn qua hin din thng mi, cha cam kt m ca th trng i vi phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, nhng ngi chi ti Vit Nam c xu hng s dng dch v tr chi trc tuyn ca cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi khng hin din thng mi ti Vit Nam. Khng nhng cc mc tiu ra kh t c m Vit Nam cn mt mt lng ngoi t mnh ngy cng tng.
Hp 2.4 Tin chy ra nc ngoi y l cnh bo ca khng ch cc chuyn gia m cn c ca cc DN game trong nc. Theo Hip hi Phn mm Vit Nam th nm 2007, th trng game Vit Nam t con s hn 800 t ng; n nm 2010 th con s ny s vt trn 1200 t ng. Thot nghe, vic gii game VN c kh nng chi 60-80 triu USD/nm chi game l iu ng mng cho th trng v ngnh cng nghip game. Song nu bit rng, phn ln s tin ny ri vo ti cc nh u t, cung cp dch v nc ngoi th li l iu ng bun. Vic mt tin ny c cc chuyn gia ch r: trong khi VN hn ch gi chi game, khng c sn chi chuyn nghip cho cc game th... khin cho cng nghip game v th trng game trong nc km pht trin. V th, cc game th tm n vi game nc ngoi. Cng vi vic chi thoi mi, cng ngh vt tri... game nc ngoi ht cc game th VN v dng tin c m chy ra khi bin gii. Bo Lao ng, ngy 19/10/2007
9.
Dch v vn ti hng khng
* Cam kt: V phm vi, Vit Nam cam kt i vi dch v bn v tip th sn phm hng khng, dch v t, gi ch bng my tnh, dch v bo dng v sa cha my bay. V phng thc cung cp qua bin gii, Vit Nam khng hn ch, ngoi tr i vi dch v t, 72
gi ch bng my tnh, nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi phi s dng mng vin thng cng cng di s qun l ca nh chc trch vin thng Vit Nam. V phng thc cung cp qua hin din thng mi, i vi dch v bn v tip th sn phm hng khng, cc hng hng khng nc ngoi c php cung cp dch v ti Vit Nam thng qua vn phng bn v ca mnh hoc cc i l ti Vit Nam. * Tc ng: Dch v bn v my bay trc tuyn tng i ph bin nhiu nc pht trin v bt u c cung cp ti Vit Nam. Dch v ny gim ng k chi ph bn v, ng thi mang li s thun tin cao cho khch hng. Trong bi cnh Vit Nam cam kt thng thong i vi c phng thc cung cp qua bin gii v hin din thng mi, ng thi thi hn thc hin Ngh quyt v vic p dng ng nht v in t ca Hip hi Hng khng quc t (IATA) ti gn, c th d on dch v bn v my bay trc tuyn s pht trin mnh m Vit Nam trong vi nm ti. Kh khn ln nht khi trin khai bn v my bay in t Vit Nam khng phi l cng ngh m l vn php l ca chng t in t. Mc d chng t in t c php lut tha nhn theo Lut Giao dch in t v Ngh nh v Thng mi in t c gi tr tng ng chng t giy truyn thng, nhng khi trin khai cn gp nhiu vng mc.58 Nhm tho g cc kh khn lin quan ti qun l v by bay in t, ngy 22/3/2007 B Ti chnh ban hnh Quyt nh s 18/2007/Q-BTC v vic in, pht hnh, s dng v qun l v my bay in t. Vic bn v my bay in t thnh cng khng nhng c tc ng trc tip ti ngnh hng khng m cn c nh hng su rng hn ti s pht trin thng mi in t ca Vit Nam.
III. 1.
TC NG CA CC CAM KT TRONG LNH VC THNG MI HNG HO Thu quan
* Cam kt: Vit Nam gim mc thu bnh qun t mc hin hnh 17,4% xung cn 13,4%, thc hin dn trong vng 5-7 nm. Mc thu bnh qun hng nng sn t mc hin hnh 23,5% xung cn 20,9%, thc hin trong khong 5 nm. Mc thu bnh qun hng cng nghip gim t 16,8% xung 12,6%, thc hin trong vng t 5 n 7 nm. Vit Nam cng cam kt tham gia mt s hip nh t do ho theo ngnh. Nhng ngnh m Vit Nam cam kt tham gia y l sn phm cng ngh thng tin (ITA), dt may v thit b
58 Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006, trang 21-22. C th tham kho nhng kha cnh lin quan ti bi bo n v my bay in t vng ng ti http://vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Kinh-doanh/2006/11/3B9F0360/
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y t. Nhng ngnh m Vit Nam tham gia mt phn l thit b my bay, ho cht v thit b xy dng. Thi gian gim thu l t 3-5 nm. * Tc ng: Tc ng chung ca cam kt v thu quan l nhp khu hng ho s tng ln,59 gin tip thc y khch hng Vit Nam mua hng ho t cc website thng mi in t nc ngoi.60 Tc ng trc tip l cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin c th tip cn th trng Vit Nam gn nh t do.
2.
Phi thu quan
* Cam kt: Vit Nam cam kt loi b cc bin php hn ch nh lng, ngoi tr i vi mt s t sn phm c WTO cho php. Ch p dng hn ngch thu quan i vi ng, trng gia cm, l thuc l v mui. Vit Nam cng cam kt loi b bin php tr cp xut khu v tr cp ni a ho. Ngoi ra, Vit Nam s tun th y cc quy nh ca Hip nh v cc bin php u t lin quan ti thng mi (TRIMs), p dng y cc quy nh ca WTO lin quan n xc nh tr gi hi quan k t ngy gia nhp. i vi cc bin php lin quan ti nhp khu thit b v phn mm m ho v sn phm cng ngh thng tin, Vit Nam xc nhn rng t thi im gia nhp, hn ch nhp khu thit b v phn mm m ho chuyn dng thuc din b mt Nh nc s khng p dng cho hng ho thng mi ph bin ni chung c trang b cng ngh m ho phc v cho tiu dng ca i chng, v d nh tt c cc sn phm theo Hip nh cng ngh thng tin (ITA). * Tc ng: Tc ng chung nht ca cam kt phi thu quan l chnh sch thng mi tr nn r rng v d d on. y l mt trong nhng nguyn tc nn tng ca h thng thng mi a bin ca WTO. Chng hn, ranh gii gia cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin v phn mm m ho phc v cho mc ch bo v an ninh quc gia v mc ch thng mi nhiu khi rt kh phn bit. Cam kt bin php cm nhp khu khng p dng i vi hng ho c trang b cng ngh m ho c kinh doanh rng ri nhm phc v tiu dng i chng tuy khng tht r rng, nhng cng l c s m bo cho vic nhp khu cc sn phm ph bin trn th trng. Bi vy, cc cng ty cung cp dch v v gii php thng mi in t Vit Nam c th tip cn ti nhng sn phm cng ngh cao trn th gii.
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Nm 2007 l nm u tin Vit Nam thc hin cc cam kt gia nhp WTO, mc nhp siu ln ti trn 12 t USD v t mc cao nht trong lch s thng mi ca Vit Nam.
60 Tc gi Nguyn Vn Chi tin hnh phn tch cc cam kt v thu quan v tc ng ca cam kt ny ti nhiu lnh vc kinh t x hi, bao gm c vic lm v ngn sch nh nc. Xem Commitments of Viet Nam on Import Duties and Non-Banking Financial Services, Activity Code: HOR 7, MUTRRAP II, 3/2007.
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3.
Hip nh Cng ngh thng tin (ITA) 61
* Cam kt: Vit Nam cam kt tham gia y Hip nh v sn phm cng ngh thng tin (ITA) vo nm 2014, khi thu sut thu nhp khu i vi tt c 330 dng thu thuc Hip nh ny l 0%.62 Ti thi im gia nhp, thu sut thu nhp khu ca cc sn phm thuc ITA thng 3 mc l 0%, 5% v 10%, thu sut trung bnh l 5,2%. Chng hn, thu sut thu nhp khu vi my x l vn bn (HS 847010) l 0% ngay ti thi im gia nhp. Vi hu ht cc sn phm my x l d liu t ng thuc nhm HS 8471, bao gm my tnh c nhn v my tnh xch tay, thu sut thu nhp khu ti thi im gia nhp l 10% v nm 2012 l 0%. * Tc ng: Cam kt tham gia y Hip nh ITA c ngha rt ln i vi lnh vc cng ngh thng tin ni chung v thng mi in t ni ring. Th nht, khch hng Vit Nam c c hi tip cn phn ln cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin vi gi th gii do khng cn thu nhp khu. Th hai, Vit Nam s c c hi thu ht mnh m cc nh u t nc ngoi trong lnh vc ch to sn phm cng ngh thng tin.63 Kt qu l Vit Nam c iu kin tip cn rt tt ti cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin phc v cho thng mi in t, ng thi vic cung cp trc tuyn dch v my tnh v cc dch v lin quan ti my tnh cng s pht trin mnh m.
IV. 1.
TC NG CA CC CAM KT TRONG LNH VC S HU TR TU V U T S hu tr tu
* Cam kt: Vit Nam s tin hnh tt c cc bin php cn thit nhm tun th y tt c cc quy nh ca Hip nh v Cc kha cnh lin quan n thng mi ca quyn s hu tr tu (TRIPS) k t ngy gia nhp WTO m khng vin dn n bt k thi hn chuyn tip no.
61 Tuyn b ca cc B trng v thng mi i vi cc sn phm cng ngh thng tin (vit tt l Hip nh v sn phm cng ngh thng tin ITA) c 29 thnh vin k kt ti Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th nht ti Singapore nm 1996. n nm 2007 c trn 70 thnh vin tham gia ITA v i din khong 97% thng mi ton cu v sn phm cng ngh thng tin. ITA cho php cc thnh vin tham gia Hip nh nhp khu t do (thu sut thu nhp khu l 0%) vi hng trm sn phm cng ngh thng tin thuc Hip nh ny. Cc thnh vin ang pht trin c gia hn thi gian thc hin Hip nh. C th tham kho v ITA ti www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/inftec_e/inftec_e.htm 62 63
Phn ln sn phm c thu sut nhp khu 0% vo nm 2012, tr mt vi sn phm, chng hn nh b in thoi hu tuyn cm tay khng dy (HS 85171100), s c thu sut thu nhp khu l 0% vo nm 2014.
B Thng mi Hoa K nh gi ba yu t c bn thc y cc nh sn xut sn phm cng ngh thng tin v vin thng (ICT) ca Hoa K u t vo Vit Nam l thu nhp khu thp (theo cam kt tham gia Hip nh ITA), mi trng u t hp dn v cc tin b trong cc qui nh v h thng tiu chun cht lng. Vietnam: The Next Frontier for Trade in Asia Key Issues for the Information and Communication Technology Sector, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, September 2007, trang 4.
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* Tc ng: Tnh trng vi phm quyn s hu tr tu Vit Nam rt ln, c bit vi hai i tng gn cht vi thng mi in t l bn quyn v nhn hiu hng ho, bao gm tn min.64 Trc ht, thng mi in t quan h mt thit vi cc sn phm d b vi phm bn quyn v nhn hiu hng ho. Cc sn phm s ho v cc sn phm c hm lng tr tu cao c mua bn vi t trng ln trn mng. l nhng sn phm nh phn mm my tnh, phim, nhc, sch, my tnh c nhn, in thoi di ng, v.v... Th hai, vic thc thi bo v quyn s hu tr tu trong thng mi in t phc tp hn trong thng mi truyn thng rt nhiu. Vic pht tn nhc, phim, phn mm my tnh hay sch trn mi trng Internet c th din ra cc nhanh trn phm vi c nc, thm ch trn qui m ton cu, trong khi rt kh thu thp c chng c v hnh vi vi phm hay nh danh chnh xc th phm l mt tr ngi nghim trng i vi thng mi in t. Trong bi cnh , cam kt tun th Hip nh TRIPS ngay ti thi im gia nhp WTO c ngha to ln ti s pht trin thng mi in t ca Vit Nam.
2.
u t
* Cam kt: Cc quy nh i vi vic thnh lp doanh nghip: cc ngnh ngh kinh doanh c chia thnh 6 loi, bao gm cc ngnh ngh cm kinh doanh v cc ngnh ngh kinh doanh c iu kin, l cc ngnh doanh nghip c php kinh doanh nu p ng mt s cc iu kin do php lut qui nh. Vit Nam xc nhn thm rng vic b sung v thu hp danh sch cc ngnh ngh cm kinh doanh hay kinh doanh c iu kin trong tng lai s ph hp vi cc quy nh ca WTO. Cc bin php p dng ring cho u t nc ngoi: Lut u t c p dng thng nht cho nh u t trong nc v nc ngoi v m bo quyn t ch ca nh u t trong hot ng kinh doanh. Nh u t nc ngoi c t do la chn (cc) lnh vc m mnh mong mun u t, hnh thc u t, cc bin php huy ng vn, v tr a l v quy m u t, i tc u t v thi hn u t theo ng cc lut l ca Vit Nam v cc cam kt ca Vit Nam ti cc iu c quc t m Vit Nam l thnh vin, c tip cn mt cch bnh ng vi ngun vn, ngoi t, t ai, ti nguyn thin nhin, cc cng c php l, v.v... * Tc ng: Tc ng ca gia nhp WTO i vi thu ht u t nc ngoi thm ch cn r rng hn i vi xut khu. Nm 2007, trong khi tng kim ngch xut khu hng ha t 48,4 t USD, tng 21,5% so vi nm 2006 th vn u t trc tip nc ngoi vo Vit Nam t mc k lc 20,3 t USD, tng 69,2% so vi nm 2006.65
Mi quan h gia thng mi in t v quyn s hu tr tu, bao gm tn min, c tho lun kh y trong ti liu Thng mi in t v Vai tr ca WTO, trang 59-64. www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/ecom_e/special_study_e.pdf
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Bo co ca B trng B Cng Thng V Huy Hong ti Din n Thng mi u t Vit Nam sau mt nm gia nhp WTO t chc ti H Ni, ngy 11/01/2008.
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Vic Vit Nam cam kt khng phn bit i x quc gia i vi cc nh u t nc ngoi cng nh cc cam kt lin quan ti u t khc c tc ng mnh m ti vic thu ht u t nc ngoi, c bit l u t vo lnh vc ICT ni chung v thng mi in t ni ring. B Thng mi Hoa K nh gi: Khng ng ngc nhin khi Vit Nam tr thnh tiu im cho u t cng ngh cao t cc cng ty Hoa K.66 Trong lnh vc ICT, nhiu tp on ln v ang quyt nh u t sn xut linh kin, thit b cng ngh thng tin ti Vit Nam.67 Trong lnh vc kinh doanh trc tuyn, nhiu cng ty kinh doanh trc tuyn a quc gia tm hiu th trng Vit Nam, mc d cc cng ty kinh doanh trc tuyn trong nc t ra e ngi v cuc cnh tranh khng cn sc, nhng cui cng khch hng s c hng li.68
V.
CC TC NG KHC
Ngoi nhng cam kt v tc ng c th lit k c th theo tng lnh vc hng ho, dch v, u t v s hu tr tu, nhng cam kt khi gia nhp WTO cn bao gm nhng ngha v v quyn li c th hin trong ton b h thng cc hip nh, tuyn b, quyt nh v cc vn bn khc ca t chc thng mi ton cu ny. Di y gii thiu mt s cam kt v tc ng lin quan ti thng mi in t.
1.
Tun th cc nguyn tc khng phn bit i x v minh bch ho
C th coi nguyn tc khng phn bit i x, bao gm khng phn bit i x quc gia (National Treatment NT) v khng phn bit i x ti hu quc (Most Favoured Nation Treatment MFN), v nguyn tc minh bch ho (Transparency) l nhng nguyn tc cn bn ca WTO. * Cam kt: Vit Nam cam kt ly cc nguyn tc ca WTO lm nn tng cho cc chnh sch thng mi ca mnh. (BC BCT, on 5).69
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Vietnam: The Next Frontier for Trade in Asia Key Issues for the Information and Communication Technology Sector, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, September 2007, trang 1.
67 Vic cng ty Intel quyt nh u t d n sn xut linh kin vi quy m khong 1 t USD c coi l s kin ni bt ca u t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam nm 2006. Nhng cng ty cng ngh cao t cc nn kinh t khc cng ch c bit ti vic u t vo Vit Nam. Chng hn, thng 8/2007, cng ty Foxconn ca i Loan xc nhn s u t 5 t USD vo Vit Nam trong 3-5 nm ti. Tip , thng 10/2007, cng ty Compal cng ca i Loan c k hoch cui nm 2007 s xy dng nh my sn xut my tnh xch tay c tng vn u t 0,5 t USD ti tnh Vnh Phc. D kin k t nm 2012, nh my s sn xut 24 triu my tnh mi nm. Tin kinh t, Thng tn x Vit Nam, ngy 20/10/2007. 68
Tuy cha c nhiu hng ha ngun gc t Vit Nam trn trang web www.ebay.vn, nhng s gia nhp ca eBay ang thi lung gi mi vo ngnh thng mi in t. y c th l bc m mn ca mt cuc cnh tranh cng bng nhng khng m gia cc cng ty thng mi in t trong nc vi eBay. Gii thng mi in t cng khng kh khn g khi nhn ra rng gia nhp WTO khng ch mang eBay n Vit Nam m s cn l nhiu tn tui ln khc na. Thng mi in t Vit Nam nhn qua lng knh eBay, Thi bo Vi tnh Si gn, s 10-07. Tham kho bi vit trc tuyn ti http://tbvtsg.com.vn/show_article.php?id=14648&ln_id=65
69 Ngay sau khi Vit Nam gia nhp WTO, tc gi Nguyn Khnh Ngc tp hp nhng cam kt v minh bch ho ca Vit Nam ti Bo co ca Ban Cng tc cng nh cc ngha v v minh bch ho Vit Nam phi thc hin ti mt s hip nh ca WTO. ng thi, tc gi cng d on nhng tc ng ca cam kt ny i vi Chnh ph, doanh nghip v ton x hi. Xem Report on Legal Aspects of WTO Accession, Acitvity Code: HOR-7, MUTRRAP II, 2/2007. Tc gi Trn Ho Hng cng tp hp cc cam kt v minh bch ho ca Vit Nam lin quan ti lnh vc u t v qu trnh c phn ho doanh nghip nh nc. Xem Report on WTO Commitments and Implications on VietNams Investment and Business Policies, Acitvity Code: HOR-7, MUTRRAP II, 2/2007
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* Tc ng: Nhng cam kt ny c ngha su sc v ton din i vi ton b nn kinh t v h thng php lut Vit Nam trong di hn v c th coi l cam kt quc t n tng nht ca Vit Nam cho ti nay lin quan ti hi nhp kinh t quc t. Mi trng kinh doanh, u t v thng mi s tr nn hp dn hn trn c s cnh tranh lnh mnh v c th d on trc c nhng thay i chnh sch kinh t v m.70 Thng mi in t trong nc cng nh thng mi in t gia Vit Nam vi cc nc khc s c li nh cc cam kt ny. Chng hn, cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan ti thng mi in t c cht lng tt hn nh nhng qui nh v m v minh bch ho, c th l vic cc c quan son tho phi c ngha v xin kin cng chng v cc d tho thng qua nhiu hnh thc.71 Cam kt ny cng to nim tin cho cc nh cung cp gii php, dch v tin tin v cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ni chung v thng mi in t ni ring ca nc ngoi hp tc kinh doanh ti Vit Nam.
2.
Chnh sch Ti chnh - Tin t
* Cam kt: Nhm tip tc ci thin tnh hiu qu trong hot ng ca cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc, Ngn hng Nh nc d kin t nay n nm 2010 s c phn ho hu ht cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc. (BC BCT, on 12) * Tc ng: Cc cam kt ca Vit Nam lin quan ti chnh sch ti chnh v tin t, bao gm cc cam kt c th trong ngnh dch v ti chnh v cam kt lin quan ti c phn ho cc ngn hng thng mi nh nc, s dn ti s cnh tranh ln hn gia cc ngn hng thng mi trong nc vi nhau cng nh gia cc ngn hng trong nc vi cc ngn hng nc ngoi. Kt qu l mi trng ti chnh tin t c ci thin, nhiu dch v ti chnh ngn hng c cung cp tt hn vi gi r hn, c bit l cc dch v lin quan ti thanh ton in t. Cho
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Vic d on trc c nhng thay i chnh sch kinh t v m cng nh chnh sch i vi tng ngnh, tng lnh vc, thm ch tng sn phm c ngha quan trng i vi quyt nh u t di hn. Chng hn, trong khi nh gi s thay i tch cc trong vic thu ht u t trc tip t Hoa K vo lnh vc cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng nh ginh cho cc nh u t Hoa K i x NT v MFN, B Thng mi Hoa K vn nhn nh: Trn thc t, Vit Nam vn l mt mi trng u t y kh khn, mt s kha cnh trong h thng php l v ti chnh vn cha th d on c. B Thng mi Hoa K cng c nh gi sau v tiu chun: S r rng v minh bch ca cc tiu chun sn phm trong nc c ngha to ln i vi thng mi. Vit Nam tin hnh cc bc qu t nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung sang nn kinh t nh hng th trng thng qua vic sa i, b sung trong nm 2006 lut v tiu chun ho nh l mt phn ca hng lot cc ci cch do vic gia nhp WTO i hi. Trc , h thng tiu chun ca Vit Nam thng b ch trch l m h v khng minh bch. (Vietnam: The Next Frontier for Trade in Asia, U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration, September 2007, trang 5)
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Mc Din n ti Trang tin in t chnh thc ca B Thng mi (www.mot.gov.vn) thu ht kh ng ngi truy cp trao i, gp v cc vn bn quy phm php lut. Ch Thng mi in t ca Din n cung cp cho nhiu i tng c hi trao i v cc vn thng mi in t nh Ngh nh v thng mi in t, Thng t qung co thng mi trn cc phng tin in t, v.v... Khi B Thng mi v B Cng nghip hp nht thnh B Cng Thng, trang tin chnh thc ca B ny l www.moit.gov.vn.
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ti nm 2007, h thng thanh ton c coi l cn tr ln th hai ti s pht trin thng mi in t Vit Nam.72 C th d on cn tr ny s gim i ng k vo nm 2010.
3.
Chnh sch ngoi hi v thanh ton
* Cam kt: Vit Nam chp nhn tun th iu VIII ca iu l IMF trong quy nh rng: khng Thnh vin no p dng cc bin php hn ch thanh ton v chuyn tin i vi cc giao dch vng lai quc t, tr khi c s chp thun ca IMF. Theo ng cc cam kt trn, tr khi iu l ca IMF c quy nh khc, Vit Nam s khng p dng cc lut, quy nh v bin php, trong bao gm c cc yu cu i vi cc iu khon ca hp ng, nhm hn ch cc giao dch vng lai ca cc c nhn v doanh nghip hot ng trong lnh th hi quan ca mnh theo lng ngoi t m c nhn hoc doanh nghip thu c. (BC BCT, on 31) * Tc ng: Tc ng ln nht v r rng nht i vi thng mi in t l khch hng Vit Nam c th mua (nhp khu) hng ho v dch v trc tuyn t cc website thng mi in t ca nc ngoi v tr tin qua cc phng tin thanh ton hin i nh th tn dng hay cc cng c thanh ton qua Internet. Cc nh cung cp dch v mua bn trc tuyn nc ngoi cng c c s php l tin cy tin hnh kinh doanh vi khch hng Vit Nam.
4.
Gii quyt tranh chp
* Cam kt: Mt trong nhng quyn li ni bt ca Vit Nam khi tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc ca WTO l c th tn dng c c ch gii quyt tranh chp tng i cng bng v hiu qu ca WTO. (Tho thun ghi nhn v cc quy tc v th tc iu chnh vic gii quyt tranh chp, thng gi tt l Hip nh v gii quyt tranh chp v vit tt l DSU) * Tc ng: Khi nn kinh t Vit Nam hi nhp su hn vo kinh t th gii v kim ngch ngoi thng tng nhanh c v qui m v tc , c bit khi xut hin ngy cng nhiu nhng mt hng sn xut ti Vit Nam c kim ngnh xut khu ln hoc ng v tr hng u trn phm ton cu th s v tranh chp thng mi do cc thnh vin khc khi kin hoc do Vit Nam ch ng khi kin ti WTO s tng nhanh. Thng mi in t khng phi l ngoi l. Mt li th rt ln ca thng mi in t l c th tin hnh mua bn hng ho v dch v gia cc quc gia vi chi ph thp, thi gian ngn.
72 Theo kt qu iu tra tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t nhiu doanh nghip nm 2006, cn tr ln nht l nhn thc ca ngi dn v doanh nghip v thng mi in t cn thp (Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006, Bng 4.10, trang 117). Trong khi , nm 2003 cc doanh nghip cho rng cn tr ln nht i vi thng mi in t l mi trng php l cha hon thin (Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2003, trang 1-2).
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Tuy nhin, do hnh thi giao dch thng mi ny qu mi v da trn nn tng cng ngh tin tin v thay i mau l nn h thng lut thng mi quc t iu chnh lnh vc ny cn kh lng lo. Hn na, c s khc bit ng k v lut iu chnh thng mi in t gia cc nc thnh vin. Do , c tham gia vo c ch gii quyt tranh chp ca WTO l mt li th rt ln cho s pht trin thng mi in t ca Vit Nam. V tranh chp u tin lin quan ti thng mi in t trong WTO Hoa K: Cc bin php tc ng ti cung cp qua bin gii dch v nh bc v c cc l mt minh chng sng ng v mt thnh vin rt nh b v mi phng din vn c th thng kin thnh vin ln nht ca WTO l Hoa K. Nu v tranh chp c gii quyt trong khun kh song phng, kt qu c th s khng phi l nh vy.
5. Tham gia vo qu trnh xy dng lut thng mi ton cu ca WTO

* Cam kt: Vit Nam c quyn tham gia vo mi hot ng ca WTO, bao gm qu trnh tho lun, m phn v thng qua cc lut thng mi a bin ca WTO. * Tc ng: Cho ti thi im gia nhp WTO, Vit Nam hu nh cha c vai tr no trong qu trnh hnh thnh h thng lut thng mi quc t ca WTO cng nh ca nhiu t chc khc nh U ban Lin Hp quc v Lut Thng mi quc t (UNCITRAL). Vi t cch l thnh vin chnh thc ca WTO t 11/1/2007, Vit Nam c quyn tham gia vo qu trnh xy dng lut chi chung ca t chc thng mi ton cu ny. Trong nhng nm ti, nu Vit Nam duy tr c tc tng trng GDP v xut khu tng ng khong 8% v 20% mi nm th ti nm 2020 v tr ca Vit Nam trn bn kinh t v thng mi ton cu thay i ng k. Mt mt, Vit Nam cn ch ng tham gia vo qu trnh xy dng lut thng mi ca WTO bo v li ch ca mnh. Mt khc, Vit Nam cng c trch nhim ln hn i vi h thng thng mi a bin do WTO dn dt. Hin nay, WTO ang c gng thc y Vng m phn Doha.73 Vit Nam cn tham gia cng su cng tt vo vng m phn ny. i vi thng mi in t, trc ht Vit Nam cn nhanh chng nghin cu cc kt qu t c ca Chng trnh lm vic v Thng mi in t. Tip theo, Vit Nam phi tham gia tch cc vo cc phin hp lin quan ti chng trnh ny ca i Hi ng, Hi ng Thng mi hng ho, Hi ng Thng mi dch v, Hi ng S hu tr tu, U ban Thng mi v Pht trin v cc c quan khc ca WTO.
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Vng m phn Doha c pht ng ti Hi ngh B trng WTO ln th t t chc th Doha ca Qatar vo thng 11 nm 2001, vi tn gi chnh thc l Chng trnh pht trin Doha (Doha Development Agenda, vit tt l DDA). Ban u, thi hn kt thc m phn c d kin chnh thc l 1/1/2005, sau c li li mt cch khng chnh thc l cui nm 2006. Vi nhng bt ng ln v nhiu vn lin quan ti thng mi ton cu gia cc nc thnh vin, kh d on chnh xc khi no vng m phn ny s kt thc. Thng tin v Vng m phn Doha c th tham kho ti www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/tif_e/doha1_e.htm
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CHNG III THANH TON IN T
CHNG III THANH TON IN T

T nm 2005 tr v trc, cc website thng mi in t Vit Nam ch yu ch cung cp thng tin sn phm v dch v. Cc giao dch B2C v C2C t pht trin theo nhu cu ca th trng mt cch nh l do thiu s bo h v php lut. Lc , c s h tng cho thanh ton in t trong cc giao dch thng mi in t cha c xy dng. n nm 2006, khung php l v thng mi in t c bn hnh thnh, thanh ton in t bt u c nhc n, mt s ngn hng tin phong trin khai thanh ton in t nhng vn c tnh cht n l, manh mn vi dch v thanh ton ho n qua ATM, dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ch dng li tin ch cung cp thng tin. Tuy nhin, t u nm 2007, thanh ton in t c bc pht trin mnh vi mt s c im chnh sau: M rng i tng trin khai v ng dng thanh ton trc tuyn: Thng 2/2007, Cng ty Hng khng C phn Pacific Airlines v Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam (VCB) cng trin khai dch v bn v my bay qua mng Internet, p dng gii php thanh ton in t qua th tn dng. Thng 4/2007, mng thanh ton in t Cng ty Mng thanh ton Vina (PayNet) ra mt, cung cp cc giao dch thanh ton ho n in nc, Internet, in thoi, bo him, v.v... qua my ATM, im chp nhn th (POS) v ePOS. Dch v Fast-Vietpay ca Ngn hng K Thng v th a nng Ngn hng ng cho php ch th thanh ton tin mua hng trc tuyn ti mt s website. Thng 10/2007, Cng ty Gii php thanh ton Vit Nam chnh thc cung cp dch v thanh ton VnTopUp qua in thoi di ng. Kt ni su rng ca cc lin minh th: 27 ngn hng lin kt to nn mng thanh ton Smartlink cng vi vic kt ni thnh cng ca 4 ngn hng ln trong Cng ty C phn Chuyn mch Ti chnh Quc gia Vit Nam (Banknetvn) gip th trng th pht trin mnh v mang li nhiu tin ch hn cho ngi tiu dng. Hai mng thanh ton ny chim khong 90% th phn th c nc k cam kt hp tc v ang n lc cho ra mt loi th thanh ton c th thc hin mi giao dch cn n thanh ton in t. a dng ho cc loi hnh thanh ton in t: cc knh thanh ton in t ph bin bao gm thanh ton th qua h thng ATM/POS, thanh ton trc tuyn qua Internet v thanh
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ton qua tin nhn SMS. Hin cc knh thanh ton ny c giao dch thc t, nhng mi knh u tn ti nhng nhc im ring cn khc phc. Knh thanh ton qua ATM/POS bc u ng dng cho thanh ton ho n, tr ph dch v, mua th tr trc, nhng cn gp trc trc vic kt ni gia cc n v hay nhiu POS ch chp nhn th quc t. im yu ny i hi cc mng thanh ton hay lin minh th ni trn y nhanh tin trnh lin thng h thng gia cc ngn hng thnh vin v vi cc lin minh khc. Knh thanh ton qua SMS vn b hn ch do quy m giao dch cn nh v phi nh c php khi pht lnh. c k vng nht l knh thanh ton qua Internet. Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn bt u pht huy th mnh ca mnh khi b sung thm nhm tin ch thanh ton. Thanh ton trc tip bng th qua mng Internet cng l nhu cu ln khng ch ca cc website bn hng m cn ca s ng ngi tiu dng nhng cho n nay vn c cung cp kh hn ch.
I. 1.
THANH TON I VI THNG MI IN T Yu cu ca thng mi in t i vi h thng thanh ton
Lut Giao dch in t chnh thc c hiu lc t ngy 01/3/2006, cng vi cc ngh nh hng dn di Lut to hnh lang php l c bn thng mi in t i vo cuc sng. Trong , cc ngh nh hng dn v giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng v hot ng ti chnh gp phn nh hnh mt hng pht trin mi cho cc lnh vc ny, p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip. Theo Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2005 v 2006, h thng thanh ton in t yu km lun c doanh nghip nh gi l tr ngi ln th hai i vi pht trin thng mi in t Vit Nam. Cc doanh nghip t ra kh lng tng khi mun trin khai mt quy trnh ng dng thng mi in t trn vn trong bi cnh h thng thanh ton in t cn yu. ng thi, ngi tiu dng cng cha c nhn thc ng n v y v cc dch v thanh ton in t. iu ny nh hng khng nh ti s pht trin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam trong thi gian qua. Thc tin cho thy thanh ton in t l mt iu kin cn ca thng mi in t. Thng mi in t kh c th pht huy c ht u im ca mnh khi cha c h thng thanh ton in t vi nng lc mnh. Tc pht trin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam trong nhng nm qua ang t ra nhu cu v mt h thng thanh ton in t hin i h tr doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng tn dng ti a li ch ca phng thc kinh doanh mi ny. Hn th na, thanh ton in t khng ch l nhn t thc y thng mi in t m cn ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cng tc hin i ho h thng thanh ton, t nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc dch v trong ngnh ngn hng, ti chnh ti Vit Nam. Nm 2007 l nm th hai trong l trnh thc hin D n Hin i ho ngn hng v h thng thanh ton ca Ngn hng Nh nc v cng l nm u tin Vit Nam gia nhp T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO). Do vy, vic y mnh ng dng cng ngh thng tin, pht trin nhanh cc dch v ngn hng hin i cng tr nn cp bch cc ngn hng Vit Nam c th ng vng trc nhng th thch ca qu trnh hi nhp.
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2.
2.1.
Thc trng ca hot ng thanh ton

Lng tin mt lu thng cn cao
Nhn chung, thanh ton bng tin mt cn rt ph bin trong cc giao dch hng ngy ca ngi dn. Tin mt vn l phng tin thanh ton chim t trng ln trong khu vc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng c nhn. Theo kho st ca Ngn hng Nh nc v thc trng thanh ton nm 2003 ti 750 doanh nghip trn c nc (trong doanh nghip nh nc chim hn 80%), i vi nhng doanh nghip ln c trn 500 cng nhn, khong 63% s giao dch ca doanh nghip c tin hnh qua h thng ngn hng; doanh nghip c t hn 25 cng nhn th t l ny ch cn 47%. i vi h kinh doanh, 86,2% h chi tr hng ho bng tin mt. Kt qu iu tra cho thy vic s dng tin mt trong giao dch ca doanh nghip, c bit l giao dch vi ngi tiu dng cn mc rt cao. Tuy nhin, khong hai nm tr li y, hot ng thanh ton trong ngn hng c nhng du hiu kh quan vi s ra i ca nhiu phng thc thanh ton mi. Nhng dch v ny phn no gim thiu vic s dng tin mt trong thanh ton ca doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng. Theo n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020, t trng tin mt so vi tng phng tin thanh ton c xu hng gim dn. Nm 1997 t trng ny l 32,2%, nhng n nm 2001, con s ny gim xung cn 23,7%, nm 2004 l 20,3%, nm 2005 l 19% v n u thng 3 nm 2006 cn 18,5%.74
Hnh 3.1 T trng tin mt so vi tng phng tin thanh ton
35.00% 30.00% 25.00% 20.00% 15.00% 10.00% 5.00% 0.00% 1997 2001 2004 2005 2006/3
Ngun: n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020
Tuy t trng tin mt so vi tng phng tin thanh ton trong cc nm va qua c gim nhng vn cn mc kh cao, trung bnh chim khong 20% tng gi tr thanh ton trn cc phng tin ni chung. Theo nh gi ca Ngn hng Nh nc, vic thanh ton khng dng tin mt ti Vit Nam c bin chuyn song Nh nc, doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng vn cn n lc hn na trong vic hn ch lu lng tin mt trong giao dch hng ngy, tin ti s dng h thng thanh ton in t ton din.
74
n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 291/2006/ Q-TTg ngy 29 /12/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph (gi tt l n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt).
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2.2.
S ti khon c nhn ngy cng tng
Trc y ch doanh nghip v ngi c thu nhp cao s dng cc dch v thanh ton qua h thng ngn hng. i a s ngi lao ng lm vic ti doanh nghip va v nh hoc khu vc chnh ph u cha tip cn vi phng thc thanh ton ny. Thi gian thc hin lu v chi ph cao khin cc dch v thanh ton ngn hng khng th ph cp trong hot ng giao dch hng ngy ca ngi tiu dng. Tuy nhin, mi trng php l trong lnh vc thanh ton ang c ci thin vi xu hng to iu kin cho cc phng thc thanh ton in t ra i v pht trin. Thanh ton in t lin ngn hng t c nhng hiu qu ban u (trnh by ti phn I.3 di y). c bit, cc ngn hng thng mi u t thch ng pht trin c s h tng, a dng ho tin ch nhm nng cao cht lng dch v. Nh c ci tin trong k thut, s lng giao dch thanh ton c x l in t chim t trng ngy mt cao, gip gim bt chi ph v tit kim thi gian. Vi n lc khng nh t pha ngn hng cng nh c quan qun l nh nc, hot ng thanh ton c nhng bc pht trin ng ghi nhn. Vic gia tng s ti khon c nhn l mt trong nhng h qu kh r rng. T nm 2000 n nay, s ti khon c nhn trong ton h thng ngn hng c bc pht trin nhy vt. Tc tng trng trung bnh mi nm vo khong 150% i vi s ti khon c nhn v 120% i vi s d ti khon.75
Hnh 3.2 S lng ti khon c nhn giai on 2000-2007
9,000 8,000 S ti khon (1.000) 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Ngun: Ban Thanh ton - Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, thng 9/2007
S lng ti khon tng nhanh l mt du hiu ng mng cho ngnh ngn hng trong vic pht trin cc dch v thanh ton. y cng l gii php hu hiu gim lng tin mt s dng trong thanh ton thi gian ti. Do , h thng cc ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam cn ch trng hn na vic nng cao hiu qu hot ng thanh ton in t trong bi cnh lng ti khon c nhn ngy cng nhiu.
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n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt ca Th tng Chnh ph.
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2.3.
M rng i tng tham gia cung ng dch v thanh ton
Th trng dch v thanh ton ang tr nn cnh tranh hn khi i tng tham gia cung ng dch v khng ch gii hn ngn hng m c m rng sang cc t chc khc nh Cng ty Dch v tit kim bu in, cc cng ty cung cp gii php thanh ton, v.v... V vy, cnh tranh khng ch din ra trong ngnh ngn hng m cn gia ngn hng vi cc t chc lm thanh ton khc. Mc cnh tranh ngy mt tng khin cc n v phi nng cao cht lng dch v cng nh gii thiu thm nhiu dch v mi, nh nhu cu a dng ca khch hng s ngy cng c p ng tt hn. Xu hng lin doanh, lin kt gia cc ngn hng bt u hnh thnh. Li ch ca xu hng ny l gip cc ngn hng thng mi nh vt qua c nhng hn ch v vn u t cho trang thit b cng ngh phc v vic hin i ho h thng thanh ton, c bit l hnh thc thanh ton th. Chnh nh mi lin kt gia cc ngn hng ring l m tnh tin ch trong thanh ton c ci thin, to cho thanh ton in t pht trin ti Vit Nam. Nh vy, hot ng thanh ton thi gian qua c nhng bc tin kh r nt. Vic s dng tin mt trong giao dch vn cao nhng c xu hng gim dn. Cc nh cung cp dch v thanh ton buc phi t ci tin di sc p ca mi trng cnh tranh cng nh yu cu ca khch hng ngy cng cao c v cht v lng. Thanh ton in t c coi l cha kho ca cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v thanh ton nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh trong thi i cng ngh v hi nhp nh hin nay.
3.
3.1.
Tin ca h thng thanh ton in t ti Vit Nam

S pht trin ca th trng thanh ton th
Thanh ton th c coi l gii php bc u cho h thng thanh ton in t ti Vit Nam. ng dng cng ngh v u t trang thit b h tng c s phc v cho thanh ton ngn hng pht trin mnh k t nm 2002. Trong , cng ngh cho thanh ton th l hot ng c u tin trin khai. Sau 5 nm, cc ngn hng hnh thnh mt mng li my giao dch t ng ATM v n v chp nhn th kh rng. S lng th pht hnh nm 2006 ch t khong 4 triu th th n nm 2007 con s ny tng gp i (hn 8 triu th). S lng my ATM cng tng mnh t 2.500 my nm 2006 ln hn 4.000 my nm 2007.76
Bng 3.1 Mt vi s liu thng k v th trng thanh ton th nm 2007 Triu S lng pht hnh th ni a v quc t S ngn hng pht hnh th S lng my ATM S im chp nhn th S n v chp nhn th n v 8,4 29 4.300 24.000 20.000
Ngun: Bo co Ngn hng Nh nc Thng 01/2008
76
S liu nm 2006 theo Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2006
87
Theo Quyt nh s 32/2007/Q-NHNN ngy 03/7/2007 ca Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, cc t chc tn dng c th pht hnh mt loi th thanh ton mi, l th tr trc v danh vi hn mc 5 triu ng. Hnh thc th ny ra i vi mc tiu gim lng tin mt trong thanh ton. Hn na, hai li ch c bn bao gm tit kim thi gian v ch ng trong chi tiu cng l u im ca loi hnh th thanh ton ni trn. Thanh ton bng th tr trc v danh ng vai tr nh mt phng thc b sung cho hot ng thanh ton in t m h thng ngn hng ang ch trng y mnh. 3.2. Lin minh th ngn hng
Trong bi cnh s lng ti khon c nhn ngy mt tng, mng li thanh ton, loi hnh th ngy mt m rng theo nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng, vn kh khn chnh l vic lin kt cc h thng thanh ton ca nhiu ngn hng khc nhau nhm ct gim chi ph v tng tnh tin dng cho khch hng, ng thi nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca ngnh ni chung. H thng thanh ton th ca Vit Nam hin ang tn ti 4 lin minh th. l lin minh th Ngn hng VCB, lin minh th Vit Nam Bankcard (VNBC) ca Ngn hng ng , lin minh th Banknetvn gm 3 ngn hng quc doanh v mt s ngn hng c phn, v lin minh th ANZ/ Sacombank. Trn l thuyt, th ca mi ngn hng thnh vin c th thc hin giao dch trn my ATM ca cc ngn hng khc trong lin minh. Tuy nhin, hin nay tng ngn hng thnh vin li pht trin cc dch v khc nhau, dn n vic khch hng ca ngn hng ny vn cha th thc hin thao tc chuyn khon trn ATM ca nhng ngn hng khc trong cng lin minh. Nhm lin minh th do ngn hng VCB khi xng thc hin thnh cng vic kt ni thanh ton th gia 17 ngn hng thnh vin. y l n lc rt ln ca nhng ngn hng ni trn trong vic nng cao gi tr gia tng cho khch hng thng qua to lp mt mng li thanh ton trn my ATM. Ngy 21/4/2007, h thng thanh ton th Vit Nam c nh du bng vic kt ni thnh cng 3 ngn hng bao gm Ngn hng Cng Thng Vit Nam (Incombank), Ngn hng u t v Pht trin Vit Nam (BIDV) v Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn Cng Thng (SaigonBank) thng qua dch v kt ni chuyn mch ca Banknetvn. Theo Banknetvn, h thng kt ni ca Banknetvn gip ch th c th thc hin giao dch ti gn 25 nghn my ATM trong h thng Banknetvn, chim khong 60% tng s ATM trn ton quc.77 Qua hai thng vn hnh chnh thc, trn 83 ngn giao dch vi tng gi tr trn 23 t ng thc hin qua h thng chuyn mch 4 ngn hng trn ca Banknetvn v c xu hng tng vi tc kh nhanh.78 Nh vy, t khi chnh thc vn hnh n ht thng 4/2007 c khong 450 giao dch thc hin qua h thng. Con s ny tng gn gp 3 ln trong thng 5/2007 v tng gn gp 5 ln trong thng 6/2007. D kin cui nm s lng giao dch s tng ln khong 4.000 - 4.500 giao dch/ngy, xp x gp 10 ln so vi giai on u mi i vo hot ng.79
77 78 79
Theo: http://210.245.61.229/vn/home/tinHDNH.jsp?tin=2538 Theo: http://www.banknetvn.com.vn/bn_220607.htm Theo: http://www.banknetvn.com.vn/bn_220607.htm
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Hnh 3.3 Lng giao dch/ngy thng qua h thng chuyn mch Banknetvn
2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
S giao dch/ngy
1900 1200 450 Thng 4 Thng 5 Thng 6
Ngun: http://www.banknetvn.com.vn/bn_220607.htm
D kin, trong tng lai gn, 4 ngn hng tip theo l Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (Agribank), Ngn hng TMCP Chu (ACB), Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn Thng Tn (Sacombank) v Ngn hng TMCP ng (EAB) cng trin khai dch v thanh ton th lin ngn hng thng qua h thng Banknetvn. Nh vy, c 4 ngn hng thng mi quc doanh Vit Nam gm Ngn hng Agribank, Ngn hng Incombank, Ngn hng VCB v Ngn hng BIDV u tm cho mnh mt lin minh thanh ton th lin kt. Thc t ny chc chn s gip h thng thanh ton th ti Vit Nam hot ng hiu qu hn vi chi ph thp, mang li li ch cho c ngi tiu dng v ngn hng.
4.
nh hng ca Nh nc v pht trin thanh ton in t
Ngy 29 thng 12 nm 2006, Th tng Chnh ph chnh thc ph duyt n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ti Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca n l hn ch ti a vic s dng tin mt trong thanh ton, ng thi thc y pht trin cc phng thc thanh ton in t trong thi gian ti. t c mc tiu ny, n vch ra 6 nhm n nhnh nh sau: Nhm n 1: Hon thin khun kh php l cho hot ng thanh ton ca nn kinh t theo hng to lp mi trng cng bng, hn ch thanh ton bng tin mt, ng dng cng ngh trong thanh ton. Nhm n 2: Pht trin thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong khu vc cng. Gii php ny bao gm qun l chi tiu trong khu vc Chnh ph bng phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt v tr lng, tr cp u i x hi qua ti khon.80 Nhm n 3: Pht trin thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong khu vc doanh nghip, khuyn khch doanh nghip tp trung xy dng v ng dng thanh ton in t, y mnh pht trin thng mi in t. Nhm n 4: Pht trin thanh ton khng dng tin mt trong khu vc dn c thng qua pht trin mng li chp nhn cc phng tin thanh ton khng dng tin mt, tng lng ti khon c nhn, m rng mng li my ATM v n v chp nhn th.
Ngy 24/8/2007, Th tng Chnh ph k Ch th s 20/2007/CT-TTg v vic tr lng qua ti khon cho cc i tng hng lng t ngn sch nh nc. Ch th nu r vic tr lng qua ti khon c chia lm 2 giai on v m bo n 01/01/2009 c hon tt trn phm vi c nc.
80
89
Nhm n 5: Pht trin h thng thanh ton thng qua vic hon thin v pht trin h thng thanh ton lin ngn hng; xy dng trung tm thanh ton b tr t ng v trung tm chuyn mch th thng nht. Nhm n 6: Cc gii php h tr pht trin thanh ton khng dng tin mt. Nu 6 n nhnh nu trn c trin khai thnh cng, t l tin mt/tng phng tin thanh ton c th gim xung khng qu 18% vo nm 2010 v 15% vo nm 2020. ng thi, s ti khon c nhn s dng cho thanh ton cng tng ln 20 triu vo nm 2010 v 45 triu vo nm 2020, s th pht hnh t mc 15 triu n cui nm 2010 v 30 triu cho ti nm 2020.81 Ngn hng Nh nc hin ang tch cc trin khai n xy dng Trung tm Chuyn mch th thng nht. Trong thi gian ti, Ngn hng Nh nc s c nhng ch o c th cc lin minh tng cng hp tc vi nhau, cng chia s c s h tng thanh ton th, qua chi ph s gim v to thun li hn cho cc ch th trong giao dch c nhn.
Hp 3.1 Li ch ca vic tr lng qua ti khon nh gi ca cc chuyn gia ngnh ti chnh, ngn hng cho rng vic tr lng qua ti khon thc s mang li nhng hiu qu tng tc 3 trong 1 v cng ln. nh mt bc m quan trng cho cng cuc phng, chng tham nhng lng ph ca Chnh ph v tin ti trin khai n thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010. C ba nh cng li Trc tin, theo ng Nguyn Trng Ngha, V trng V Php ch (B Ti chnh), vic tr lng qua ti khon l kh tin li i vi c quan nh nc. V nu tr bng tin mt, c n k lng tng b phn li phi c i din xung ti v nhn tin ri chia nh cho tng cn b, rt mt cng sc. Hn na, tng c quan khi s dng tin ch ti khon c nhn s tinh gin c bin ch. Cn theo b Dng Hng Phng, Ph ban Thanh ton, Ngn hng Nh nc, ch th mi ny s gp phn to thi quen nhn lng qua ti khon ngn hng cho cng chc t nhn rng ra ton x hi ng thi n s gip minh bch ha cc khon thu nhp t ngn sch Nh nc, gp phn tch cc vo vic phng chng tham nhng. Ch th ny l tin quan trng tin ti xa b vic thanh ton khng dng tin mt vo s dng trong nn kinh t nhm gim chi ph n hnh, pht hnh, vn chuyn. Vi cng nhn vin chc, theo qui nh ny th ch phi m mt ti khon c nhn ti ngn hng cung ng dch v v nhn tin qua ti khon nh k hng thng. Vic ny khng ch gip h hn ch tnh trng i u cng phi cm tin mt v khi cn ch vic n ngn hng hoc qua im c t my rt tin ATM. Hn na, nhiu kin ca cc cn b tr cho rng thng khi lnh lng trc tip s kh bo qun, ct gi v khng tit kim c nhiu tin lng so vi thanh ton qua ti khon. Ring i tng nh bng th y thc s l iu khng th mng hn, vic tt c cc b ngnh v c quan trc thuc Trung ng thc hin tr lng qua ti khon chc chn gip cc ngn hng c c c hi ngn vng pht trin cc dch v cung ng th ca mnh ti cc i tng ny. http://www.taichinhvietnam.com/taichinhvietnam/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10539
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n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt giai on 2006-2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 291/2006/ Q-TTg ngy 29 /12/2006 ca Th tng Chnh ph.
90
Quyt nh ph duyt n Thanh ton khng dng tin mt ca Th tng Chnh ph s to cho thanh ton in t pht trin bn vng v tr thnh mt hnh thc thanh ton ph bin i vi mi i tng t doanh nghip n c nhn ngi tiu dng.
II. 1.
1.1. 1.1.1.
NGN HNG VI THANH TON IN T Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn (Internet Banking)
Tnh hnh pht trin chung S lng
Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn l mt khi nim bt u ph bin trong vi nm gn y khi s lng ngn hng cung cp dch v ny tng mnh t nm 2004.
Bng 3.2 S lng ngn hng trin khai Internet Banking Nm 2004 2005 2007 S lng ngn hng 3 5 18
Ngun: Ban Thanh ton - Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam, thng 9/2007
Tc pht trin ca dch v ngn hng trc tuyn l mt minh chng r rng cho nhng thay i trong hot ng thanh ton t pha ngn hng nhm phc v tt hn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. S chuyn bin ny hon ton ph hp vi tc v xu th pht trin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam. Khi thng mi in t ngy cng ph bin trong x hi, thanh ton in t s l mt nhu cu tt yu thc y cc bc pht trin tip theo.
Bng 3.3 Danh sch cc ngn hng trin khai Internet Banking STT Ngn hng Tin ch cung cp thng tin Thng tin TK 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 NH Ngoi thng Vit Nam NH Quc t VIBank NH Nh H Ni NH Cng Thng Vit Nam NH Phng Nam NH Hng Hi NH Qun i x x x x x x x In sao k x x x x x x Thng tin ngn hng x x x x x x Tin ch thanh ton Chuyn khon x Thanh Dch v ton khc* Ho n x x x
91
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
NH K Thng NH Si Gn H Ni NH TMCP Si Gn NH ng NH Si Gn Cng Thng NH Citi Bank NH ANZ NH Indovina NH Xut nhp khu NH ACB NH An Bnh
x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x
x x
x x
* Dch v khc bao gm qun l ti khon giao dch chng khon, m, sa L/C, chuyn tin ra nc ngoi, yu cu gii ngn hoc tr n, ng k s dng cc sn phm ca ngn hng, thanh ton qua website. Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng thng 12/2007
Ngn hng hin c coi l mt trong nhng lnh vc dch v pht trin nhanh, vi s tham gia nng ng ca doanh nghip trong v ngoi nc. Cng vi tin b ca cng ngh thng tin, cc ngn hng kh c th b qua cc ng dng cng ngh trong vic nng cp dch v ca mnh. iu ny c minh chng r nt qua tc gia tng s lng ngn hng cung cp dch v ngn hng trc tuyn trong thi gian qua. 1.1.2. Tnh nng Kt qu kho st cc website cung cp dch v ngn hng trc tuyn cho thy nhiu im tng ng gia cc ngn hng. Cc website u c cu trc hp l, n gin v hng dn c th khch hng d dng truy cp v thao tc thc hin yu cu ca mnh.
Giao din website Ngn hng trc tuyn ca Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
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Mt dch v ngn hng trc tuyn hon chnh cn c nhng tnh nng thng tin v tnh nng thanh ton ho n, c th nh sau: Tra cu s d ti khon; Tra cu thng tin ngn hng; Sao k ti khon hng thng; Tra cu cc thng tin khc ca ngn hng; Chuyn khon trong v ngoi h thng; Thanh ton ho n.
Ngoi ra, cc ngn hng cng c th tn dng knh giao dch trc tuyn cung cp thm mt s dch v chuyn ngnh khc nh chuyn i ngoi t, ng k m th bo m tn dng (L/C), chuyn tin ra nc ngoi, ng k s dng cc sn phm, dch v ngn hng khc, v.vCho ti cui nm 2007, hu ht cc ngn hng vn cha th trin khai dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ton din. Tuy nhin, nhng tnh nng c bn v mang li li ch ban u cho ngi tiu dng c a vo hot ng ti tt c 18 ngn hng trin khai dch v ngn hng trc tuyn. Trong , tra cu s d ti khon c nhn v thng tin sao k hng thng l tnh nng ph bin nht. Tnh nng ny gip khch hng ngi ti ch vi my tnh ni mng c th kim tra s d ti khon v nht k chi tiu ca mnh mi thng m khng cn phi n ngn hng hoc ch nhn thng tin t ngn hng gi n qua ng bu in. Tnh nng c bn th hai vn thuc nhm cung cp thng tin. Nhng thng tin c tnh thay i thng xuyn nh t l li sut tit kim, t gi ngoi t, vng, v.v... cng c cung cp cho khch hng mt cch nhanh v chnh xc thng qua dch v ngn hng trc tuyn. Mt tnh nng khc c nhiu ngn hng a vo hot ng l cho php chuyn khon trong cng h thng ngn hng. Thay bng vic phi n cc im giao dch ca ngn hng trong mt khong thi gian lm vic nht nh, ngi tiu dng c th t lnh chuyn khon vo bt c lc no t mt my tnh ni mng. Tnh nng ny gip khch hng tit kim v ch ng c thi gian giao dch. Hin mi ch c 4 ngn hng l K thng, Indovina, Chu v chi nhnh CitiBank Vit Nam cho php chuyn khon ngoi h thng trn tng s 8 ngn hng c chc nng chuyn khon trc tuyn. Mt trong nhng cn tr i vi vic cung cp trc tuyn dch v chuyn khon ngoi h thng l mi lo v mc an ton, bo mt ca khch hng cng nh nng lc ca ngn hng li (core banking) cha m bo. Tuy nhin, con s 4 ngn hng trin khai dch v chuyn khon ngoi h thng cng cho thy mt tn hiu kh quan v n lc ca cc nh cung cp trong vic to nhiu tin ch hn na cho ngi s dng v m rng phm vi ca giao dch ngn hng trc tuyn. 1.1.3. Mt dch v gia tng mi ca ngnh ngn hng Ngn hng trc tuyn l mt dch v gia tng mi ca cc ngn hng trong hai nm tr li y, mang li nhiu li ch cho c ngn hng v ngi tiu dng. Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn c nhn nh l li th cnh tranh trong tng lai gn ca cc ngn hng ti th trng Vit Nam. C ngn hng trong nc v nc ngoi u ang tng bc trin khai dch v ny. Citibank l mt v d in hnh ca ngn hng nc ngoi trin khai dch v trc tuyn ti chi nhnh Vit Nam.
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Hp 3.2 CitiBank Vit Nam vi dch v ngn hng trc tuyn Nm 1995, Citibank l ngn hng u tin p dng h thng ngn hng in t cho php khch hng t thc hin giao dch qua mng. Nm 2006, Citibank tip tc m rng dch v cung cp cho khch hng thng tin trc tuyn v trng thi giao dch thng mi ca mnh. Sau 2 thng, Citibank trin khai giao din u t trc tuyn ton cu cho cc quyn chn u t trong v ngoi nc. n thng 4/2007, Citibank Vit Nam chnh thc gii thiu sn phm ton cu n Vit Nam l hai knh dch v Ngn hng trc tuyn gm dch v u t Citibank Online v Dch v thanh ton Thng mi in t CitiConnectSM. Vi hai dch v trc tuyn nu trn, ngn hng trc tuyn m Citibank cung cp c coi l kh hon ho i vi ngi tiu dng. Dch v trc tuyn cung cp cho khch hng bao gm: a. Thng tin bo co: Tng kt cc khon chi tiu ca ti khon Thng tin cc khon giao dch Thng tin li sut Bo co ca ngn hng b. Cc chc nng nghip v Thanh khon, u t in t Chuyn khon trong v ngoi h thng, chuyn khon ton cu.
Cc dch v ngn hng Vit Nam hin nay tuy c nhiu chuyn bin nhng vn cn kh ngho nn, trong cc dch v da trn nn cng ngh thng tin cn t v cha p ng c yu cu kinh doanh. Trong bi cnh hi nhp kinh t ca WTO, cc ngn hng trong nc s phi cnh tranh bnh ng vi nhng ngn hng quc t c th mnh vt tri c v vn, cng ngh, dch v v nng lc qun l. Thc t ny ang t ra yu cu cho ngnh ngn hng ni chung v cc ngn hng thng mi ni ring phi n lc hin i ho cng ngh, nng cp dch v cho khch hng. Ngn hng trc tuyn chnh l mt trong nhng gii php hu hiu nhm p ng nhu cu a dng ca khch hng, ng thi gip cc ngn hng cung cp dch v mt cch nhanh chng, thun tin v hiu qu hn, to li th cnh tranh trn th trng. Ngn hng trc tuyn thc s l mt xu th tt yu, ha hn mang li nhiu li ch hn na cho ngn hng v ngi tiu dng. V vy, xu hng pht trin ca ngn hng trc tuyn c d on kh quan trong bi cnh hi nhp v bng n Internet nh hin nay. 1.2. Mt s ngn hng trin khai hiu qu dch v ngn hng trc tuyn
1.2.1. Thanh ton bin mu qua h thng ngn hng trc tuyn Phn ln cc giao dch thng mi ti ca khu Mng Ci u thng qua h thng ngn hng, v vy, ngn hng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic lu thng thng mi gia hai bn. 94
Theo thng k ca Trung tm Thng tin thng mi (B Cng Thng), kim ngch xut nhp khu hai chiu gia Vit Nam - Trung Quc trong nm 2006 xp x 10 t USD v d bo n 2010 t 15 t USD. Ring ti ca khu Mng Ci, kim ngch hai chiu nm 2006 vt 2,1 t USD, d kin nm 2007 s ln ti 2,3 t USD, tng 9% so vi 2006. Mc d thanh ton bin mu ang tng trng nhanh nhng hin nay cc ngn hng thng mi ln nh Ngn hng Cng thng (Incombank), Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam (VCB), Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (Agribank) ti khu vc bin gii Vit - Trung ch p dng hnh thc thanh ton th cng l giao nhn chng t trc tip. Theo , vo mt khong thi gian quy c trong ngy, cn b ngn hng hai bn s i b qua ca khu chuyn giao chng t thanh ton. Ti Mng Ci, khch hng n chi nhnh Incombank giao dch t u gi lm vic bui sng th phi ch n 3 gi chiu (gi H Ni), cc giao dch ny mi c chuyn giao cho Ngn hng Cng thng Trung Quc v ngc li. n cui ngy lm vic, cc ngn hng mi x l chng t v hch ton C vo ti khon ngi th hng v hm sau, ngi th hng mi c s dng tin trong ti khon ca mnh.82 Quy trnh thao tc th cng ny nh hng khng nh n cng vic giao thng gia khch hng hai nc. Doanh nghip phi chp nhn ri ro hng xung cp do giao dch chm tr, gy tn tht ln. Sau mt thng phi hp th nghim vi Ngn hng Cng thng Trung Quc, ngy 10/8/2007, Incombank Vit Nam gii thiu phng php thanh ton ngn hng trc tuyn cho hn 100 khch hng ca mnh ti ca khu Mng Ci. Theo , khch hng n giao dch xut trnh chng t, ngn hng chuyn tin s khi to lnh chi v truyn qua Internet cho ngn hng thanh ton vi tng thi gian thc hin 30 pht/giao dch. Ngay sau , ngi th hng c th nhn c tin, khi khon tin c ghi C vo ti khon ca mnh. Trng hp khch hng cn chuyn tin gp, ngn hng chuyn tin s gi in cho ngn hng thanh ton ngay sau khi hon tt vic truyn lnh chi trn Internet, ngn hng thanh ton truy cp vo Internet thc hin ngay lnh chi. Nh vy, phng thc thc thanh ton bin mu ny s tit kim c nhiu thi gian, an ton v vn, trnh ri ro trong qu trnh chuyn chng t th cng. ng thi, ng vn c quay vng nhanh hn v chi ph giao dch gim xung. Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn bin mu ny cng gip a phng khng b tht thu thu do kim sot tt lng tin cng nh hp ng kinh t gia cc bn qua h thng ngn hng. Ngoi ra, dch v ngn hng trc tuyn cn gp phn hn ch lu thng tin mt trn th trng, nh ci thin tnh hnh tin gi xm nhp vo h thng lu thng. Theo Bo co t Ngn hng Incombank, tnh n thng 11/2007, tng gi tr giao dch bng hnh thc ny t khong 2,5 t ng, trong ph thanh ton l 1,3 triu ng. c tnh phng thc thanh ton ny s ht giao dch t th trng phi chnh thc vo giao dch chnh thc qua ngn hng v gi tr giao dch s c nng t 70% ln 90% vo thi gian ti.83 Trc nhng u im m dch v ngn hng trc tuyn mang li, Incombank m rng trin khai hnh thc thanh ton ny ti mt s ca khu bin gii khc vi Trung Quc. Cng vi
82 83
Bo co ca Ngn hng Incombank thng 12/2007. http://www.taichinhvietnam.com/taichinhvietnam/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=10301
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Incombank, ngn hng Agribank cng trin khai dch v ny ti ca khu Mng Ci vo ngy 24/8/2007. Ngn hng trc tuyn p dng trong thanh ton bin mu s c c hi pht trin hn na trong bi cnh nhu cu giao thng ngy mt nhiu gia Vit Nam v Trung Quc. 1.2.2. Ngn hng ng nhiu loi hnh dch v cho ngn hng trc tuyn Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng cho thy Ngn hng ng l mt trong s nhng ngn hng tin phong trong vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng trc tuyn. Ngn hng ng chnh thc trin khai dch v ngn hng trc tuyn vo ngy 15/8/2005. Qu trnh pht trin v hon thin ca dch v tnh n nay tri qua 3 giai on. Trong giai on u, dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ca ng ch cho php khch hng kim tra s d ti khon (ti khon c nhn v doanh nghip) v xem, in sao giao dch. Mt nm sau , dch v tin thm bc mi bng vic cung cp tin ch chuyn khon trong ni b ngn hng vi hn mc t 50 nghn ng/ln n 500 triu ng/ln. Tin ch ny gip khch hng c nhn v doanh nghip tit kim thi gian, chi ph thc hin cc giao dch chuyn khon. Thay v phi trc tip xp hng ti cc quy giao dch, ngi tiu dng c th thc hin thao tc chuyn khon mt cch nhanh chng, mi lc, mi ni. Tin ch nh du bc pht trin mi, a dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ca Ngn hng ng ti nhiu ngi s dng hn.
Hnh 3.4 S lng khch hng s dng dch v ngn hng trc tuyn v tin nhn ngn hng ca Ngn hng ng
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Ngun: Bo co Ngn hng ng Thng 12/2007
S khch hng Internet banking (nghn ngi) S khch hng SMS (nghn ngi)
Sau ba thng trin khai tin ch chuyn khon ni b, ngn hng ng thu ht c mt lng khch hng ln. Thng 1/2007, ch c 11.000 khch hng ng k s dng. Nhng n thng 2/2007, s lng tng t bin ln khong 117 nghn ngi. Cc thng tip theo dch v vn duy tr c s ti khon ng k tng dn u. D kin n ht thng 12/2007, s ti khon ng k s dng s t khong 150 nghn ngi. So vi s ngi ng k s dng dch v tin nhn ngn hng, dch v ngn hng trc tuyn t ra c sc ht ln hn d tin ch cung cp c hai loi hnh ny nh nhau. S khc bit ny l do i tng khch hng ca dch v ngn hng trc tuyn bao gm c doanh nghip, trong khi tin nhn ngn hng ch dng li
96
i tng khch hng c nhn. iu ny cng phn no l gii c tr gi chuyn khon qua SMS ch bng khong 2% tng gi tr giao dch ngn hng trc tuyn.
Hnh 3.5 Thng k s giao dch v gi tr chuyn khon ca dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ng nm 2007
Nghn ln 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12
Ngun: Bo co Ngn hng ng Thng 12/2007
T ng 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 S giao dch (nghn ln) Gi tr chuyn khon (t ng)
Hnh 3.5 cho thy lng giao dch kh n nh v tr gi chuyn khon tng mnh trong 3 thng cui nm. Theo d bo ca Ngn hng ng , xu hng ny s tip tc c duy tr n nh trong nm 2008. Trong giai on ba, dch v tip tc c b sung thm chc nng thanh ton trc tuyn khi mua hng ti www.golmart.com.vn, www.123mua.com.vn v mua th tr trc cho cc loi th di ng, th Internet, in thoi c nh. Ngoi ra, Ngn hng cn phi hp vi cng ty VTC Intecom trin khai dch v np tin vo ti khon Vcoin hoc np tin vo ti khon di ng.84 S lng v gi tr giao dch ca hot ng ny cng tng bnh qun 50%/thng.85 Cc tin ch m ng cung cp ang tip tc c m rng nhm mang li nhiu li ch cho khch hng. Bt u t qu I/2008, vic chuyn khon s khng ch b hp trong ni b ng m khch hng c th thc hin chuyn khon ti bt k ngn hng no. Ngoi ra, ngn hng cng ang xc tin vic to lin kt chin lc vi cc nh cung cp dch v, sn phm khc y mnh tin ch thanh ton trc tuyn. Sau 2 nm hnh thnh v pht trin, dch v ngn hng trc tuyn ca ng ang dn khng nh v th ca mnh, ng gp cho s pht trin ca thanh ton in t v gip ci thin thi quen thanh ton ca ngi tiu dng ni chung.
84 85
Vcoin l mt loi tin s dng trong cc giao dch ca VTC Intercom Bo co ca Ngn hng ng Thng 12/2007.
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2.
2.1.
Dch v tin nhn ngn hng (SMS Banking)

Thng tin chung
2.1.1. Tin ch ca dch v Cng vi ngn hng trc tuyn, dch v tin nhn ngn hng ra i nh mt bc tip theo trong tin trnh ng dng cng ngh thng tin nng cao cht lng dch v ca cc ngn hng. Tn dng s ph bin ca in thoi di ng, nhiu ngn hng b sung thm tin ch mi ny nhm phc v khch hng mc tt hn. Tin ch ca dch v tin nhn ngn hng c chia thnh 2 nhm theo nhu cu s dng l nhm cung cp thng tin v nhm thanh ton. Vic phn loi nhm tin ch nhm nh gi mc trin khai dch v v phn nh phn no nhu cu ca th trng hin nay. Kho st ca V Thng mi in t cho thy, tt c cc ngn hng trin khai dch v tin nhn u c tin ch cung cp thng tin. Mc ch ca nhm tin ch ny l gip khch hng cp nht nhng thng tin c bn nht mt cch tin li thng qua thit b di ng. Ngn hng Hng Hi cn a ra tnh nng cung cp thng tin v th tn dng (L/C) v chng t thanh ton xut nhp khu ca doanh nghip da trn nhu cu thanh ton quc t rt ln ca khch hng. y c coi l mt im to khc bit trong dch v ca ngn hng ny nhm tho mn tt hn nhu cu ca i tng khch hng doanh nghip. Cha ph bin nh cc tin ch thng tin, nhm tin ch thanh ton chnh l tiu ch gip so snh s pht trin ca dch v gia cc ngn hng khc nhau. Trong 16 ngn hng trin khai dch v tin nhn ngn hng, c 6 ngn hng trin khai nhm tin ch thanh ton. Nhm tin ch ny cng c th c chia lm 2 loi l thanh ton cc khon chi lin quan n hot ng ngn hng (nh thanh ton th tn dng, chuyn khon) v thanh ton cc loi ho n hay mua hng trc tuyn. Loi th 2 s c trnh by chi tit ti mc 2.2 di y. Cc tin ch dch v tin nhn ngn hng ang c trin khai bao gm: * Nhm cung cp thng tin: (1) S d ti khon; (2) Lit k giao dch ca ti khon. (3) - Li sut tit kim; - T gi tin t; - a im t my ATM v phng giao dch. (4) - Hn mc tn dng; - Tnh hnh hot ng tn dng; - Thng tin v L/C v chng t thanh ton XNK. * Nhm thanh ton: (5) Chuyn khon. (6) - Thanh ton th tn dng; - Thanh ton ho n; - Mua hng trc tuyn. 98
2.1.2. S lng cc ngn hng trin khai dch v

Bng 3.4 Danh sch cc ngn hng trin khai dch v tin nhn ngn hng STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Ngn hng NH Ngoi thng Vit Nam NH Quc t VIBank NH Nh H Ni NH Cng Thng Vit Nam NH Phng Nam NH Hng Hi NH Qun i NH K Thng NH Si Gn H Ni NH TMCP Si Gn NH ng NH Si Gn Cng Thng NH Xut Nhp khu NH Thng mi Chu NH Vit NH VID Public Tin ch cung cp thng tin (1) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (2) x x x x x x x x x x x x x (3) x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Tin ch thanh ton (4) x x x x x (5) (6)
x x
x x
Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng thng 12/2007
Kt qu kho st cho thy a s cc ngn hng ng thi trin khai hai dch v tin nhn ngn hng v ngn hng trc tuyn. Hai dch v ny hu ht cng cung cp mt s loi tin ch cho khch hng v c coi l hai cng c b tr c lc cho nhau. Trong s cc ngn hng trin khai hai dch v trn, chim phn ln l ngn hng thng mi trong nc. y l mt tn hiu ng mng v tnh nng ng ca ngn hng Vit Nam. Cc ngn hng nc ngoi hot ng ti Vit Nam nh ngn hng ANZ hay CitiBank hin ch trin khai dch v ngn hng trc tuyn. 2.2. ng dng ca dch v tin nhn trong thanh ton cho thng mi in t
Mt ni dung c cc doanh nghip quan tm khi pht trin dch v thanh ton qua tin nhn di ng l tnh nng thanh ton tin in, nc, hoc mua hng trc tuyn, tr chi trc tuyn. in, nc l hai khon chi ph m ngi dn phi thanh ton hng thng, song cc h gia nh ngy nay ang gp phi nhng bt tin v thi gian ng ph. Thanh ton qua tin nhn c th l mt gii php hu hiu gip ngi dn gii quyt cc chi ph hng thng ca h gia nh mt cch tin li. Ngoi thanh ton tin in, nc, dch v ny cn c th c m rng sang cc khon thu khc nh ph v sinh, ph truyn hnh cp, v.v Tuy nhin, pht trin dch v thanh ton ny, i hi cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v nh in, nc, in thoi v.v phi c s phi hp cht ch vi nhiu ngn hng thng mi
99
khc nhau gim chi ph thanh ton. Do yu cu mang tnh c th nn phm vi ng dng ca dch v hin cn kh khim tn bi vic bt tay cng mt lc vi cc ngn hng c ting nh VCB, BIDV, ACB l iu khng d. V vy, y s l mng dch v c nhiu tim nng pht trin trong tng lai, khi lng s dng thit b di ng ngy cng tng. Ngoi ra, thanh ton qua tin nhn di ng ang c m rng ng dng cho mt s dch v khc nh mua bo him xe c gii ca Cng ty bo him Bo Minh. Dch v thanh ton c thc hin thng qua s hp tc trc tip gia Ngn hng K thng v doanh nghip cung cp sn phm. Phng thc mi ny gip ngn hng b sung thm gi tr gia tng cho khch hng hin ti, m rng khch hng tim nng v gip tng cng thm knh phn phi sn phm cho nh cung cp dch v bo him. Song song vi hot ng trn, Ngn hng Techcombank cng trin khai dch v thu tin cc ph Internet ADSL ca cng ty FPT qua tin nhn nhm a dng ho dch v tin nhn ngn hng ca mnh ng thi lm phong ph hn cc dch v thanh ton qua di ng ni chung trn th trng. Thanh ton qua tin nhn di ng ang l mt loi hnh thanh ton in t rt ph bin v c ngi tiu dng quan tm v s tin li. Ch cn c thit b di ng cng mt ti khon ti ngn hng, ngi tiu dng c th thc hin c nhiu giao dch thanh ton khc nhau v ch ng c trong vic thc hin cc giao dch .
III.
DOANH NGHIP CUNG CP DCH V THANH TON IN T
Trc nhu cu ca x hi, nm 2007 chng kin nhng nt chuyn bin ln ca thanh ton in t Vit Nam. Ngoi cc ngn hng, nhiu cng ty cung cp dch v, gii php cho thanh ton in t ra i. Bo co ny tp trung gii thiu cc m hnh cung cp dch v thanh ton in t v vic trin khai ca mt s doanh nghip in hnh.
Bng 3.5 Danh sch cc cng ty cung cp dch v thanh ton in t STT Cng ty Cng ty CP Dch v th Smartlink Cng ty CP Dch v & Thng mi trc tuyn Onepay Cng ty CP mng thanh ton PayNet Cng ty CP chuyn mch ti chnh Quc gia Vit Nam Banknet Dch v - Thanh ton in t - Th tr trc - Chuyn mch ATM v POS - Gii php thanh ton, c bit trong lnh vc ngn hng - Thanh ton qua POS, ePOS v mPOS - Th tr trc - Dch v top-up - Chuyn mch ATM v POS
Cng ty CP chuyn mch ti chnh Quc gia - Dch v Mr.Top-up Vit Nam Banknet
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Cng ty VASC Payment
- Thanh ton trc tuyn cho cc ch ti khon ti Ngn hng Ngoi thng v K thng ti a ch www.paygate.com.vn
Cng ty CP gii php thanh ton Vit Nam - Dch v top-up VnPay - Thanh ton cc loi ho n Cng ty CP Cng ngh thanh ton thng - Gii php than ton th minh SmartPay Cng ty CP dch v thng mi in t - Vgold dng mua bn trc tuyn ti www.nhansu.com.vn, www.timban.com.vn, VietPay www.vcards.vn, www.market4gamer.net Cng ty CP pht trin cng ngh HW PayViet - V in t (S dng ti khon PayViet mua bn v thanh ton trc tuyn ti www.hwmarket.vn, www.chovieclam.com.vn, moingay1cuonsach.com.vn) - Cng thanh ton in t Toipay - Cng thanh ton in t 68pay - V in t (e-wallet) - Cng thanh ton in t Mobivi
Cng ty TNHH L ti Cng ty dch v x l d liu Tin Thnh Cng ty CP Vin thng Si Gn - SaigonTel Cng ty CP dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng Vit Ph - Mobivi
Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng, thng 12/2007
1.
PayNet vi thanh ton qua POS v ePOS 86
Cng ty C phn Mng thanh ton VINA gi tt l PayNet tham gia th trng thanh ton in t Vit Nam vo thng 4/2007. Mc tiu kinh doanh ca PayNet l to ra cu trung gian thanh ton gia ngn hng v cc nh cung cp sn phm, dch v thng qua thit b in thoi c nh, in thoi di ng, my tnh c kt ni Internet hoc trn ATM, POS c lp t ti cc chi nhnh ngn hng, i l thanh ton th, c bit l cc chui ca hng bn l trn ton quc. Chin lc kinh doanh ca PayNet c chia lm hai giai on vi dng sn phm v dch v c tnh nng khc nhau. Giai on 1, PayNet trin khai dch v bn th in thoi tr trc, p dng cho tt c cc loi th hin ang c s dng vi bt k mnh gi no. M hnh bn th c thc hin thng qua h thng thit b thanh ton u cui POS. Sau khi thanh ton, cc i l s s dng th i l ca mnh c vo POS, t in ra m s np th , s s-ri, thi hn s dng, thi im mua th, a im mua th v hng dn s dng. Hoc ngi tiu dng c th s dng th ATM ca mnh ti cc ngn hng c kt ni thao tc giao dch ny. M hnh thanh ton tng th ca PayNet c minh ho trong hp di y.
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Hu ht cc thng tin v Paynet c trch t Bo co ca cng ty thng 11/2007.
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Hp 3.3 Minh ho cc thao tc thc hin quy trnh mua hng in t v quy trnh thanh ton in t ca PayNet
Digital Warehouse
1. Prepaid
2. Prepaid Transaction
Customer
4. Prepaid Voucher
3. PIN Reply
PayNet Switch
Merchant
Bc 1: Khch hng n i l ca PayNet, chn loi th in thoi cn mua v chn phng php thanh ton bng th hay bng tin mt. Bc 2: i l thao tc trn thit b POS, c th qua my v nhp s PIN. Yu cu v m th tr trc cng thng tin thanh ton s c gi v h thng chuyn mch thanh ton ca PayNet. Bc 3: H thng thanh ton kim tra thng tin thanh ton, kim tra hng v xut m th tr trc v gi tn hiu li cho thit b POS. Bc 4: Thit b POS in ra phiu m th tr trc v bin lai. i l chuyn phiu m th tr trc cho khch hng.
1. Card Payment
2. CP Transaction
6. CP Receipt
5. CP Reply
PayNet Payment Switch

4. CP Reply 3. CP Routing
Customer
PayNet Merchant
An Binh Bank
Merchant Account
Bc 1: Khi thanh ton, khch hng co th ATM, th ghi n, th tr trc ca ngn hng kt ni qua thit b POS v kim tra tng s tin thanh ton v nhp s PIN. Bc 2: Thit b POS kt ni v h thng PayNet, gi yu cu x l giao dch thanh ton in t. Bc 3: H thng PayNet kim tra thng tin bo mt v cp php v chuyn giao dch sang ngn hng tng ng thc hin. Bc 4: Ngn hng kim tra thng tin giao dch v chuyn khon t ti khon khch hng sang ti khon i l. Sau , kt qu giao dch c gi li PayNet. Bc 5: PayNet ghi nhn kt qu giao dch v gi thng tin giao dch ti thit b POS. Bc 6: Thit b POS in bin lai. i l s chuyn giao bin lai cho khnh hng chng nhn giao dch thanh ton.
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Tin ch ca dch v ny i vi ngi s dng l c th a dng ho cc mnh gi th in thoi di ng tr trc. Khch hng c th s dng dch v mua hoc tng gi tr th cho ngi khc. Tin ch i vi cc i l bn th l khng phi b mt lng vn nht nh cho vic mua th tch lu. i vi cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng, h c th tit kim chi ph in n v qun l th cng cc th co bn ra. Quan trng hn c, hnh thc thanh ton ny s gip ngi tiu dng nng cao thc hn ch s dng tin mt trong giao dch v lm quen vi phng thc thanh ton in t. Mc ch ca giai on ny l thit lp mt mng li i l POS ca PayNet, t to tin pht trin cho giai on 2. Sau 1 nm trin khai, PayNet c mng li 1000 im POS ti hai thnh ph ln l H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh. D nh n ht nm 2007, PayNet thit lp c 6.000 im trn ton quc v bt u bc sang giai on 2 ca chin lc pht trin kinh doanh. y l giai on kt ni thanh ton trc tuyn vi cc ngn hng v cc nh cung cp sn phm, dch v nh vin thng, tr chi trc tuyn, Internet, in, nc, bo him, v.v... giai on ny, POS s c ng dng di mt nh dng khc c kt ni Internet l ePOS, nhm h tr tt hn vic thanh ton cc ho n nu trn. ePOS l gii php thanh ton c ci t trn my tnh kt ni Internet v h thng qun l th Way4, kho hng s t ti PayNet. Vi gii php ny, khch hng c th thc hin cc giao dch nh thanh ton th, top-up ti khon tr trc, thanh ton ha n v cc dch v gia tng khc.87 u im ni bt ca gii php ny l tnh bo mt cao do c m ha nhiu lp. Vic kt ni mng Internet gip gim chi ph thit b cho i l v nng cao hn na tin ch cho khch hng. Cc ngn hng thnh vin ca PayNet bao gm Ngn hng An Bnh, Ngn hng Nam Vit, Ngn hng K thng v Ngn hng VP. Theo bo co ca PayNet, s giao dch trn ton mng li POS ca cng ty n cui nm 2007 t bnh qun 150 nghn giao dch/ngy, doanh thu c tnh khong 2 t ng/ ngy. Trong thi gian sp ti, PayNet tip tc u tin m rng mng li i l c ba dng POS, ePOS v mPOS vi 5000 i l trong c 1000 POS, 2000 ePOS v 2000 mPOS. Doanh thu s tng 50% so vi nm 2007, d kin t khong 3 t ng/ngy. V mt i tc, cc ngn hng thnh vin s c m rng, d kin bao gm Ngn hng Qun i, Ngn hng Hng Hi, Ngn hng Quc t v Ngn hng Xut Nhp khu. Trong mng thanh ton cc v ha n tr sau, PayNet s trin khai kt ni thanh ton tin in (EVN ABB), ADSL (FPT), in thoi di ng tr sau cho Vinaphone, Mobiphone, Viettel v bo him Prudential. Ngy 19/12/2007, cng ty cng gii thiu dch v iTICK, cho php khch hng s dng th ni a ca PayNet thanh ton cho vic mua sm trn cc website bn hng trc tuyn, ng thi pht hnh th SIVIcard l th u i dnh cho sinh vin v c chc nng thanh ton trc tuyn. Chin lc kinh doanh ca PayNet c xc nh theo mc pht trin tng dn v cc tnh nng ng dng ca dch v m cng ty a ra. Theo l trnh ny, mc ch cui cng ca PayNet cng hng ti xy dng mt cng thanh ton tch hp a dch v.
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Top-up l dch v np tin cho ti khon in thoi di ng tr trc.
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2.
VnPay vi dch v thanh ton TopUp 88
Trong s cc dch v thanh ton qua tin nhn di ng, thanh ton cc ph in thoi di ng bao gm thu bao tr trc v tr sau pht trin mnh hn c. Rt nhiu doanh nghip trong lnh vc thanh ton in t ang bt u trin khai cung cp dch v ny. Tuy nhin, c th pht trin mnh dch v, cc doanh nghip phi thit lp quan h i tc vi nhiu ngn hng nhm p ng nhu cu khch hng m ti khon bt c ngn hng no. Mc d tng gi tr giao dch qua thit b di ng cn thp nhng s tin dng ca hnh thc thanh ton ny chnh l li th cnh tranh gip n duy tr v th trong th trng thanh ton hin nay. i tng ca dch v thanh ton ny l ngi s dng u cui trong giao dch B2C, v vy, i hi dch v phi n gin, d thc hin v an ton. Cng ty Gii php thanh ton Vit Nam, gi tt l VnPay, a ra dch v thanh ton v np tin qua tin nhn nh mt dch v gia tng tin ch ca vin thng trong hot ng thanh ton in t. VnPay pht trin mt h thng kt ni vi cc ngn hng v trin khai mng li i l np tin cho cc thu bao tr trc v thanh ton ho n tr sau bng cch gi SMS lnh tr tin ti khon ti ngn hng thanh ton. Dch v thanh ton qua tin nhn SMS c cung cp di hai hnh thc l np tin trc tip cho cc thu bao tr trc v thanh ton ho n cc tr sau. i vi dch v np tin trc tip cho cc thu bao tr trc, tt c nhng thu bao tr trc c ti khon ti ngn hng c th s dng hnh thc nhn tin np tin trc tip vo s my di ng ca mnh vi mnh gi tu . Ngoi vic t np tin cho chnh mnh, ngi tiu dng c th tng tin vo ti khon cho ngi khc ch vi mt tin nhn tng t. Vic thanh ton cc ti khon di ng s c tr trc tip vo ti khon ngn hng ca ch s in thoi ny. i vi thu bao tr sau, khch hng c th s dng loi dch v thanh ton ho n cc tr sau thc hin thao tc thanh ton ho n ca mnh. Sau khi nhn c thng bo cc, ti bt c u vo thi gian no, khch hng c th thc hin thanh ton ho n thng qua tin nhn SMS. S tin cc di ng s c chuyn t ti khon ca khch hng ti cng ty cung cp dch v vin thng. Ngoi ra, tng cng thm knh phn phi ca cc cng ty vin thng, dch v m VnPay cung cp cho php cc i l bn hng s dng s in thoi ng k, s ti khon c ti ngn hng v ng k vi VnPay tham gia phn phi thu bao tr trc bng tin nhn. Nh vy, nhng i l ny khng cn ng tin trc, khng cn kho hng v khng cn mua trc mnh gi th np tin m vn c th cung ng dch v cho ngi tiu dng cui cng. y s l mt tin ch c u im kh vt tri dnh cho cc i l di ng hin nay. Dch v ca VnPay hng ti ngi tiu dng cui cng, do vy nhng yu cu t ra thanh ton, np tin thng qua tin nhn cng c n gin ha. Khch hng ch cn ng k s dng dch v ti cc ngn hng, cc cng ty vin thng hoc VnPay. Cc thng tin ng k bao gm s th ATM ti mt ngn hng c ch r, s di ng thc hin nhn tin. Nhng thng tin ny s c VnPay v ngn hng thanh ton xc thc trc khi kch hot dch v nhm m bo li ch cho cc bn tham gia.
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Hu ht cc thng tin v VnPay c trch t Bo co ca cng ty thng 12/2007.
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Hp 3.4 Minh ho cc bc thc hin dch v ca VnPay

(1) Thu bao (6) VNPAY (5) (2) (3) (4) Ngn Hng
Telco
(1) Khch hng (thu bao) gi tin nhn n tng i s ngn 8x49 do cng ty vin thng (Telco) cp cho VNPay (2) Tin nhn c chuyn sang ngn hng (ni khch hng m ti khon) (3) NH thc hin thanh ton, chuyn tin t ti khon ca khch hng vo ti khon ca VNPay v thng bo li cho VNPay (4) VNPay gi lnh np tin vo ti khon cho khch hng sang Telco (5) Telco np tin cho khch hng v thng bo cho VNPay (ng thi thng bo cho khch hng) (6) VNPay thng bo cho khch hng bng SMS
Trong giai on u, VnPay cung cp dch v thanh ton cho h thng mng di ng Vinaphone qua h thng Ngn hng Incombank. Ton b thu bao ca mng di ng Vinaphone c th ng k s dng dch v ca VnPay ti ATM ca Ngn hng Incombank. Dch v thanh ton ny chnh thc i vo hot ng t thng 10/2007, v vy, vn cn qu sm ni v doanh thu v li nhun m hnh thc ny mang li. Tuy nhin, vic m rng lin kt vi cc cng ty vin thng v doanh nghip cung cp dch v trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau cng mng li ngn hng ang l mc tiu hng ti ca nhiu doanh nghip thanh ton hin nay. iu ny chng t th trng thanh ton in t ti Vit Nam rt c tim nng v cn nhiu ch cho cc doanh nghip khng nh mnh.
IV. 1.
1.1.
TRIN VNG KT NI DCH V PHC V THANH TON TRC TUYN TRONG THNG MI IN T Cng thanh ton in t
Vai tr ca cng thanh ton in t
Cng thanh ton in t l nhn t nn tng to nn mt h thng thanh ton in t c tnh lin thng cao, p ng cc yu cu pht trin ca thng mi in t. Trong bi cnh hin nay ca Vit Nam vi hn 80 ngn hng ang hot ng, vic kt ni 100% cc ngn hng l iu kh thc hin trong tng lai gn.89 Thc t cho thy, vic hnh thnh cc lin minh
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Bo co ca nhm Ti chnh doanh nghip quc t - Ngn hng Th gii, thng 7/2007
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th l mt iu tt yu cc ngn hng cng tn ti v pht trin. Cng thanh ton in t l p n khc phc nhng kh khn do s khc bit v c ch hot ng ca tng ngn hng trong vic cung cp dch v thanh ton n ngi tiu dng. Nhn t gc ngn hng, cng thanh ton in t s gip cc ngn hng tit kim chi ph u t cho nghin cu v pht trin h tng cng ngh. Bng vic to ra mt cu ni trung gian gia cc ngn hng, cng thanh ton in t c coi nh u mi chung chuyn cc lnh nghip v m khng i hi cc ngn hng phi trin khai cng mt h thng k thut nh nhau. Nhn nhn di gc ca doanh nghip, cng thanh ton in t l tin xy dng mt mng li thanh ton hin i, gip cc doanh nghip trin khai giao dch thng mi in t theo mt quy trnh hon thin. S pht trin ca thng mi in t lun gn cht v i hi c s tham gia ca cng thanh ton in t. c bit i vi doanh nghip kinh doanh thng mi in t, s ra i cng thanh ton in t v s tin li ca cc hnh thc thanh ton in t s l n by gip tng lng khch hng cng nh giao dch. Quan trng hn c, li ch ca ngi tiu dng s c nng cao thng qua nhng tin ch m cng thanh ton in t mang li. Hin nay, do s khc bit gia cc ngn hng v mc hp tc cha cao gia cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v nn ngi tiu dng phi s dng nhiu loi th, m ti khon ti nhiu ngn hng; iu ny gy bt tin kh ln khi tham gia vo thng mi in t. Vi cng thanh ton in t, ch cn c ti khon ti mt ngn hng, ngi tiu dng c th chi tr cho hng ho v dch v ca tt c cc nh cung cp vi ti khon nhn tin nhiu ngn hng khc nhau. Cng thanh ton in t ra i s mang li li ch cho nhiu i tng khc nhau v l ng lc thc y thng mi in t pht trin mt tm cao mi. 1.2. Hnh ng ca doanh nghip
Cng thanh ton in t l nn tng c bn cho hot ng thanh ton trong thng mi in t, do vy, n i hi th trng cn c mt s u t nghim tc, mt mng li phi hp vng chc m bo tnh hiu qu. Trong mt th trng c khong 80 ngn hng cng hot ng, vic mt ngn hng ng ra to lp cng thanh ton dng nh thiu tnh kh thi. Cng thanh ton cn c hnh thnh t mi lin kt cht ch ca nhiu ngn hng nhng vn m bo tnh c lp trong c ch hot ng nhm mang li li ch cn bng cho tt c cc i tng tham gia. Do vai tr thit yu ca cng thanh ton in t cng nh xut pht t nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng, cc doanh nghip c nhng phn ng kh tch cc bng vic a ra mt s m hnh c xy dng theo cc cch tip cn khc nhau nhng cng chung mt mc ch l to ra cu ni gia ngi tiu dng, doanh nghip v ngn hng. Bo co s a ra phn tch tng qut v 2 m hnh cng thanh ton c nh gi l c tnh kh thi cao trong hot ng thanh ton in t.
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1.2.1. Cng ty C phn Dch v th Smartlink Tin thn l lin minh th Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam (VCB) gm 17 ngn hng, Cng ty C phn Dch v Th (Smartlink) ra i vi chc nng chnh l mt cng ty chuyn cung cp cc dch v lin quan n th thanh ton, qun l v vn hnh mng thanh ton th ca cc ngn hng thnh vin, pht trin knh thanh ton in t vi vai tr mt cng thanh ton. Smartlink ra i khng nh s gn kt gia cc ngn hng nhm tng cng v m rng mi quan h hp tc a chiu, lin kt pht trin v thc y cc dch v thanh ton c bit l thanh ton trong thng mi in t. Cui nm 2007, Smartlink vn hnh mt mng li thanh ton gm 27 ngn hng thnh vin, trong 17 ngn hng trin khai kt ni thnh cng v hot ng n nh vi s lng th pht hnh t 3 triu th v c chp nhn thanh ton ti hn 1.500 my ATM v 10.000 n v chp nhn th trn ton quc.90 17 ngn hng ny c nh gi l nng ng v c kh nng m rng quy m nhanh.
Bng 3.6 Danh sch cc ngn hng thnh vin ca Smartlink v Banknetvn Smartlink 1. NH Ngoi thng Vit Nam 2. NH K thng 3. NH Thng mi Chu 4. NH Qun i 5. NH Hng Hi 6. NH Bc 7. NH Phng ng 8. NH ng Nam 9. NH Phng Nam 10. NH Xut Nhp khu 11. NH Indovina 12. NH Nam Vit 13. NH VID Public14. NH VP 14. NH VP 15. NH Quc t Vit Nam 16. NH An Bnh 17. NH Nh H Ni 18. NH Pht trin nh 19. NH Vit 20. NH Si Gn 21. NH Thi Bnh Dng 22. NH Vit Nga 23. NH Ngoi thng Lo (BCEL) 24. NH i dng 25. NH Nhn i (SH) 26. NH Vit Lo 27. NH Shinhan Vina Banknetvn 1. NH Cng thng Vit Nam 2. NH u t v Pht trin Vit Nam 3. NH Si Gn Cng thng 4. NH Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn 5. NH Thng mi Chu 6. NH Si Gn Thng tn 7. NH ng
Vi th mnh l mng li cc ngn hng thnh vin, Smartlink s cung cp 3 loi dch v chnh l dch v chuyn mch ATM v POS, thanh ton in t v th tr trc mang thng hiu Smartlink. Vi dch v chuyn mch ATM v POS, Smartlink gip ngi tiu dng c th s dng mt th giao dch ti tt c cc ngn hng trong mng li ca mnh. Trong , mng quan trng nht ca Smartlink l pht trin cc knh thanh ton in t kt ni ngn hng thnh vin vi cc nh cung ng hng ha, dch v. Mng thanh ton in t cho php khch hng s dng th ca cc ngn hng thnh vin thc hin mua sm hng ha, dch v, tr cc ph in thoi, tin in, nc qua cc knh giao dch in t nh Internet, in thoi di ng,
90
Bo co Cng ty CP Dch v th Smartlink thng 10/2007.
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ATM v POS. Th mang thng hiu Smartlink s i vo hot ng u nm 2008 nhm tng thm cng c thanh ton cho ngi tiu dng. Vic m rng cc phng thc thanh ton in t s gip khch hng dn dn chuyn t vic s dng tin mt sang cc cng c thanh ton phi tin mt, y mnh qu trnh xy dng v pht trin h tng thanh ton vn minh, hin i trn c s ng dng CNTT. M hnh hot ng ca Smartlink c minh ho di y.
Hnh 3.6 M hnh hot ng ca Smartlink
TELECOM COMPANIES INTERNET SERVICES PROVIDERS
BANKS
INTERNATIONAL CARD COMPANIES PAYMENT SERVICES PROVIDERS
BIG RETAILERS
MERCHANTS
FINANCIAL SERVIECES PROVIDERS
INSURANCE COMPANIES OTHER SERVICES AND GOODS PROVIDERS
Ngy 21/11/2007, Smartlink k tho thun hp tc chin lc vi Banknetvn. Vic kt ni h thng thanh ton th gia hai n v ny gip th ca cc ngn hng thnh vin ca Smartlink v Banknetvn pht hnh u c th thc hin giao dch rt tin mt, in sao k ti khon v kim tra s d ti mng li ATM ca tt c ngn hng thnh vin. y l bc tin di trong vic to lp mt dch v chuyn mch ATM v POS m bn hng li chnh l ngi tiu dng vi mng li chp nhn th rng khp. Trn c s , cc dch v thanh ton v gi tr gia tng da trn h thng ny cng sm c trin khai mang li nhiu li ch thit thc cho ch th. Vi mng li ngn hng v th c m rng, Smartlink tn dng u th ny trin khai thanh ton in t cho mt s ngnh hng, dch v ang pht trin. Vi i tc trong nc, Smartlink t c tha thun hp tc cung cp dch v vi cc cng ty cung ng dch v vin thng di ng, cc nh cung ng dch v Internet, bo him, du lch l hnh v bn l ln ti Vit Nam nh MobiFone, Viettel, VinaGame, Pacific Airlines, Bo Vit, Taxi Mai Linh, VTC, v.v... Chin lc kinh doanh ca Smartlink trong giai on u u tin tp trung vo vic m rng quan h i tc ti cc lnh vc nu trn. Vi i tc nc ngoi, Smartlink cng ang tin hnh cc bc cn thit tr thnh Trung tm x l giao dch cho tt c cc t chc th quc t ti Vit Nam nh Visa, MasterCard, American Express, China Union Pay, JCB, Diners Club. Theo , cc giao dch th quc t ca cc ngn hng thnh vin thc hin ti Vit Nam s c x l ngay ti h thng Smartlink, gii quyt trit bi ton hiu qu kinh t trong mng li thanh ton th, to c s cng thanh ton in t m Smartlink ang xy dng i vo ng dng mc cao hn. Ngoi ra, Smartlink cng c k hoch lin kt vi mng thanh ton th ni a ca cc nc trong khu vc nh Singapore, Thi lan, Malaysia, v.v... m rng mng li chp nhn th v gia tng tin ch cho khch hng ca cc ngn hng thnh vin.
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1.2.2. H thng dch v thanh ton in t Mobivi Th trng thanh ton in t Vit Nam mi bt u c s vn ng r nt trong nm 2007. Do vy, vic xut hin cng mt lc nhiu m hnh thanh ton vi cc dch v khc nhau l iu d hiu. Bn cnh Smartlink, dch v thanh ton Mobivi ca Cng ty C phn Dch v gi tr gia tng trn mng Vit Ph cng hng ti ci thin mi trng thanh ton in t hin nay, to ra mt loi hnh thanh ton tng qut, a nng v tin tch cho ngi tiu dng. H thng Mobivi to dng l mt h thng mng kt ni gia cc c s bn hng, cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v, hng ho, ngi tiu dng v cc t chc ti chnh, ngn hng bng nhng gii php tch hp h thng. Dch v ny nhm gii quyt l hng trong quan h gia ngi mua - ngi bn ngn hng trong thng mi in t. C th, dch v Mobivi bao gm thanh ton trc tuyn qua mng Internet, chi tr qua mng in thoi, di ng v qua cc loi th debit card. Trong mi quan h giao thng, Mobivi ng vai tr nh mt chic v in t cho ngi mua v ngi bn. Nh c ti khon ti cc ngn hng khc nhau, Mobivi s l trung gian nhn tin t ti khon ca khch hng v chuyn tin vo ti khon ca ngi bn. Vai tr ny ca Mobivi c minh ho theo m hnh di y.
Hp 3.5 M hnh hot ng ca Mobivi Ti cc website chp nhn thanh ton qua Mobivi, ngi mua hng c th thc hin thao tc thanh ton trc tuyn hoc s dng in thoi di ng. Khi c lnh thanh ton t khch hng, h thng trc tuyn ca ngi bn hng s chuyn thng tin thanh ton sang h thng Mobivi. Sau , ngi mua s ng nhp vi tn ti khon, m ng nhp vo h thng Mobivi thng bo chi tit cc thng s thanh ton cho giao dch va thc hin. Sau khi ngi mua gi lnh chp thun chi tr, h thng Mobivi s chuyn khch hng v li website ca ngi bn. Trong trng hp ti khon c chi tr, Mobivi s bo cho ngi bn, v lnh mua c hon tt. Trong trng hp ti khon khng , Mobivi s thng bo vi ngi bn l lnh cha hon tt, v yu cu ngi mua chuyn tin vo ti khon ca mnh ti Mobivi. Khi Mobivi nhn c ngn khon chi tr, Mobivi s thng bo cho nh bn hng v ngi mua hng l ngn khon thc hin thng v. Cc thng bo ny c th chuyn bng in th hoc tin nhn in thoi di ng. Ngi mua cng c th kim tra tnh trng ti khon ti Mobivi thng qua tin nhn in thoi di ng.
109
Cng ging nh Smartlink, dch v thanh ton Mobivi m bo li ch cho c 3 i tng l ngi tiu dng, doanh nghip cung cp sn phm, dch v v ngn hng. i vi khch hng, Mobivi gip h thun tin hn trong cc giao dch mua hng trc tuyn khi ch cn mt ti khon ti ngn hng v ti Mobivi. i vi doanh nghip cung cp sn phm, dch v, h thng bn l hay knh bn hng trc tuyn s hot ng hiu qu hn khi khu thanh ton vi khch hng c gii quyt. Ngoi ra, tit kim chi ph v qun l v lu tr tin mt cng l u im doanh nghip xem xt. Nhng doanh nghip ny c th nng cao nng lc qun l thng qua vic kt ni knh bn hng vi h thng qun l khch hng ERP, k ton. Cui cng, vi t cch l mt mt xch trong chui lin kt trn, li ch ca ngn hng c xem l kh r rng. Chp nhn trin khai dch v thanh ton Mobivi, cc ngn hng c c hi gia tng lng giao dch trn c s khch hng ca Mobivi hay ca cc nh cung cp sn phm, dch v thnh vin. Ngn hng khng phi u t cho cng ngh v thanh ton ng thi tit kim c chi ph c bit i vi cng tc tng cng chc nng bn l. Hn th na, ngn hng c th hn ch ri ro kinh doanh trong giao dch vi khch hng thng qua h thng thanh ton ny. l nhng li ch rt ln m mt cng thanh ton in t c th mang li. Hin nay, Mobivi ang trin khai kt ni vi 6 ngn hng ln v mt s cng ty chng khon. Cung cp dch v thanh ton cho hot ng chng khon l bc khai thc khi u m Mobivi hng ti. Chng khon hin ang l lnh vc nng thu ht c nhiu s quan tm t pha ngi tiu dng, ng thi cng l phn on th trng m i vi doanh nghip cung cp dch v thanh ton. Xt v chc nng, Mobivi v Smartlink u cng hng ti mt mc tiu chung l to ra cng thanh ton cho cc giao dch in t. Tuy nhin, mi dch v li c xut pht im v li th khc nhau nn cch tip cn th trng cng khc nhau. Smartlink vi li th c thnh lp t mng li cc ngn hng thnh vin ca lin minh th VCB nn dch v khai thc trit mi quan h v mng li khch hng th ca nhng ngn hng ny. Ngc li, m hnh thanh ton Mobivi xut pht t mng li khch hng ca cc nh cung cp hng ho, sn phm. Mi cch thc thanh ton s em li nhng li ch ring bit nhng khi dch v tin ti mt mc hon chnh, th trng s c s cnh tranh mnh gia cc nh cung cp dch v nhm tm ra m hnh cng thanh ton ti u nht. Do vy, y chnh l qung thi gian quan trng cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v cng thanh ton nh v th trng v xc nh li th cnh tranh cho dch v ca mnh.
2.
2.1.
Mt s m hnh ng dng thanh ton in t

Pacic Airlines trin khai bn v my bay trc tuyn
Theo Hip hi Vn ti hng khng th gii IATA, v my bay in t gip ngnh hng khng tit kim c khong 3 t USD mi nm, gip cc hng hng khng nng cao tnh cnh tranh. Khng nhng th, vic mua v qua mng s gip khch hng tit kim c thi gian cng nh nhiu chi ph khc.
110
u nm 2007, ngnh hng khng Vit Nam bt tay vo trin khai h thng v in t. Sau khi chuyn i sang hnh thc cng ty c phn v hng khng gi r, hng hng khng Pacific Airlines p dng hnh thc bn v my bay in t trc tuyn vi mc ch ct gim chi ph h thng i l, tng hiu qu cng tc qun l lch bay, xo b chi ph in v v.v... i vi ngi tiu dng, s tin dng v ch ng trong vic t v l mt li ch kh ph nhn v c nhiu phn hi kh quan t khch hng i vi phng thc bn v ny. thc hin c vic bn v my bay in t, tr ngi u tin v rt kh khn m Pacific Airlines gp phi l vn thanh ton. Gii php th thanh ton c xc nh l cng c quan trng v mang tnh chin lc trong bc u trin khai dch v ny. Hin Pacific Airlines ang s dng 2 phng thc thanh ton chnh l thanh ton tr trc bng th tn dng quc t nh Visa, Visa Debit, Master Card, JCB, American Express v thanh ton tin mt tr sau. Thanh ton qua th tn dng ang pht huy c th mnh ca mnh v chim t trng ln trong khi lng thanh ton ca Pacific Airlines. Tnh n ngy 15/12/2007, theo bo co ca Cng ty Hng khng C phn Pacific Airlines, khong 65% tng s v bn trc tuyn c thanh ton bng th tn dng. Ring i vi th Techcombank Debit, mi thng c tnh c khong 700 giao dch mua v Pacific Airlines v tnh n thi im hin ti c hng nghn khch hng tham gia t v qua mng trong s 20.000 khch hng s dng th.91 Nhm to thun li hn cho khch hng trong vic thanh ton, Pacific Airlines ang phi hp vi Cng ty C phn th Smartlink trin khai h tr thanh ton qua th ni a Connect 24 v cc loi th khc do ngn hng pht hnh. Bn cnh , Pacific Airlines s b sung thm knh thanh ton nh thu qua cc n v c mng li ph rng ton quc nh cc chi nhnh ngn hng, im bu in, i l bn th in thoi.
Hnh 3.7 V my bay in t ca Pacific Airlines
91
Thi bo Kinh t Si Gn, ngy 06/7/2007.
111
Vic chuyn i sang kinh doanh hng khng gi r v bn v trc tuyn gip Pacific Airlines tit kim c 50% chi ph h tng bn v. Nhng kt qu c th mang li cho hng hng khng ny t vic trin khai bn v in t qua mng c th thy qua con s tng trng khch hng trong 6 thng u nm so vi cng k nm trc l 38%. H s s dng gh trc kia ch t hn 70% nay t khong 85%.92 Vic pht trin dch v bn v my bay trc tuyn l mt n lc rt ln ca hng hng khng phi hp cng cc n v thanh ton nhm gia tng gi tr, to s tin li v tho mn ti a cho khch hng. i vi Pacific Airliens, y l bc tin quan trng v mt cng ngh, gip tit kim chi ph v nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip trong bi cnh m ca th trng. Cc hnh thc thanh ton in t c khng nh l cn thit, thng mi in t l cng c mang tnh chin lc cho cc hng hng khng gi r nh Pacific Airlines. 2.2. 123mua! vi thanh ton in t
123mua! c bit n nh mt website B2C kh tr nhng hot ng c hiu qu trong thi gian qua. S lng n hng nm 2007 tng mnh so vi nm 2006. Trung bnh mi thng nm 2006 123mua! nhn c 150 n hng, nhng n nm 2007, con s ny tng hn 16 ln, t khong 2500 n hng/thng.93 Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn c bn 123mua! to c sc ht th trng l chin lc thanh ton cho vic bn hng trn website. Ban u, da trn nn tng khch hng c sn t cc tr chi trc tuyn ang trin khai, 123mua! xc nh i tng mua hng ch yu l cc game th s dng th tr trc VinaGame thanh ton tin hng. Nhng pht trin website bn hng su rng hn, ph hp vi chin lc kinh doanh, 123mua! buc phi b sung cc cng c thanh ton khc. n thng 12/2007, 123mua! a ra 6 la chn thanh ton cho khch hng bao gm th Visa &Master, th tr trc VinaGame, th a nng ng , chuyn tin qua ngn hng, chuyn tin qua bu in v giao hng - thu tin tn ni. Chc nng ca th tr trc VinaGame cng ging nh hnh thc khu tr tin hng vo ti khon ca khch. Loi hnh thanh ton ny hin vn ang chim v tr quan trng trong cc phng tin thanh ton c s dng. i vi khch hng khng tham gia tr chi ca VinaGame hay a phng xa, h thng s dng phng thc chuyn tin qua bu in v chuyn khon qua ngn hng. n thng 8/2007, 123mua! cho php khch hng thanh ton bng th tn dng quc t Visa v Master. Ngay sau , lng s dng th tr trc VinaGame gim v chuyn sang s dng phng thc thanh ton ny. Thng 10/2007, th a nng ng chnh thc c a vo s dng ti website. Loi th ny cng nhn c phn ng tch cc trong thi gian u t pha ngi s dng. Hin ti, do lng khch hng n vi 123mua! i a s l game th nn thanh ton bng th tr trc VinaGame vn chim a s. Chim v tr th hai sau th tr trc VinaGame l hnh
92 93
Th gii Vi tnh Seri B thng 9/2007 Bo co ca 123mua!ti Hi ngh y mnh pht trin TMT 2007 Thng 12/2007
112
thc chuyn tin qua bu in. y l hnh thc truyn thng v mang tnh tnh th khi thanh ton in t cha ph bin. Khi vic thanh ton qua th Visa, Master v th a nng ng c a vo trin khai, t l s dng cc cng c thanh ton c mt s dch chuyn hp l. Do nhng phng thc ny c ng dng sau nn t l s dng cha cao khi t trong mi tng quan tng th. Song li ch lu di m hai phng thc ny mang li l m rng c phm vi khch hng tim nng, khng ch trong nc m cn hng ra th trng nc ngoi trong nhng nm ti.
Bng 3.7 T l s dng ca cc hnh thc thanh ton theo tng giai on ti 123!mua Hnh thc Trc 10/8/2007 Th tr trc VinaGame Chuyn khon qua ngn hng Chuyn tin qua bu in Giao hng v ly tin Th Visa v Master Card (INT) Th a nng ng (DAB) 89,5 1,3 6,1 3,1 T l (%) Sau INT (10/8/2007) 71,5 2,1 8,8 1,2 16,4 Sau DAB (27/10/2007) 52,2 4,2 24,1 0,4 11,8 7,3
Ngun: Bo co ca 123!mua Thng 12/2007
im nhn trong ton cnh thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2007 chnh l s pht trin nhanh ca thanh ton in t.94 So vi nhng nm trc y, th trng thanh ton in t 2007 t c nhng ci tin ln trong vic a dng ho cc phng thc thanh ton, m rng i tng cung cp v ng dng dch v. Nt i mi ny c c l nh n lc ca cc i tng tham gia bao gm ngi tiu dng, ngn hng v nh cung cp hng ho, dch v. Tuy nhin, nm 2007 mi ch l im khi u, thanh ton in t vn cn tip tc duy tr, y mnh pht trin hin thi ng thi nhanh chng khc phc nhng im yu cn tn ti. Mt mng thanh ton thng nht s l bn p vng chc cho thng mi in t Vit Nam ct cnh trong nhng nm tip theo.
94
S pht trin ca thanh ton in t c bnh chn l s kin thng mi in t ni bt nht nm 2007.
113
CHNG IV TNH HNH NG DNG V KINH DOANH THNG MI IN T
CHNG IV TNH HNH NG DNG V KINH DOANH THNG MI IN T

Nm 2007 B Cng Thng (V Thng mi in t) tin hnh kho st hn 2.000 doanh nghip, so vi con s 1.300 ca nm 2006 v 800 ca nm 2005.95 Ni dung iu tra bao qut nhiu mt ca ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip. i tng iu tra c la chn theo phng php ly mu ngu nhin theo quy m, loi hnh doanh nghip v ngnh ngh kinh doanh. V a bn, cuc iu tra c tin hnh ch yu vi cc doanh nghip ti ba thnh ph ln nht nc l Thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni v Nng. Cc phn tch v thng k trong chng ny ch yu da trn kt qu x l thng tin ca 1.737 phiu tr li hp l thu v t cuc iu tra. Di y l mt vi s liu khi qut v cc doanh nghip c tp hp lm c s phn tch cho Bo co Thng mi in t 2007.
Hnh 4.1 Quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip c iu tra
60% 50% 53%
T l doanh nghip
40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0-20 21-50 51-100 101-200 201-500 501-1000 >1000 Quy m doanh nghip (s lao ng) 15% 9% 7% 7% 4% 5%
im d nhn thy khi nhn vo bng phn b cc i tng iu tra l s doanh nghip quy m nh chim t l kh p o. C ti 53% cc doanh nghip tham gia kho st c t hn 20 lao ng, t l tng ng cho nhm doanh nghip c t 21-50 lao ng l 15%. Nhng doanh
95 Trong s 800 phiu pht ra nm 2005 thu v c 504 phiu hp l, trong s 1.300 phiu pht ra nm 2006 thu v 1.077 phiu hp l, v trong hn 2.000 phiu pht ra nm 2007 thu v c 1.737 phiu hp l.
117
nghip c trn 500 lao ng chim cha ti 10% s doanh nghip tham gia kho st. Tng quan ny v quy m lao ng ca cc doanh nghip c iu tra phn nh ng thc trng l a s cc doanh nghip Vit Nam hin nay vn l doanh nghip va v nh.96
Hnh 4.2 Doanh nghip c iu tra phn theo khu vc a l
6% 23% 45%
26% H Ni TPHCM Nng a phng khc
V khu vc a l, 45% doanh nghip tham gia kho st hin ang hot ng trn a bn TP. H Ch Minh, khu vc tp trung nhiu doanh nghip nng ng nht trn ton quc. 26% doanh nghip ang hot ng ti H Ni, 6% doanh nghip ti Nng. S doanh nghip hot ng cc a phng khc chim gn 1/4 tng s i tng iu tra ca Bo co nm nay.
Hnh 4.3 Doanh nghip c iu tra phn theo ngnh ngh kinh doanh
Sn xut khc TM - DV, dch vu tng hp, dch v khc Ngnh kinh doanh Ngn hng, ti chnh T vn, lut, bt ng sn Du lch Dch v CNTT v TMT C kh my mc, ha cht, xy dng Th cng m ngh Nng lm thy sn, ch bin thc phm D may, da dy 0 5 6% 10 15 20 25 30 35 4% 8% 1% 6% 5% 11% 15% 16% 30%
T l doanh nghip
Ngnh ngh kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip c iu tra cng phn nh kh chnh xc c cu phn b ni chung ca doanh nghip trn ton quc theo lnh vc hot ng v ngnh kinh t.97
96 Theo kt qu iu tra thng 12/2005 ca Tng cc Thng k vi 113.000 doanh nghip ang hot ng trn a bn c nc, 51% doanh nghip c di 10 lao ng v t l doanh nghip c di 500 lao ng chim ti 98% tng s doanh nghip (kt qu chi tit xem ti www.gso.gov.vn). 97
C cu ngnh kinh t ca doanh nghip theo kt qu iu tra ca Tng cc Thng k thng 12/2005 (s liu ti www.gso.gov.vn): Dt may da giy Nng lm thy sn, ch bin thc phm Th cng m ngh C kh, ha cht, xy dng Dch v CNTT v TMT 3,0% 6,7% 2,4% 18,4% 2,0% Du lch T vn, lut, bt ng sn Ngn hng, ti chnh TM-DV, dch v tng hp Sn xut khc 6,3% 6,6% 1,0% 33,9% 19,8%
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Nh vy, vi s phn b kh a dng v v tr a l, quy m v ngnh ngh kinh doanh, tng ng vi thc trng chung ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam, nhm 1.737 doanh nghip c kho st ny s cho thy mt bc tranh mang tnh i din cao cho tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t ca doanh nghip trn ton quc.
I.
MC SN SNG CHO THNG MI IN T CA DOANH NGHIP
Cu hi iu tra a ra mt s ch tiu nh gi mc sn sng ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip, bao gm tng s my tnh s dng trong doanh nghip, tnh hnh o to cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in t, h tng vin thng v Internet, mc ch ca vic s dng Internet trong doanh nghip, mc xy dng v s dng mng ni b. Nhng ch tiu ny c th cha bao qut ht mc sn sng v nng lc ng dng thng mi in t, nhng cng phn nh c vic chun b cho thng mi in t ti doanh nghip trn nhiu kha cnh, t h tng cng ngh cho n ngun nhn lc.
1.
Tnh hnh s dng my tnh trong cc doanh nghip
My tnh l thit b phn cng c bn cho ng dng CNTT v TMT trong hot ng kinh doanh, do cc thng k v my tnh l tiu ch quan trng nh gi mc sn sng cho TMT nhn t gc h tng k thut ca doanh nghip.
Hnh 4.4 Phn b my tnh trong doanh nghip nm 2007
60% 50% 54.8%
T l doanh nghip
40% 30% 20% 10% 0.3% 0% 0 1-10 11-20 21-50 S m y tnh 51-100 101-200 Trn 200 17.9% 16.1% 7.6% 2.7% 0.7%
Kt qu iu tra cho thy trung bnh mi doanh nghip c 22,9 my tnh (so vi con s 17,6 ca nm 2006) v trung bnh c 8,1 lao ng c mt my tnh. Ch 0,3% s doanh nghip c kho st cho bit cha c trang b my tnh. Trn mt na s doanh nghip c t 1 n 10 my tnh v khong 1/3 doanh nghip c t 11 n 50 my. Gp chung li, phn ln (89%) doanh nghip c t 1 n 50 my. T l doanh
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nghip c trn 50 my tnh ch chim khong 10%. Tuy nhin, t l doanh nghip c trn 10 my tnh tng ng k so vi nm 2006, t ch chim 33% tng s n v iu tra ca nm 2006 ln mc 45% vo nm 2007.
Bng 4.1 So snh phn b my tnh trong doanh nghip 2 nm 2006 - 2007 S lng my tnh 0 my T 1-10 my T 11-20 my T 21-50 my T 51-100 my T 101-200 my Trn 200 my 2006 0.1% 67.0% 15.4% 12.2% 3.0% 1.6% 0.7% 2007 0.3% 54.8% 17.9% 16.1% 7.6% 2.7% 0.7%
Phn tch su hn c cu phn b my tnh trong cc doanh nghip thuc nhng lnh vc hot ng khc nhau, c th thy phn tn kh ln c v s my tnh trung bnh ln t l my tnh trn u ngi. Ngnh dt may - da giy, ch bin thc phm v ngn hng ti chnh, ni tp trung nhiu doanh nghip quy m ln, l nhng ngnh c s my tnh trung bnh trong doanh nghip cao nht. Tuy nhin, t l my tnh trn nhn vin mi l tiu ch tng i khch quan so snh mc trang b my tnh gia doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh khc nhau. Da trn ch tiu ny th ngnh dt may - da giy v ch bin thc phm li c t l s dng my tnh thp nht, vi trung bnh c 25 ngi trong ngnh dt may v 18 ngi trong ngnh ch bin thc phm mi c mt my tnh.
Bng 4.2 Mc trung bnh my tnh trong doanh nghip phn theo ngnh Ngnh kinh doanh Dt may, da giy Nng lm thy sn, ch bin thc phm Th cng m ngh C kh my mc, ha cht, xy dng Du lch TM-DV, dch v tng hp Dch v CNTT v TMT T vn, bt ng sn Ngn hng, ti chnh Cc ngnh khc T l my tnh/1doanh nghip T l nhn vin/my tnh 42,6 31,5 10,5 18,2 13,7 18,0 17,1 12,8 50,6 26,2 25,0 17,9 10,0 7,0 5,3 4,4 3,5 3,2 3,1 11,6
Da trn tng quan s nhn vin/my tnh th ngnh ngn hng, ti chnh, t vn, bt ng sn v dch v CNTT-TMT c t l trang b my tnh cao nht, vi trung bnh khong 3
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ngi dng chung mt my tnh. Nu loi cc doanh nghip bo him ra khi nhm ngnh ngn hng-ti chnh, th mc trang b my tnh trong ngnh ny cn cao hn na, trung bnh t 1,1 ngi/my tnh.98 Tng t, nu loi cc doanh nghip t vn xy dng ra khi nhm ngnh t vn-lut-bt ng sn, th mc trang b my tnh ca ngnh ny l 1,6 ngi/my tnh. Nh vy, c th thy cc ngn hng, cng ty lut v t vn hin l nhng n v dn u v trang b h tng k thut cho ng dng CNTT v TMT.
2.
Tnh hnh o to CNTT v TMT
So vi nm 2003 v 2004, tnh hnh o to CNTT v TMT trong doanh nghip c nhiu tin b, xt c v s lng doanh nghip trin khai o to cng nh t trng ca o to trong c cu u t. Nu nm 2004 chi ph cho o to ch chim bnh qun 12,3% tng chi ph cng ngh thng tin ca doanh nghip (tnh chung cho cc hng mc mua sm phn cng, ci t v duy tr phn mm, vn hnh h thng, o to, dch v TMT, v.v...), th t l ny trong nm 2007 c nng ln 20,5%. Nm 2004, c n 28,6% s doanh nghip c kho st cho bit khng tin hnh bt k hnh thc o to cng ngh thng tin no cho nhn vin, nm 2007 t l ny ch cn 17,1%. C th thy doanh nghip ang ngy cng nhn thc r vai tr con ngi trong vic khai thc hiu qu cc ng dng cng ngh thng tin - thng mi in t v c s u t thch ng cho nhn t ny.
Hnh 4.5 Tnh hnh o to CNTT v TMT trong doanh nghip qua cc nm
70% 60% 50% T l doanh nghip 2004 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% M lp o to Gi nhn vin i hc o to ti ch Khng o to 2005 2006 2007
Cc hnh thc o to
Vi u th tit kim chi ph v em li hiu qu tc thi do gn lin vi yu cu cng vic ca mi nhn vin, hnh thc o to ti ch vn l mt la chn ph bin (theo kt qu iu tra 3 nm lin tip t 2005 n 2007, t l doanh nghip p dng hnh thc o to ny lun mc trn di 60%). Tuy nhin, s doanh nghip kt hp c mt cch bi bn m hnh va hc va lm vi cc phng thc o to khc ang ngy cng gia tng. So vi 9% doanh nghip m lp o to v 31% doanh nghip gi nhn vin i tham gia cc kha hc ngn hn v CNTT
98
Do cc doanh nghip kinh doanh bo him c mt lng ln nhn vin bn bo him l i tng t s dng my tnh
121
nm 2004, con s 12% v 38% ca nm 2007 cho thy mt du hiu ng khch l v xu hng o to chuyn su k nng CNTT - TMT cho ngi lao ng trong cc doanh nghip.
Hnh 4.6 T l nhn vin s dng my tnh thng xuyn cho cng vic
9.4% Di 10% T 10%-40% T 40%-70% Trn 70%
22.5% 48.1%
20.1%
pht trin ngun nhn lc cho cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in t, mu cht thnh cng khng ch nm khu o to k nng cng ngh thng tin cho ngi lao ng, m cn th hin kh nng v iu kin h thc hnh, ng dng nhng k nng trong cng vic hng ngy. Tiu ch ny phn no c phn nh t l nhn vin c iu kin s dng my tnh thng xuyn cho cng vic. Kt qu iu tra cho thy gn mt na doanh nghip tham gia iu tra c t l ny t t 70% tr ln. Nu ly t l nhn vin s dng my tnh thng xuyn cho cng vic mc trn 50% l mc nh gi trnh trang b k thut v tip cn cng ngh thng tin ca doanh nghip, th c gn ba phn t s doanh nghip t ngng ny.
3.
H tng vin thng v Internet
Nu my tnh l thit b phn cng c bn, th Internet l mi trng thit yu cho ng dng TMT trong doanh nghip. Do ch tiu kt ni Internet s phn nh mt kha cnh quan trng ca mc sn sng cho thng mi in t. 97% doanh nghip thuc din iu tra nm nay cho bit kt ni Internet, so vi t l 83% ca ba nm trc v 92% ca nm 2006. Trong s 3% doanh nghip cha tip cn vi Internet, mt na cho bit ang ln k hoch kt ni vo nm 2008.
Hnh 4.7 Mc tip cn Internet ca doanh nghip qua cc nm
100% 95% T l doanh nghip 90% 85% 80% 75% 2004 2005 2006 2007 83% 89% 92% 97%
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Mc ph cp Internet ngy cng tng l kt qu ca vic pht trin mnh dch v ADSL trong nhng nm gn y. iu ny c minh chng bng t l doanh nghip kt ni Internet qua ADSL tng u theo cc nm trong khi t l s dng ng truyn ring v ng in thoi (modem quay s) gim vi tc tng ng. c bit, phng thc quay s t v tr th 2 trong cc phng thc truy cp Internet vo nm 2004 vi gn 28% doanh nghip s dng, nay ch cn hin din 1,8% doanh nghip, v nhiu kh nng s hon ton bin mt vo nhng nm ti. Xu hng chuyn mnh sang kt ni bng thng rng l tin rt tt cho cc ng dng thng mi in t trn nn Internet ca doanh nghip hin nay cng nh trong tng lai.
Hnh 4.8 Chuyn bin trong hnh thc truy cp Internet ca doanh nghip qua cc nm
100% 90% 80% T l doanh nghip 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% ADSL ng truyn ring 10.2% 7.6% 5.4% 3.8% 27.9% 17.9% 5.2% 1.8% Quay s 17.1% 11.0% 7.9% Cha kt ni 44.7% 63.5% 2004 2005 2006 2007 91.4% 81.5%
3.0%
Hnh thc truy cp Internet
Trong cc hnh thc kt ni Internet bng thng rng, ADSL chim u th p o do chi ph r, vic lp t n gin v cc gi dch v a dng. Nhng u im ny c bit thch hp vi doanh nghip quy m nh v va, khi nhu cu s dng Internet cn tng i n gin, khng i hi dung lng ng truyn ln. Con s 91,4% n v c kho st cho bit ang s dng dch v ADSL cho thy y hin l la chn s mt trong cc phng thc kt ni Internet ca doanh nghip.
Hnh 4.9 Cc hnh thc truy cp Internet ca doanh nghip nm 2007
1.8% 1.5% 1.5% 3.8%
ADSL ng truyn ring Quay s Cha kt ni S kt ni trong nm ti
91.4%
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Trong nhm doanh nghip cha kt ni Internet, 81% l cc doanh nghip nh vi quy m trung bnh 12 lao ng/n v. Con s ny cho thy cc n lc ph cp Internet trong thi gian ti cn tp trung vo i tng doanh nghip nh, bng vic nng cao nhn thc doanh nghip v hiu qu ng dng Internet i vi hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca n v mnh.
4.
Hiu qu ca vic s dng Internet trong doanh nghip
V mc ch s dng Internet, kt qu iu tra cho thy ngoi tnh nng c bn l tm kim thng tin v trao i th in t, cc tin ch khc ca Internet cng ngy cng c doanh nghip quan tm khai thc. 46,7% doanh nghip bt u tn dng Internet nh mt knh h tr trong qu trnh mua bn hng ha dch v v 38,1% dng duy tr, cp nht website. T l doanh nghip s dng cc tnh nng ca Internet u tng so vi nm 2006 cho thy s tin b trong vic khai thc ton din nhng li th m Internet mang li, ng ngha vi nng lc ng dng CNTT v TMT ca doanh nghip c nng cao hn mt bc.
Bng 4.3 Mc ch s dng Internet trong doanh nghip T l doanh nghip s dng Internet cho cc mc ch Tm kim thng tin Trao i th in t Truyn nhn d liu Mua bn hng ha dch v Duy tr v cp nht website Lin lc vi c quan nh nc 2006 82,9% 64,3% 62,8% 40,9% 31,3% 22,1% 2007 89,5% 80,3% 68,3% 46,7% 38,1% 30,6% Thay i 6,6% 16,0% 5,5% 5,8% 6,8% 8,5%
T bng 4.3, c th thy th t v t l doanh nghip s dng Internet cho cc mc ch khc nhau khng thay i trong hai nm 2006-2007. Nhng xt theo mc thay i, th thay i ln nht thuc v t l s dng th in t - ng dng Internet n gin nhng mang li hiu qu kinh doanh cao cho doanh nghip. Thay i ln th hai - vic tng cng s dng Internet tip xc vi cc c quan nh nc - cho thy nhng bc tin trong qu trnh xy dng chnh ph in t ti Vit Nam. Cc c quan nh nc bt u cung cp mt s dch v cng trc tuyn (G2B) v vic tip cn nhanh chng, chnh xc nhng dch v ny l nhu cu ln ca doanh nghip. Ngoi ra, duy tr cp nht website v tm kim thng tin, c hi kinh doanh cng l mc ch quan trng khi cc doanh nghip kt ni Internet. Vi vic khai thc tt hn th mnh tng hp ca Internet, doanh nghip nh gi cao hn hiu qu m Internet mang li cho hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca mnh. Trong s nhng tr ngi i vi vic s dng Internet, vn hiu qu khng r rt c im bnh qun thp nht (1,03 trn thang im 4) v gim ng k so vi nm trc (1,27).
Bng 4.4 Tr ngi i vi vic s dng Internet ca doanh nghip 2006 2007 An ton bo mt 2,9 2,8 Cht lng dch v 2,4 2,3 Chi ph tn km 1,6 1,6 Hiu qu cha r rt 1,0 1,3
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ng u trong s cc tr ngi cho vic s dng Internet ca doanh nghip l vn an ton bo mt. Trong nhiu nm lin tip, tr ngi ny lun c doanh nghip cho im bnh qun cao nht khi c yu cu nh gi nhng vn cn tr vic trin khai ng dng Internet. Nm 2007, vn an ton bo mt tip tc l mi quan ngi hng u vi im bnh qun 2,88 trn thang im 4, vt xa nhng tr ngi v cng ngh, chi ph hay cht lng dch v, v thm ch tng hn so vi nm trc (im bnh qun cho tr ngi ny theo kho st nm 2006 l 2,75). Kt qu trn cho thy doanh nghip nhn thc r tm quan trng ca vn an ton bo mt khi ng dng Internet trong hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, nhng a ra cc bin php t bo v th nhiu doanh nghip vn cn lng tng. Chnh v th, thi ca hu ht doanh nghip vn l e ngi v ch i, cha ch ng tm ra gii php cho vn an ninh an ton mng ni chung v trong giao dch thng mi in t ni ring c th khai thc ht tim nng ca ng dng thng mi in t.
5.
Mc xy dng v s dng mng ni b
Ngoi ch tiu my tnh v kt ni Internet, mt ch tiu na nh gi mc sn sng cng ngh cho thng mi in t l vic s dng mng ni b. Kt qu kho st nm nay cho thy 83,9% doanh nghip xy dng mng ni b, tng so vi t l 77,4% ca nm 2006. Xt mi tng quan cht ch gia nng lc ng dng thng mi in t vi trnh tin hc ha trong ni b doanh nghip, t l ny cho thy mc sn sng ng dng thng mi in t ca doanh nghip ngy cng c ci thin.
Hnh 4.10 Tnh hnh s dng mng ni b ca doanh nghip trong hai nm 2006-2007
90% 80% T l doanh nghip 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% LAN WAN Intranet Extranet Cc loi mng ni b c s dng 8.0% 4.0% 2.1% 5.2% 1.2% 1.0% 2006 2007 82.6% 73.8%
Trong cc hnh thc kt ni ni b, mng LAN c s dng ph bin nht do cng ngh n gin, ph hp vi c th ca doanh nghip va v nh.99 T l doanh nghip c mng LAN tng t 73,2% vo nm 2006 ln 82,3% vo nm 2007. Trong khi , t l cc doanh nghip s dng nhng loi mng ni b khc u gim. Khc vi LAN, mng Intranet v Extranet vn
99
LAN (Local Area Network mng my tnh cc b) l mt h thng mng dng kt ni cc my tnh trong mt phm vi nh (nh , phng lm vic, trng hc, v.v...). Cc my tnh trong mng LAN c th chia s ti nguyn vi nhau, m in hnh l chia s tp tin, my in, my qut v mt s thit b khc.
125
cn l cng ngh mi vi nhiu doanh nghip Vit Nam v hin mi ch c ng dng ti cc doanh nghip, tp on ln.100
II.
MC TRIN KHAI NG DNG THNG MI IN T
Vi mc sn sng ngy cng c ci thin trn c hai kha cnh cng ngh v ngun nhn lc, ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip cng ngy cng c m rng. Kho st nm nay ca B Cng Thng a ra nhiu tiu ch nh tnh v nh lng nh gi s tin b v ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip, trn c s phn tch v so snh vi kt qu iu tra t nhng nm trc.
1.
Khi qut
Nu hiu thng mi in t l vic s dng cc phng tin in t tin hnh hot ng thng mi, th doanh nghip c th trin khai thng mi in t trn nhiu cp , t s dng email giao dch vi i tc, giao kt hp ng thng qua in thoi, fax, email, cho n xy dng website ring ca mnh hoc tham gia cc sn giao dch, v.v...
Hnh 4.11 Chuyn bin v ng dng TMT trong doanh nghip qua hai nm 2006-2007
90% 80% T l doanh nghip 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Xy dng website Tham gia ti sn giao dch Kt ni CSDL vi i tc S dng Email Nhn t hng bng phng tin in t 8% 10% 13% 15% 31% 38% 2006 2007 82% 86% 79% 78%
Kt qu iu tra hai nm qua cho thy ng dng thng mi in t ca doanh nghip ngy cng m rng trn mi cp , v pht trin nhanh nhng ng dng c phc tp cao. T l doanh nghip c website tng t 31% ln 38%, t l tham gia sn giao dch tng t 8% ln 10%, t l kt ni c s d liu vi i tc tng t 13% ln 15%. Nhng s liu ny cho thy khi cc ng dng ph thng nh email t n n nh (vi trn 80% n v c kho st c s dng), doanh nghip bt u i vo khai thc theo chiu su nhng ng dng i hi k nng CNTT v TMT cao hn, ng thi tin gn n giao dch thng mi in t hnh thi hon chnh hn.
100
Intranet l mt hnh thc mng dng ring cc thnh vin trong mt cng ty hay t chc xy dng v chia s thng tin cha trn cc c s d liu ring theo phng thc ca Internet, ngha l s dng ngn ng pht trin siu vn bn - HTML (HyperText Markup Language), giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP v giao thc TCP/IP. Extranet l hnh thc m rng ca Intranet, kt ni cc mng ca nhiu doanh nghip vi nhau nhm chia s thng tin cha trn cc c s d liu ring theo cc giao thc ca Internet.
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Bng 4.5 Cc phng thc nhn t hng qua phng tin in t 2007 2006 Website 24,4% 22,2% Th in t 64,8% 59,4% Fax 63,7% 69,2% in thoi 65,3% 64,6%
Mc d t l n v chp nhn t hng bng phng tin in t nm nay khng c nhiu thay i so vi nm 2006, tng quan gia cc phng tin c s dng c s chuyn bin kh r rt. Bn cnh nhng phng tin truyn thng nh fax v in thoi, th in t vi website ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin trong giao dch gia cc i tc kinh doanh. c bit, th in t ang dn thay th fax v vn ln v tr th hai (sau in thoi) trong cc phng tin c s dng nhiu nht, vi gn 65% doanh nghip c kho st cho bit nhn t hng qua th in t, tng hn 5% so vi t l 59,4% ca nm 2006. Mt du hiu ng mng na v s pht trin theo chiu su ca ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip l vic 28,2% n v c kho st cho bit c d n hoc k hoch trin khai ng dng thng mi in t. Ph bin nht l cc k hoch xy dng website, tham gia sn giao dch in t, nng cp hoc tng cng an ninh cho h thng TMT hin hnh, tin hc ha cc quy trnh kinh doanh t trong ni b doanh nghip, v.v...
2.
Ngun nhn lc cho TMT
Theo s liu iu tra, 39% doanh nghip cho bit c b tr cn b chuyn trch v thng mi in t, vi mc trung bnh l 2,7 ngi trong mt doanh nghip, gn gp i con s 1,5 ngi ca nm 2006. Tuy nhin, t l doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v thng mi in t khng chuyn bin nhiu trong 3 nm gn y (hnh 4.12), cho thy vic tng s cn b trung bnh trn mt n v l kt qu ca s tng cng u t trong nhng doanh nghip trin khai ng dng thng mi in t t nhng nm trc. Vic gia tng ngun lc ny l du hiu cho thy cc doanh nghip bt u nh gi c hiu qu m thng mi in t em li.
Hnh 4.12 T l doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v CNTT v TMT qua cc nm
40%
37%
38%
38%
39%
T l doanh nghip
36% 34% 32% 30% 28% 2004 2005 2006 2007
33%
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Phn tch su hn mi quan h gia cc ch tiu kho st, c th thy vic b tr nhn s chuyn trch cho thng mi in t thng gn lin vi mt s ng dng c th v l hng i ca nhng doanh nghip c chin lc trin khai thng mi in t r rng. Trong s doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v TMT, 58,9% xy dng website, gp hn hai ln t l website trong nhng doanh nghip cha b tr cn b chuyn trch (25,3%). Tng t, 18,1% doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v TMT tham gia sn giao dch, so vi 6,3% doanh nghip khng c cn b chuyn trch trin khai c hot ng ny.
3.
ng dng TMT trong qun tr doanh nghip
Kt qu kho st qua cc nm cho thy ng dng TMT trong cng tc qun tr doanh nghip ang dn i vo chiu su, khi cc phn mm tc nghip c s dng tr nn ngy cng a dng. Bn cnh phn mm ti chnh k ton vn tip tc duy tr v tr l phn mm thng dng nht (vi gn 80% doanh nghip c kho st cho bit trin khai), cc phn mm qun l kho, qun l khch hng, qun l nhn s, v.v... cng tr nn ngy cng ph bin vi t l doanh nghip ng dng tng u qua cc nm.
Hnh 4.13 Tnh hnh trin khai mt s phn mm ng dng qua cc nm
90.0% 80.0% T l doanh nghip ng dng 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Ti chnh k ton Qun l kho Qun l nhn s Qun l khch hng Mt s phn mm ng dng ph bin 2005 2006 2007
Cc con s thng k c th cho thy phn mm qun l nhn s, qun l h thng cung ng (SCM) v lp k hoch ngun lc (ERP) l nhng ng dng c tc tng trng nhanh nht trong ba nm qua. c bit, cc gii php SCM v ERP ang c nhiu doanh nghip nghin cu a vo trin khai, cho thy nhng ng dng tch hp vi phc tp cao ang dn tr nn ph bin, mc d t l ng dng vn cha bng cc phn mm ph thng khc. Mt du hiu ng mng na v mc tin hc ha trong cng tc qun tr doanh nghip l s n v khng trin khai phn mm ng dng no gim t t l 8,8% vo nm 2006 xung cn 4,5% vo nm 2007.
128
Bng 4.6 Tnh hnh ng dng cc phn mm trong doanh nghip: so snh 2006-2007 Phn mm qun tr doanh nghip Ti chnh, k ton Nhn s Qun l kho Quan h khch hng (CRM) Qun l h thng cung ng (SCM) Lp k hoch ngun lc (ERP) Phn mm khc Khng c 2006 71,3% 41,8% 33,1% 26,9% 10,1% 8,9% 7,3% 8,8% 2007 77,7% 53,7% 34,8% 30,8% 12,5% 10,6% 1,2% 4,5%
Nhng thng k ny minh chng cho nhn nh ca Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2005 Trong vng 1-2 nm ti, khi li ch ca cc phn mm tc nghip i vi bi ton qun l c doanh nghip nhn thc r, khi cc phn mm qun tr doanh nghip tr nn thng dng v ph hp hn vi iu kin Vit Nam, s c ngy cng nhiu doanh nghip la chn trin khai nhng sn phm phn mm chuyn nghip t ngun chnh thng.101 Vic ng dng cc gii php CNTT v TMT nhm nng cao hiu qu hot ng t trong ni b doanh nghip s l c s vng chc doanh nghip nng cao sc cnh tranh ca mnh trn th trng trong tng lai.
Hp 4.1 Hiu qu ng dng ERP ti mt doanh nghip in hnh Vi tham vng tr thnh chui siu th bn l thit b s chuyn nghip v ln nht Vit Nam, cng ty CP Th gii s Trn Anh (TA) la chn hng cnh tranh bng cng ngh qun l Quan im ca ng Trn Xun Kin, ch tch HQT cng ty CP Th Gii S TA: xu hng cnh tranh tt yu gia cc siu th khng cn l cnh tranh v gi, phn phi hay ngun hng cht lng m l cng ngh qun l. Cng ngh qun l s mang li cho siu th phong cch vn minh trong mua bn v chuyn nghip trong phc v. Hn th na, cng ngh qun l cn gip cc nh kinh doanh bn l y nhanh vng quay ca vn v gia tng chnh xc i vi cc quyt nh cung ng, phn phi hng ha, dch v. ng Kin cho bit, hin ti, li nhun ca cc n v ngnh kinh doanh bn l thng ch t khong 5%. Nhng nh ng dng h thng ERP gip hiu sut quay vng ng vn nhanh, nn li nhun ca TA c th tng thm 3-5%. y l gi tr khng h nh i vi mt siu th bn l nh TA, v t gi tr ny TA gim c p lc ca vic i vay vn, to nn th mnh cnh tranh. Nh ng dng ERP, bt c khi no TA cng ch ng c vic cung ng/phn phi hng ha. ng thi gim c nhiu thit hi nh: gim chi ph bo hnh b tng thm i vi hng tn; gim lng hng nhp d, ch cn nhp tn dng ng vn; ch ng chia s ngun hng d tr gia cc im bn hng ngay khi mt im no trong chui siu th b thiu hng; gim sai lch trong hch ton; nhn s cho mi khu cng gim khong 20%.
101
Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2005, B Thng mi, thng 2/2006, tr. 65
129
Trc khi ng dng ERP Bo co theo ngy Nhp hng theo tng ca hng Hng tn kho nhiu v thiu cn i gia cc kho Hn ch phn tch kinh doanh Thng phi chu thm ph tn bo hnh vi hng lu kho
Sau khi ng dng ERP Bo co online Thng tin nhp 1 ln v lin thng c chui ca hng Nhp hng, ch ng chia s ngun hng gia cc im Phn tch kinh doanh chi tit ti tng mt hng v li, l, hiu sut kinh t Gim thit hi v chi ph bo hnh do lun nhp hng mi
Bt ph cng ngh qun l, Th gii vi tnh Series B, thng 11/2007, tr.24
4.
Tham gia sn giao dch TMT
Trong bi cnh ngun nhn lc thng mi in t ca doanh nghip cn t v ngun ti chnh cn khim tn, tham gia cc sn giao dch thng mi in t (e-marketplace) l mt gii php mang tnh chin lc v em li hiu qu cao. Theo kt qu iu tra, 10,2% doanh nghip tham gia giao dch trn cc sn thng mi in t trong v ngoi nc, so vi t l 7,9% ca nm 2006. Trong s nhng doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch thng mi in t, 63% k c hp ng vi con s trung bnh l 19 hp ng trong nm 2007. Giao dch c th quy m nh, theo hnh thc bn l n ngi dng cui (giao dch thp nht trn sn giao dch t 300.000 ng) hoc nhng hp ng xut khu vi gi tr ln ti chc t ng (hp ng c gi tr ln nht k c qua sn giao dch l 9,6 t ng). So snh cc doanh nghip hot ng trong nhng lnh vc khc nhau, doanh nghip thuc ngnh du lch, dt may - da giy v dch v CNTT-TMT c mc tham gia sn giao dch tch cc nht. Cc doanh nghip dt may, da giy chim 8,1% s doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch trong khi ch chim 5,8% tng mu iu tra. Tng t, t l cc doanh nghip CNTTTMT v du lch trong tng s doanh nghip tham gia sn ln lt l 14,1% v 6,1%, cao hn nhiu so vi tng quan ca hai nhm ngnh ny trong mu iu tra ni chung
Bng 4.7 Mc tham gia sn giao dch ca doanh nghip thuc cc ngnh ngh khc nhau Lnh vc Dt may, da giy Nng lm thy sn, ch bin thc phm Th cng m ngh C kh my mc, ha cht, xy dng Dch v CNTT v TMT Du lch T vn, lut, bt ng sn TM-DV, dch v tng hp, dch v khc Sn xut khc % trong s DN tham gia sn % trong tng s DN iu tra 8,1% 6,1% 3.0% 14,1% 17,2% 6,1% 6,1% 30,3% 4,0% 5,8% 7.5% 3,9% 14,8% 10,6% 5,1% 6,0% 29,6% 15,6%
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Kt qu kho st cng cho thy 59,2% doanh nghip tham gia sn giao dch c cn b chuyn trch v TMT. iu ny minh chng mi quan h gia vic b tr ngun nhn lc v hiu qu trin khai thng mi in t. Doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v TMT s la chn cc phng thc ng dng thng mi in t bi bn v hiu qu hn nhng doanh nghip cha b tr c nhn s cho hot ng ny.
5.
Xy dng website
S lng v cht lng cc website kinh doanh l mt trong nhng tiu ch quan trng gip nh gi mc pht trin thng mi in t ti Vit Nam. Khi vic kt ni h thng gia cc i tc chin lc trao i d liu in t cn cha pht trin, th cc website l knh ph bin nht doanh nghip qung b sn phm, xc tin dch v v tin hnh giao dch thng mi in t theo c hnh thc B2B v B2C. Do vy, nu mt doanh nghip xy dng v duy tr c mt website hiu qu phc v hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca n v mnh, iu ny ni ln mt trnh nht nh v trin khai ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip .
Hnh 4.14 T l doanh nghip c website nm 2007
38.1% DN c website DN s xy dng website trong tng lai DN khng c website
50.1%
11.8%
Trong tng s 1737 doanh nghip c kho st, 38,1% c website v 11,8% cho bit s tin hnh xy dng website vo nm ti. So vi kt qu iu tra ca nhng nm trc (hnh 4.15), c th thy t l website doanh nghip pht trin tng i n nh v tc tng trng hai nm gn y l rt kh quan.
Hnh 4.15 T l doanh nghip c website qua cc nm
40% T l doanh nghip 30% 20% 10% 0% 2004 2005 2006 2007
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So snh t l website doanh nghip cc ngnh ngh khc nhau, kt qu cho thy lnh vc ti chnh ngn hng, du lch, dch v CNTT-TMT, t vn, bt ng sn l nhng lnh vc ng dng website mnh nht. 89% s n v ti chnh ngn hng c kho st thit lp website, 65% cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v du lch cng c website. Cng vi dch v CNTT-TMT v t vn, bt ng sn, nhng nhm ngnh c t l cao doanh nghip thit lp website ny u thuc lnh vc dch v. Mc ng dng TMT c phn tri hn phn nh ng c th ca ngnh dch v, l ngnh c i hi cao v hm lng thng tin cng nh kh nng tng tc gia khch hng vi nh cung cp. Theo kt qu kho st hng nm ca B Cng Thng t nm 2004 n nay, cc doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v lun t ra nng ng hn doanh nghip sn xut trong vic khai thc cc ng dng v Internet, c bit l nhng ng dng lin quan n website.
Bng 4.8 T l doanh nghip c website phn theo lnh vc kinh doanh - nm 2007 Lnh vc kinh doanh Dt may, da giy Nng lm thy sn, ch bin thc phm Th cng m ngh C kh my mc, ha cht, xy dng Dch v CNTT v TMT Du lch T vn, bt ng sn Ngn hng, ti chnh TM-DV, dch v tng hp Cc lnh vc khc T l c website 40,0% 40,6% 26,3% 33,8% 54,3% 65,2% 51,5% 88,9% 32,6% 44,8%
Phn tch su hn kt qu kho st ca nhng doanh nghip thit lp website, s website c tn min .vn chim khong 41,8%. So vi t l 32,7% vo nm 2004, mc tng gn 10% ny cho thy xu hng website tn min Vit Nam ang dn chim u th so vi tn min quc t trong c cu tn min website ca doanh nghip.
Hnh 4.16 So snh t l website tn min Vit Nam nm 2004 v 2007
Nm 2004 T l website tn min .vn 32,8% Nm 2007 T l website tn min .vn 41,8% T l website tn min QT 58,2%
T l website tn min QT 67,2%
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Xt v c im v tnh nng, trong nm 2007 cht lng ca cc website doanh nghip c nhiu tin b so vi nm 2006. Trc ht l tnh nng giao dch thng mi in t c ci thin. Gn 36,7% website cho php tng tc t hng, so vi con s 27,4% ca nm 2006. T l website c tnh nng thanh ton trc tuyn cng tng ng k, t 3,2% ln 4,8%. Dch v siu th in t vn c nhiu doanh nghip cung cp, nhng cc mt hng kinh doanh chuyn bit bt u chim u th, ph bin nht hin nay l thit b in t vin thng v hng tiu dng. Bn cnh , nhm hng nng lm thy sn v c kh my mc cng ang vn ln v tr hng u vi tn sut c mt ngy cng tng trn cc knh tip th trc tuyn. Trong lnh vc dch v, dn u v mc ph bin trn website doanh nghip my nm gn y u l cc sn phm du lch; iu ny ph hp vi mc hi nhp quc t cao v tc tng trng nhanh ca ngnh du lch trong giai on ny.102
Bng 4.9 c im v tnh nng thng mi in t ca website doanh nghip 2006 Tnh nng ca website Gii thiu doanh nghip Gii thiu sn phm Giao dch TMT Thanh ton trc tuyn i tng khch hng hng ti Khch hng doanh nghip Khch hng c nhn Sn phm, dch v trn website Thit b in t v vin thng Hng tiu dng Sn phm c kh my mc Dch v du lch Hng ho tng hp (Siu th in t) Nng lm thy sn Dch v lut, t vn Hng th cng m ngh Dt may, giy dp Sch, vn ha phm, qu tng Hng ha s ho (phn mm, nhc,) 98,3% 62,5% 27,4% 3,2% 76,4% 68,7% 13,4% 8,0% 8,3% 7,2% 7,2% 5,4% 6,0% 4,9% 4,2% 2,0% 3,2% 2007 84,5% 79,4% 36,7% 4,8% 84,8% 68,8% 12,6% 12,5% 11,9% 11,7% 11,4% 10,9% 8,4% 7,8% 7,6% 4,5% 3,2%
* Mt website c th c nhiu hn mt tnh nng hoc hng ti c 2 nhm i tng khch hng
V phng thc giao dch, m hnh giao dch B2B tip tc l la chn chim u th khi doanh nghip tin hnh xy dng website thng mi in t. Trong khi t l website c i tng mc tiu l ngi tiu dng khng thay i qua hai nm, th t l website hng ti khch hng l t chc hoc doanh nghip tng t 76,4% nm 2006 ln n 84,8% nm 2007. Thng k ny cho thy hng i ca doanh nghip Vit Nam cng ph hp vi xu th chung ca th gii, ly
102
Xem mc II.7, Chng II Bo co ny v s bng n ca dch v du lch trc tuyn.
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phng thc giao dch B2B lm ng lc pht trin cho thng mi in t v qua nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. V phng thc qun l, cc website thng mi in t ngy cng c vn hnh mt cch chuyn nghip hn. 24,4% doanh nghip c website cho bit ng k vi mt cng c tm kim tng cng kh nng cng nh tn sut ngi dng Internet truy cp vo website ca mnh. Vi t l tng i cao c cn b chuyn trch v thng mi in t (t l n v c cn b chuyn trch v TMT trong nhm doanh nghip xy dng website l 52%, gp ri t l chung 38% khi tnh trn ton b i tng iu tra), cc doanh nghip ngy cng c iu kin pht trin website theo chiu su. S liu iu tra nm 2007 cho thy 64,5% doanh nghip c website tin hnh cp nht thng tin trn website hng ngy, 12,7% cp nht hng tun v ch c 16,2% website ca mnh trng thi tnh (thnh thong mi cp nht thng tin).
Hnh 4.17 Tn sut cp nht thng tin trn website ca doanh nghip
70% 60% 52.2% T l doanh nghip 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Hng ngy Hng tun Hng thng Thnh thong Tn sut cp nht website 28.8% 17.6% 13.7% 12.7% 23.5% 13.7% 16.2% 10.6% 6.6% 39.9% 2005 2006 2007 64.5%
So vi kt qu iu tra ca nm 2005, khi cha n 30% doanh nghip coi vic r sot website l cng vic hng ngy v c n hn mt na doanh nghip cho bit ch cp nht thng tin trn website mt thng mt ln hoc t hn, kt qu kho st nm nay cho thy mt bc tin vt bc c v nhn thc cng nh phng php trin khai ng dng TMT. Doanh nghip nhn nhn ng mc hn vai tr ca website nh mt knh giao tip v tng tc thng xuyn vi khch hng, t u t tha ng hn c v ngun lc cng nh thi gian nng cao hiu qu hot ng cho ng dng thng mi in t ny.
6.
Dch v h tr TMT
Mt trong nhng nhn t quyt nh s pht trin ca ng dng thng mi in t trn quy m rng l cc dch v h tr nh thanh ton, vn ti giao nhn, v.v... Vic chuyn mn ha tng khu ca quy trnh giao dch s gip tit kim ngun lc cho cc bn tham gia, ng thi nng cao hiu qu ca ton b quy trnh. Kinh nghim th gii cho thy, thng mi in t ch c th pht trin nhanh v mnh trn nn tng cc dch v h tr c t chc tt, c tnh
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chuyn nghip cao. Tuy nhin y hin vn l mt trong cc im yu ca mi trng thng mi in t Vit Nam.
Bng 4.10 Cc phng thc giao hng p dng trong doanh nghip Cc phng thc giao hng Giao hng trc tuyn Ngi mua n nhn ti cc i l i ng giao hng Bu in i l giao nhn Khc 2006 8,7% 43,6% 56,9% 17,1% 33,3% 11,5% 2007 12,3% 41,2% 50,2% 18,6% 26,6% 1,7%
Trong cc dch v h tr thng mi in t, dch v giao nhn c vai tr quan trng, nht l i vi giao dch B2C v C2C. Kt qu iu tra cho thy cc phng thc giao hng cha thay i nhiu trong hai nm qua. a phn doanh nghip vn la chn phng thc ngi mua n nhn hng ti cc im i l (trn 40% i tng kho st chn phng thc ny), hoc s dng i ng nhn vin ca chnh doanh nghip giao hng (t l trn 50%). y l hai phng thc giao nhn kh th cng, khng tn dng c u th ca thng mi in t l xo b cc ranh gii a l cng nh tit kim ngun lc cho doanh nghip. Nhng phng thc ny ch c th l gii php tm thi giai on pht trin ban u ca thng mi in t, v xu th tt yu s phi gim dn vai tr khi cc ng dng thng mi in t tin n mc chuyn nghip hn. Vi cc n t hng in t, tu theo loi hnh hng ho m doanh nghip c th giao hng trc tuyn, ly hng t i l, s dng dch v giao nhn hoc chuyn hng qua bu in. Vic s dng i ng giao hng ca doanh nghip ch ph hp vi nhng n hng trong phm vi ln cn cng ty, trong khi Vit Nam vn cha pht trin dch v giao nhn chuyn nghip, do i vi nhng n hng t xa doanh nghip thng phi s dng dch v bu in giao hng cho khch. Theo kt qu iu tra hai nm 2006 v 2007, phng thc chuyn hng qua bu in chim mt t l kh n nh: khong 17-18% trong tng s giao dch ca doanh nghip. T l giao hng trc tuyn tng t 8,7% nm 2006 ln mc 12,3% vo nm 2007, cho thy cc sn phm s ho ang ngy cng chim u th trong mi trng giao dch thng mi in t.
Bng 4.11 Cc phng thc thanh ton ca doanh nghip Nm 2006 2007 Tin mt khi giao hng 75,0% 67,6% Chuyn tin qua bu in 31,9% 30,2% Chuyn khon ngn hng 77,3% 71,4% Thanh ton trc tuyn 3,2% 4,3%
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Thanh ton in t l mt trong nhng nt khi sc ca thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2007 vi s ra i v pht trin ca hng lot nh cung cp dch v.103 Tuy nhin, cn mt khong thi gian nht nh nhng dch v ny c th thm nhp vo thc tin kinh doanh v pht huy tc dng i vi hot ng ca tng doanh nghip. Kt qu kho st cho thy cc phng thc thanh ton ng dng trong doanh nghip ang tng bc chuyn bin theo hng hin i ha, mc d cha c s pht trin t ph no trong nm qua. Phng thc thanh ton tin mt khi giao hng ang gim dn vai tr, vi t l doanh nghip p dng gim t 75% trong nm 2006 xung 67% vo nm 2007. T l doanh nghip trin khai thanh ton trc tuyn tng t 3% ln 4%, tuy nhin y vn l t l rt thp so vi mt bng chung ca th gii v so vi yu cu thanh ton ca thng mi in t. giao dch B2C c th thc s i vo cuc sng, cc tin ch thanh ton trc tuyn cn c sm hon thin v a vo ng dng i tr trn cc website doanh nghip trong tng lai gn.
III.
HIU QU NG DNG THNG MI IN T
nh gi hiu qu ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip, phiu iu tra a ra 5 ch tiu: T trng u t cho thng mi in t trn tng chi ph hot ng hng nm; T trng ca doanh thu t cc n t hng s dng phng tin in t trong tng doanh thu; Xu hng ca doanh thu t cc n t hng s dng phng tin in t; nh gi tr ngi i vi vic trin khai ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip; nh gi tc ng ca ng dng TMT i vi hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.
1.
u t cho thng mi in t
Sau bc tin vt bc c ghi nhn trong nm 2006 so vi nm 2005, tnh hnh u t cho thng mi in t ca doanh nghip nm 2007 i vo n nh. Khong 50% doanh nghip c kho st dnh di 5% tng chi ph hot ng thng nin cho cc ng dng CNTT v TMT, trn 36% doanh nghip c t l u t t 5% n 15% v gn 14% doanh nghip c t l ny t trn 15%.
Hnh 4.18 Chuyn bin trong u t CNTT v TMT ca doanh nghip qua cc nm
90% 80% 70% 82.4%
T l doanh nghip
60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 48.3%
50.0% 38.1% 2005 36.1% 2006 2007 14.0% 13.6% 3.6% 13.9%
Di 5%
T 5%-15% T trng u t
Trn 15%
103
Chi tit xem ti Chng 3 Bo co ny
136
Nu nm 2005 ch c khong 17,5% doanh nghip dnh trn 5% tng chi ph hot ng u t cho thng mi in t, th trong hai nm 2006-2007 s doanh nghip ny chim 50% din i tng iu tra. Nh vy, t trng u t CNTT v TMT ang c xu hng chuyn dch v mc 5%-15% l mc trung bnh ca khu vc. Khng ch tng v t trng, c cu u t thng mi in t trong doanh nghip thi gian qua cng c nhng bc ci thin ng k. u t cho phn mm v o to ngy cng chim v tr quan trng, vi t l kt hp t trn 40% tng u t CNTT v TMT ca doanh nghip trong nm 2007. Nu nm 2005 u t cho phn cng cn chim t trng ln t (bnh qun t xp x 77% gi tr u t CNTT v TMT ca mt doanh nghip c iu tra) th n nm 2007, t l ny gim xung mc 55%.
Hnh 4.19 So snh c cu u t CNTT v TMT trong doanh nghip nm 2005 v 2007
Nm 2005 12.4% 20.5% Nm 2007
Phn mm Phn cng 22.9% 76.8% 23.0% o to
Phn mm Phn cng o to
55.5%
T nhng con s thng k trn, c th rt ra ba nhn nh. Th nht, h tng cho ng dng thng mi in t ti doanh nghip c bn c n nh. Nu nm 2004 v 2005 l giai on y mnh u t trang thit b CNTT, th gi l lc doanh nghip bt tay vo khai thc cc ng dng trn nn thit b phn cng ny. Th hai, t trng chi ph o to tng hn gp ri trong vng 2 nm cho thy doanh nghip nhn thc r vai tr quyt nh ca yu t con ngi trong bi ton chung v hiu qu u t TMT. y l mt bc tin c v t duy qun l cng nh cch tip cn ca doanh nghip i vi vn trin khai ng dng thng mi in t nhm nng cao hiu qu hot ng kinh doanh. Th ba, u t cho phn mm hu nh khng thay i (chim khong 23% tng gi tr u t CNTT-TMT) cho thy vai tr ca phn mm v gii php TMT cha c ch trng ng mc, cng c th do chi ph phn mm Vit Nam thp tng i so vi chi ph thit b CNTT.
2.
Doanh thu t ng dng thng mi in t
Nu t trng u t cho CNTT v TMT ca doanh nghip ang dn c iu chnh v mc 5-15%, th c l mt nguyn nhn rt ln l do hiu qu u t c phn nh r qua mc ng gp thc t ca ng dng thng mi in t i vi doanh thu. Nu nm 2005 ch c 7,5% doanh nghip cho bit cc n t hng qua phng tin in t em li cho h trn 15%
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ngun doanh thu ca nm, th n 2007 con s ny chim ti 37,2% din i tng iu tra. T l doanh nghip t chu tc ng ca thng mi in t (nh gi mc ng gp ca TMT vo doanh thu di 5%) gim mnh t 63,5% trong nm 2005 xung cn 27,6% vo nm 2007. Nh vy, t trng doanh thu t thng mi in t ang chuyn dch v ngng trn di 15%, v s chuyn dch ny din ra vi tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc iu chnh tng ng v ngun vn u t cho thng mi in t.
Hnh 4.20 Chuyn bin trong doanh thu t ng dng thng mi in t qua cc nm
70% 60% T l doanh nghip 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% D i 5% T 5%-15% Trn 15% Mc ng gp cho doanh thu 7.5% 32.3% 27.6% 35.1% 34.4% 29.0% 33.3% 37.2% 2005 2006 2007 63.5%
Kt qu iu tra cng cho thy doanh nghip tip tc nh gi lc quan v tc ng ca thng mi in t trong thi gian ti. 62,5% n v c iu tra nhn nh doanh thu t cc n hng s dng phng tin in t s tng, 34,2% cho rng mc ng gp ny khng thay i, v ch 3,3% nghing theo chiu hng gim. Cch nhn nhn ny thay i rt nhiu so vi hai nm trc (Bng 4.12) v cho thy trin vng ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip ang ngy cng sng sa.
Bng 4.12 D on ca doanh nghip v doanh thu t cc n t hng qua phng tin in t Nm 2007 2006 2005 Tng 62,5% 57,4% 37,2% Gim 3,3% 4,3% 1,3% Khng thay i 34,2% 38,3% 61,5%
Phn tch su hn c cu doanh thu theo loi hnh giao dch, c th thy giao dch thng mi in t B2B mc d t hn v s lng, nhng li chim u th p o v gi tr, vi bnh qun 67% doanh thu thng mi in t ca doanh nghip l do cc n t hng B2B em li. Con s ny khng nh thm mt ln na hng i tng lai trong vic pht trin ng dng thng mi in t ti doanh nghip l giao dch gi tr ln gia cc i tc kinh doanh theo theo phng thc B2B.
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3.
Tng quan gia doanh thu v u t
Vic phn tch ring l tnh hnh u t v doanh thu cho thy tng phn ca bc tranh ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip. Nu xem xt mi tng quan gia hai yu t ny th s c c bc tranh ton cnh v hiu qu ca vic ng dng xt t gc chi ph-doanh thu.
Hnh 4.21 Tng quan gia u t v doanh thu t hot ng ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip nm 2007
60% 50.0% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Di 5% T 5%-15% Trn 15% 27.6% 36.1% 35.1% T l u t T l doanh thu 13.9% 37.2%
Nu ly cc mc 5% v 15% lm bin chun cho t trng u t cng nh doanh thu lin quan n thng mi in t ca doanh nghip, hnh 4.20 s cho thy mi tng quan tri chiu gia hai yu t. Trong khi phn b u t c khuynh hng lch v cn di (50% doanh nghip dnh di 5% tng chi ph hot ng thng nin cho cc ng dng CNTT v TMT) th mc ng gp cho doanh thu m nhng khon u t ny mang v li tp trung quanh cn trn (37% doanh nghip c doanh thu t thng mi in t chim trn 15% tng doanh thu ca nm). Nh vy, t l u t v t l doanh thu t thng mi in t khng nht thit c quan h thun bin. Trong khi ch 14% doanh nghip c t l u t cho TMT chim trn 15% tng chi ph, th mt con s ln hn rt nhiu (37%) cho bit c t l doanh thu t hot ng bn hng s dng cc phng tin in t chim trn 15% tng doanh thu. Ngc li, 50% doanh nghip c mc u t thp cho thng mi in t (di 5%) nhng ch mt na s ny cho bit t trng doanh thu t thng mi in t cng thp tng ng. Nh vy, mt nhm kh ln doanh nghip khai thc c cc khon u t ca mnh thu v hiu qu cao hn so vi chi ph b ra cho hot ng ng dng thng mi in t.
4.
Tc ng ca TMT ti hot ng kinh doanh
Kt qu iu tra v mi tng quan gia u t vi doanh thu thng mi in t nh phn tch trn cho thy hiu sut doanh thu cao m ng dng thng mi in t em li. Tuy nhin, t l ng gp cho doanh thu mi ch l mt trong nhng tc ng ca thng mi in t i vi vic nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip. Ngoi yu t nh
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lng ny, cn rt nhiu yu t nh tnh khc nh gi hiu qu ng dng thng mi in t. B Cng Thng tin hnh iu tra v nh gi ca doanh nghip i vi su tiu ch tc ng khc v kt qu iu tra cho cc nm t 2004 n 2007 c trnh by bng 4.13 di y.
Bng 4.13 nh gi ca doanh nghip v cc tc ng ca TMT ti hot ng kinh doanh Cc tc ng M rng knh tip xc vi khch hng hin c Thu ht khch hng mi Xy dng hnh nh DN Tng doanh s Tng li nhun & hiu qu hot ng Gim chi ph kinh doanh Tng kh nng cnh tranh 2004 2,90 2,60 3,20 1,90 2,00 im bnh qun * 2005 3,23 2,90 3,22 1,94 1,90 2006 3,03 3,30 2,23 2,25 2,78 2,67 2,89 2007 2,90 2,81 2,87 2,44 2,52 2,46 2,44
* Tnh trn thang im 4
Khi c yu cu cho im nhng tc ng ca ng dng thng mi in t, c th l website, i vi hot ng sn xut kinh doanh trong doanh nghip theo thang im t 0 n 4, trong 4 l mc hiu qu cao nht, a s doanh nghip cho im rt cao tc ng Xy dng hnh nh doanh nghip v M rng knh tip xc vi khch hng hin c. Vic hai tiu ch ny ng u bng xp hng trong nhiu nm cho thy doanh nghip tip tc cao website nh mt cng c xc tin thng mi hiu qu. Nhng li ch khc m ng dng thng mi in t em li nh tng li nhun v hiu qu hot ng, gim chi ph kinh doanh, tng kh nng cnh tranh, v.v... ca hai nm qua tng mnh so vi giai on 2005 tr v trc. Tuy nhin, s thay i khng ng k ca cc li ch ny gia nm 2007 v 2006 cho thy TMT cha chuyn hn sang giai on pht trin mi giai on mua bn, k kt hp ng v thanh ton trc tuyn.
5.
Tr ngi cho ng dng TMT
Theo di nhn nh ca doanh nghip v cc tr ngi cho ng dng thng mi in t qua kt qu kho st hng nm, c th thy s chuyn bin ca tng yu t trong tng quan chung v mi trng pht trin thng mi in t ti Vit Nam. Nu trong nhng nm trc, vn nhn thc x hi lun c coi l tr ngi hng u i vi vic trin khai thng mi in t trn din rng, th n nm 2007 tr ngi ny c xp xung v tr th ba theo nh gi ca doanh nghip. Ni ln v tr u bng trong danh sch cc tr ngi l vn an ninh an ton giao dch. Kt qu ny phn nh ng thc trng thi gian qua, khi hot ng ca cc c quan, t chc x hi v cc phng tin thng tin i chng gip nng cao nhn thc ton x hi v thng mi in t, nhng mt khc vic a ng dng thng mi in t vo tng lnh vc ca i sng cng nhanh chng lm bc l nhng nguy c tim n v an ton an ninh m ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip cha c kinh nghim x l khi gp phi.
140
Bng 4.14 nh gi ca doanh nghip v cc tr ngi cho ng dng thng mi in t Cc tr ngi Nhn thc Thanh ton in t An ninh, an ton Php l Mi trng x hi v tp qun kinh doanh Nhn lc CNTT H tng CNTT v truyn thng 2005 3,32 3,27 3,11 3,09 2,95 2,81 im bnh qun * 2006 3,23 3,19 2,78 2,64 2,45 2,45 2,22 2007 2,74 2,84 2,90 2,55 2,48 2,54 2,32
* Tnh trn thang im 4
Bn cnh vic phn nh thc trng mi trng ng dng thng mi in t, nh gi ca doanh nghip v cc tr ngi ng thi cng cho thy chuyn bin trong nhn thc i vi nhng vn cn u tin khi trin khai thng mi in t. Nm 2007 l nm th ba lin tip vn thanh ton c mt v tr th 2 trong danh sch cc tr ngi, cho thy mc quan tm cng nh nhu cu ca doanh nghip v mt h tng thanh ton hin i phc v cho hot ng thng mi in t. Vi vic mt lot nh cung cp dch v i vo hot ng trong nm 2007, hi vng vn thanh ton in t s khng cn l tr ngi ln i vi tin trnh pht trin thng mi in t ti Vit Nam trong nhng nm ti. Trong khi , nhng vn v an ninh an ton ca giao dch trc tuyn, bo v d liu c nhn, v.v... c th s ni ln hng u, tng t nh thc tin ti cc nc c nn thng mi in t pht trin hn.
IV.
CC M HNH KINH DOANH THNG MI IN T CHUYN BIT
Sn thng mi in t cn c cc tn gi khc nh ch o, ch trn mng, cng thng mi in t, sn giao dch trc tuyn, siu th trc tuyn, website TMT, v.v... ting Anh gi chung l e-Marketplace. Song song vi vic cc doanh nghip trn c nc ng dng thng mi in t ngy cng mnh m v hiu qu, xut hin nhiu doanh nghip chuyn kinh doanh thng mi in t. Hnh thc kinh doanh thng mi in t ph bin nht ca cc doanh nghip ny l xy dng v vn hnh cc sn TMT theo cc m hnh B2B, B2C v C2C. Phn ln cc sn ny do cc doanh nhn tr, nng ng, chp nhn mo him u t kinh doanh vi tnh ton cha c li trong nhng nm u nhng s c li nhun cao khi th trng bng n, c bit khi Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin WTO.
1.
Sn TMT h tr giao dch doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B)
Giao dch thng mi in t Vit Nam hin nay ch yu c thc hin thng qua cc sn thng mi in t B2B t chc theo hnh thc cng thng tin v c hi giao thng hoc trung tm thng mi. Thng qua nhng sn TMT ny, doanh nghip c th tm hiu thng tin v i tc tim nng v gii thiu cc sn phm dch v ca mnh ra th trng.
141
Bt u xut hin vo nm 2003, n cui nm 2007 ti Vit Nam c khong 40 sn thng mi in t B2B.104 Tuy nhin, tin ch ca phn ln cc sn giao dch ny mi gii hn vic ng ti thng tin doanh nghip v nhu cu mua bn. Hu nh cha sn no c tin ch tt h tr doanh nghip m phn, giao kt hp ng trc tuyn, theo di thc hin hp ng v chm sc khch hng. Phn ln cc n v qun l sn cho bit vn cha thu ph thnh vin tham gia giao dch, ngun thu ch yu l t hot ng qung co trc tuyn, xc tin thng mi v dch v ngoi tuyn cung cp cho mt s i tc trng im. Sau giai on tng trng nhanh v s lng sn giao dch B2B trong hai nm 2005-2006, n nm 2007 tc tng ny c xu hng chng li. Thay vo l s pht trin theo chiu su ca nhng sn hin c, bao gm vic ci thin tnh nng k thut, nng cao cht lng dch v v thu ht lng thnh vin tham gia ng o hn. Tuy nhin, ngoi mt s sn thu ht c kh ng doanh nghip tham gia vi s c hi kinh doanh tng nhanh, nhiu sn giao dch hin nay pht trin tng i chm. Cng Thng mi in t quc gia ECVN Cng thng mi in t quc gia ECVN c thnh lp theo Quyt nh s 266/2003/QTTg ca Th tng chnh ph ngy 17/12/2003 v chnh thc khai trng ti a ch www. ecvn.gov.vn (nay l www.ecvn.com) vo thng 8 nm 2005. Vi ng li pht trin v chin lc hot ng tng i chuyn nghip, ECVN l mt trong s t m hnh sn thng mi in t B2B quy m ln Vit Nam, c uy tn cao sau hai nm hot ng.
Hnh 4.22 Phn loi thnh vin ECVN
2.0% 10.3% 10.2% Thnh vin vng Thnh vin bc Thnh vin ng Nhm tm thi 77.4% Ngun: Bo co ca Ban qun l ECVN, thng 12/2007
n thi im cui nm 2007, ECVN c hn 10.000 c hi kinh doanh vi tng cng gn 4.000 thnh vin. S khc bit c bn ca ECVN so vi cc sn TMT B2B khc l tnh nghim tc trong vic thm nh v kt np thnh vin, c bit vi cc thnh vin vng v bc.105 Ngoi ra, ECVN cn l sn TMT B2B u tin c tch hp cc dch v cng h tr thng mi, tiu
104 105
Danh sch cc sn xem ti Ph lc 4
tr thnh thnh vin vng hoc thnh vin bc ca ECVN, cc doanh nghip phi thng qua s thm nh ca B Thng mi (nay l B Cng Thng), cc S Thng mi, cc b ngnh lin quan, hip hi, v.v... Vic thm nh ny gip cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cng nh nc ngoi tin tng hn khi hp tc vi thnh vin ca ECVN ng thi tit kim c chi ph thm nh i tc.
142
biu nh dch v cp chng nhn xut x in t (eCoSys) bt u c trin khai th nghim vi cc thnh vin vng v bc ca ECVN t cui 2007.
Bng 4.15 Mt s thng k v tnh hnh hot ng ca ECVN ti thi im 31/12/2007 Mt s ch tiu S lng cho mua S lng cho bn Tng s thnh vin Hng ha 186 3.860 Ting Vit Dch v 38 961 3.665
Ngun: Bo co ca Ban qun l ECVN, thng 12/2007
Ting Anh Hng ha 89 5.430 Dch v 16 526
nh gi hiu qu hot ng kinh doanh ca cc thnh vin, t 26/7 ti 20/8 nm 2007, Ban qun l thc hin cuc kho st trc tuyn tnh hnh kinh doanh ca cc thnh vin. Ni dung kho st tp trung vo cc tiu ch kinh doanh quan trng thnh vin c c nh ECVN nh: s hp ng, tr gi hp ng, s i tc mi. 202 thnh vin tham gia kho st trc tuyn trn www.ecvn.com. Kt qu kho st cho thy hiu qu thc t m cc thnh vin ECVN t c khi tham gia sn giao dch ny: S lng hp ng v gi tr hp ng Trong s 202 thnh vin tham gia kho st, c 38 thnh vin k c hp ng, chim t l 19%. Ni cch khc, trung bnh 5 thnh vin tham gia ECVN th c 1 thnh vin k c hp ng. Tng s i tc m 38 thnh vin ny k hp ng l 185, tc l trung bnh mi thnh vin ny k c hp ng vi 5 doanh nghip khc nhau. Tng s hp ng k ln ti 236, tc l mi thnh vin ny k c trung bnh l 6,2 hp ng. Nhiu thnh vin cho bit tm c i tc tim nng v s k c hp ng trong tng lai gn.
Bng 4.16 Cc hp ng k kt nh ECVN STT 1 2 3 4 Tiu ch Tng s thnh vin k c hp ng Tng s i tc tham gia k hp ng Tng s hp ng k Tng gi tr hp ng (t ng) S lng 38 185 236 53,2
Con s c ngha ln hn l tng gi tr hp ng ln ti 53,2 t ng, nh vy gi tr trung bnh ca mi hp ng l 225,4 triu ng. Con s ny cho thy ECVN thc s l cng thng mi in t h tr giao dch gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip.
143
Tng gi tr hp ng do cc thnh vin ECVN k c cha th phn nh y li ch ca cng thng mi in t ny mang li cho kinh t - thng mi ca t nc. Chng hn, nhng hp ng do cc thnh vin cung cp dch v t vn trc tip k c gi tr khng ln nhng c tc dng h tr cho vic k kt nhng hp ng khc vi gi tr rt cao. V d, mt thnh vin l cng ty t vn cho bit, thng qua ECVN, cng ty ang thc hin nhng cng on cui cng ca qu trnh t vn cho mt i tc nc ngoi v doanh nghip Vit Nam k d n u t tr gi 37,5 triu USD, tng ng 600 t ng. Thng k theo loi thnh vin cho thy trong s 38 thnh vin k c hp ng, c 4 thnh vin vng, 11 thnh vin bc v 23 thnh vin ng, chim t l tng ng l 11%, 29% v 60%. Thng k theo lnh vc kinh doanh, c 26 thnh vin kinh doanh hng ho vi gi tr hp ng k c l 43,0 t ng, 12 thnh vin kinh doanh dch v vi gi tr hp ng k c l 10,2 t ng. S thnh vin tm c i tc qua ECVN Ch tiu s thnh vin tm c i tc mi nh tham gia ECVN quan trng khng km ch tiu s thnh vin k c hp ng. Nhiu thnh vin cho bit chun b k c hp ng vi cc i tc mi ny.
Bng 4.17 S thnh vin tm c i tc qua ECVN STT 1 2 Tiu ch Tng s thnh vin tm c i tc Tng s i tc mi S lng 170 4.988
Kt qu trn cho thy s thnh vin tm c i tc mi cao gp 4,5 ln s thnh vin k c hp ng. T l cc thnh vin tham gia kho st tm c i tc mi l 84%. Trong , s thnh vin vng l 7 (chim t l 3,5% tng s thnh vin tham gia kho st), s thnh vin bc l 25 (12,4%) v s thnh vin ng l 138 (68,3%). T cc t l ny c th thy rng cc thnh vin ng - thng l cc doanh nghip nh v va l nhng thnh vin nng ng nht trong ng dng thng mi in t. Nu thng k theo a phng th c 73 thnh vin tm c i tc mi c tr s ti H Ni (chim 36,1% tng s thnh vin tham gia kho st), 40 thnh ph H Ch Minh (19,8%), 4 H Ty v 4 Hi Phng, cn li ri rc cc a phng khc. Nh vy, c th thy hiu qu tham gia ECVN xt trn tiu ch tm c i tc mi tp trung cao hai thnh ph ln nht nc.106
106
Kt qu hot ng ca ECVN phn nh xu hng chung l doanh nghip cc thnh ph ln ng dng TMT mnh m v hiu qu hn cc ni khc. Mt mt, h tng CNTT v Internet ti cc thnh ph tt hn. Mt khc, doanh nghip thnh ph nhn c h tr v mt ph bin, tuyn truyn TMT nhiu hn.
144
Bng 4.18 Phn b s thnh vin v i tc tm c nh ECVN S thnh vin Cha tm c i tc mi Tm c t 1 n 10 i tc mi Tm c t 11 n 50 i tc mi Tm c t 51 n 100 i tc mi Tm c t 101 n 200 i tc mi Tm c trn 200 i tc mi 32 87 62 11 6 4 T l (%) 15,8 43,1 30,7 5,4 3,0 2,0
Theo thng k s b, trong 2 nm va qua, hn 20.000 th in t c gi v nhn thng qua h thng cng ngh ca ECVN cung cp cho cc thnh vin. y l cc th hi hng, cho hng, tho thun thng mi gia thnh vin vi thnh vin v gia thnh vin vi cc i tc bit n thnh vin thng qua ECVN. Con s ny chng t cc giao dch thng mi thng qua ECVN thi gian qua kh si ng v gp phn quan trng cho t l cao cc thnh vin tm c i tc mi.
2.
Sn TMT h tr giao dch doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng (B2C) v ngi tiu dng vi ngi tiu dng (C2C) 107
Phn ln cc sn B2C hot ng theo dng ca hng trc tuyn kinh doanh tng hp nhiu mt hng, trong ch yu l cc mt hng c tiu chun ho cao nh hng in t, thit b in, gia dng, sch bo, vn phng phm, v.v... Vi m hnh kinh doanh v chin lc qung b bi bn, nhiu sn thng mi in t B2C bt u to ngun doanh thu n nh cho doanh nghip.
Bng 4.19 Doanh s bn hng trn sn TMT B2C www.25h.vn (trc l www.BTSPlaza.com.vn) Thi gian Danh mc mt hng Thi trang trang sc gia dng Qu tng Dng sn phm khc Dc m phm vn phng dng hc sinh Dng sn phm khc dng hc sinh Thi trang trang sc M bo him Dng sn phm khc Doanh thu (triu ng) 45,00 70,00 20,00 30,00 15,00 50,25 15,20 56,30 55,00 32,00 250,00 41,50
Qu I/2007
Qu II/2007
Qu III/2007
107
Kho st cc sn TMT ti phn ny ca Bo co da trn danh sch gn 200 sn B2C v C2C ti www.trustvn.gov.vn
145
Qu IV/2007
Vt liu xy dng Thit b an ninh ni tht in M bo him Dng sn phm khc
77,00 15,00 33,50 27,00 298,00 39,00 621,75
Tng doanh s bn hng c nm
Ngun: Cng ty CP u t pht trin truyn hnh H Ni (HiTV), n v ch qun www.25h.vn
Cc sn B2C trong thi gian qua phi vn dng nhiu phng thc thanh ton a dng, t tin mt khi giao hng, chuyn khon ngn hng, in chuyn tin, th thanh ton ni a v quc t, th tr trc, v.v... Tuy nhin, cha sn no c c mt gii php ton din cho thanh ton trc tuyn. Ngoi ra, khu vn chuyn hng ha hin cng l mt vng mc ln cho cc doanh nghip thng mi in t B2C. Vit Nam cn thiu cc dch v chuyn pht chuyn nghip, dch v do bu in hoc mt s cng ty giao nhn cung cp th chi ph cao, thi gian cha m bo, do khng em li hiu qu ti u cho vic phn phi hng ha trn phm vi ton quc.
Hnh 4.23 Cc phng thc thanh ton v vn chuyn p dng ti sn TMT B2C www.123mua.com.vn
146
Ngoi mt s sn kt hp cung cp cc tin ch phc v c giao dch thng mi in t B2C v C2C, cc m hnh t chc sn C2C ph bin hin nay l sn u gi c nhn hoc wesite rao vt.
Bng 4.20 Gii thiu mt s sn TMT C2C STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sn TMT C2C a chc nng http://www.1001shoppings.com http://www.123go.vn http://www.aha.com.vn http://www.aladin.com.vn http://www.buy24g.com http://www.chodientu.vn http://www.chodoao.com http://www.denthan.com http://www.qcplaza.com http://www.saigondaugia.com http://www.daugiaviet.com http://www.heya.com.vn STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Website rao vt http://www.e-raovat.com http://www.muabanraovat.com http://www.raovat.net http://www.raovat.net.vn http://www.raovat.vn http://www.raovat123.com http://www.raovat24gio.com http://www.tinraovat.net http://www.toitim.com http://www.webmuaban.com http://www.webquangcao.com http://www.webraovat.com
147
Cc sn thng mi in t theo m hnh C2C xut hin rm r nht trong hai nm 2004 v 2005, giai on 2006-2007 s lng sn tng chm hn nhng cht lng tt hn. Cc sn phm c mua bn trn nhng sn ny tng nhanh, cc tin ch v tnh nng h tr a dng hn, s ngi mua ngi bn cng nh lng giao dch thc hin ngy cng tng. Tuy gi tr cc giao dch khng ln, nhng m hnh thng mi in t C2C c sc lan to cao v gp phn a ng dng thng mi in t ti tng ngi dn, to thi quen mua bn hin i cho x hi.
V.
MT S LNH VC NG DNG THNG MI IN T NI BT
Nm 2007, tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t trong doanh nghip ni chung c nhiu tin b so vi nhng nm trc. Tuy nhin, tc chuyn bin v mc ng dng gia cc ngnh, cc lnh vc khc nhau l khng ng nht. Do c th ca ngnh kinh doanh, mt s ngnh trin khai ng dng thng mi in t nhanh v mnh hn cc ngnh khc, c bit trong lnh vc dch v. Kt qu iu tra cho thy dch v du lch, chng khon v bn l l ba lnh vc ni bt vi nhiu chuyn bin cng nh thnh tu ng ghi nhn v ng dng thng mi in t trong nm 2007.
Bng 4.21 10 website TMT B2C tiu biu nm 2006- 2007 theo bnh chn ca TrustVn STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nm 2006 www.megabuy.com.vn www.duylinhmobile.com.vn www.123mua.com.vn www.btsplaza.com.vn www.golgift.com.vn www.cleverlearn.com www.saigontourist.net http://vdcsieuthi.vnn.vn www.vinabook.com www.chibaoshop.com STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nm 2007 www.megabuy.com.vn www.golmart.com.vn www.123mua.com.vn www.25h.vn www.pacificairlines.com.vn www.travel.com.vn www.saigontourist.net www.ben.com.vn www.vinabook.com www.thegioididong.com
Thnh tu ny cng phn no c phn nh qua kt qu xp hng website thng mi in t uy tn TrustVn 2007, khi m 3 trong 10 website TMT B2C hng u ca nm 2007 c lin quan n lnh vc du lch, v 4 website khc l ca cc nh phn phi bn l tng hp.
148
Hp 4.2 Tiu ch nh gi website thng mi in t uy tn ca TrustVn gip cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng tch cc tham gia thng mi in t (TMT), t nm 2004, hng nm, V Thng mi in t - B Thng mi (nay l Cc TMT v CNTT - B Cng Thng) thc hin chng trnh TrustVn - Website thng mi in t uy tn. Trong nm 2007, Chng trnh TrustVn phi hp cng Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) t chc nh gi v xp hng cc website TMT uy tn ti Vit Nam. TrustVn 2007 c hng lot thay i quan trng nhm ph hp vi s pht trin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam cng nh song hnh cng bc tin ca cc website TMT. Nhng thay i th hin ngay trong tiu ch nh gi, phng thc nh gi v i tng tham gia. 1. i tng tham gia vo TrustVn 2007 l cc website TMT ca Vit Nam do Chng trnh la chn ra v tp trung vo loi hnh B2C (Doanh nghip bn hng cho ngi tiu dng). y c coi l loi hnh TMT c s bt ph mnh m trong nm 2007 vi hng lot nhng website tn tui c u t quy m, to c lng tin v em li hiu qu cao cho doanh nghip cng nh ngi tiu dng. Tng s cc website B2C tham gia TrustVn 2007 l 176. 2. B tiu ch nh gi nm 2007 thay i hon ton so vi nm 2006. Tng s tiu ch l 23 c phn b trong 12 nhm tiu ch ln. Theo cc tiu ch ny, cc website c nh gi chnh xc hn, ph hp hn vi cc thng l quc t. Mt s nhm tiu ch ln l: 1) Thng tin nh danh thng nhn/ch website, 2) iu khon giao dch gia 2 bn, 3) C ch r sot hp ng giao dch, 4) Bo v thng tin c nhn v quyn li ngi tiu dng. www.trustvn.gov.vn
Nu nh nm 2006, s pht trin ca loi hnh B2C tp trung vo cc ca hng trc tuyn by bn a dng sn phm, th nm nay li c s tin phong ca cc website kinh doanh chuyn ngnh nh vn ti, du lch, sch bo, thit b tin hc, v.v c bit mt s website hon thin c khu thanh ton trc tuyn nh www.pacificairlines.com.vn; www.123mua.com.vn; www.travel.com.vn. Xu th ny cho thy s trng thnh nhanh chng ca cc doanh nghip trong vic trin khai ng dng thng mi in t phc v hot ng kinh doanh chuyn ngnh ca mnh.
1.
ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc du lch
Lnh vc kinh doanh dch v i hi cao v hm lng thng tin v mc tng tc gia khch hng vi nh cung cp rt thch hp cho mi trng thng mi in t. Cng vi tc tng trng nhanh ca th trng dch v ti Vit Nam, cc sn phm dch v ngy cng xut hin nhiu hn trn mng. So snh vi doanh nghip cc ngnh dch v khc, doanh nghip hot ng lnh vc du lch t ra nng ng hn c trong vic khai thc ng dng thng mi in t. Hu ht nhng doanh nghip kinh doanh dch v du lch, c bit l dch v l hnh quc t, xy dng trang web nhm qung b sn phm ca mnh. Cc tin ch trn website c cung cp nhiu cp khc nhau. Mt s trang web cho php khch du lch t v, a ra yu cu v l trnh, tha
149
thun gi c, la chn khch sn v th hng mt s dch v gi tr gia tng. Nhiu website chp nhn thanh ton qua th tn dng. Nm 2007 nh du mc pht trin mi ca ng dng thng mi in t trong ngnh du lch, vi s trin khai ng lot dch v v my bay in t ti hai hng hng khng ln nht Vit Nam l Vietnam Airlines v Pacific Airlines. Khi h thng bn v in t c a vo vn hnh i tr, cc cng ty du lch s c th d dng tch hp vic t v my bay cho khch vo gi dch v cung cp trn website ca mnh. Mt quy trnh t tour hon chnh t tm hiu thng tin, chn tuyn, mua v, t phng khch sn, tr tin dch v gi y c th tin hnh trc tuyn.
Hp 4.3 Dch v trc tuyn ca Cng ty du lch Vietravel Thng 3/2007, Cng ty Du lch v Tip th giao thng vn ti Vietravel chnh thc a vo vn hnh H thng bn tour du lch v tham kho thng tin du lch trc tuyn qua trang web http:// www.travel.com.vn/. Khi truy cp vo website, du khch d dng tm kim c tt c nhng chng trnh tour mi, dch v hng khng, tu ha, phng tin vn chuyn cho thu, khch sn, resort, nh hng, cc dch v gii tr Hin cng ty c 1.500 tour du lch cho bn, trong hn 1.000 tour quc t. Khng ch nhm tha mn nhu cu ca du khch trong nc, du khch Vit kiu v ngi nc ngoi cng c th t mua tour ngay ti cc nc m khng cn n tr s v chi nhnh ca Vietravel. Du khch s t do la chn chng trnh tham quan yu thch v gi xc nhn ng k tour theo hng dn trn trang web l c th an tm vi mt chuyn i c chun b t cng ty ny. Khi trin khai dch v trc tuyn trn website (E-tour), Vietravel khng lm vic c lp m lin kt vi mt h thng cc nh cung cp dch v trong nc v quc t. Thng qua h thng E-tour, Vietravel s nhanh chng a cc sn phm, dch v ln h thng t ch t ng du khch la chn v ng k c thun tin. Ngoi ra, h thng tiu th ca Vietravel cng c mt tt c cc vng trong v ngoi nc. Du khch c th n cc i l y quyn ng k dch v hoc ng k trc tuyn qua website ca cng ty. www.vnexpress.net/Vietnam/Xa-hoi/Du-lich/2007/03/3B9F46B7/
Cng vi vic pht trin cc website dch v l hnh, nhiu khch sn v nh hng cng xy dng cho mnh website ring nhm qung b hnh nh v nhn t phng, t tic. Hu nh tt c khch sn t tiu chun quc t t 3 sao tr ln Vit Nam hin u c trang web, v nhiu khch sn nh cng bt u xy dng website ring ca mnh. Ngoi ra, nhiu cng thng tin khch sn ni cung cp thng tin tng hp v cc khch sn ti Vit Nam v cho php khch hng chn la, t phng trc tuyn cng c trin khai rt thnh cng. Bn cnh , vic cc khch sn Vit Nam c mt hu ht nhng website ln ca th gii v dch v lin kt t phng (nh Travelocity, YahooTravel, AsiaRooms, Tripadvisor, v.v...) cho thy doanh nghip Vit Nam kh nhanh nhy trong vic nm bt c hi khai thc cng c tip th trc tuyn hiu qu ny.
150
Bng 4.22 Mt s website cung cp thng tin tng hp v khch sn v dch v t phng ti Vit Nam STT 1 2 3 4 www.bookingvietnam.com www.vietnamrooms.com www.hotels.com.vn www.hotel84.com STT 1 2 3 4 www.hotels-in-vietnam.com www.hotelvietnamonline.com www.viethoteltravel.com www.vietnamhotels.biz
2.
ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc chng khon
Th trng chng khon Vit Nam tng trng mnh m trong hai nm gn y, vi s pht trin nhanh chng c v s lng thnh vin tham gia th trng v cc dch v c cung cp.108 c th ca hot ng giao dch chng khon l da trn thng tin, do cht lng cng nh tnh kp thi ca thng tin c ngha quan trng i vi thnh cng ca mi giao dch, ng thi ng dng CNTT ng vai tr quyt nh i vi s tn ti v pht trin ca cc t chc tham gia th trng. V vy, mc d l lnh vc dch v cn kh non tr ti Vit Nam, nhng c th ni chng khon ang l mt trong nhng lnh vc ng dng CNTT v TMT mnh nht hin nay.
Hnh 4.24 Cc thnh vin tham gia th trng chng khon
Cng ty i chng
T chc mi gii CK
T chc qun l qu
HOSE
Nh u t
UBCK
HaSTC
Ngn Hng
Bn cnh ng dng CNTT trong ni b mi t chc nhm m bo s lin kt cng nh vn hnh thng sut ca ton b th trng, ng dng thng mi in t l cng c chin lc nhm nng cao cht lng dch v cung cp n khch hng. ng dng ny c th c trin khai nhiu cp , t mc n gin nh dch v tra cu thng tin trc tuyn v th trng cho n mc phc tp hn nh t lnh giao dch trc tuyn. Hu ht cc cng ty chng khon hin nay u trin khai t nht mt loi hnh giao dch in t trong gi dch v cung cp cho nh u t.
108
Theo thng k ca S Giao dch Chng khon TP. H Ch Minh, tnh n ngy 31/10/2007 ton th trng c 481 loi chng khon c nim yt, trong c 121 c phiu vi tng gi tr vn ha t 313 ngn t ng. S lng ti khon ca nh u t m ti cc cng ty chng khon thnh vin tng t 106 ngn vo cui nm 2006 ln n 273 ngn vo thi im cui qu 3/2007.
151
Bng 4.23 Cc ng dng thng mi in t trong giao dch chng khon Giao dch Tra cu thng tin th trng ng k m ti khon Qun l danh mc u t Tra vn thng tin ti khon t lnh giao dch Nhn thng bo v kt qu giao dch Phng tin in t website, SMS website website website, in thoi, SMS website, in thoi website, email, SMS
Hnh 4.25 Cc dch v giao dch trc tuyn do Cng ty chng khon FPT cung cp
Vi s n r ca cc cng ty chng khon trong nm 2007, mc cnh tranh trn th trng ang ngy cng tr nn gay gt.109 ng dng thng mi in t cung cp cho khch hng nhng dch v a dng v tin li nht ang l la chn chin lc ca nhiu cng ty nhm to ch ng cho mnh trong cuc cnh tranh ny. Vic trin khai thng mi in t c cc n v tin hnh mt cch kh chuyn nghip nhm m bo c cht ch v tnh php l cng nh s an ton v mt k thut cho giao dch. Rt nhiu website cng b hp ng s dng dch v vi nhng iu khon hon chnh v hng dn chi tit nh u t c th d dng lm quen vi giao dch trc tuyn. Cc bin php bo mt v xc thc thng tin nh m ha d liu, mt khu kp, ch k s, v.v... c cc cng ty vn dng kh a dng m bo tin cy cho giao dch.
109
Theo thng k ca y ban Chng khon nh nc ti website http://www.ssc.gov.vn, n cui thng 12/2007 c 69 cng ty chng khon ng k hot ng ti Vit Nam.
152
Hp 4.4 iu khon s dng dch v trc tuyn ca Cng ty CP Chng khon Gia Quyn QUY NH MI QUAN H V TRCH NHIM I VI KHCH HNG KHI S DNG DV EOT Cc iu khon v iu kin lin quan ny quy nh v mi quan h v trch nhim ca Cng ty chng khon EPS v khch hng trong vic cung cp dch v v thc hin giao dch chng khon trc tuyn. 1. Gii thch thut ng: Cng ty: l Cng ty CP chng khon Gia Quyn. Khch hng/nh u t giao dch trc tuyn: l khch hng/nh u t k kt Hp ng m ti khon vi Cng ty, thc hin thnh cng ng k giao dch trc tuyn v c cp nhng thng tin cn thit giao dch trc tuyn, bao gm: Ti khon giao dch trc tuyn, mt khu truy cp ln u v SmartKey hoc Trading code v hng dn quy nh giao dch trc tuyn. Giao dch trc tuyn: l vic thc hin cc yu cu giao dch chng khon ca khch hng (bao gm: t lnh giao dch trc tuyn, theo di danh mc u t theo gi th trng, tra cu chi tit kt qu khp lnh, tra cu lch s giao dch, xem s d ti khon tin gi c th giao dch ca khch hng ti ngn hng) thng qua vic tng tc trc tip vi h thng ca Cng ty chng khon Gia Quyn trn website https://online.eps.com.vn Dch v giao dch trc tuyn (Easy Online Trader EOT): L dch v m Cng ty chng khon Gia Quyn cung cp cho khch hng/nh u t vi cc tin ch thc hin Giao dch trc tuyn. SmartKey: cha ng nhng c im nhn dng ring v duy nht tng thch vi ti khon s dng Dch v trc tuyn EOT.Trading code: l mt m m Cng ty gi cho khch hng qua in thoi di ng (SMS) khai bo thc hin t lnh giao dch chng khon qua EOT 2. iu kin cung cp Dch v giao dch trc tuyn (EOT): Dch v giao dch trc tuyn (EOT) ch c cung cp cho Khch hng/nh u t hon tt th tc ng k giao dch trc tuyn vi Cng ty. Vic cung cp Dch v giao dch trc tuyn v thc hin Giao dch trc tuyn (EOT) c rng buc bi cc iu khon ca Hp ng m ti khon, cc cam kt lin quan m khch hng k kt vi Cng ty v/hoc cc iu kin quy nh giao dch c th c bn B hng dn, thng bo cng khai cho khch hng/nh u t. Bt k mi c gng no thc hin Giao dch trc tuyn (EOT) bi: ngi khng phi l Khch hng/nh u t trc tuyn hoc ngi c Khch hng trc tuyn y quyn hp php u b coi l hnh vi vi phm v phi chu trch nhim trc php lut. Vic ng k v thc hin Giao dch trc tuyn (EOT) khng loi tr quyn ca khch hng/nh u t c thc hin giao dch chng khon qua hnh thc t lnh trc tip ti sn EPS v/ hoc thc hin giao dch chng khon qua hnh thc t lnh qua in thoi m khch hng ng k vi Cng ty. 3. Tha thun mc nh: ...
153
4. Phng thc giao dch: Mi yu cu giao dch chng khon ca qu khch s c chuyn thng vo h thng ca Cng ty sau khi truy nhp thnh cng vo Ti khon giao dch trc tuyn v p ng cc yu cu v tin v chng khon giao dch theo quy nh. Khi pht sinh cc lnh t ca khch hng/nh u t, h thng ca Cng ty s kim tra lnh t ca khch/nh u t v trong trng hp lnh t p ng y cc quy nh hin hnh, h thng ngay lp tc chuyn lnh t ca khch hng vo h thng nhn lnh ca Cng ty nhp vo h thng ca S giao dch chng khon /Trung tm giao dch chng khon. 5. Thng tin cn bo mt: Mt khu truy cp: Khch hng c yu cu thay i mt khu ngay ln giao dch u tin v sau mi thng thc hin giao dch. Ngay sau ln i mt khu u tin, ch c h thng ca Cng ty nhn bit c mt khu truy cp ca khch hng v khch hng l ngi duy nht bit mt khu truy cp ca mnh. Khng mt nhn vin no ca Cng ty bit c mt khu giao dch ca khch hng. SmartKey hoc Trading code: Vic s dng SmartKey hoc Trading code l bc bo mt trong quy trnh bo mt ca h thng khi khch hng thc hin t lnh giao dch. Mi SmartKey hoc Trading code gi cho khch hng cha ng nhng c im nhn dng ring v duy nht tng thch vi ti khon s dng Dch v trc tuyn EOT ng k vi Cng ty. Ch c ngi gi SmartKey hoc Trading code bit c cch thc th hin cc m s ny. Khch hng/nh u t trc tuyn t chu trch nhim v cc Thng tin cn bo mt. Cng ty khng chu bt k trch nhim no v nhng thit hi xy ra trong trng hp cc Thng tin cn bo mt b l v/hoc 6. Vn thng bo: ... 7. Loi tr trch nhim: ... https://online.eps.com.vn/open_account_qd.php
Theo kho st ca V Thng mi in t vo cui thng 12/2007 vi 69 cng ty chng khon ang hot ng trn th trng, 56 cng ty (chim t l 81%) thit lp website, trong s 22 website cung cp tin ch truy vn thng tin ti khon v 8 website cho php khch hng t lnh giao dch trc tuyn. C 21 cng ty (chim t l 30,4%) cung cp dch v qua cc phng tin in t khc nh in thoi, thit b di ng cm tay, email, v.v...
Bng 4.24 Tnh hnh trin khai giao dch in t ca cc cng ty chng khon (thng 12/2007) Mt s ch tiu c bn Cng ty c website Website c tin ch truy vn thng tin ti khon Website cho php t lnh trc tuyn Cung cp dch v qua cc phng tin in t khc (in thoi, thit b di ng, email) S lng 56 22 8 21 T l 81,2% 39,3% 14,3% 30,4%
Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t - B Cng Thng, thng 12/2007
154
T kt qu kho st,110 c th thy nhng cng ty cha xy dng website a phn l cng ty mi c thnh lp. Cn nhng cng ty n nh v mt t chc v hot ng u c website v trin khai cung cp dch v trn theo nhiu cp khc nhau. Mc d hin nay ch 16% s website cho php khch hng t lnh giao dch trc tuyn, nhng kt qu kho st cho thy rt nhiu website ang trong qu trnh xy dng, hon thin h thng c th trin khai cung cp dch v ny trong nm 2008. Trc nhu cu cp bch ca thc t trin khai thng mi in t trong lnh vc ny, y ban Chng khon Nh nc ang tin hnh xy dng Thng t hng dn giao dch in t trn th trng chng khon, nhm quy nh chi tit vic t chc hot ng giao dch chng khon trc tuyn v cc giao dch in t khc lin quan n th trng chng khon. Sau khi thng t c ban hnh, vic ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc ny s bc sang mt giai on mi, c t chc v hiu qu hn, va gp phn nng cao li th cnh tranh ca tng cng ty ng thi to ng lc pht trin cho ton b th trng chng khon Vit Nam.
3.
ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc bn l
Vi vic thu nhp bnh qun u ngi khng ngng c ci thin v sc mua trong x hi ngy cng tng, hnh vi mua sm ca ngi tiu dng Vit Nam cng c nhng thay i ng k trong vi nm tr li y. Ngi tiu dng c nhu cu tinh t hn, am hiu hn v th trng v tip cn c vi nhng thng tin rt a dng v hng ha.111 Theo kho st ca cng ty nghin cu th trng Nielsen, Vit Nam ng th 5 th gii v mc t tin ca ngi tiu dng v l th trng hp dn th 4 th gii ca cc cng ty bn l.112 Gia nhp WTO, Vit Nam cam kt thc thi l trnh m ca th trng bn l cho cc cng ty nc ngoi tham gia.113 c th cnh tranh trc tip vi nhng tp on bn l ln ca th gii, doanh nghip Vit Nam ng trc yu cu cp bch phi hin i ha quy trnh v ci thin dch v cung cp cho khch hng. ng dng thng mi in t ang l mt trong nhng gii php then cht cho bi ton nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ny.
110 111 112 113
Kt qu kho st chi tit website cc cng ty chng khon xem ti Ph lc 5
Theo kt qu nghin cu th trng, 65% khch hng tm thng tin trc khi mua sm v 27% khch hng mua sm c nh hng ca mng (Xu th mi trong kinh doanh bn l, Bo Ngi lao ng, thng 10/2007, ngun http://sanitc.com/itc/DetailCT.asp?ID=0&IDD=979) u ra ca gii php, Tp ch Th gii vi tnh series B, thng 11/2007, tr. 16
L trnh m ca th trng dch v phn phi theo cam kt gia nhp WTO: nh phn phi nc ngoi mun cung cp dch v ti th trng Vit Nam phi thnh lp lin doanh vi i tc trong nc theo t l gp vn khng qu 49%. K t ngy 1/1/2008, hn ch vn gp 49% c bi b. K t ngy 1/1/2009, hon ton khng hn ch (Chi tit xem Chng II ca Bo co ny).
155
Hp 4.5 ng dng thng mi in t - hng i mi ca ngnh bn l S thnh cng ca bn l nm vic khng ngng sng to, i mi phc v v thu ht khch hng. ng Andrew Ma, gim c ph trch thng hiu, nhm cc gii php bn l ca IBM nhn mnh: i th cnh tranh ca DN l bt k ai, k c ngi tiu dng. V chnh ngi tiu dng cng c th ln eBay.com rao bn hng. ng Andrew cho bit thm, hng nm IBM u t chc chng trnh mang tn Ca hng ca tng lai (Shop of the Future), nhm a khch hng, i tc i tham quan nhng ca hng c tnh t ph cao trong k thut bn l, t ca hng t ng bt th 10 giy mi bi ht trong mt album khi khch hng cho my qut c tn a; hay ca hng thi trang bn giy c gn th RFID cho php cc qu c tm thy ngay i giy va c; n ca hng ca Apple New York cho php ngi dng iPod n, trao i v ci t PM yu thch... ng Andrew cng nhn mnh, mi trng bn hng khng ch tn ti nhng ca hng thc th m cn m rng ra website v c th gii o. Chng hn vic cc hng ng dng mi trng trc tuyn 3 chiu ca Second Life khuyn khch khch hng n thm ca hng thc. ng ni: Ngy nay, khch hng hiu bit v hng ha rt nhanh v su sc. V vy, vic ng dng nhiu thit b v gii php CNTT chnh l gip nhn vin bn hng hiu qu hn. Tng lai ngnh bn l, Tp ch Th gii vi tnh series B, thng 11/2007, tr.26
ng dng thng mi in t trong lnh vc bn l hin c cc doanh nghip trin khai theo hai hng: thit lp cc ca hng o trn mng hoc ng dng cc gii php cng ngh thng tin nng cao hiu qu quy trnh kinh doanh ti ca hng truyn thng.
Nhng website bn in thoi di ng, my tnh, thit b in t, m phm, qu tng, v.v... tr nn ph bin v quen thuc vi ngi tiu dng hn rt nhiu ca hng tht khc. Nhiu doanh nghip thnh cng trong vic s dng cc ca hng o h tr, b sung cho ca hng truyn thng v m rng mng li tiu th sn phm, nng cao ng k doanh s bn
156
hng. Cc sn phm c tiu chun ha cao nh in thoi, my tnh; vn ha phm bao gm sch, a nhc; m phm v qu tng hin l nhng mt hng c doanh s bn trc tuyn cao nht do c tnh ph hp vi phng thc giao dch thng mi in t. Cc c tnh l: gn nh, chi ph vn chuyn thp, c th nh gi sn phm qua thng s k thut, thng tin hoc hnh nh trc quan.
Bng 4.25 Mt s website bn l cc mt hng thng dng Thit b in t www.ben.com.vn www.duylinhmobile.com www.thegioididong.com www.huyeb.com.vn www.quangmobile.com.vn Vn ha phm www.vinabook.com www.bookvn.com www.sachviet.com.vn www.vietnambook.com.vn www.dvpub.com.vn M phm, qu tng www.chibaoshop.com www.linhperfume.com www.sieuthimypham.com www.vinagifts.net www.hoaxinh.com
Trn phng din ng dng CNTT nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh ca cc ca hng truyn thng, nm 2007 cng chng kin nhiu chuyn bin tch cc trong cng ng bn l Vit Nam. Mt lot gii php chuyn dng phc v ca hng bn l hoc chui bn l c gii thiu, th hin r s quan tm ca cc nh cung cp gii php c trong v ngoi nc i vi tim nng pht trin ca th trng dch v ny.
Bng 4.26 Mt s gii php bn l do cc cng ty Vit Nam xy dng Gii php H thng PM Lares (To Qun) ePOS v Shop Enterprise Cng ty Cng ty LIT Solution (LITS) Tnh nng Sn phm LaRes ca LITS c th ng dng cho quy m t ca hng nh, bn l n chui ca hng, nh hng, cafe c quy m ln vi 4 phin bn Standard (chun); Advance (cao cp); Enterprise (tng th) v Customized (ty bin theo yu cu). ePOS l gii php kt ni qun l bp, kho v cc im bn, c p dng thnh cng cho cc chui nh hng, dch v n ung. Shop Enterprise l phn mm qun l hng ha theo m vch sn phm, hu dng cho cc ca hng ln hoc chui ca hng c lng sn phm by bn a dng. Phn mm ny c cc phn h chnh nh qun l im bn hng; qun l kho hng; qun l mua hng; qun l quan h khch hng... RetailPro phn quyn s dng, c th thit k giao din cho tng ngi dng khc nhau. y l h thng linh hot cho php cu hnh t do v ty chuyn i t h thng chun ca cng ty thnh h thng p ng c th nhu cu ca chi nhnh con hay nhu cu ca tng c nhn. IDS Fortune Series l mt h thng qun l ti sn ton din c kh nng nng cp dnh cho ngnh cng nghip dch v khch sn v gii tr. Gii php ca cng ty IFCA c th p ng nhu cu qun l thc phm v ung trong ngnh cng nghip dch v khch sn, khu ngh mt, cu lc b chi golf, cu lc b th thao, cng Internet phc v ngnh du lch, v.v...
Ngun: tng hp t tin bi ca nhiu tp ch v website
Cng ty TNHH TM SX DV Tr
RetailPro
TRG International (nh phn phi ti Vit Nam)
Mt s gii php chy trn h thng my bn l (POS) ca IBM
157
ng dng CNTT trong hot ng bn l truyn thng gi y khng ch dng cc my bn l POS n gin (POS: point of sale - im bn hng), m tin n vic trang b nhng phn mm POS chy trn my tnh c gn km cc thit b lin quan nh thit b c m vch - my in ha n chuyn dng, thit b kim kho, cc thit b thanh ton thng qua ngn hng, v.v... Cao hn na, nhiu chui ca hng ln gi y trang b cc b gii php ton din hn nh h thng RMS (Retail Management Systems) nhm tch hp d liu bn l t cc my POS v c s d liu trung tm, cng nh tip nhn cc d liu mang tnh chnh sch c phn phi t trung tm n cc POS. RMS l h thng qun l bn l va phc v mc ch bn l thng thng va cho kh nng kt ni mng, tch hp nhiu chng trnh qun l thng minh, d bo bn hng, qun l quan h khch hng, qun l nhn vin, v.v... RMS h tr kh nng phn tch gip cc doanh nghip ra nhng chin lc kinh doanh ph hp. y s l hng i mi cho cc nh phn phi v bn l Vit Nam trong bi cnh th trng phn phi c t do ha mc cao theo cam kt gia nhp WTO ca Vit Nam.
KHUYN NGH
KHUYN NGH
Kt qu iu tra kho st tnh hnh pht trin thng mi in t nm 2007 cho thy thng mi in t Vit Nam bc vo giai on pht trin mnh m. Hu ht mi lnh vc lin quan ti thng mi in t c s thay i ln, chng hn nh mi trng php l c bn c xc lp, h tng cng ngh thng tin v Internet kh tt, ng o ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip nhn thc r v li ch ca thng mi in t, thanh ton in t hnh thnh v bt u ph bin, thng mi in t thm nhp su vo mt s ngnh kinh doanh, hiu qu u t cho thng mi in t tr nn r rng hn.114 Thc tin pht trin thng mi in t trong nm 2007 cng bc l mt s tr ngi ln lin quan ti cc c quan qun l nh nc, cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng. Nu cc tr ngi ny c khc phc mt cch tha ng trong nm 2008 v nhng nm tip theo th mc tiu pht trin thng mi in t Vit Nam n nm 2010 t ra ti K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006 2010 s tr thnh hin thc.115
I. 1.
I VI CC C QUAN QUN L NH NC Tip tc ban hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut nhm hon thin mi trng php l v thng mi in t
Cho ti cui nm 2007 cc ngh nh hng dn Lut Giao dch in t v nhiu ngh nh hng dn Lut Cng ngh thng tin c ban hnh. H thng cc lut v ngh nh ny to thnh khung php l c bn cho s pht trin ca thng mi in t. Tuy nhin, thng mi in t l hnh thi kinh doanh da trn nn tng cng ngh tin tin v lin quan mt thit ti nhiu lnh vc nn phi tip tc ban hnh nhiu vn bn quy phm php lut khc. Nhng vn bn ny bao gm Ngh nh v chng th rc, Ngh nh v qun l, cung cp v s dng dch v Internet thay th Ngh nh s 55/2001/N-CP ngy 23 thng 8 nm 2001, Thng t v giao kt hp ng trn cc website thng mi in t. Ngoi ra, cn nghin cu v tin ti ban hnh hoc sa i nhiu vn bn php lut lin quan ti chng t in t, bo v ngi tiu dng, bo v quyn s hu tr tu v nhiu kha cnh a dng khc.116 ng thi, vic ban hnh cc vn bn quy phm php lut tho g kh khn trong vic u t trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin, c bit l u t pht trin phn mm, s gp phn tch cc cho s pht trin thng mi in t.
Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam 2005 nhn nh: cho ti ht nm 2005 thng mi in t nc ta kt thc giai on u tin l giai giai on hnh thnh v c php lut tha nhn chnh thc. Vi s chun b chn mui v n lc to ln ca c doanh nghip v cc c quan nh nc, c th d on t nm 2006 thng mi in t Vit Nam s bc sang giai on hai l giai on pht trin mnh m.
115 116 114
Quyt nh s 222/2005/Q-TTg ngy 15/9/2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006 2010.
Chng hn, Quyt nh s 1371/2004/Q-BTM ngy 24/9/2004 ca B trng B Thng mi ban hnh Quy ch siu th, trung tm thng mi. Theo Quy ch ny, c s kinh doanh thng mi phi p ng nhng tiu chun nht nh mi c gi l siu th, chng hn phi c din tch kinh doanh t 500 m2 tr ln. Trong khi , trn mi trng Internet xut hin nhiu website bn hng vi tn gi Siu th trc tuyn v c doanh nghip qun l website s dng tn gi ny bin hiu treo ti tr s cng ty. Liu c cn ban hnh mi hoc sa i cc vn bn c lin quan ti nhng tnh hung tng t l mt thch thc ln i vi cc c quan qun l nh nc.
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2.
Nng cao nng lc gii quyt tranh chp v thng mi in t
T nm 2008 vic giao kt hp ng trc tuyn cng nh cc giao dch trc tuyn khc nh thanh ton in t v mua bn cc sn phm s ha s tng ln nhanh chng c v s lng ln gi tr. S v tranh chp thng mi lin quan ti mua bn trc tuyn s xut hin ngy cng nhiu. ng thi, nhng tranh chp v ti sn tr tu lin quan ti mi trng mng nh tn min v bn quyn tc gi cng gia tng vi phc tp cao. Ngoi ra, s v tranh chp khi tin hnh mua bn kinh doanh trn mi trng Internet gia Vit Nam vi cc nc khc cng s tng. Trong khi , nng lc gii quyt tranh chp v thng mi in t ca Vit Nam cn thp. Cc ta n kinh t, trng ti kinh t, cc t chc thanh tra vin thng v thng mi, cc t chc thc thi cnh tranh lnh mnh v bo v ngi tiu dng, cc c quan iu tra, v.v... cha c o to tt v lnh vc ny v hu nh cha c kinh nghim trong vic gii quyt tranh chp. Mt nhim v cp bch trong nm 2008 l phi nng cao nng lc gii quyt tranh chp v thng mi in t.
3.
Kin ton b my qun l nh nc v thng mi in t t Trung ng ti a phng
Ti gia nm 2007 B Thng mi c Chnh ph giao nhim v thng nht qun l nh nc v thng mi in t.117 Ti Ngh nh s 189/2007/N-CP ngy 27/12/2007 Chnh ph giao cho B Cng Thng chc nng qun l nh nc v thng mi in t v thnh lp Cc Thng mi in t v Cng ngh thng tin gip B trng B Cng Thng thc hin chc nng . Ti cc tnh v thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng (vit tt l tnh), cc S Thng mi v cc S Thng mi v Du lch (vit tt l S Thng mi) l cc c quan chuyn mn gip y ban nhn dn tnh qun l nh nc v thng mi in t.118 Cho ti cui nm 2007 c trn 40 S Thng mi xy dng K hoch trin khai thng mi in t ti a phng giai on ti nm 2010 trnh y ban nhn dn tnh, trong s ny c trn 30 k hoch c ph duyt. y l n lc rt ln ca cc S Thng mi trn phm vi c nc trong vic qun l nh nc v thng mi in t a phng. Trong nm 2008 cn nhanh chng ban hnh vn bn hng dn vic hp nht cc s thng mi vi cc s cng nghip ti cc a phng v ph duyt chc nng nhim v ca t chc mi. Cc t chc mi ny cn tip tc xy dng v trin khai k hoch ng dng thng mi in t ti a phng.
4.
Trin khai nhanh mt s dch v cng trc tuyn gn cht vi hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip
Mt trong nhng dch v cng quan trng nht i vi thng mi l dch v hi quan. Nm 2007 B Ti chnh hon thin c s php l cng nh phn mm v t chc trin khai m
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Thng 8 /2007 B Thng mi hp nht vi B Cng nghip thnh B Cng Thng.
Thng t lin tch s 08/2005/TTLT/BTM-BNV ngy 8/4/2005 ca B Thng mi v B Ni v hng dn chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca c quan chuyn mn gip y ban nhn dn qun l nh nc v thng mi a phng.
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rng th tc hi quan in t th im ti Cc Hi quan Thnh ph H Ch Minh v Cc Hi quan Hi phng t nhiu kt qu kh quan. ng thi, B Ti chnh xy dng v trin khai d n khai v np thu in t. Tng cc Thu tin hnh nghin cu, xy dng quy trnh k khai thu qua mng, kho st cc gii php cng ngh v d kin s trin khai d n ny trong nm 2008 cng vi trin khai Lut thu thu nhp c nhn. Cc b ngnh khc v nhiu a phng cng tch cc trin khai cung cp trc tuyn mt s dch v cng gn cht vi thng mi. Chng hn B Cng Thng v Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Vit Nam tch cc trin khai cung cp trc tuyn dch v cp chng nhn xut x in t. B K hoch v u t ang trin khai d n ng dng thng mi in t trong mua sm chnh ph v hp tc vi Cc mua sm cng ca Hn Quc kho st tin ti trin khai d n Thit lp h thng mua sm in t th nghim ti Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, ti ht nm 2007 cha c dch v cng quan trng no c cung cp trc tuyn mt cch hon chnh. Trong nm 2008 cn y mnh hot ng ny nhm cung cp trc tuyn mt s dch v cng quan trng i vi thng mi, gp phn gim chi ph v nng cao nng lc cnh tranh cho doanh nghip, ng thi to s bt ph i vi loi hnh giao dch trc tuyn Chnh ph vi doanh nghip (G2B).
5.
Tuyn truyn, ph bin v bo v d liu c nhn
Cho ti nay nhng tr ngi ln nht i vi s pht trin thng mi in t Vit Nam l mi trng php l, h tng cng ngh thng tin v Internet, nhn thc v tp qun mua bn, thanh ton. T nm 2006 vn an ninh an ton thng tin trn mi trng mng tr thnh mt tr ngi ng k ti vic tham gia thng mi in t ca c doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng. Theo xu hng chung ca thng mi in t ton cu, trong nhng nm ti vn d liu c nhn s ni ln nh mt trong nhng tr ngi ln nht i vi s pht trin thng mi in t, c bit l cc giao dch doanh nghip vi ngi tiu dng. Vit Nam cn c k hoch r rng hn ch ti mc cao nht tr ngi ny. Nm 2007 Vit Nam tham gia tch cc vi cc thnh vin ca APEC trin khai mt s hot ng c th v bo v d liu c nhn. Trong nm 2008 Vit Nam cn tip tc y mnh hot ng ph bin, tuyn truyn ti cc t chc, doanh nghip v cng dn v vn bo v d liu c nhn thng qua vic xut bn cc ti liu, t chc hi tho, c bit l trin khai mnh m hot ng dn nhn tn nhim cc website thng mi in t.
6.
Xy dng v ph bin tiu chun, quy chun v thng mi in t
Cc tiu chun, quy chun v thng mi in t c tm quan trng rt ln i vi s pht trin thng mi in t. K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006 2010 nhn mnh ti vic pht trin cc cng ngh h tr thng mi in t trn c s khuyn khch chuyn giao cng ngh t nc ngoi, ban hnh v ph cp cc tiu chun chung s dng trong thng mi in t, c bit l chun trao i d liu in t (EDI v ebXML).
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Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP ngy 29/6/2006 v thng mi in t quy nh nhim v ca c quan qun l nh nc i vi vic ban hnh cc tiu chun v thng mi in t. Tip , Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP ngy 01/8/2007 quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut giao cho B Cng Thng trch nhim xy dng, ban hnh quy chun k thut quc gia cho cc dch v lin quan n hot ng thng mi v thng mi in t. Trong hai nm 2006 v 2007, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh v mt s b ngnh v doanh nghip nghin cu, ban hnh mt s tiu chun v ng dng EDI v ebXML. Tuy nhin, vic ban hnh v ph bin cc tiu chun v quy chun quc gia v thng mi in t vn cha tng xng vi xu hng pht trin ca loi hnh giao dch doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B) quy m ln. Nm 2008 cc c quan qun l nh nc, c bit l B Cng Thng v B Khoa hc v Cng ngh cn y mnh hot ng xy dng, ban hnh v ph bin cc tiu chun, quy chun quc gia v thng mi in t.
II. 1.
I VI CC DOANH NGHIP Tng cng ngun nhn lc v thng mi in t
Kt qu iu tra ng dng thng mi in t nm 2007 cho thy s quan tm u t nhiu hn cho pht trin ngun nhn lc trc tip ng dng v trin khai thng mi in t gp phn nng cao hiu qu u t v nng lc cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip. Tuy nhin, khi cc doanh nghip mun chuyn sang mc ng dng cao hn th phi u t nhiu hn na cho vic pht trin ngun nhn lc. Cc doanh nghip c th c cn b tham gia cc chng trnh o to v thng mi in t ti cc trng i hc hoc cc kha tp hun v thng mi in t do cc c quan qun l nh nc t chc. Cc doanh nghip cng c th khai thc nhiu ti liu hng dn v thng mi in t trc tuyn, hc tp kinh nghim trin khai thng mi in t thnh cng ca cc doanh nghip khc, v.v...
2.
Xy dng chin lc ng dng thng mi in t ti doanh nghip
Song song vi vic pht trin ngun nhn lc v thng mi in t, cc doanh nghip cn xy dng chin lc ng dng thng mi in t trn c s gn cht chin lc ny vi chin lc kinh doanh di hn ca mnh. Khi xy dng chin lc pht trin thng mi in t cc doanh nghip cn xc nh r s pht trin ht sc mau l ca cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng tc ng mt cch cc k su sc v mau l ti mi mt ca kinh t x hi ton th gii, c th lm thay i cu trc cc ngnh kinh t cng nh ca tng doanh nghip. ng thi, chin lc ng dng thng mi in t ca doanh nghip cng cn ph hp vi mc pht trin chung ca chnh ph in t v h tng cng ngh thng tin v Internet trn phm vi ton quc v ti a phng. Cc doanh nghip cn bm st cc chin lc, k hoch, chng trnh pht trin cng ngh thng tin v thng mi in t ca c quan qun l nh nc cc cp khi xy dng chin lc ng dng thng mi in t ca mnh, tin hnh r sot, iu chnh, b sung chin lc cho ph hp vi tnh hnh mi. 164
3.
Tham gia cc t chc x hi ngh nghip v thng mi in t
Vai tr ca cc t chc x hi ngh nghip ngy cng tng trong x hi hin i, c bit l trong lnh vc kinh doanh. Tham gia cc t chc x hi ngh nghip v thng mi in t cc doanh nghip c c hi h tr nhau tt hn trong hot ng kinh doanh trc tuyn, chia s chi ph trin khai cc ng dng v h tng cng ngh, bo v nhau trc cc tranh chp pht sinh trong mi trng kinh doanh mi, tng cng sc mnh nh c ting ni chung, v.v... Nhiu doanh nghip nng ng trong lnh vc thng mi in t cng nhau thnh lp Hip hi thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) vo gia nm 2007. Mt mt, Vecom cn c k hoch hp l trin khai nhiu hot ng mang li li ch c th cho cc thnh vin, ng thi ch trng ti cng tc pht trin hi vin trn phm vi c nc. Mt khc, cc doanh nghip thuc nhiu lnh vc kinh doanh nn ch ng tm hiu tn ch ca Vecom v chung sc ng gp cho Vecom ln mnh. Cc c quan qun l nh nc v hi v thng mi in t c trch nhim h tr Vecom hot ng hiu qu v thng qua Vecom ph bin, tuyn truyn v thng mi in t v cc chnh sch v vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan. Cc doanh nghip cng cn tm hiu v tham gia cc t chc thng mi in t th gii v khu vc. Chng hn, cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v gi tr gia tng lin quan ti trao i d liu in t c th tm hiu v tham gia Lin minh cc doanh nghip thng mi in t chu (Pacific Asia Ecommerce Aliance PAA), cc doanh nghip quan tm ti hot ng bo v d liu c nhn v dn nhn tn nhim website nn tham gia cc hot ng ca Lin minh cc nh dn nhn tn nhim chu Thi Bnh Dng (Asia Trustmark Aliance ATA), v.v...
4.
Tun th cc qui nh php lut
Thng mi in t l lnh vc kh mi m Vit Nam v ang trn pht trin nhanh. H thng php lut lin quan ti thng mi in t hnh thnh nhng cha hon thin v c th c b sung lin tc. Cc doanh nghip cn thng xuyn tm hiu cc quy nh php lut lin quan ti hot ng kinh doanh trc tuyn, bao gm cc quy nh v chng t in t, giao kt v thc hin hp ng, thng hiu v tn min, x pht hnh chnh, bo v d liu c nhn, gii quyt tranh chp, v.v... ng thi, cc doanh nghip cng cn ch ng pht huy quyn li ca mnh trong vic yu cu cc c quan qun l nh nc ng ti cng khai v trc tuyn cc d tho vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan ti thng mi in t, ng gp kin mt cch trc tip hoc thng qua cc t chc nh Vecom hay VCCI nng cao cht lng ca cc vn bn .
5.
Tham gia cc sn thng mi in t
Trong giai on t nay ti nm 2010 vn cn rt nhiu doanh nghip va v nh Vit Nam cha c iu kin u t ln cho vic ng dng thng mi in t. Trong khi , theo iu tra kho st tnh hnh ng dng thng mi in t nm 2007 v nhng nm trc, vic tham gia
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cc sn thng mi in t mang li li ch cao vi u t rt thp c v trang thit b v ngun nhn lc. Do cc doanh nghip ny cn tch cc tham gia vo cc sn thng mi in t loi hnh giao dch B2B v B2C ca Vit Nam cng nh ca cc nc khc trn th gii.
III.
I VI NGI TIU DNG
Trong khi trin khai thng mi in t ch yu thuc v cc doanh nghip th ngi tiu dng l i tng hng ti ca loi hnh giao dch thng mi in t B2C. Nhn thc v hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng khi tham gia cc hot ng trc tuyn ni chung v mua bn trc tuyn ni ring c tc ng rt ln ti loi hnh thng mi in t ny. Bo co Thng mi in t nm 2006 a ra hai khuyn ngh i vi ngi tiu dng, bao gm thay i tp qun mua sm, tch cc tham gia mua sm trn mng v nng cao thc s dng mng. Ngoi hai khuyn ngh ny, Bo co Thng mi in t 2007 xut hai kin ngh sau.
1.
Quan tm ti vic t bo v thng tin c nhn
Bo v ngi tiu dng l mt vn ln trong hot ng thng mi truyn thng v cng tr nn ln hn trong cc giao dch mua bn trc tuyn. tm v m, cc c quan nh nc v cc t chc bo v php lut, cnh tranh lnh mnh v bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng c trch nhim trin khai nhiu hot ng nhm bo v quyn li ngi tiu dng. Tuy nhin, tng t nh hot ng mua bn trong mi trng truyn thng, ngi tiu dng phi tm hiu nhng nhng ri ro khi tham gia thng mi in t v ch ng t bo v mnh trnh khi nhng ri ro , c bit l cc ri ro c th xy ra khi thng tin c nhn lin quan ti mua bn trc tuyn b lu tr v khai thc, s dng bt hp php.
2.
Tham gia phn bin x hi, cung cp thng tin v cc biu hin cnh tranh khng lnh mnh
Ngi tiu dng cng cn tch cc tham gia gp cho cc c quan hoch nh chnh sch v xy dng php lut v nhng quy nh lin quan ti thng mi in t gy cn tr ti quyn li ca mnh. Thc tin cho thy nhng hnh vi khng lnh mnh din ra cc k phc tp nhng li rt kh xc nh danh tnh ca nhng k ch mu v tham gia trc tip trn mi trng mng. V vy, bn cnh vic s dng cc cng ngh tin tin v cc bin php chuyn mn, cc c quan bo v php lut ni chung v bo v ngi tiu dng ni ring rt cn s gip , phi hp ca ngi tiu dng trong vic phng nga, ngn chn cc hnh vi khng lnh mnh trn mi trng mng, c bit l vic cung cp thng tin v cc biu hin cnh tranh khng lnh mnh gy thit hi ti li ch v vt cht v tinh thn ca ngi tiu dng.
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PH LC
PH LC I
NGH NH S 26/2007/N-CP NGY 15/2/2007 QUY NH CHI TIT THI HNH LUT GIAO DCH IN T V CH K S V DCH V CHNG THC CH K S
CHNH PH
Cn c Lut T chc Chnh ph ngy 25 thng 12 nm 2001; Cn c Lut Giao dch in t ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005; Cn c Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh ngy 02 thng 7 nm 2002; Xt ngh ca B trng B Bu chnh, Vin thng,
NGH NH: Chng I NHNG QUY NH CHUNG

iu 1. Phm vi iu chnh Ngh nh ny quy nh chi tit v ch k s v chng th s; vic qun l, cung cp v s dng dch v chng thc ch k s. iu 2. i tng p dng Ngh nh ny p dng i vi c quan, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s v c quan, t chc, c nhn la chn s dng ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s trong giao dch in t. iu 3. Gii thch t ng Trong Ngh nh ny, cc t ng di y c hiu nh sau: 1. Chng th s l mt dng chng th in t do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cp. 2. Chng th s nc ngoi l chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi cp.
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3. Chng th s c hiu lc l chng th s cha ht hn, khng b tm dng hoc b thu hi. 4. Ch k s l mt dng ch k in t c to ra bng s bin i mt thng ip d liu s dng h thng mt m khng i xng theo ngi c c thng ip d liu ban u v kho cng khai ca ngi k c th xc nh c chnh xc: a) Vic bin i nu trn c to ra bng ng kho b mt tng ng vi kho cng khai trong cng mt cp kha; b) S ton vn ni dung ca thng ip d liu k t khi thc hin vic bin i nu trn. 5. Ch k s nc ngoi l ch k s do thu bao s dng chng th s nc ngoi to ra. 6. Dch v chng thc ch k s l mt loi hnh dch v chng thc ch k in t, do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cp. Dch v chng thc ch k s bao gm: a) To cp kha bao gm kha cng khai v kha b mt cho thu bao; b) Cp, gia hn, tm dng, phc hi v thu hi chng th s ca thu bao; c) Duy tr trc tuyn c s d liu v chng th s; d) Nhng dch v khc c lin quan theo quy nh. 7. H thng mt m khng i xng l h thng mt m c kh nng to c cp kha bao gm kho b mt v kho cng khai. 8. Kho l mt chui cc s nh phn (0 v 1) dng trong cc h thng mt m. 9. Kha b mt l mt kha trong cp kha thuc h thng mt m khng i xng, c dng to ch k s. 10. Kha cng khai l mt kha trong cp kha thuc h thng mt m khng i xng, c s dng kim tra ch k s c to bi kho b mt tng ng trong cp kho. 11. K s l vic a kha b mt vo mt chng trnh phn mm t ng to v gn ch k s vo thng ip d liu. 12. Ngi k l thu bao dng ng kho b mt ca mnh k s vo mt thng ip d liu di tn ca mnh. 13. Ngi nhn l t chc, c nhn nhn c thng ip d liu c k s bi ngi k, s dng chng th s ca ngi k kim tra ch k s trong thng ip d liu nhn c v tin hnh cc hot ng, giao dch c lin quan. 14. Thu bao l t chc, c nhn c cp chng th s, chp nhn chng th s v gi kho b mt tng ng vi kho cng khai ghi trn chng th s c cp . 15. Tm dng chng th s l lm mt hiu lc ca chng th s mt cch tm thi t mt thi im xc nh. 16. Thu hi chng th s l lm mt hiu lc ca chng th s mt cch vnh vin t mt thi im xc nh. 17. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s l t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t thc hin hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s.
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iu 4. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s bao gm: 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng l t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cho c quan, t chc, c nhn s dng trong cc hot ng cng cng. Hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng l hot ng nhm mc ch kinh doanh. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng l t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cho cc c quan, t chc, c nhn c cng tnh cht hot ng hoc mc ch cng vic v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua iu l hot ng hoc vn bn quy phm php lut quy nh c cu t chc chung hoc hnh thc lin kt, hot ng chung. Hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng l hot ng nhm phc v nhu cu giao dch ni b v khng nhm mc ch kinh doanh. 3. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia (Root Certification Authority) l t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cho cc t chc cung cp dch v ch k s cng cng. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia l duy nht. iu 5. Chnh sch pht trin dch v chng thc ch k s 1. Nh nc khuyn khch vic s dng ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s trong cc lnh vc kinh t, chnh tr, x hi thc y vic trao i thng tin v cc giao dch qua mng nhm nng cao nng sut lao ng; m rng cc hot ng thng mi; h tr ci cch hnh chnh, tng tin ch x hi, nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca nhn dn v bo m an ninh, quc phng. 2. Nh nc thc y vic ng dng ch k s v pht trin dch v chng thc ch k s thng qua nhng d n trng im nhm nng cao nhn thc; ph bin php lut; pht trin ng dng; t chc o to ngun nhn lc; nghin cu, hp tc v chuyn giao cng ngh lin quan n ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s. 3. Nh nc h tr hot ng ca cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng thng qua cc chnh sch u i v thu, t ai v cc u i khc. iu 6. Trch nhim qun l nh nc v dch v chng thc ch k s 1. B Bu chnh, Vin thng chu trch nhim trc Chnh ph trong vic thc hin qun l nh nc v dch v chng thc ch k s, bao gm: a) Trnh Chnh ph ban hnh hoc ban hnh theo thm quyn cc chnh sch, chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin v qun l dch v chng thc ch k s; b) Ban hnh theo thm quyn cc vn bn quy phm php lut v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s; c) Ch tr, phi hp vi B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph xy dng v ban hnh cc quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s;
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d) Ch tr, phi hp vi B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph trong vic qun l cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s bao gm cp giy php, giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s, giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi; thanh tra, kim tra v x l vi phm; v cc hot ng cn thit khc; ) Ch tr, phi hp vi B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph thc hin hp tc quc t v dch v chng thc ch k s; e) Thnh lp v duy tr hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia. 2. B Khoa hc v Cng ngh, B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph, cc B, ngnh khc c lin quan, y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng trong phm vi quyn hn v trch nhim ca mnh phi hp vi B Bu chnh, Vin thng thc hin cc quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny. 3. B Cng an chu trch nhim ch tr trong vic u tranh phng, chng ti phm cng ngh cao s dng ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s. 4. Ban C yu Chnh ph thnh lp v duy tr hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng phc v cc c quan thuc h thng chnh tr. iu 7. Cc hnh vi b nghim cm 1. Cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s v s dng ch k s nhm chng li Nh nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam, gy ri an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi, hot ng bun lu hoc tin hnh cc hot ng khc tri vi php lut, o c x hi. 2. Trc tip hoc gin tip ph hoi h thng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; cn tr hot ng cung cp v s dng dch v chng thc ch k s; lm gi hoc hng dn ngi khc lm gi chng th s. 3. Trm cp, gian ln, mo nhn, chim ot hoc s dng tri php kha b mt ca ngi khc. 4. Mua bn, chuyn nhng giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng.
Chng II CH K S V CHNG TH S
iu 8. Gi tr php l ca ch k s 1. Trong trng hp php lut quy nh vn bn cn c ch k th yu cu i vi mt thng ip d liu c xem l p ng nu thng ip d liu c k bng ch k s. 2. Trong trng hp php lut quy nh vn bn cn c ng du ca c quan, t chc th yu cu i vi mt thng ip d liu c xem l p ng nu thng ip d liu c k bi ch k s ca ngi c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut v qun l v s dng con du v ch k s c m bo an ton theo quy nh ti iu 9 Ngh nh ny.
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3. Ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi c cng nhn theo quy nh ti Chng VII Ngh nh ny c gi tr php l v hiu lc nh ch k s v chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ca Vit Nam cp. iu 9. iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s Ch k s c xem l ch k in t an ton khi p ng cc iu kin sau: 1. Ch k s c to ra trong thi gian chng th s c hiu lc v kim tra c bng kho cng khai ghi trn chng th s c hiu lc . 2. Ch k s c to ra bng vic s dng kho b mt tng ng vi kho cng khai ghi trn chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s hoc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi c cng nhn ti Vit Nam cp. 3. Kha b mt ch thuc s kim sot ca ngi k ti thi im k. 4. Kha b mt v ni dung thng ip d liu ch gn duy nht vi ngi k khi ngi k s thng ip d liu. iu 10. Ni dung ca chng th s Chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s cp phi bao gm cc ni dung sau: 1. Tn ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. 2. Tn ca thu bao. 3. S hiu ca chng th s. 4. Thi hn c hiu lc ca chng th s. 5. Kho cng khai ca thu bao. 6. Ch k s ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. 7. Cc hn ch v mc ch, phm vi s dng ca chng th s. 8. Cc hn ch v trch nhim php l ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. 9. Cc ni dung cn thit khc theo quy nh ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng. iu 11. Chng th s ca c quan, t chc 1. Tt c cc chc danh nh nc, ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc theo quy nh ca php lut v qun l v s dng con du u c quyn cp chng th s c gi tr nh quy nh ti khon 2 iu 8 Ngh nh ny. 2. Chng th s cp cho chc danh nh nc, ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc phi nu r chc danh ca ngi .
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3. Vic cp chng th s cho chc danh nh nc, ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc phi cn c vo cc ti liu sau: a) Vn bn ca c quan, t chc ngh cp ch k s cho ngi c thm quyn hoc chc danh nh nc; b) Bn sao hp l giy chng nhn ng k mu con du ca c quan, t chc hoc chc danh nh nc c cp theo quy nh ca php lut v qun l v s dng con du; c) Bn sao hp l vn bn xc nhn chc danh ca ngi c thm quyn ca c quan, t chc hoc chc danh nh nc . iu 12. S dng ch k s v chng th s ca c quan, t chc 1. Ch k s ca ngi c cp chng th s theo quy nh ti iu 11 Ngh nh ny ch c s dng thc hin cc giao dch theo ng chc danh ca ngi . 2. Vic k thay, k tha lnh theo quy nh ca php lut thc hin bi ngi c thm quyn s dng ch k s ca mnh, c hiu cn c vo chc danh ca ngi k ghi trn chng th s.
Chng III CP PHP CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CNG CNG

iu 13. iu kin hot ng T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s c cung cp dch v cho cng cng khi p ng cc iu kin sau: 1. C giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng do B Bu chnh, Vin thng cp. 2. C chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia cp. iu 14. Thi hn giy php Giy php cp cho t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c thi hn khng qu 10 nm. iu 15. iu kin cp php 1. iu kin v ch th: L doanh nghip thnh lp theo php lut Vit Nam. 2. iu kin v ti chnh: a) C nng lc ti chnh thit lp h thng trang thit b k thut, t chc v duy tr hot ng ph hp vi quy m cung cp dch v;
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b) K qu ti mt ngn hng thng mi hot ng ti Vit Nam hoc c giy bo lnh ca mt ngn hng thng mi hot ng ti Vit Nam khng di 5 (nm) t ng, hoc cam kt mua bo him gii quyt cc ri ro v cc khon n b c th xy ra trong qu trnh cung cp dch v v thanh ton chi ph tip nhn v duy tr c s d liu ca doanh nghip trong trng hp b thu hi giy php. 3. iu kin v nhn s: a) C i ng nhn vin k thut, nhn vin qun l, iu hnh, nhn vin qun l an ninh v nhn vin dch v khch hng p ng c yu cu v chuyn mn v quy m trin khai dch v; khng c tin n, tin s; b) Ngi i din theo php lut hiu bit php lut v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s. 4. iu kin v k thut: a) Thit lp h thng thit b k thut m bo cc yu cu sau: - Lu tr y , chnh xc v cp nht thng tin ca thu bao phc v cho vic cp chng th s trong sut thi gian chng th s c hiu lc; - m bo to cp kho ch cho php mi cp kho c to ra ngu nhin v ng mt ln duy nht; c tnh nng m bo kho b mt khng b pht hin khi c kho cng khai tng ng; - Lu tr y , chnh xc, cp nht danh sch cc chng th s c hiu lc v ht hiu lc v cho php ngi s dng Internet truy nhp trc tuyn 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun; - C kh nng pht hin, cnh bo v ngn chn mi truy nhp bt hp php, cc hnh thc tn cng trn mi trng mng v tun theo nhng tiu chun m bo an ninh thng tin; - c thit k theo xu hng gim thiu ti a s tip xc trc tip vi mi trng Internet; - H thng phn phi kha cho thu bao phi m bo s ton vn v bo mt ca cp kho. Trong trng hp phn phi kho thng qua mi trng mng my tnh th h thng phn phi kho phi s dng cc giao thc bo mt m bo khng l thng tin trn ng truyn. b) C phng n k thut v phng n kinh doanh kh thi, ph hp vi cc quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng; c) C cc phng n kim sot s ra vo tr s, quyn truy nhp h thng, quyn ra vo ni t thit b phc v vic cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; d) C cc phng n d phng m bo duy tr hot ng an ton, lin tc v khc phc khi c s c xy ra; ) Ton b h thng thit b s dng cung cp dch v t ti Vit Nam. 5. Cc iu kin khc: a) Xy dng tr s, ni t my mc, thit b ph hp vi yu cu ca php lut v phng
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chng chy, n; c kh nng chng chu l lt, ng t, nhiu in t, s xm nhp bt hp php ca con ngi; b) C quy ch chng thc cng khai theo mu ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng v c ni dung ph hp vi cc quy nh ti Ngh nh ny. iu 16. H s xin cp php H s xin cp php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c lp thnh 06 b, mi b h s gm c: 1. n ngh cp php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ca doanh nghip. 2. Giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh hoc giy chng nhn u t ca doanh nghip trong ghi r ngnh ngh cung cp dch v chng thc ch k in t. 3. iu l t chc v hot ng ca doanh nghip. 4. Vn bn chng minh p ng c cc iu kin v ti chnh quy nh ti khon 2 iu 15 Ngh nh ny. 5. n cung cp dch v gm cc ni dung chnh nh sau: - K hoch kinh doanh bao gm: phm vi, i tng cung cp dch v; tiu chun cht lng dch v; phng n ti chnh v cc thng tin cn thit khc; - K hoch k thut nhm m bo quy nh ti khon 4 iu 15; - Quy ch chng thc; - Thng tin chi tit v nhn thn, trnh v bng cp ca nhn s s trc tip tham gia cc hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca doanh nghip. iu 17. Thm tra v cp giy php Trong thi hn 60 ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn c h s xin cp php hp l, B Bu chnh, Vin thng ch tr, phi hp vi B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph v cc B, ngnh c lin quan thm tra h s. Trng hp doanh nghip p ng cc iu kin cp php ti iu 15, B Bu chnh, Vin thng s cp giy php cho doanh nghip. Trng hp t chi, B Bu chnh, Vin thng c vn bn thng bo v nu r l do. iu 18. Thay i ni dung giy php v cp li giy php 1. Khi c nhu cu thay i ni dung giy php, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi gi h s xin thay i ni dung giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng n B Bu chnh, Vin thng. 2. H s xin thay i giy php c lp thnh 06 b, mi b h s gm: giy ngh thay i ni dung giy php; bn sao giy php ang c hiu lc; bo co tnh hnh hot ng v l do thay i ni dung giy php; chi tit ni dung ngh sa i v cc ti liu cn thit khc. 3. Trong thi hn 60 ngy lm vic, k t ngy nhn c h s xin thay i ni dung giy php hp l, B Bu chnh, Vin thng ch tr, phi hp vi cc B, ngnh c lin quan thm tra
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h s v kim tra thc t nu cn thit. Trng hp ngh thay i vn p ng cc iu kin cp php quy nh ti iu 15, B Bu chnh, Vin thng s cp giy php mi cho doanh nghip. Trng hp ngh thay i ni dung giy php khng p ng cc iu kin cp php, B Bu chnh, Vin thng c vn bn thng bo v nu r l do. 4. Trong trng hp t chc li, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi bo co B Bu chnh, Vin thng xem xt vic thay i ni dung giy php; th tc thay i tun theo quy nh ti khon 2, khon 3 iu ny. 5. Trng hp giy php b mt, b rch, b chy hoc b tiu hy di cc hnh thc khc, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cp li giy php. c cp li giy php, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi gi giy ngh nu r l do xin cp li giy php ti B Bu chnh, Vin thng v phi tr ph. iu 19. Gia hn giy php 1. Khi mun gia hn giy php, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cp php phi gi h s xin gia hn giy php 60 ngy trc ngy giy php ht hn. 2. H s xin gia hn giy php c lp thnh 02 b, mi b h s gm: n ngh gia hn giy php, bn sao giy php ang c hiu lc, bo co tnh hnh hot ng v kt qu kim tra, thanh tra hot ng cung cp dch v trong 3 nm gn nht. 3. Trong thi hn 60 ngy k t ngy nhn c h s hp l, B Bu chnh, Vin thng thm tra v xem xt vic gia hn giy php. Trng hp ng , B Bu chnh, Vin thng s gia hn giy php cho doanh nghip. Trong trng hp t chi, B Bu chnh, Vin thng c vn bn thng bo v nu r l do. 4. Giy php ch c gia hn 1 ln v thi gian gia hn khng qu 1 nm. iu 20. Tm nh ch hoc thu hi giy php 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b tm nh ch giy php khi xy ra mt trong cc trng hp sau: a) Cung cp dch v sai vi ni dung ghi trn giy php; b) Khng p ng c mt trong cc iu kin v cp php trong qu trnh hot ng cung cp dch v; c) Cc iu kin khc theo quy nh ca php lut. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php khi xy ra mt trong cc trng hp sau: a) Khng trin khai cung cp dch v trong thi hn 12 thng, k t ngy c cp php m khng c l do chnh ng; b) B gii th hoc ph sn theo quy nh ca php lut c lin quan; c) Giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cho cng cng ht hn;
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d) Khng khc phc c cc iu kin tm nh ch quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny sau thi hn tm dng n nh bi c quan nh nc. 3. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php c trch nhim tha thun bn giao cc c s d liu c lin quan n hot ng cung cp dch v ca mnh cho mt t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khc ang hot ng trong thi hn khng qu 90 ngy, k t ngy b thu hi giy php. Trong trng hp khng tha thun c th bo co B Bu chnh, Vin thng xem xt, gii quyt. 4. Chi ph tip nhn v duy tr c s d liu ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php ly t tin k qu hoc bo lnh hoc bo him ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s .
Chng IV HOT NG CA T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CNG CNG

iu 21. H s xin cp chng th s H s xin cp chng th s bao gm: 1. n xin cp chng th s theo mu ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 2. Giy t km theo bao gm: a) i vi c nhn: bn sao hp l giy chng minh nhn dn, h chiu hoc chng thc c nhn hp php khc; b) i vi t chc: bn sao hp l quyt nh thnh lp hoc giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh hoc ti liu tng ng khc ca t chc; vn bn y quyn v bn sao hp l giy chng minh nhn dn, h chiu hoc chng thc c nhn hp php khc ca ngi i din theo y quyn ca t chc; c) Cc giy t khc theo quy nh trong quy ch chng thc ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. iu 22. To kho v phn phi kho 1. Mt cp kha ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s c th c to ra bi: a) T chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s; b) T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng cn c theo yu cu bng vn bn ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s. 2. Trng hp t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s t to cp kha, t chc cung cp dch v
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chng thc ch k s cng cng cn m bo chc chn rng ngi s dng thit b theo ng tiu chun quy nh to ra v lu tr cp kha. 3. Trng hp t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng to cp kha, t chc phi m bo s dng cc phng thc an ton chuyn giao kha b mt n t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s v ch c lu bn sao ca kha b mt khi t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s c yu cu bng vn bn. iu 23. Cp chng th s 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng cp chng th s khi kim tra c cc ni dung sau y: a) Thng tin trong h s l chnh xc; b) Kha cng khai trn chng th s s c cp l duy nht v cng cp vi kha b mt ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s. 2. Chng th s ch c cp cho ngi xin cp v phi c y nhng thng tin c quy inh ti iu 10 Ngh nh ny. 3. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ch c cng b chng th s cp cho thu bao trn c s d liu v chng th s ca mnh sau khi c xc nhn ca thu bao v tnh chnh xc ca thng tin trn chng th s ; thi hn cng b chm nht l 24 gi sau khi c xc nhn ca thu bao; tr trng hp c tho thun khc. 4. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khng c t chi cp chng th s cho t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s nu khng c l do chnh ng. iu 24. Gia hn chng th s 1. t nht l 30 ngy trc ngy ht hn ca chng th s, nu mun gia hn thu bao phi c n xin gia hn chng th s. 2. Trng hp thay i kha cng khai trn chng th s c gia hn, thu bao phi ghi r trong n; vic to kha, phn phi kha v cng b chng th s c gia hn thc hin theo cc quy nh ti iu 22, iu 23 Ngh nh ny. iu 25. Thay i cp kho Trong trng hp thu bao c nhu cu thay i cp kha, thu bao phi c n xin thay i cp kha. Vic to kha, phn phi kha v cng b chng th s vi kha cng khai mi thc hin theo cc quy nh ti iu 22, iu 23 Ngh nh ny. iu 26. Tm dng chng th s 1. Chng th s b tm dng khi xy ra mt trong nhng trng hp sau y: a) Khi thu bao yu cu bng vn bn v yu cu ny c t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng xc minh l chnh xc;
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b) Khi t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cn c khng nh rng chng th s c cp khng tun theo cc quy nh ti iu 22, iu 23 Ngh nh ny hoc khi pht hin ra bt c sai st no c nh hng n quyn li ca thu bao v ngi nhn; c) Khi c yu cu ca c quan tin hnh t tng, c quan an ninh hoc B Bu chnh, Vin thng; d) Theo iu kin tm dng chng th s c quy nh trong hp ng gia thu bao v t chc cung cp dch v. 2. Khi c cn c tm dng chng th s, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi tin hnh tm dng, ng thi ngay lp tc thng bo cho thu bao v cng b trn c s d liu v chng th s vic tm dng, thi gian bt u v kt thc vic tm dng. 3. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi khi phc li chng th s khi khng cn cn c tm dng chng th s hoc thi hn tm dng theo yu cu ht. iu 27. Thu hi chng th s 1. Chng th s b thu hi trong nhng trng hp sau y: a) Khi thu bao yu cu bng vn bn v yu cu ny c t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng xc minh l chnh xc; b) Khi thu bao l c nhn cht hoc mt tch theo tuyn b ca ta n hoc thu bao l t chc gii th hoc ph sn theo quy nh ca php lut; c) Khi c yu cu ca c quan tin hnh t tng, c quan an ninh hoc B Bu chnh, Vin thng; d) Theo iu kin thu hi chng th s c quy nh trong hp ng gia thu bao v t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 2. Khi c cn c thu hi chng th s, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi tin hnh thu hi chng th s, ng thi phi ngay lp tc thng bo cho thu bao v cng b trn c s d liu v chng th s vic thu hi. iu 28. Cp du thi gian 1. Cp du thi gian l vic gn thng tin v ngy, thng, nm v thi gian vo thng ip d liu. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c quyn cung cp dch v cp du thi gian. Vic cung cp dch v cp du thi gian phi tun theo cc quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng i vi dch v cp du thi gian. 3. Ngy, thng, nm v thi gian c gn vo thng ip d liu l ngy, thng, nm v thi gian m t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng nhn c thng ip d liu . Ngy, thng, nm v thi gian c gn vo thng ip d liu phi c k s bi t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 4. Ngy, thng, nm v thi gian c gn vo thng ip d liu tun theo cc quy nh ti khon 1, 2, 3 iu ny c php lut cng nhn.
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Chng V QUYN V NGHA V CA CC BN THAM GIA CUNG CP V S DNG DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CNG CNG Mc 1 QUYN V NGHA V CA T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CNG CNG
iu 29. Ngha v trong vic lu tr v s dng thng tin ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c ngha v lu tr nhng thng tin lin quan n nhn thn ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s mt cch b mt, an ton v ch c s dng thng tin ny vo mc ch lin quan n chng th s, tr trng hp tho thun hoc php lut c quy nh khc. 2. Bi thng cho thu bao v ngi nhn trong trng hp sau: a) Thit hi xy ra l hu qu ca vic l thng tin ca thu bao m mnh c ngha v lu tr b mt; b) Thit hi xy ra l hu qu ca vic a ln chng th s nhng thng tin khng chnh xc so vi nhng thng tin do thu bao cung cp. iu 30. Ngha v lin quan ti cp chng th s m bo quyn li hp php cho cc thu bao, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cc ngha v sau: 1. Hng dn bng vn bn cho t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s trc khi k hp ng cp chng th s nhng thng tin sau y: a) Phm vi, gii hn s dng, mc bo mt, ph, l ph cho vic cp v s dng ca loi chng th s m ngi xin cp v nhng thng tin khc c kh nng nh hng n quyn li ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s; b) Nhng yu cu m bo s an ton trong lu tr v s dng kho b mt; c) Th tc khiu ni v gii quyt tranh chp; d) Nhng ni dung khc do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng t quyt nh. 2. Xy dng hp ng mu dng cho hot ng cp chng th s. 3. m bo an ton trong sut qu trnh to v chuyn giao chng th s cho thu bao. 4. Chu trch nhim trc thu bao v ngi nhn v tnh chnh xc ca nhng thng tin trn chng th s.
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5. Bi thng cho thu bao v ngi nhn khi thit hi xy ra l hu qu ca chng th s c cp tri vi quy nh ca Ngh nh ny. iu 31. Ngha v lin quan ti gia hn chng th s 1. Khi nhn c yu cu gia hn ca thu bao theo ng quy nh ti iu 24 Ngh nh ny, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c ngha v hon thnh cc th tc gia hn chng th s trc khi chng th s ca thu bao ht hiu lc. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi c trch nhim bi thng thit hi cho thu bao v ngi nhn nu c bt c thit hi no xy ra do vi phm khon 1 iu ny. iu 32. Quyn v ngha v lin quan ti tm dng v khi phc chng th s T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c ngha v: 1. m bo knh thng tin tip nhn yu cu tm dng chng th s hot ng 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun. 2. Lu tr ton b thng tin lin quan n hot ng tm dng chng th s trong thi gian t nht 5 nm, k t khi chng th s b tm dng. 3. Trong sut thi gian tm dng chng th s, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s vn phi thc hin cc ngha v lin quan n lu tr b mt nhng thng tin v nhn thn v kho b mt ca thu bao theo quy nh trong Ngh nh ny. 4. Bi thng thit hi cho cc bn lin quan trong trng hp thit hi xy ra l hu qu ca vic khng tun th cc quy nh ti khon 2, 3 iu 26 Ngh nh ny. iu 33. Ngha v lin quan ti thu hi chng th s T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c ngha v sau: 1. Phi m bo knh thng tin tip nhn yu cu thu hi chng th s hot ng 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun. 2. Phi lu tr li ton b thng tin lin quan n hot ng thu hi chng th s v cc chng th s b thu hi trong thi gian t nht 5 nm, k t khi chng th s b thu hi. 3. m bo gi b mt kha b mt ca thu bao trong trng hp thu bao y quyn v lu tr cc thng tin lin quan n chng th s ca thu bao trong thi hn t nht l 5 nm, k t khi chng th s b thu hi. 4. Bi thng thit hi cho cc bn lin quan trong trng hp thit hi xy ra l hu qu ca vic khng tun th cc quy nh ti iu 27 Ngh nh ny. iu 34. Ngha v lin quan ti hot ng qun l kho T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c ngha v sau: 1. m bo gi b mt ton b qu trnh to cp kho trong trng hp to cp kha cho t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s.
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2. Tn dng mi phng tin v vi n lc cao nht thng bo cho thu bao ng thi p dng nhng bin php ngn chn v khc phc kp thi trong trng hp pht hin thy du hiu kho b mt ca thu bao b l, khng cn ton vn hoc bt c s sai st no khc c nguy c nh hng xu n quyn li ca thu bao. 3. Khuyn co cho thu bao vic thay i cp kha khi cn thit nhm m bo tnh tin cy v an ton cao nht cho cp kha. 4. Bi thng thit hi cho thu bao v ngi nhn nu thit hi xy ra l hu qu ca vic l qu trnh to kho, l kho b mt ca thu bao trong qu trnh chuyn giao, hoc lu tr kha b mt ca thu bao trong trng hp t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s gi kha b mt ca thu bao. iu 35. Ngha v tm dng cp chng th s mi 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi tm dng cp chng th s mi trong cc trng hp sau: a) Khi pht hin cc sai st trong h thng cung cp dch v ca mnh c th lm nh hng n quyn li ca thu bao v ngi nhn; b) Khi c yu cu t c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 2. Khi tm dng cp chng th s mi, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi thng bo cng khai vic tm dng trn trang tin in t ca mnh v bo co cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 3. Trong thi gian tm dng cp chng th s mi, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c trch nhim duy tr h thng c s d liu lin quan n chng th s cp. iu 36. Ngha v cng khai thng tin T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi cng khai v duy tr thng tin 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun trn trang tin in t ca mnh nhng thng tin sau: 1. Quy ch chng thc v chng th s ca mnh. 2. Danh sch chng th s c hiu lc, b tm dng, b thu hi ca thu bao. 3. Nhng thng tin cn thit khc. iu 37. Ngha v mua bo him ri ro Trong trng hp khng k qu hoc khng c bo lnh ca ngn hng theo qui nh ti khon 2 iu 15 Ngh nh ny, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng phi mua bo him gii quyt cc ri ro v cc khon n b c th xy ra cho thu bao v ngi nhn trong trng hp thit hi xy ra do li ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng v thanh ton chi ph cho t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khc tip nhn v duy tr c s d liu ca mnh khi mnh b thu hi giy php.
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iu 38. Ngha v lin quan n vic xin cp php v trin khai giy php T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cc ngha v sau: 1. Hon ton chu trch nhim trc php lut v tnh chnh xc ca h s xin cp php. 2. Trin khai v duy tr cc hot ng theo ng ni dung ghi trong giy php v cc cam kt trong h s xin cp php. 3. Np ph v l ph cp php theo quy nh. iu 39. Quyn v ngha v khi b thu hi giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php c ngha v bn giao cc ti liu, c s d liu lin quan n chng th s v vic cp chng th s cho t chc tip nhn theo quy nh ti khon 3 iu 20 Ngh nh ny. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php c ngha v thng bo cho thu bao v tnh trng b thu hi giy php ca mnh v thng tin v t chc tip nhn c s d liu ca mnh. Trng hp vic b thu hi giy php l do doanh nghip khng mun tip tc cung cp dch v, vic thng bo ny phi thc hin t nht 3 thng, trc khi doanh nghip dng cung cp dch v. 3. T chc tip nhn c s d liu ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s b thu hi giy php phi thc hin cc quyn v ngha v i vi cc thu bao v ngi nhn ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php . 4. Sau thi hn 03 nm, k t ngy b thu hi giy php, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng b thu hi giy php c quyn xin cp li giy php. iu kin v th tc cp li thc hin theo cc quy nh nh trng hp xin cp mi. iu 40. Quyn v ngha v khc 1. Bo co nh k v t xut theo yu cu ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 2. Chu s kim tra, thanh tra v x l vi phm ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 3. Cung cp cho c quan tin hnh t tng hoc c quan an ninh nhng thng tin cn thit nhm phc v cng tc m bo an ninh thng tin, iu tra phng chng ti phm theo ng trnh t, th tc php lut v t tng quy nh. 4. Trong trng hp khn cp do php lut v tnh trng khn cp quy nh hoc m bo an ninh quc gia, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c ngha v thc hin mi s h tr cn thit theo yu cu ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn.
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Mc 2 QUYN V NGHA V CA THU BAO CA T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CNG CNG
iu 41. Quyn v ngha v thu bao trong vic cung cp thng tin Thu bao ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cc quyn v ngha v sau: 1. Ngha v cung cp thng tin v nhn thn ca mnh mt cch trung thc, chnh xc v xut trnh cc giy t phc v cho vic cp chng th s cho t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; t chu trch nhim trc php lut v thit hi xy ra nu vi phm quy nh ny. 2. C quyn yu cu t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng cung cp bng vn bn nhng thng tin quy nh ti khon 1 iu 30 Ngh nh ny. 3. Cung cp kha b mt v nhng thng tin cn thit cho cc c quan tin hnh t tng, c quan an ninh phc v vic m bo an ninh quc gia hoc iu tra ti phm theo quy nh ca php lut. iu 42. To, s dng v qun l kho Thu bao ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng c cc quyn v ngha v sau: 1. Trng hp t to cp kha cho mnh, thu bao phi m bo thit b to cp kha s dng ng quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng. Quy nh ny khng p dng cho trng hp thu bao thu thit b to cp kha ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 2. Lu tr v s dng kha b mt ca mnh mt cch an ton, b mt trong sut thi gian chng th s ca mnh c hiu lc v b tm dng. 3. Thng bo ngay cho t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca mnh nu pht hin thy du hiu kha b mt ca mnh b l, b nh cp hoc s dng tri php c cc bin php x l. 4. Chu trch nhim trc php lut v mi thit hi xy ra nu vi phm quy nh ti khon 1, 2, 3 iu ny. iu 43. Ngha v php l 1. Khi ng t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng cng khai chng th s ca mnh theo quy nh ti khon 3 iu 23 Ngh nh ny hoc khi cung cp chng th s cho ngi khc vi mc ch giao dch, thu bao c coi l cam kt vi ngi nhn rng thu bao l ngi nm gi hp php kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai trn chng th s v nhng thng tin trn chng th s lin quan n thu bao l ng s tht, ng thi phi thc hin cc ngha v xut pht t chng th s .
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2. C quyn yu cu t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca mnh tm dng, thu hi li chng th s cp v t chu trch nhim v yu cu .
Mc 3 NGHA V CA NGI NHN

iu 44. Ngha v kim tra thng tin 1. Trc khi chp nhn ch k s ca ngi k, ngi nhn phi kim tra nhng thng tin sau: a) Hiu lc, phm vi s dng, gii hn trch nhim v nhng thng tin khc lin quan n chng th s ca ngi k; b) Ch k s phi c to bi kha b mt tng ng vi kha cng khai trn chng th s ca ngi k. 2. Ngi nhn phi chu mi thit hi xy ra trong trng hp sau: a) Khng tun th cc quy nh ti khon 1 iu ny; b) bit hoc c thng bo v s khng cn tin cy ca chng th s v kha b mt ca ngi k.
Chng VI T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CHUYN DNG Mc 1 IU KIN, TH TC NG K HOT NG CA T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S CHUYN DNG
iu 45. iu kin hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng phi p ng cc iu kin sau: 1. C nhn vin k thut chuyn nghip v nhn vin qun l ph hp vi vic cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. 2. H thng thit b cung cp dch v ph hp vi tiu chun an ninh, an ton quc gia. iu 46. Quy trnh, th tc ng k hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng Trc khi hot ng, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng phi ng k vi B Bu chnh, Vin thng theo cc ni dung sau:
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1. Tn, a ch tr s ca t chc. 2. Thng tin chi tit v ngi ng u v ngi chu trch nhim qun tr h thng thit b cung cp dch v. 3. Phm vi, i tng cung cp dch v. 4. Cc quy chun k thut v tiu chun s p dng. iu 47. Quyn v ngha v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cc quyn v ngha v sau: 1. Quy nh hot ng cung cp dch v. 2. Quy nh cc quyn v ngha v ca cc bn lin quan trn c s khng c tri vi cc quy nh php lut c lin quan v nguyn tc ca h thng php lut Vit Nam. 3. Chu s kim tra, thanh tra v x l vi phm ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 4. Cung cp cho c quan tin hnh t tng hoc c quan an ninh nhng thng tin cn thit nhm phc v cng tc m bo an ninh thng tin, iu tra phng chng ti phm theo ng trnh t, th tc php lut v t tng quy nh. 5. Trong trng hp khn cp do php lut v tnh trng khn cp quy nh hoc m bo an ninh quc gia, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c ngha v thc hin mi s h tr cn thit theo yu cu ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 6. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c quyn ngh B Bu chnh, Vin thng cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s m bo an ton cho ch k s theo quy nh ti iu 9 Ngh nh ny. iu kin, th tc cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s tun theo cc quy nh ti iu 48, iu 49, iu 50 Ngh nh ny.
Mc 2 IU KIN, TH TC CP GIY CHNG NHN IU KIN M BO AN TON CHO CH K S

iu 48. iu kin cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng ch c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s khi p ng cc iu kin v nhn s, k thut v cc iu kin khc quy nh ti khon 3, 4, 5 iu 15 Ngh nh ny.
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iu 49. H s ngh cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s H s ngh cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s c lp thnh 06 b, mi b h s gm c: 1. n ngh cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s. 2. Quyt nh thnh lp v iu l hot ng ca t chc. 3. n cung cp dch v bao gm: a) Phm vi, i tng cung cp dch v v cc thng tin cn thit khc; b) Phng n k thut nhm m bo quy nh ti iu 48 Ngh nh ny; c) Quy ch chng thc; d) Thng tin chi tit v nhn thn v trnh , bng cp ca nhn s s trc tip tham gia cc hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca t chc. iu 50. Thm tra h s v cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s Trong thi hn 60 ngy lm vic k t ngy nhn c h s ngh cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s, B Bu chnh, Vin thng ch tr, phi hp vi B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph v cc B, ngnh c lin quan thm tra h s v kim tra thc t. Trng hp p ng cc iu kin cung cp dch v quy nh ti iu 48, B Bu chnh, Vin thng s cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s cho t chc. Trng hp t chc khng p ng cc iu kin theo quy nh, B Bu chnh, Vin thng c vn bn thng bo v nu r l do. iu 51. Quyn v ngha v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s c cc quyn v ngha v sau: 1. Quy nh hot ng, cc quyn v ngha v ca cc bn lin quan trn c s khng tri vi cc quy nh php lut c lin quan v nguyn tc ca h thng php lut Vit Nam. 2. Bo co nh k v t xut theo yu cu ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 3. Chu s kim tra, thanh tra v x l vi phm ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 4. Cung cp cho c quan tin hnh t tng hoc c quan an ninh nhng thng tin cn thit nhm phc v cng tc m bo an ninh thng tin, iu tra phng chng ti phm theo ng trnh t, th tc php lut v t tng quy nh. 5. Trong trng hp khn cp do php lut v tnh trng khn cp quy nh hoc m bo an ninh quc gia, t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s c ngha v thc hin mi s h tr cn thit theo yu cu ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn. 188
Chng VII CNG NHN CH K S, CHNG TH S V HOT NG CUNG CP DCH V CA T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S NC NGOI
iu 52. Cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi 1. Ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi c cng nhn khi t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi cp chng th s c B Bu chnh Vin thng cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi c cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi khi p ng cc iu kin sau: a) Quc gia m t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ng k hot ng c k kt hoc tham gia iu c quc t c quy nh v vic cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi m Vit Nam c tham gia. b) c c quan c thm quyn ca nc mnh cp php hoc chng nhn iu kin hot ng trong lnh vc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s v ang hot ng. c) tin cy ca ch k s v chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cp khng thp hn tin cy ca ch k s v chng th s c cp bi t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ca Vit Nam. d) C vn phng i din ti Vit Nam gii quyt cc vn c lin quan. iu 53. H s cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi H s ngh cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi c lp thnh 06 b, mi b h s gm c: 1. n ngh cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi. 2. Cc vn bn chng minh p ng c y cc quy nh ti khon 1, 2, 3, 4 iu 52 Ngh nh ny. 3. Bin lai thu l ph thm tra. 4. Cc ni dung khc theo yu cu ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng. iu 54. Thm tra h s v cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi Trong thi hn 60 ngy lm vic k t ngy nhn c h s xin cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi, B Bu chnh, Vin thng ch tr, phi hp vi B Cng an, Ban C yu Chnh ph v cc B ngnh c lin quan thm tra. Trng hp p ng cc iu kin quy nh ti iu 52, B Bu chnh, Vin thng s cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng
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th s nc ngoi cho t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi. Trng hp khng p ng cc iu kin theo quy nh, B Bu chnh, Vin thng c vn bn thng bo v nu r l do. iu 55. Hot ng cung cp dch v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi 1. Vic u t cung cp dch v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi ti Vit Nam thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut v u t, cc iu c quc t v dch v chng thc ch k s m Vit Nam k kt hoc tham gia. 2. Hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s nc ngoi ti Vit Nam tun theo cc quy nh v iu kin hot ng, hot ng, quyn v ngha v nh cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng.
Chng VIII T CHC CUNG CP DCH V CHNG THC CH K S QUC GIA

iu 56. Thnh lp t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia 1. Vic thnh lp t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia phi tun th cc quy nh ti khon 3, 4, 5 iu 15 Ngh nh ny. 2. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia t cp chng th s cho mnh. iu 57. Hot ng cung cp dch v, quyn v ngha v ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia Hot ng cp v qun l chng th s ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia, quyn v ngha v ca cc bn c lin quan phi tun theo cc quy nh ti Chng IV v Chng V Ngh nh ny, theo t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia ng vai tr nh mt t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng, cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ng vai tr nh cc thu bao, vi mt s quy nh b sung, sa i nh sau: 1. H s xin cp chng th s quy nh ti iu 21 Ngh nh ny b sung giy php ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng do B Bu chnh, Vin thng cp. 2. Cp kha quy nh ti iu 22 Ngh nh ny do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng t to trn h thng ca mnh. 3. Ni dung cn kim tra trc khi cp chng th s qui nh ti khon 1 iu 23 Ngh nh ny b sung kim tra vic tun th cc iu kin hot ng quy nh ti khon 4, khon 5 iu 15 Ngh nh ny. 4. Thng tin cng khai quy nh ti iu 36 Ngh nh ny c cng b trn trang tin in t ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia hoc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng.
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Chng IX TRANH CHP, KHIU NI, T CO V BI THNG

iu 58. Gii quyt tranh chp Tranh chp gia cc bn trong vic cung cp v s dng dch v chng thc ch k s cho cng cng c gii quyt trn c s hp ng gia cc bn v cc quy nh ca php lut c lin quan. iu 59. Khiu ni, t co Vic khiu ni i vi quyt nh hnh chnh v hnh vi hnh chnh v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s; vic t co vi cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn v cc hnh vi vi phm lin quan n ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s c thc hin theo quy nh ca php lut v khiu ni, t co. iu 60. Bi thng thit hi 1. T chc, c nhn gy thit hi cho t chc, c nhn khc trong hot ng cung cp, s dng dch v chng thc ch k s th phi bi thng theo quy nh ca php lut. 2. B Bu chnh, Vin thng quy nh c th nguyn tc v mc bi thng thit hi trong hot ng cung cp, s dng dch v chng thc ch k s.
Chng X THANH TRA, KIM TRA V X L VI PHM

iu 61. Thanh tra, kim tra 1. T chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng v t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng c cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s chu s kim tra nh k hng nm ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng v vic tun th cc quy nh ti Ngh nh ny. Kt qu kim tra phi c cng b cng khai trn trang tin in t ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng. 2. Cc t chc cung cp v t chc, c nhn s dng dch v chng thc ch k s chu s thanh tra, kim tra ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn theo quy nh ca php lut. 3. Vic thanh tra cc t chc v c nhn tham gia hot ng qun l, cung cp v s dng dch v chng thc ch k s c tin hnh theo quy nh ca php lut v thanh tra. iu 62. Vi phm cc quy tc v iu kin hot ng 1. Pht tin t 1.000.000 ng n 2.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi khng lm th tc cp li khi b mt hoc h hng n mc khng cn r ni dung mt trong cc loi giy sau:
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a) Giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; b) Giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s; c) Giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi. 2. Pht tin t 4.000.000 ng n 10.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Lm th tc xin gia hn giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khng m bo thi gian theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 19 Ngh nh ny; b) Gi h s xin gia hn giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khi nhn c thng bo ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng khng m bo thi gian quy nh ti khon 1 iu 19 Ngh nh ny; c) Hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng khng p ng cc iu kin quy nh ti khon 1 iu 45 Ngh inh ny. 3. Pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 20.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Ty xo, sa cha ni dung giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s; b) Mua, bn, chuyn nhng, cho thu, cho mn hoc thu, mn giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s; c) Cung cp thng tin, ti liu sai s tht nhm mc ch ng k hot ng hoc xin cp giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s. 4. Pht tin t 20.000.000 ng n 40.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Ty xo, sa cha ni dung ghi trong giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; b) Ty xo, sa cha ni dung ghi trong giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi; c) Mua, bn, chuyn nhng, cho thu, cho mn hoc thu, mn cc loi giy quy nh ti im a, b khon 1 iu ny; d) Cung cp thng tin, ti liu sai s tht nhm mc ch xin cp, thay i ni dung, gia hn giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; ) Cung cp thng tin, ti liu sai s tht nhm mc ch xin cp giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi; e) Trong qu trnh hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s khng p ng iu kin v nhn s quy nh ti khon 3 iu 15 Ngh nh ny; g) Lu bn sao ca kha b mt khi khng c yu cu bng vn bn ca t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s. 5. Pht tin t 50.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cho cng cng m khng c giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng do B Bu chnh, Vin thng cp hoc chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia cp;
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b) Cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cho cng cng khi chng th s do t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia cp ht hiu lc hoc giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ht hn. 6. Pht tin t 70.000.000 ng n 100.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Khng mua bo him trong trng hp khng k qu hoc bo lnh theo quy nh ti iu 37 Ngh nh ny; b) Trong qu trnh hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khng p ng iu kin v ti chnh quy nh ti khon 2 iu 15 Ngh nh ny; c) Khng lu tr y , chnh xc v cp nht thng tin ca thu bao phc v cho vic cp chng th s trong sut thi gian chng th s c hiu lc. iu 63. Vi phm cc quy nh v an ton, an ninh 1. Pht tin t 5.000.000 ng n 10.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Ngn cn tri php vic s dng chng th s; b) Lu tr tri php kho b mt ca ngi khc; c) Lu tr thng tin lin quan n t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s khng m bo b mt, an ton; d) S dng thng tin lin quan n t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s khng ng quy nh ca php lut; ) Khng m bo an ton trong qu trnh to hoc chuyn giao chng th s cho thu bao. 2. Pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi sau: a) Trm cp, gian ln, mo nhn, chim ot kho b mt ca ngi khc; b) Sao chp, tit l hoc cung cp kho b mt ca thu bao tri php lut; c) Truy nhp, tit l, s dng tri php thng tin ca thu bao v t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; d) Khng m bo b mt ton b qu trnh to cp kha; ) S dng thit b khng ng quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng to cp kha; e) S dng phng thc khng m bo an ton chuyn giao kha b mt n t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s; g) To cp kha tri quy nh ca php lut; h) Khng lu tr b mt nhng thng tin v thu bao v kha b mt ca thu bao trong sut thi gian tm dng chng th s; i) Sa i tri php thng tin ca thu bao v t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; k) Khng m bo gi b mt kha b mt ca thu bao trong trng hp thu bao y quyn.
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3. Pht tin t 30.000.000 ng n 50.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) S dng phn mm my tnh, thit b k thut xm nhp tri php vo h thng thit b hoc c s d liu ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s m cha n mc truy cu trch nhim hnh s; b) Tit l hoc cung cp tri php lut kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng; c) S dng tri php kho b mt ca ngi khc; d) Lm gi hoc hng dn ngi khc lm gi chng th s; ) To ch k s khng m bo mt trong cc iu kin quy nh ti iu 9 Ngh nh ny; e) S dng h thng thit b k thut khng c kh nng pht hin, cnh bo nhng truy nhp bt hp php v nhng hnh thc tn cng trn mi trng mng; g) S dng h thng phn phi kha cho thu bao khng m bo s ton vn v bo mt ca cp kho; h) Khng trin khai phng n kim sot s ra vo tr s hoc ni t thit b phc v vic cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; i) Khng trin khai phng n kim sot quyn truy nhp h thng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; k) S dng tri php kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng; l) Trm cp kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s chuyn dng; m) Vi phm cc quy nh v an ton, an ninh khc theo quy nh ca php lut. 4. Pht tin t 50.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Ngn cn tri php hot ng ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s; b) S dng tri php kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; c) Tit l hoc cung cp tri php lut kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; d) Trm cp kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng. 5. Pht tin t 70.000.000 ng n 100.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Khng trin khai hoc trin khai khng y phng n d phng m bo duy tr hot ng an ton, lin tc v khc phc khi c s c xy ra; b) Trm cp kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia; c) Tit l hoc cung cp kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia tri php lut; d) S dng tri php kho b mt ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s quc gia;
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) Ph hoi thit b, c s d liu ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s m cha n mc truy cu trch nhim hnh s; e) Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng yu cu ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn trong trng hp khn cp theo quy nh ca php lut v tnh trng khn cp hoc m bo an ninh quc gia. iu 64. Vi phm cc quy nh v quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng 1. Pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca cc t chc chng thc ch k s chuyn dng khng ng tiu chun ng k. 2. Pht tin t 30.000.000 ng n 50.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khng m bo cc tiu chun ng k. 3. Pht tin t 50.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi mt trong nhng hnh vi sau: a) Phng n k thut khng ph hp vi quy chun k thut trong qu trnh hot ng; b) Cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s khng tun theo cc quy chun k thut; v tiu chun bt buc p dng. iu 65. Vi phm cc quy nh v gi cc, ph, l ph 1. i vi hnh vi vi phm v gi cc dch v trong hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s p dng theo quy nh ti Ngh nh s 169/2004/N-CP ngy 22 thng 9 nm 2004 ca Chnh ph quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc gi. 2. i vi hnh vi vi phm v ph, l ph trong hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s p dng theo quy nh ti Ngh nh s 106/2003/N-CP ngy 23 thng 9 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph quy nh v vic x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ph, l ph. iu 66. Vi phm cc quy nh v cung cp dch v 1. Pht tin t 1.000.000 ng n 5.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Hng dn khng ng hoc khng y nhng thng tin quy nh ti khon 1 iu 30 Ngh nh ny; b) Khng hng dn bng vn bn cho t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s trc khi k hp ng cp chng th s; c) Khng gia hn chng th s ca thu bao khi c thu bao yu cu theo quy nh; d) Khng m bo knh thng tin 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun tip nhn yu cu thu hi, tm dng chng th s; ) Khng lu tr thng tin lin quan n chng th s trong thi gian ti thiu 5 nm k t khi chng th s b thu hi;
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e) Khng cung cp bng vn bn thng tin quy nh ti khon 1 iu 30 khi c yu cu ca thu bao. 2. Pht tin t 5.000.000 ng n 10.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Khng thng bo cho thu bao trong trng hp pht hin thy du hiu kho b mt ca thu bao b l, khng cn ton vn hoc bt c s sai st no khc c nguy c nh hng xu n quyn li ca thu bao ; b) Khng thng bo cho thu bao v tnh trng b thu hi giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng ca mnh v thng tin v t chc tip nhn c s d liu ca mnh; c) Khng thng bo cho thu bao trc khi dng cung cp dch v m bo thi gian quy nh ti khon 2 iu 39 Ngh nh ny; d) Khng thng bo cho thu bao vic tm dng, thi gian bt u v kt thc vic tm dng khi c cn c tm dng chng th s ca thu bao ; ) Khng thng bo cng khai vic tm dng cp chng th s mi trn trang tin in t ca mnh; e) T chi cp chng th s m khng c l do chnh ng; g) Quy ch chng thc cng khai khng theo mu ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng hoc c ni dung khng ph hp vi cc quy nh ti Ngh nh ny; h) Khng cng khai quy ch chng thc theo mu ca B Bu chnh, Vin thng; i) Khng thng bo cho thu bao vic thu hi chng th s ca thu bao ; k) Khng ng k vi B Bu chnh, Vin thng theo quy nh ti iu 46 Ngh inh ny; l) Khng xy dng hp ng mu dng cho hot ng cung cp chng th s; m) Cung cp dch v cp du thi gian khng tun theo quy chun k thut v tiu chun bt buc p dng; n) Khng bo co cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn vic tm dng cp chng th s mi. 3. Pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 20.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Cng b chng th s cp cho thu bao trn c s d liu khi cha c xc nhn ca thu bao v tnh chnh xc ca thng tin trn chng th s; b) Khng cng b trn trang tin in t chng th s c cp mi, tm dng, thu hi, thi gian bt u v kt thc vic tm dng chng th s; c) Khng khi phc chng th s khi ht thi hn tm dng; d) Khng lu tr ton b thng tin lin quan n hot ng tm dng hoc thu hi chng th s trong thi gian ti thiu 5 nm; ) Khng tha thun bn giao c s d liu lin quan n hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khi b thu hi giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; 196
e) Khng bo co B Bu chnh, Vin thng trong trng hp khng tha thun c vic bn giao c s d liu lin quan n hot ng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng khi b thu hi giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; g) Thay i cp kha khi cha c yu cu ca thu bao; h) Khng lu tr thng tin lin quan n t chc, c nhn xin cp chng th s. 4. Pht tin t 20.000.000 ng n 40.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Khng tm dng chng th s theo yu cu ca thu bao hoc ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn; b) Khng thu hi chng th s theo yu cu ca thu bao hoc ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn; c) Cng b sai ni dung chng th s trn c s d liu ca mnh; d) Chng th s khng y cc ni dung theo quy nh ti iu 10 Ngh nh ny; ) Cp chng th s khng ng vi chc danh thuc c quan, t chc nh nc theo quy nh ti iu 11 Ngh nh ny hoc khng ng vi quy nh php lut; e) Khng cho php ngi s dng Internet truy nhp danh sch cc chng th s c hiu lc v ht hiu lc; g) Khng chp hnh vic tm dng hoc thu hi giy php theo quy nh ti khon 1, 2 iu 20 Ngh nh ny; h) Cng b chng th s cp cho thu bao trn c s d liu khng m bo thi hn quy nh ti khon 3 iu 23 Ngh nh ny; i) Cp du thi gian khng ng vi quy nh ti khon 3 iu 28 Ngh nh ny; k) Khng tm dng vic cp chng th s mi khi pht hin sai st trong h thng cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s. 5. Pht tin t 40.000.000 ng n 70.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi sau: a) Khng bn giao ti liu v c s d liu theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 39 Ngh nh ny; b) Khng bo co B Bu chnh, Vin thng xem xt vic thay i ni dung, thu hi hoc cp mi giy php theo ng quy nh v i tng c cp php khi t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng thc hin sp nhp, lin doanh, lin kt v cc hot ng thay i t chc khc; c) Trin khai hoc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s khng ng ni dung ghi trn giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng; d) Khng tm dng vic cp chng th s mi khi c yu cu ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn; ) Khng duy tr h thng c s d liu lin quan n chng th s cp trong thi gian tm dng cp chng th s mi.
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6. Pht tin t 70.000.000 ng n 100.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Khng duy tr trc tuyn 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun danh sch cc chng th s c hiu lc v ht hiu lc; b) Khng lu tr y , chnh xc, cp nht danh sch cc chng th s c hiu lc hoc ht hiu lc trong thi gian ti thiu 5 nm; c) H thng thit b cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s ca t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s do B Bu chnh, Vin thng cp giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng hoc giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s khng t Vit Nam; d) Khng duy tr trn trang tin in t 24 gi trong ngy v 7 ngy trong tun thng tin quy nh ti iu 36 Ngh nh ny. iu 67. Vi phm cc quy nh v s dng dch v 1. Pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 20.000.000 ng i vi hnh vi khng cung cp kha b mt hoc nhng thng tin cn thit cho c quan tin hnh t tng, c quan an ninh. 2. Pht tin t 20.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: a) Cung cp thng tin sai s tht xin cp chng th s; b) S dng ch k s tng ng vi chng th s ca c quan, t chc quy nh ti iu 12 Ngh nh ny khi khng cn gi chc danh tng ng vi chng th s . iu 68. Vi phm cc quy nh v ch bo co, cung cp thng tin v thanh tra, kim tra Pht tin t 5.000.000 ng n 15.000.000 ng i vi mt trong cc hnh vi sau: Vi phm cc ch bo co theo quy nh. 1. Cung cp thng tin sai s tht hoc khng y cho c quan nh nc c thm quyn khi c yu cu theo quy nh ca php lut. 2. Khng chp hnh vic thanh tra, kim tra ca cc c quan nh nc c thm quyn. iu 69. X pht b sung, khc phc hu qu Ngoi cc hnh thc x pht chnh, ty theo tnh cht, mc vi phm m t chc, c nhn cn c th b p dng mt hay nhiu hnh thc x pht b sung hoc bin php khc phc hu qu sau: 1. Tm nh ch hoc nh ch vic cp chng th s mi i vi mt trong cc hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti im c khon 2 iu 62, im d khon 2 iu 63, iu 64, im b khon 2, im a, c, d khon 3 iu 66 Ngh nh ny. 2. Thu hi giy php cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s cng cng hoc giy chng nhn iu kin m bo an ton cho ch k s hoc giy cng nhn ch k s v chng th s nc ngoi i vi mt trong cc hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti im b, c khon 2 iu
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62, im d khon 2 iu 63, iu 64, im b khon 2, im a, c, d khon 3 iu 66 Ngh nh ny. 3. Tch thu tang vt, phng tin c s dng vi phm hnh chnh i vi mt trong cc hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti im b khon 2 iu 62, khon 1, im a, b, c, d khon 2, im a, b, c, d khon 3, im a khon 4 iu 63, im c khon 2 iu 66 Ngh nh ny. 4. Buc khi phc li tnh trng ban u b thay i do vi phm hnh chnh gy ra i vi mt trong cc hnh vi vi phm quy nh ti im b khon 1, im b khon 3 iu 63 Ngh nh ny. 5. Buc thc hin ng cc quy nh ca Nh nc i vi cc vi phm ti khon 1, im a, c khon 2, khon 3 iu 62 , im d khon 2, im d khon 3 iu 63, iu 64, khon 1, im a, b khon 2, khon 3 iu 66, iu 68 Ngh nh ny. iu 70. Thm quyn x pht 1. Thanh tra vin chuyn ngnh bu chnh, vin thng v cng ngh thng tin ang thi hnh cng v c thm quyn: a) Pht tin n 200.000 ng; b) Tch thu tang vt, phng tin c s dng vi phm hnh chnh c gi tr n 2.000.000 ng; c) p dng cc bin php khc phc hu qu theo quy nh ti khon 4 v khon 5 iu 69 Ngh nh ny; d) Thc hin cc quyn quy nh ti khon 2 iu 46 v khon 2 iu 48 ca Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh. 2. Chnh thanh tra S Bu chnh, Vin thng c thm quyn: a) Pht tin n 20.000.000 ng; b) p dng cc hnh thc x pht b sung v bin php khc phc hu qu theo quy nh ti iu 69 Ngh nh ny; c) Thc hin cc quyn quy nh ti khon 1 iu 46 ca Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh. 3. Chnh thanh tra B Bu chnh, Vin thng c thm quyn: a) Pht tin n 100.000.000 ng; b) p dng cc hnh thc x pht b sung v bin php khc phc hu qu theo quy nh ti iu 69 Ngh nh ny; c) Thc hin cc quyn quy nh ti khon 1 iu 46 ca Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh. 4. Thanh tra vin v Chnh Thanh tra cc c quan thanh tra chuyn ngnh khc c thm quyn x pht i vi hnh vi vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s nh thanh tra chuyn ngnh bu chnh, vin thng v cng ngh thng tin trong phm vi qun l nh nc c Chnh ph quy nh.
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Cng an nhn dn, Hi quan, c quan Thu, c quan Qun l th trng c thm quyn x pht theo quy nh ti cc iu 31, 34, 36 v 37 ca Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh i vi nhng hnh vi vi phm hnh chnh v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s c lin quan trc tip n lnh vc mnh qun l c quy nh ti Ngh nh ny. 5. Thm quyn x pht ca y ban nhn dn cc cp Ch tch y ban nhn dn cc cp c quyn x pht theo thm quyn quy nh ti cc iu 28, 29 v 30 ca Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh trong phm vi a bn do mnh qun l i vi cc hnh vi vi phm hnh chnh v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s c quy nh ti Ngh nh ny. iu 71. Nguyn tc, thi hiu, th tc x pht vi phm hnh chnh, tnh tit tng nng, tnh tit gim nh Nguyn tc x pht, thi hiu x pht, th tc x pht vi phm hnh chnh, tnh tit tng nng, tnh tit gim nh, thi hn c coi l cha b x pht vi phm hnh chnh v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s c thc hin theo quy nh ca Php lnh X l vi phm hnh chnh. iu 72. Truy cu trch nhim hnh s Hnh vi li dng ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s chng li Nh nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam v gy ri an ninh, trt t, an ton x hi; cc hnh vi vi phm nghim trng khc lin quan n ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s c du hiu ti phm s b truy cu trch nhim hnh s theo quy nh ca php lut.
Chng XI IU KHON THI HNH

iu 73. iu khon thi hnh Ngh nh ny c hiu lc thi hnh sau 15 ngy, k t ngy ng Cng bo. Cc B trng, Th trng c quan ngang B, Th trng c quan thuc Chnh ph, Ch tch y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng chu trch nhim thi hnh Ngh nh ny./.
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PH LC 2
Website Tin ch ca Internet banking Tin ch ca SMS banking - S d ti khon; - Lit k 5 giao dch ti khon gn nht; - Thng tin t gi ngoi t; - Thng tin li sut tin gi; - Thng tin hn mc th tn dng; - Thng tin im t my ATM; - Thng tin a im phng giao dch; - Hng dn s dng cc dch v.
DANH SCH NGN HNG TRIN KHAI DCH V NGN HNG TRC TUYN V TIN NHN NGN HNG
Ngn hng STT 1 Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam
www.vietcombank.com.vn - Thng tin ti khon, chi tit cc giao dch theo ngy; - Thng tin v sao k tn dng bao gm thng tin cc giao dch ch cp pht, cc giao dch cp pht; - Chuyn khon - Thanh ton ho n t ng; - Qun l ti khon tin giao dch chng khon trc tuyn; - Dch v Ebank cung cp cc dch v thanh ton v truy vn online cho cc khch hng l t chc tn dng v t chc kinh t c quan h thanh ton v ti khon vi ngn hng. - S d ti khon ti thi im hin ti; - In lit k giao dch ti khon tin gi thanh ton; - Thng tin t gi; - Thng tin li sut tin gi tit kim; i vi FAST NET: - Truy vn thng tin giao dch thanh ton XNK; - Qun l chi ph lin quan; - Yu cu m/sa L/C Email banking l bc tin cho Internet banking: - Thng tin v giao dch va pht sinh ti ti khon; - Email nh k v thng tin t gi, li sut tit kim tin gi, sn phm mi, thng tin khuyn mi, v.v...
Ngn hng Quc t VIBank
www.vib.com.vn
Dch v FAST Mobile: thng tin v giao dch XNK bao gm: - Thng bo thng tin v L/C, b chng t v, chng t n hn thanh ton; - Lit k cc giao dch L/C gn nht.
Ngn hng Nh H www.habubank.com.vn Ni HABUBANK
- Dch v h tr: thng bo t ng khi tin v ti khon; - Tra cu t gi; - Tra cu li sut tit kim; - Tra cu s d ti khon; - Tra cu 5 giao dch gn nht; - Tra cu a im t ATM; - Gii p m ngoi t.
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Website - Thng tin ti khon; - Thng tin lch s cc giao dch; - Dch v Nh thu; - Thng tin ti khon; - Thng tin lch s giao dch; - Thng tin a im ATM; - Thng tin t gi, li sut; - Chuyn khon (sp trin khai); - Thng bo bin ng ti khon (sp trin khai). - Thng tin ti khon; - Thng tin lch s giao dch; - Thng tin a im ATM; - Thng tin t gi, li sut; - Chuyn khon (sp trin khai); - Thng bo bin ng ti khon (sp trin khai). - Thng tin v cc im giao dch; - Thng tin v t gi ngoi t, li sut tin gi tit kim; - Thng tin cc sn phm, dch v mi; - Thng tin s d ti khon, tin gi, tin vay hoc k qu; - Thng tin 05 giao dch ti khon gn nht; - Nhn thng bo thanh ton gc, li tin vay; - Truy vn tnh hnh hot ng tn dng. Tin ch ca Internet banking Tin ch ca SMS banking - Truy vn thng tin min ph; - Truy vn s d ti khon, tin gi, tin vay hoc k qu; - Nhn s ph qua th in t; - Truy vn 05 giao dch gn nht; - Thng tin li sut tin gi tit kim; - Thng bo tc thi khi ti khon tin gi c giao dch thng qua th in t.
STT
Ngn hng
Ngn hng Cng Thng Vit Nam
www.icb.com.vn
Ngn hng Phng Nam
www.southernbank.com.vn - Thng tin s d ti khon; - Lit k giao dch theo ngy;
Ngn hng Hng Hi
www.msb.com.vn
STT
Ngn hng Ngn hng Qun i
Website Tin ch ca Internet banking www.militarybank.com.vn - Thng tin s d ti khon; - Thng tin cc giao dch ti khon theo ngy; - Thng tin v li sut tin gi tit kim; - Thng tin v t gi ngoi t; - Thng tin a im t my ATM; - Gi bn tin t gi qua th in t (ng k).
Tin ch ca SMS banking - Thanh ton ho n: in thoi, in, nc, truyn hnh cp, bo him; - Np tin th ATM; - Thng tin t gi; - Thng tin li sut tin gi tit kim; - Thng tin a ch chi nhnh; - Thng tin t my ATM; - Thng tin ti khon c nhn; - Thng bo s d t ng;
Ngn hng K thng
www.techcombank.com.vn - Tra cu ti khon; - Thanh ton cc ph ADSL ca FPT, - Tra cu cc khon vay, tit kim; bo him xe c gii ca Bo Minh; - Chuyn khon n cc ti khon trong v ngoi h - Mua hng ti chotroi.com.vn, thng; chodientu.vn, golmart.com.vn; - ng k cc sn phm, dch v ngn hng; - Thanh ton ti khon online game - Thanh ton ho n; ca VTC. - Thng tin d ti khon ti thi im hin ti; - In, lit k giao dch ti khon tin gi thanh ton; - Thng tin t gi; - Thng tin li sut tit kim tin gi. - Thng tin t gi, li sut tin gi tit kim; - Thng tin s d ti khon tin gi hot k; - Lit k 05 giao dch ti khon gn nht; - Thng tin a ch chi nhnh; - Thng tin a im ATM; - Thng bo ti khon khi c pht sinh giao dch. - Tra cu s d ti khon; - Lit k 05 giao dch ti khon gn nht; - Thng tin v t gi, li sut.
gn hng Si gn H Ni
www.shb.com.vn
10
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn
www.scb.com.vn
- Tra cu s d ti khon; - Lit k 05 giao dch ti khon gn nht; - Thng tin v t gi, li sut; - Thng tin v sn phm, dch v khc.
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Website - Thng tin t gi, li sut; - T gi lin ngn hng, hi oi quc t; - Thng tin khuyn mi; - Mng li chi nhnh, phng giao dch, ATM; - Chuyn khon t ti khon th n ti khon th t 50.000 n 2.000.000 VN / ngy; - Thanh ton khi mua hng ti www.goldmart.vn; www.123mua.com.vn; - Mua th tr trc: di ng, Internet; - Np Vcoin; - Kim tra s tin v xem chi tit giao dch trong ti khon c nhn v doanh nghip. Tin ch ca Internet banking Tin ch ca SMS banking - Tra cu s d ti khon; - ng k m th. - Thng tin t gi, li sut; - T gi lin ngn hng, hi oi quc t; - Thng tin khuyn mi; - Mng li chi nhnh, phng giao dch, ATM; - Chuyn khon t ti khon th n ti khon th t 50.000 n 2.000.000 VN / ngy. - Thanh ton khi mua hng ti www.goldmart.vn; www.123mua.com.vn; - Mua th tr trc: di ng, Internet; - Np Vcoin; - Kim tra s tin v xem chi tit giao dch trong ti khon c nhn v doanh nghip; - Kho/m ti khon Th; - Nhn tin nhn thng bo khi c thay i trong ti khon. - Nhn tin ghi C; - Thng bo t gi 5 ngoi t chnh; - Thng bo li sut tin gi; - Thng bo cc chng trnh khuyn mi; - Ghi n vi s pht sinh t 100.000 ng; - Tra cu s d ti khon th v ti khon tin gi ti cc chi nhnh; - Thanh ton ho n; - Chuyn khon (sp trin khai); - Thng tin a im lp t ATM gn nht.
STT
Ngn hng
11
Ngn hng ng
www.dongabank.com.vn
12
Ngn hng Si Gn Cng Thng
www.saigonbank.com.vn
STT - Tra cu s d ti khon; - Thng tin v sn phm, dch v mi; - u t; - Chuyn khon trong v ngoi h thng. - Tra cu s d ti khon; - Chuyn tin ti khon ni b.
Ngn hng
Website
Tin ch ca Internet banking
Tin ch ca SMS banking
13
Ngn hng Citi Bank
www.asia.citibank.com/vi etnam/corporate
14
Ngn hng ANZ
www.anz.com/vietnam
15
Ngn hng Indovina
www.indovinabank.com.vn - Thng tin v ti khon v s d ca tt c cc loi ti khon; - Lch s giao dch ca tt c cc loi ti khon; - Thng tin li sut, t gi; - Chuyn tin cng h thng v ra nc ngoi; - Thanh ton lng; - M th tn dng; - Yu cu gii ngn v tr n. - Thanh ton cc ho n: in, nc, in thoi, truyn hnh cp, Internet, bo him (s dng th tn dng Quc t do Exim pht hnh); - Truy vn ti khon; - Thng tin khc ca ngn hng. - Tin nhn t ng thng bo s d tin gi thanh ton; - Thng tin t gi ngoi t, vng; - Thng tin li sut tin gi thanh ton; - Thng tin s d n th tn dng; - Lit k 05 giao dch ti khon gn nht. - Kim tra s d v lit k giao dch ti khon tin gi thanh ton hoc th; - Thng tin v li sut, t gi hi oi; - Thanh ton ho n; - Trch tin t ti khon gi sang th.
16
Ngn hng Xut nhp www.eximbank.com.vn khu Vit Nam
17
Ngn hng ACB
www.acb.com.vn
- Kim tra s d ti khon v s d th; - Xem v in giao dch tng thng; - Thng tin v sn phm mi; - Thng tin li sut tit kim v t gi ngoi t. - Chuyn khon trong v ngoi h thng; - Thanh ton ho n; - Chuyn tin trong v ngoi h thng; - Chuyn i ngoi t.
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Website - Kim tra s d ti khon; - ng k m th; - Thng tin khc. - S d ti khon - Lit k 5 giao dch gn nht - Thng tin d n v k hn tr vn, li - Thng tin t gi ngoi t v vng - Thng tin li sut - Thng tin cc loi hnh cho vay - Thng tin li sut sn phm mi. - Kim tra s d; - Thng tin t gi; - Thng tin mc li sut; - T ng thng tin khi ti
Kho st ca V Thng mi in t - B Cng Thng, thng 12/2007
STT
Ngn hng
Tin ch ca Internet banking
Tin ch ca SMS banking
18
Ngn hng An Bnh
www.abbank.vn
19
Ngn hng Vit
www.vietabank.com.vn
20
Ngn hng VID Pulic Bank
www.vidpublicbank.com.vn
PH LC 3
TRUSTVN WEBSITE THNG MI IN T UY TN VIT NAM
Gii thiu Vi tc pht trin ngy cng nhanh ca thng mi in t (TMT), s ra i ca Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) l mt tt yu. Bn cnh vic ng vai tr l cu ni gia cc doanh nghip v c quan chnh ph, Vecom cn t ra mt mc tiu c bn l xy dng nim tin, s tin tng vo TMT cho ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip khi tin hnh giao dch trc tuyn. y cng l mt trong nhng chin lc m B Cng Thng theo ui xy dng cho s pht trin TMT ni chung Vit Nam trong c Chng trnh TrustVn. Trong nhng nm trc y, TrustVn l chng trnh nh gi v xp hng cc website TMT ti Vit Nam do B Thng mi (nay l B Cng Thng) ch tr. T im chung , B Cng Thng v Vecom nht tr hp tc cng nhau trin khai Chng trnh TrustVn t nm 2007. B Cng Thng s l c quan bo tr, Vecom ng vai tr l n v thc hin. TrustVn 2007 Mc tiu - nh gi, chn ra cc website tiu biu hng nm, gn nhn uy tn cho cc website. - Qung b rng ri cc website TMT ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip yn tm tin hnh mua hng, giao dch trc tuyn. - nh hng cho cc website v nhng tiu chun cn c v nn c khi kinh doanh trc tuyn. TrustVn lp ra Hi ng thm nh nh gi cc website TMT da trn b tiu ch mi cho nm 2007. Nu nh nhng nm trc, cc website mi ch dng li vic tm kim hng ha dch v, t hng, giao hng, khu thanh ton vn cha hon thin. Tuy nhin trong nm 2007, vi s ra i ca cc cng ty cung cp dch v thanh ton trc tuyn, cc ngn hng y mnh cung cp dch v thanh ton trc tuyn, cc website TMT cng theo pht trin v dn dn hon thin quy trnh mua hng ca mnh. TrustVn 2007 c hng lot s thay i quan trng nhm ph hp vi s pht trin ca TMT Vit Nam cng nh song hnh cng bc tin ca cc website TMT. Nhng thay i th hin ngay trong tiu ch nh gi, phng thc nh gi v i tng tham gia. Tiu ch chung Tng s tiu ch l 23, c phn b trong 5 nhm tiu ch ln. Theo cc tiu ch ny, cc website c nh gi chnh xc hn, ph hp hn vi cc thng l quc t. - nh danh ch website . Cung cp tn, a ch giao dch . Phng thc lin h trc tuyn 207
. S in thoi lin h . Thng tin m t c tnh hng ha, dch v . Thng tin gi c hng ha, dch v - iu khon giao dch gia cc bn . Ngha v ca cc bn . Chnh sch hon tr, bi hon . Chnh sch bo hnh/bo him . Quy trnh cung cp hng ha, dch v . Cc phng thc giao nhn, vn chuyn . Thi hn c tnh cho vic giao hng . Cc hnh thc thanh ton . C ch khi to chng t in t cho thanh ton trc tuyn - C ch r sot hp ng giao dch . Hin th thng tin lin quan n giao dch . C ch xc nhn/hy giao dch . Tr li ngh giao kt hp ng ca khch hng . C ch tip nhn khiu ni ca khch hng - Bo v thng tin c nhn . C ch xc nhn cho khch hng . Chnh sch bo v thng tin c nhn . C ch t chi nhn qung co - Giao din, b cc, lng truy cp . Giao din tng tc . Thun tin trong tra cu v tm kim . Tham kho cc thng k v lng truy cp i tng tham gia i tng tham gia vo TrustVn 2007 l cc website TMT ca Vit Nam do Chng trnh la chn ra v tp trung vo loi hnh B2C (Doanh nghip bn hng cho ngi tiu dng). y c coi l loi hnh TMT c s bt ph mnh m trong nm 2007 vi hng lot nhng website tn tui c u t quy m, to c lng tin v em li hiu qu cao cho doanh nghip cng nh ngi tiu dng. Tng s cc website B2C tham gia TrustVn 2007 l 176. Nu nh nm 2006, s pht trin ca loi hnh B2C tp trung vo cc siu th trc tuyn by bn a dng cc sn phm, th nm nay li c s tin phong ca cc website kinh doanh chuyn ngnh nh vn ti, du lch, sch bo, thit b tin hc c bit mt s website hon thin c khu thanh ton trc tuyn nh Pacificairlines.com.vn; 123mua.com.vn; Travel.com.vn.
208
Kt qu TrustVn 2007 Di y l Top 10 website c nh gi l uy tn nht ti Vit Nam theo b tiu ch ca TrustVn 2007: www.pacificairlines.com.vn www.123mua.com.vn www.travel.com.vn www.megabuy.com.vn www.golmart.com.vn Tm nhn Pht trin ni dung nh hng ln ca TrustVn trong nhng nm tip theo s l mt Chng trnh thm nh s uy tn ca cc website TMT ng thi cung cp dch v gn nhn tn nhim cho cc website tha mn tiu ch ca TrustVn. Mi thng tin v TrustVn c ti www.trustvn.org.vn. Xy dng TrustVn tr thnh thng hiu quc gia trn mi trng Internet cng vi s ng h mnh m t B Cng Thng. Cng c, i mi b tiu ch nh gi cho ph hp vi thng l quc t cng nh s ln mnh ca cc website TMT ti Vit Nam. Khuch trng, qung b mnh m cc website TMT Vit Nam tham gia tch cc vo TrustVn, thay i cho ph hp vi thng l quc t. Ngi tiu dng tm n TrustVn nh l mt nhn hiu tin cy khi giao dch vi cc website TMT. Xy dng C ch gii quyt tranh chp ty chn (Alternative Dispute Resolution - ADR). Th im trin khai ADR vi mt s website ti Vit Nam. Hp tc quc t ng k tham gia tr thnh thnh vin ca Lin minh gn nhn tn nhim chu -Thi Bnh Dng (ATA). Nghin cu, trao i, hp tc vi nhng thnh vin khc trong ATA v ch : Xy dng nim tin trong TMT, tha nhn nhn tn nhim gia cc thnh vin. Tch cc tham gia cc din n quc t khc v TMT. ng vai tr lm u mi trao i, hp tc, chuyn giao cng ngh vi cc t chc quc t, cc tp on ln v TMT. Thng tin lin h Hip hi Thng mi in t Vit Nam (Vecom) Phng 406, 25 B Triu, H Ni, Vit Nam Tel: +84 4-9364164; Fax: +84 4-9364165 Website: www.vecom.vn Email: office@vecom.vn www.thegioididong.com www.ben.com.vn www.vinabook.com www.saigontourist.net www.25h.vn
209
PH LC 4
DANH SCH CC SN V WEBSITE THNG MI IN T
I. DANH SCH WEBSITE B2C THAM GIA CHNG TRNH TRUSTVN 2007 STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 a ch website luxurytravel.com.vn muasam.caigi.com vdcsieuthi.vnn.vn www.123mua.com.vn www.25h.vn www.4tshop.com www.abm.com.vn www.ami.com.vn www.amtech.com.vn www.amymobile.com www.anhplaza.com www.anhshop.com www.aptguesthouse.com www.apttravel.com.vn www.asiarooms.com.vn www.au-delice.vn www.autoid.com.vn www.baohiemtructuyen.com www.ben.com.vn www.bookvn.com www.chieshop.com www.chipchip.com www.chocolate.com.vn www.choquangtrung.com www.chosach.com www.choviet.com.vn www.cohoigiaothuong.com www.coolgearvn.com www.didong.com.vn www.dienthoai.com.vn www.dochoithongminh.com www.dongngo.com www.dot.vn www.dulichachau.com www.duylinhmobile.com.vn www.idc.com.vn www.is-tours.com STT 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 a ch website www.dvpub.com.vn www.eastsea.com.vn www.ebig.com.vn www.ecom24h.com www.emuasam.com www.ezshopping.com.vn www.fahasasg.com.vn www.fastest.com.vn www.future.vn www.golaodai.com www.golbook.com www.golgift.com www.golict.com www.golmart.com.vn www.gomsubattrang.com www.goodsmart.com.vn www.goodsonlines.com www.greentek.com.vn www.habbisilver.com www.halabook.com www.handicraft-vn.com www.hanoi-fashion.com www.hanoihostels.com www.highpointscity.com www.hi-phone.com.vn www.hitechshop.com.vn www.hoacuoi.vn www.hoahongdotham.com www.hoatuoiquatang.com www.hoavaqua.com www.hohai.com.vn www.homemart.com.vn www.homemartvietnam.com.vn www.hotels.com.vn www.hotels84.com www.ruounep.com www.sachhaidang.com
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STT 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117
a ch website
www.itlaptop.com www.ivivu.com www.khongday.com.vn www.kiengiangmuaban.com www.kymdan.com www.lamosi.com.vn www.langnghenonnuoc.info www.lantabrand.com www.lichviet.com www.linhperfume.com www.longthanhpc.com.vn www.marcomgifts.com www.maybay.net www.maytinhxachtayusa.com www.mbay.com.vn www.megabuy.com.vn www.minhkhai.com.vn www.mioshop.net www.muabanhangngay.vn www.muabanonline.vn www.muabanxecon.com www.myphamplaza.vn www.myson.vn www.nama.com.vn www.nct-2h.com www.nethoa.net www.nhasachvn.com www.nhathai.com.vn www.noithatvietnam.net www.nova.com.vn www.one-online.org www.pacificairlines.com.vn www.paybox.com.vn www.pdahn.com www.phucanh.com.vn www.phuongnamflower.com www.pnj.com.vn www.powerup.vn www.quangmobile.com.vn www.robots.com.vn www.vietexplorer.com www.viethandicraft.com.vn www.vietmart.com.vn
STT 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 116 157 158 159 160
a ch website
www.sachviet.com.vn www.saharavn.com www.saigontourist.net www.shoponline.com.vn www.sieumypham.com.vn www.sieuthimayvanphong.com www.sieuthimypham.com www.sieuthithietbi.vn www.sinhcafe.com.vn www.sncvn.com www.songhuong.com.vn www.tanphat.com.vn www.tatmachinery.com www.tftravel.com.vn www.thaiduongmobile.com www.thanglong.com.vn www.thanhgiong.com.vn www.thegioibodam.com www.thegioididong.com www.thegioihoatuoi.com www.thegioimuihuong.com www.thinhdatjsc.com www.thoitranghot.com www.thucphamsuckhoe.vn www.thuedvd.com www.thuyluc.com www.tienphong-vdc.com.vn www.tiepthi24h.com www.tnh.com.vn www.toanhung.com.vn www.tragop.com www.trananh.vn www.travel.com.vn www.ttb.com.vn www.tuankiet.vn www.tunghopmobile.com www.vanphongphamhn.com www.vctel.com www.vdctravel.vnn.vn www.vietbaby.com.vn www.vinagifts.net www.vinahousing.com www.vndisability.net
211
STT 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
a ch website www.vietnam-discounthotels.com www.vietnammelody.com www.vietnamwildtour.com www.vietpharm.com.vn www.vietshop4u.com www.vietvisiontravel.com www.vietvoyage.com www.vinabook.com
STT 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176
a ch website www.vneshop.com www.vnet.com.vn www.vnmarketplace.net www.vpptructuyen.com www.vyshop.com www.waytovietnam.com www.wedo.com.vn www.westcom.com.vn
II. DANH SCH SN THNG MI IN T B2B

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 a ch website www.ACEvn.com www.b2btrade.biz www.bizviet.net www.build.com.vn www.bvom.com www.camau.com.vn www.e-vietnamlife.com www.ecvina.com www.ecvn.gov.vn www.emekong.com.vn www.evnb2b.com www.export.com.vn www.gateb2b.com www.gophatdat.com www.hcmc-exportcenter.com.vn www.idj.com.vn www.import.com.vn www.kitra-emart.com.vn www.laocai.com.vn www.marofin.com www.nhadoanhnghiep.com www.nhatrangtravel.com.vn STT 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 a ch website www.phanmemvietnam.com www.products-of-vietnam.com www.successway21.com www.techmart.cesti.gov.vn www.thitruongxaydung.com www.thuonghieuviet.com www.timkiem24h.com.vn www.vgold.com.vn www.vietnamdirectoryb2b.com www.vietnamexport.net www.vietnamships.com www.vietnamtrade.vn www.vietnamtradefair.com www.vietoffer.com www.vinafrica.com www.vn-ebiz.com www.vnem.com www.vnemart.com www.vnuslink.com www.vungoimora.com.vn www.worldofebusiness.com www.xaydungviet.com
III.
DANH SCH WEBSITE THNG MI IN T C2C

Sn C2C a tnh nng Website thng tin, t vn mua sm STT 1 2 3 4 a ch website http://www.360muaban.com http://www.ethitruong.com http://www.giaca.com http://www.handico.com.vn
STT 1 2 3 4
a ch website http://www.1001shoppings.com http://www.123go.vn http://www.aha.com.vn http://www.aladin.com.vn
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
http://www.chodientu.vn http://www.chodoao.com http://www.daugiaviet.com http://www.denthan.com http://www.heya.com.vn http://www.qcplaza.com http://www.saigondaugia.com http://www.sanotc.com http://www.sieuthihangchatluong.com http://www.vietco.com
5 6 7 8 9 10
http://www.hct.com.vn http://www.hlink.com.vn http://www.saleoff.com.vn http://www.san-pham.com http://www.thachsanh.com http://www.service.com.vn
Website rao vt STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 a ch website http://nhadat.tin24gio.com http://raovat.caigi.com http://www.azraovat.com http://www.baokhuyenmai.com.vn http://www.china-vn.com http://www.chobatdongsan.net http://www.chobuonban.com http://www.chohanoi.com http://www.chothongtin.com http://www.didong.com.vn http://www.e-muaban.com http://www.e-raovat.com http://www.hopchoraovat.com http://www.jobilant.com http://www.latoi.com http://www.mb24h.com http://www.muaban-vieclam.com http://www.muaban24h.com.vn http://www.muabanhay.com http://www.muabanit.com.vn http://www.muabanoto.vn http://www.muabanraovat.com http://www.muabantragop.com http://www.muabanvn.com http://www.muabanweb.com http://www.muahayban.net http://www.muasam.net.vn http://www.phatdat.com http://www.phomuaban.com STT 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 a ch website http://www.quangcaohaiphong.com http://www.quangcaonhanh.com http://www.quangcaosanpham.com http://www.raonhanh.com http://www.raovat.net http://www.raovat.net.vn http://www.raovat.vn http://www.raovat123.com http://www.raovat24gio.com http://www.raovathaiphong.com http://www.raovathangngay.com http://www.raovatmaytinh.net http://www.raovatmienphi.com http://www.raovatmoinoi.com http://www.raovatnhadat.net http://www.raovatvungtau.com http://www.saigonvechai.com http://www.shome.com.vn http://www.thitruongnamdinh.com http://www.tinraovat.net http://www.toimuonbiet.com http://www.toitim.com http://www.trauvang.com http://www.trungtamquangcao.com http://www.vietsources.com http://www.webmuaban.com http://www.webquangcao.com http://www.webraovat.com
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PH LC 5
KT QU KHO ST WEBSITE CC CNG TY CHNG KHON THNG 12/2007
STT Tn cng ty Cng ty CP CK Bo Vit Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng u t v Pht trin Vit Nam Cng ty CP CK Si Gn Cng ty CP CK Nht Cng ty TNHH CK Thng Long Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng Chu Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng Cng thng Vit Nam Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng Ngoi thng Vit Nam Cng ty CP CK M Kng Cng ty CP CK Thnh ph H Ch Minh Cng ty TNHH Mt thnh vin CK Ngn hng ng Cng ty CP CK Hi Phng Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng Thng mi CP Nh H Ni Cng ty CP CK i Vit Cng ty CP CK An Bnh Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng Si gn Thng Tn Cng ty CP CK Kim Long Cng ty CP CK Vit Cng ty CP CK Quc t Vit Nam Cng ty CP CK VNDIRECT Cng ty CP CK u Lc Cng ty CP CK Vit Nam Cng ty CP CK Vit Tn Cng ty CP CK H Thnh Cng ty CP CK Du Kh Cng ty CP CK Quc Gia Cng ty CP CK H Ni Cng ty CP CK Nng Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng TMCP cc DN ngoi quc doanh Vit Nam Website www.bvsc.com.vn www.bsc.com.vn www.ssi.com.vn www.fsc.com.vn www.thanglongsc.com.vn www.acbs.com.vn www.icbs.com.vn www.vcbs.com.vn www.mekongsecurities.com.vn www.hsc.com.vn www.das.vn www.hpsc.com.vn www.hbbs.com.vn www.dvsc.com.vn www.abs.vn www.sbsc.com.vn www.kls.vn www.vietsecurities.com.vn www.vise.com.vn www.vnds.com.vn www.chungkhoanaulac.com.vn www.vnsec.vn www.viet-tin.com www.hasc.com.vn www.pvsecurities.com.vn www.nsi.com.vn www.hssc.com.vn www.dnsc.com.vn www.vpbs.com.vn Tra vn t lnh thng tin giao dch Khc*
214
Cng ty CP CK Th Cng ty CP CK Rng Vit Cng ty CP CK Sao Vit Cng ty CP CK Ngn hng Thng mi CP ng Nam Cng ty CP CK Doanh nghip nh v va Vit Nam Cng ty CP CK Thin Vit Cng ty CP CK Chu Thi Bnh Dng Cng ty CP CK Gia Anh Cng ty CP CK Ch Ln Cng ty CP CK Tn Vit Cng ty CP CK Trng An Cng ty CP CK Tm Nhn Cng ty CP CK Bin Vit Cng ty CP CK Alpha Cng ty CP CK Ngn hng Pht trin Nh ng bng Sng Cu Long Cng ty CP CK Ph Gia Cng ty CP CK i Dng Cng ty CP CK Phng ng Cng ty CP CK VINA Cng ty CP CK Hong Gia Cng ty CP CK Hng Vit Cng ty CP CK Cao Su Cng ty CP CK Vit Quc Cng ty CP CK Gia Quyn Cng ty CP CK FPT Cng ty CP CK VNS Cng ty CP CK ng Dng Cng ty TNHH CK Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn Vit Nam Cng ty CP CK Thi Bnh Dng Cng ty CP CK Nam Vit Cng ty CP CK Nhp&Gi Cng ty CP CK u Vit Cng ty CP CK Quc t Hong Gia Cng ty CP CK i Nam Cng ty CP CK Bn Vit Cng ty CP CK An Pht Cng ty CP CK Si Gn H Ni Cng ty CP CK An Thnh Cng ty CP CK Gia Pht Cng ty CP CK Vng Vit Nam
www.capitalsecurities.vn www.vdsc.com.vn www.vssc.com.vn www.seabs.com.vn www.smesc.vn www.tvs.vn www.apec.com.vn www.gasc.com.vn www.cholonsc.com.vn www.tvsi.com.vn www.horizonsecurities.com www.cbv.vn www.apsc.com.vn www.mhbs.vn www.pgsc.com.vn www.ocs.com.vn www.ors.com.vn www.vinasecurities.com www.rose.com.vn www.gsi.com.vn www.rubse.com.vn www.vqs.vn www.eps.com.vn www.fpts.com.vn www.vnsc.com.vn www.dds.com.vn
* Cc cng ty cung cp dch v qua cc phng tin in t khc, nh nhn lnh giao dch qua in thoi, thng bo kt qu giao dch, thng bo s d ti khon qua SMS v email, v.v...
215
PH LC 6
PHIU IU TRA TNH HNH NG DNG THNG MI IN T TRONG DOANH NGHIP
Lu : 1) B Cng Thng cam kt gi b mt cc thng tin ring ca cng ty v ch dng thng tin cung cp ti phiu iu tra ny cho mc ch kho st tng hp v hin trng thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2007. 2) Vi nhng cu hi c sn phng n tr li, xin chn cu tr li thch hp bng cch nh du X vo hoc tng ng. 3) Du : Ch chn mt trong cc cu tr li; Du : c th chn nhiu cu tr li. A. 1. 2. 3. 4. Thng tin v doanh nghip Tn doanh nghip . a ch ... a ch website (nu c) ... Thng tin lin h ca ngi in phiu H tn: .. V tr cng tc: .. in thoi: Email: .... Nm thnh lp doanh nghip .. S lng nhn vin: ................ S lng cn b qun l: ............... Ngnh sn xut kinh doanh chnh: Mc sn sng cho thng mi in t (TMT)
5. 6. 7. 8. B.
1. Tng s my tnh trong doanh nghip?.. 2. T l nhn vin s dng my tnh thng xuyn cho cng vic? Di 10% T 10% - 40% T 40% - 70% Trn 70% 3. Doanh nghip c nhng hnh thc o to CNTT v TMT no cho nhn vin? M lp o to Gi nhn vin i hc o to ti ch theo nhu cu cng vic Khng o to
216
4. Hnh thc truy cp Internet? Quay s ADSL ng truyn ring Khng kt ni S kt ni trong nm ti 5. Mc ch ca vic s dng Internet trong doanh nghip: Tm kim thng tin Giao dch vi i tc bng th in t Truyn v nhn cc file d liu Mua bn hng ha, dch v Duy tr, cp nht website Lin lc vi cc c quan nh nc Tuyn dng, o to Khc (Nu c th: ..) 6. Mng ni b c s dng: LAN WAN
Intranet Extranet
7. nh gi cc tr ngi i vi vic s dng Internet ca doanh nghip (vi mi sau cho im t 0 n 4, trong 4 l mc tr ngi cao nht): .. Tnh an ton bo mt (ly truyn virus, b tn cng qua mng) .. Cng ngh qu phc tp .. Chi ph qu cao .. Kt ni Internet chm v khng n nh .. Internet khng em li hiu qu r rt cho hot ng ca doanh nghip C. Mc ng dng thng mi in t (TMT)
1. Doanh nghip c cn b chuyn trch v TMT khng ? C (S lng ..) Khng 2. Doanh nghip hoc ang c d n hay chin lc v pht trin v ng dng TMT khng? C Khng 3. Nu c, ngh cung cp mt s thng tin v nhng d n ny: Tn d n Nm thc hin Kinh ph (VND)
217
4. Doanh nghip c tham gia cc sn giao dch thng mi in t (trong v ngoi nc) khng? C Khng (chuyn sang cu 8) 5. Nu c, l nhng sn giao dch TMT no? ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. 6. T khi tham gia cc sn giao dch ny, doanh nghip k c hp ng no t cc thng tin cho bn/cho mua trn sn cha? C Khng Nu c, bao nhiu hp ng? . 7. Nhng hp ng doanh nghip k c qua cc sn giao dch TMT c tr gi - Ti thiu: - Ti a: . 8. Doanh nghip c website khng? C (a ch website .................................................) Khng (chuyn sang cu 12) S lp website trong nm ti 9. Nu doanh nghip xy dng website, website ny c nhng tnh nng g? Gii thiu v doanh nghip Gii thiu v sn phm Giao dch thng mi in t (cho php t hng) Khc (nu c th) 10. Nhm sn phm, dch v no c gii thiu trn website ca doanh nghip? Hng ho tng hp (Siu th in t) Sn phm c kh my mc Thit b in t v vin thng Hng tiu dng Hng th cng m ngh Nng lm thy sn Dt may, giy dp Sch, vn ha phm, qu tng Hng ha s ho (phn mm, nhc,) Dch v du lch Dch v lut, t vn Khc (nu c th) 11. i tng khch hng m website hng ti? Ngi tiu dng Doanh nghip
218
12. Doanh nghip c cc c s d liu qun l thng tin bng h thng my tnh: Nhn s K ton, ti chnh Qun l kho Quan h khch hng (CRM) Qun l h thng cung ng (SCM) Lp k hoch ngun lc (ERP) Khc: ... Khng c (nu khng c, b qua cu 14) 13. Trong giao dch vi cc i tc, doanh nghip s dng: Email EDI (trao i d liu in t) Giy t, cng vn thng thng 14. Doanh nghip s dng website tm kim no tm kim thng tin? Goggle Yahoo! Khc: ............................................................................................. 15. Website ca doanh nghip c ng k vi mt website tm kim no khng? C: .................................................................................................. Khng 16. Tn sut cp nht thng tin trn website? Hng ngy Hng thng
Hng tun Thnh thong
17. Doanh nghip c cho php nhn n t hng bng mt trong cc phng tin in t (website, email, fax, in thoi) khng? C Khng (chuyn n phn D) 18. Nu c, doanh nghip nhn n t hng qua cc phng tin c th no: Website Fax Email in thoi 19. Nu doanh nghip cho php t hng bng cc phng tin trn, nhng phng thc thanh ton no c chp nhn? Tin mt khi giao hng Chuyn tin qua bu in Chuyn khon qua ngn hng Thanh ton trc tuyn (bng th tn dng hoc phng tin khc) Khc (nu c th)
219
20. Doanh nghip p dng hnh thc giao hng no vi nhng n hng trn? Giao hng trc tuyn (thng qua website) Ngi mua n nhn ti cc im i l ca cng ty Cng ty c i ng giao hng Bu in in thoi i l giao nhn Khc (nu c th) D. Hiu qu ng dng TMT
1. c tnh t l u t cho TMT trn tng chi ph hot ng thng nin: Di 5% T 5%-15% Trn 15% 2. c tnh t trng ca tng hng mc sau trong u t hng nm cho TMT: - u t cho trang thit b phn cng chim ........ % - u t cho phn mm chim % - u t cho nhn s, o to chim . .% - Cc chi ph duy tr v vn hnh h thng chim .....% 3. c tnh doanh thu t cc n t hng s dng cc phng tin in t (website, email, fax, in thoi) chim bao nhiu phn trm tng doanh thu hng nm ca doanh nghip? Di 5% T 5%-15% Trn 15% Trong : - Bn cho doanh nghip (B2B) chim ........ % - Bn cho c nhn (B2C) chim .... % 4. So vi nm trc, doanh thu t hng ha dch v tip th qua knh TMT ca doanh nghip trong 12 thng nm nay din bin theo chiu hng: Tng Gim Hu nh khng thay i 5. nh gi nhng tr ngi chnh i vi doanh nghip trong vic trin khai ng dng TMT ti Vit Nam hin nay (vi mi tr ngi, cho im t 0 n 4, trong 4 l mc tr ngi ln nht) .. Nhn thc ca ngi dn v doanh nghip v TMT cn thp .. Ngun nhn lc CNTT v TMT cn thiu v yu v k nng .. Mi trng php l cha hon thin .. H thng thanh ton in t cha pht trin .. Vn an ton v an ninh mng cha c m bo .. H tng CNTT v vin thng cha p ng c yu cu .. Mi trng x hi v tp qun kinh doanh ca VN cha thch hp ng dng phng thc kinh doanh TMT
220
6. nh gi tc dng ca chin lc ng dng TMT i vi hot ng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip.(Vi mi tc dng, cho im t 0 n 4, trong 4 l mc hiu qu cao nht) .. M rng knh tip xc vi khch hng hin c .. Thu ht khch hng mi .. Xy dng hnh nh doanh nghip .. Tng doanh s .. Gim chi ph kinh doanh .. Tng li nhun v hiu qu hot ng ca doanh nghip ... Tng kh nng cnh tranh vi i th 7. Cc xut i vi chnh sch, php lut ca Nh nc nhm thc y hot ng ng dng TMT ca doanh nghip? (Nu thiu giy c th nh km thm trang khc)
221
PH LC 7
TNG QUAN THNG MI IN T VIT NAM NM 2006
Nm 2006 c ngha c bit i vi thng mi in t Vit Nam, l nm u tin thng mi in t c php lut tha nhn chnh thc khi Lut Giao dch in t, Lut Thng mi (sa i), B lut Dn s (sa i) v Ngh nh Thng mi in t c hiu lc. Nm 2006 cng l nm u tin trin khai K hoch tng th pht trin thng mi in t giai on 2006-2010 theo Quyt nh s 222/2005/Q-TTg ngy 15 thng 9 nm 2005 ca Th tng Chnh ph. S pht trin kh ngon mc ca thng mi in t trong nm 2006 gn cht vi thnh tu pht trin kinh t nhanh v n nh. Thng mi tip tc tng trng mnh m v l mt nhn t quan trng thc y tng trng kinh t. Nm 2006 nh du s hi nhp kinh t quc t su sc v ton din ca Vit Nam. Vit Nam tr thnh thnh vin chnh thc th 150 ca T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO). Vit Nam cng thc hin tt vai tr nc ch nh ca Din n Hp tc kinh t Chu - Thi Bnh Dng (APEC), th hin cam kt tip tc m ca nn kinh t vi th gii. Tin trnh hi nhp kinh t quc t i hi cc doanh nghip phi quan tm thc s n vic nng cao kh nng cnh tranh. Trong bi cnh , thng mi in t l mt cng c quan trng c nhiu doanh nghip quan tm ng dng. S quan tm ca doanh nghip i vi thng mi in t trc ht c th hin qua hot ng giao dch mua bn ti cc sn thng mi in t (e-Marketplace) si ng hn, dch v kinh doanh trc tuyn phong ph v doanh thu tng mnh. ng thi, s lng cc website doanh nghip, c bit l website mang tn min Vit Nam (.vn) tng nhanh, s lng cn b t cc doanh nghip tham gia cc kha o to k nng thng mi in t ln hn so vi nm trc. ng o doanh nghip nhn thy nhng li ch thit thc ca thng mi in t thng qua vic ct gim c chi ph giao dch, tm c nhiu bn hng mi t th trng trong nc v nc ngoi, s lng khch hng giao dch qua th in t nhiu hn. Nhiu doanh nghip k c hp ng vi cc i tc thng qua sn giao dch thng mi in t. C th nhn thy nm nt ni bt ca thng mi in t nm 2006 ti Vit Nam nh sau.
1.
Thng mi in t tr nn kh ph bin
Nhng hnh thc kinh doanh mi trn cc phng tin in t lin tc xut hin, c bit l dch v kinh doanh ni dung s. Mc d mi hnh thnh, nhng cc hot ng trong lnh vc ny c trin khai rng khp v em li doanh thu ng k. Kinh doanh cc dch v gi tr gia tng qua thit b di ng tng nhanh, nh dch v cung cp nhc chung, hnh nn, tra cu thng tin. Kinh doanh trong cc lnh vc o to trc tuyn, bo in t, c s d liu trc tuyn, tr chi trc tuyn, tr chi tng tc qua truyn hnh, bnh chn kt qu th thao, xem phim, nghe nhc trc tuyn cng tng trng mnh.
222
Cng vi lng ngi s dng Internet v th tn dng tng nhanh, s lng ngi tiu dng mua sm qua mng tng ln nhanh chng, c bit trong gii tr khu vc th. Tm l v thi quen mua bn bt u thay i t phng thc truyn thng sang phng thc mi ca thng mi in t.
2.
Loi hnh giao dch thng mi in t doanh nghip vi doanh nghip (B2B) pht trin kh nhanh
Vic tip cn Internet qua kt ni bng thng rng, c bit l ADSL, ngy cng d dng vi chi ph hp l v yu cu cp bch phi nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip khi Vit Nam thc s bc vo sn chi ton cu l hai yu t quan trng thc y cc doanh nghip quan tm ti thng mi in t. Kt qu iu tra cho thy c ti 92% doanh nghip kt ni Internet, trong t l kt ni bng thng rng ADSL ln ti 81%. S doanh nghip tham gia cc sn thng mi in t B2B ca Vit Nam cng nh ca nc ngoi tng rt nhanh. Nhiu doanh nghip tm c i tc mi, hp ng mi qua cc ch o ny. Vic s dng th in t (email) trong giao dch kinh doanh tr nn ph bin. Hn na, nhiu doanh nghip s dng Internet cho mc ch mua bn hng ho v dch v. Trong nm 2006 hnh thc giao dch thng mi in t B2B pht trin nhanh. y l tn hiu rt lc quan so vi bc tranh thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2005 v cc nm trc .
3.
Cung cp trc tuyn dch v cng khi sc
Nh nc cng phi thay i nng cao nng lc cnh tranh quc gia thng qua quyt tm hin i ho nn hnh chnh, xy dng chnh ph in t. Cc c quan nh nc trong thi gian qua y mnh ng dng cng ngh thng tin trong giao tip vi doanh nghip v cng dn. Hu ht cc B ngnh v a phng c website, trn cung cp nhiu thng tin a dng v cn thit cho doanh nghip. Mt s c quan nh nc Trung ng v a phng bt u cung cp trc tuyn dch v cng mc n gin nh cp ng k kinh doanh in t, khai hi quan in t, u thu mua sm cng, cp chng nhn xut x in t.
4.
Vic ban hnh cc vn bn thi hnh Lut Giao dch in t din ra chm
Vic Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 57/2006/N-CP v thng mi in t ngy 9 thng 6 nm 2006 nh du mt bc tin ln trong vic tip tc hon thin khung php l v thng mi in t. Ngh nh ny tha nhn gi tr php l ca chng t in t trong cc hot ng lin quan ti thng mi. y l c s cc doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng yn tm tin hnh giao dch thng mi in t, khuyn khch thng mi in t pht trin, bo v quyn v li ch ca cc bn tham gia, ng thi cng l cn c php l xt x khi c tranh chp lin quan n hot ng thng mi in t. Ngh nh v thng mi in t l ngh nh u tin hng dn Lut Giao dch in t v l ngh nh th su hng dn Lut Thng mi (sa i) c ban hnh. Nhiu B ngnh rt c gng trong vic xy dng cc ngh nh khc hng dn thi hnh
223
Lut Giao dch in t, nh Ngh nh v ch k s v dch v chng thc ch k s, Ngh nh v giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh, Ngh nh v giao dch in t trong hot ng nghip v ngn hng. Tuy nhin, n cui nm 2006 cha c ngh nh no trong s nhng ngh nh ny c ban hnh.
5.
Nhiu vn cn tr s pht trin thng mi in t cn tn ti
Vic r sot cc vn bn php lut lin quan ti thng mi in t cha c tin hnh. Mt s quy nh bt hp l cho thng mi in t c doanh nghip nhc ti t nhng nm trc vn cha c khc phc. Nhng quy nh v cp php thnh lp website hay mua bn tn min cha ph hp vi thc tin. Cng vi tin b cng ngh, s pht trin phong ph, a dng ca thng mi in t lun t ra nhng vn mi cho h thng php lut v thng mi in t. S bng n ca tr chi trc tuyn dn n nhu cu xc nh tnh hp php ca ti sn o, cc v tranh chp v tn min cho thy cn c t duy qun l thch hp vi loi ti nguyn c bit ny, vic gi th in t qung co thng mi vi s lng ln i hi phi c bin php bo v ngi tiu dng. Vn an ton, an ninh mng, ti phm lin quan n thng mi in t cng l mt vn ng ch trong nm 2006. Nhng hnh vi li dng cng ngh phm ti tng ln, in hnh l nhng v tn cng cc website thng mi in t www.vietco.com, www.chodientu. com. Bn cnh , tnh trng t nhp ti khon, trm thng tin th thanh ton cng gy nh hng khng nh n cc hot ng thng mi in t lnh mnh. Cuc thi bnh chn nm s kin thng mi in t ni bt nm 2006 do i Truyn hnh Vit Nam thc hin cho kt qu l: 1) Vit Nam ng cai v ch tr thnh cng cc hi ngh v thng mi in t trong khun kh APEC; 2) Lut Giao dch in t c hiu lc; 3) Cng Thng mi in t quc gia (ECVN) vn ra tm quc t; 4) Ban hnh Ngh nh v thng mi in t; v 5) Sn thng mi in t hng u ca Vit Nam b tn cng. iu ny cho thy s cp thit phi xy dng h thng vn bn php quy v trin khai cc bin php phng chng ti phm cng ngh cao. Trong nm 2006, hot ng ph bin, tuyn truyn v o to v thng mi in t c chuyn bin mnh c v s lng v cht lng nhng cha p ng nhu cu x hi. Hot ng nghin cu v thng mi in t hu nh cha c trin khai. Nm 2005 l nm cui cng ca giai on thng mi in t hnh thnh v c php lut chnh thc tha nhn ti Vit Nam. Trong nm 2006, thng mi in t Vit Nam bc sang giai on mi v pht trin trn tt c mi kha cnh t chnh sch, lut php, giao dch kinh doanh ca doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng cng nh s h tr a dng ca cc c quan nh nc. iu ny ha hn trong nhng nm ti, thng mi in t Vit Nam c th c nhng bc tin nhy vt, gp phn thc y pht trin kinh t thng mi chung ca c nc.
224

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B CNG THNG

H Ni, thng 2 nm 2008

PGS. TS. L Danh Vnh Th trng B Cng Thng

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Thanh ton in t pht trin nhanh chng

Hot ng ph bin, tuyn truyn v o to v thng mi in t tip tc c coi trng v bt u i vo chiu su

Vi cc tn min tng ng l: www.pacificairlines.com.vn, www.123mua.com.vn, www.viettravel.com.vn v www.chodientu.vn

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

H thng php lut cho thng mi in t c bn c xc lp

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Nhiu a phng xy dng v trin khai k hoach pht trin thng mi in t

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

TNG QUAN ............................................................................................................................................. v

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Bng 4.8 Bng 4.9

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

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BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

TC NG CA VIC BAN HNH LUT GIAO DCH IN T Tc ng ti nhn thc x hi

Bo co Thng mi in t Vit Nam nm 2005, 2006

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

6,345 3,098 1,000 1,300

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Tc ng ti phng thc kinh doanh

Ngun: Thng k ca Trung tm Internet Vit Nam www.vnnic.vn

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng - thng 12/2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Tc ng i vi h thng lut v chnh sch

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Ngun: Kho st ca V Thng mi in t, B Cng Thng - thng 12/2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Ngh nh v Ch k s v Dch v chng thc ch k s

Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ti chnh

Ngh nh v Giao dch in t trong hot ng ngn hng

Ngh nh v ng dng CNTT trong hot ng ca c quan nh nc

Mt s vn bn c lin quan khc

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

Cc quy nh v k ton, thu vi vic trin khai Lut Giao dch in t

Vn xc thc thng tin trong chng t in t

BO CO THNG MI IN T VIT NAM 2007

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Cc t chc cung cp dch v chng thc ch k s