5.

5.1
5.1.1
, "
.
. ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,

. ,

,

.

.
, " ,
,

.
,
19 ,
.
19
. ,
, ,

.
,

.
, .

.
, - '


, MW . ,

( KWh)
. 1980

1


.

,
,

.

5.1.1:

5.1.2
,

, .
-
.
()

, , .
.
.
(YHE)
10 W,
2

.
5 W. To

,
. ,


.
10
W ( .
15 W),
,
.

, ,
.
: micro
100 W, mini
1W
1 W 10 W. micro, mini


.

.



.

, .. , ,
. ,


.

,

,
. :
20 m
, 20 < H < 150 m
H > 150 m

 , ,
.


.
:

.

( )
, . [8]

5.1.2:

5.1.3
,
,
.
,
.
:
1.
,

2. ,
()
3. ,
, , , , .
4.
.

5.

6.
7.
8.

( )

( 5000
)
( 25
300 W)
(,
)
, 50
20-30 .
.

()


.
, .
() .

KWh KWh
. '

() .

.
. [8]

:
1. ( 5-10 o
1-2 )
- . ,

2.
(
)
3. ( 2000-4000 /W) '

4.
.


.
:
1.
2. ,

3.
4.
[12].

5.1.4
'80,
,
9.800 TWh/ ( ).

23%
( , ) .
15.000 TWh/
.

,
.

5.1.3:
(Gudenocentralen)

,
. .
.
680.000 MW
370.000 W .
(89.000)
'80. 16.000
,
.


( - )
, ,
.

.
5.2.1:

/
()

..
(MW)

M
(W)

89000

15450

0,17

2200

1800

0,82

175

380

2,17

1350

7000

5,19

110

70

0,64

1200

320

0,27

1009

686

0,68

301

363

1,20

31

62,4

2,01

10

0,1

1349

8414

6,24

5882

950

0,16

60

--

--

231

825

3,57

1422

1985

1,39

1106

1023,3

0,93

>100

>100

~1,0

G...

,
7



o . 5.882 /
. .
(, , )
.

.
,

.


.
1984 ( < 10 W)
75.8 W 9,4%
.
1984, , 6500 GWh
1/3
. ,
1988 ,


. .. .

.


. KWh
. ,

, 90%
.
( )
344

600 W.
....
VALOREN .
1989 32 ...,
14.5 W VALOREN,

.
. ..

.


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.
,
CU, .
,
,
- .... ( , ,
, , ). , ,
(. 224/94)

, ,
, , .


.

.
,

.

.

.


.

.



, .

5.2
5.2.1
O .
(1559/85 .2244/94) ,
10 MW,
2 MW, .

2MW 5MW.
,
90 %
100 ,

.

5.2.2
,

,


,

1821,
.
,
,
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.

, ,
. ,

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,
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,
.

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,

10

[2]. ,
, ,
.
.

5.2.1:
5.2.1
, .
,
, .

,
, 5.2.2.

5.2.2:

,
. 5.2.3
,
.

11

 5.2.3:

,
. ,
5.2.4,
. .

5.2.4: ( mm 2) [4]

,
.
: , , , , ,
12

, , , .
,
.
300 m3/s,
230m3/s.
200 m3/s -.
,
, (14)
, 5.2.5.

5.2.5:

5.2.1 .

13

 5.2.1: [8]
/

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

.
.
.
.

.
.
.

(Km2)

7771
6596
8702
10420
10275
3326
11923
13148
13404
10388
7342
10894
8330
9060
131.579

/
(GWh/y)

7210
4290
4300
14880
15642
282
5090
6010
10444
2800
2270
6783
4600
400
85001

.
/
(GWh/y)

460,0
325,7
32,2
3860,5
2432,0
20,8
128,0
567,0
1967,1
102,5
694,6
81,6
2,0
10774,0

/
(GWh/y)

1670
755
570
5500
6250
9
551
665
2240
185
175
1489
610
11
20680

/
(GWh/y)

1260
557
417
4200
4830
5
390
468
1670
123
118
1110
446
6
15600

5.2.2:
5 MW [8]
/

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

.
.
.
.

.
.
.

(Km2)

7.771
6.596
8.702
10.420
10.275
3.326
11.923
13.148
13.404
10.388
7.342
10.894
8.330
9.060
131.579

/
(GWh/y)

125
55
40
420
485
3
40
37
165
15
40
95
45
15
1.580

. 103
(GWh/y
Km2)

7,9
3,5
2,5
26,6
30,7
0,2
2,5
2,3
10,4
0,9
2,5
6,0
2,8
0,9
100

16,00
8,34
4,60
40,31
47,20
0,90
3,35
2,81
12,31
1,44
5,44
8,72
5,40
1,65
12,00

. ""
(. , . ,
. )
.
14

5.2.3

.
1956-68.

,
[1].
( 80),
, . 2244/94.
.
,

.

.
215,

.

( 2000). 5.2.3, 5.2.4
"mini" ,
. 5.2.6 5.2.7 ( )
.
5.2.3: [13]

15

 5.2.4: mini [13]

5.2.6:
16

 5.2.7: mini

,
.

. ,
, , , , ,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.

,
.
...., 17
10 W
1950.
,


,

.
17

 , ,
,
,


.
.

.

,

,

.
,
, ,

, ,

.

. ,

. 10 ,
,

. ,
(....).

, ..,


,
.

.
. ,
,
,
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, , .

,
,
.

18


.

.

.
.
,
. ,

( )
.
( ),
.
,
,
.
.

, ,
.
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,
, , , , .


,
. .
-
,
.

,
,
,
,
, 81
.


. ,

,


.

.

19

 ,
.


, ,

.
5.2.5: [8]
/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

1927
1929
1931
1929
1954
1964
1988
1989
1992

1998

(m)

60.6
60.5
16.0
54.0
10.0
0.5
0.3
0.5
110

.
(W)/.
1.6
0.3
0.3
1.8
2.5
5.0
7.0
8.0

1,25

1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1

20

5.3

5.3.1

.
T :
, ,
(
) , ,
.
( , )
, .
, , .

.

, ,

.

,
, .


( ), (
), (
) ,



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.
.


.


.
,
, , ,
, ,
21

 (), ,
.
'
,
.

.
, . -
- ,
, ,
.
.
(2).
.

. [8]

5.3.1:

22

5.3.2
(
) , .
.
1.

:
h=g Q h= Q h

(5.3.1)

Q (m3/sec)
(Kg/m3) (t/m3)
h=z-z :

2.

i :
Ni= Q

(5.3.2)

:
H=h-hfEe = h-ke Q2 : (
) , .

hfEe=ke Q2 : hfEe
(, )
e .
NC :

3.

NC = Ni Q

ca2
2g

(5.3.3)

Ni
Qca2/2g
, .
.

4.

, (rad/sec), :
= < i

(5.3.4)

23

 =(i-)
:

N
Ni

(5.3.5)

:
N= Q

(5.3.6)

KW
Kp/m3 (

1000 Kp/m3)
3
Q m /sec
m
,
. (5.3.6) :

H Q
9,81
9,804 H Q
N(W)= 1000 Q H = 102

(5.3.7)

5.
e

. G
Tr ,
:

e= G Tr

(5.3.8)

e , .
,
, , .

24

5.4
5.4.1
()

. ()
,
, .

:
=

(5.4.1)

Ne, .
.
[8]

5.4.1:

5.4.2
:
.


.
, ,
.

25

 5.4.2: / ) Pelton ) urgo ) Cross Flow

.

.

Francis
Kaplan
(, ).
Pelton.
)
Francis, ,
Deriaz Kaplan, o
), .

5.4.3: Francis

26

 5.4.4: Kaplan

5.4.5: Kaplan

(<20 m ) ,
Kaplan,
: (bulb) (tube) ,
(
10 W , ).
( )
,
.
, ,

27

.
.
O ( 10 MW
)
:
,
( ,
, ).
( 10 MW)
.
( )
o, ,

,
500 RPM.
.
) Pelton
, .
,
, .

. "
" "
", . Francis, Kaplan
.


:
-
, ,
,
.
-


. Pelton
( )
.
-



. [8]

28

 5.4.6: Pelton

5.4.7: Pelton

29


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30

31