lrequency

The number of times which sound pressure, electrical intensity, or other quantities specifying a wave vary
from their equilibrium value through a complete cycle in unit time. Frequency is measured in Hertz (Hz),
which is the same as "oscillations per second" or "cycles per second." For example, the alternating
current in a wall outlet in the U.S. and Canada is 60Hz. Electromagnetic radiation is measured in
kiloHertz (kHz), megahertz (MHz) and gigahertz (GHz)

uaLa raLe
daLa raLe ls Lhe amounL of dlglLal daLa LhaL ls moved from one place Lo anoLher ln a glven Llme 1he
daLa Lransfer raLe can be vlewed as Lhe speed of Lravel of a glven amounL of daLa from one place Lo
anoLher ln general Lhe greaLer Lhe bandwldLh of a glven paLh Lhe hlgher Lhe daLa Lransfer raLe
ln LelecommunlcaLlons daLa Lransfer ls usually measured ln blLs per second

8andwlLh
The term bandwidth is used for both analogue and digital systems and means similar things but is used in
very different ways. n a digital system it is used as an alternative term to bit rate, which is Lhe amounL of
daLa LhaL can be carrled from one polnL Lo anoLher ln a glven Llme perl measured ln bits per second,
usually displayed as kilobits per second (kbps, kbit/s, or kb/s) or megabits per second (Mbps, Mbit/s, or
kb/s)

ln analog bandwldLh ls Lhe wldLh of Lhe range (or band ) of frequencles LhaL an elecLronlc slgnal uses on
a glven Lransmlsslon medlum ln Lhls usage bandwldLh ls expressed ln Lerms of Lhe dlfference beLween
Lhe hlghesLfrequency slgnal componenL and Lhe lowesLfrequency slgnal componenL Slnce
Lhe frequency of a slgnal ls measured ln herLz (Lhe number of cycles of change per second) a glven
bandwldLh ls Lhe dlfference ln herLz beLween Lhe hlghesL frequency Lhe slgnal uses and Lhe lowesL
frequency lL uses A Lyplcal volce slgnal has a bandwldLh of approxlmaLely Lhree klloherLz (3 kPz ) an
analog Lelevlslon (1v) broadcasL vldeo slgnal has a bandwldLh of slx megaherLz (6 MPz ) some 2000
Llmes as wlde as Lhe volce slgnal


Pow Lhey affecL Lransmlsslon speed