~

!~~;'7'i--·

CONTEt~TS

. INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
SCOPE INTERPRETATIONS - JKR Probe - SPT - Boreholes .

i.

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__ ·· 1
._.~. .
"

:1·.
:, ~
·

. ..

,~.

l.·. .

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DESIGN PARAMETERS LABORATORY TESTS

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: 1_.

l:_
._ '--_ ...s.: .. ~ ..

INTRODUCTIO~I,,'
NEED - Neglected topic; only briefly covered in universities - Danger of using results directly without interpretation - Decision on choice of values of parameters

SCOPE -. Common tests only

PROCESSES
- Spec ifi ca ti 0 n s, sup e rv ision ,"O'
.:

'1,".:i .l ,
,

presentation & intefpretaHo;n--c'~:-C""~~::c:~

."- :-_--

__ i

-_".

,~,.YiiPiJ:

OBJECTIVES
Illustrate the importance of interpretation '

Show methods of compiling results a-nd recognising errors

;

.c~~~;.

,- ..~""
.. _.
:~~"-':.~l~'C.'':.''''

,_
-.:>

-.-~---:-'-

.........

_,
. ': ..

"'::'-\'-:-"'~:-~~&_:;'~"'~,~.'y-:":.~:e=~,,:~.,:::_'_r .. __:-.-:' -

•• _u~.;.':_..:~~~=i~?-;-:"

SCOPE
Common. field and laboratory tests

FIELD TESTS
- JKR/Mackintosh probe - SPT (Standard Penetration Test) -_Deep Sounding and Piezocone - Field Vane Shear - geonor vane

LABORATORY TESTS
- Unconfined compression -Triaxial Test'(UU, CU & CD with pore pressure measurement) - Consolidation

~ .. ~
I I .

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i

~'~_Dtt1Q£_S

_=_h ~;

.$1AU~~""'~:;<j@i!I~_"'~""',."""',:c)M_(j&Z_.at$_:

II __

xo _.

"""""' ..

X4i_._.,.... -",

JKR Probes - Primitive tool - Limited use . • Shallow bedrock profile • Weak zone at shallow depth • Shallow foundation - No recent fill and future settlement, - Structure of low risk -If in doubt - use borehole, Interpretation JKR Chart Correlation with SPT 'N'

I.
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n
!,
;

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Mackintosh
Project .Supervisor
....

Sounding

RCCOkJ

ShG~t

'Position ~o : M? - 1

.-------------------~--------~--------~--------~------------~------MP - 2 MP - 3 MP - 4' MP -·5

Chainage- --.~ 22 340M
: 45.499M

:DANIEL

: NORTH-SOUnl

EXPRESSHAY

SHiPANG

FULAl

Date: 7-9-1989

TO GOPENG 51/011.-2

'R. Level
, (I.

'22 320M
46.S29M

Depth (M)
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2, 1. 5 .1. 8 2.1 2.4 -

------------~------------~-------------------~-----~--------------a 7 31 13 30 8
(1.6.

NUMBER

OF

47.779M

22 322M

BLOWS
38
64

63~618H

22 172M PER

G4.823M 0.30 HETRE

III
"-

21 12BM

0.9 1.2

10

1. [,

1.8 2.7

2.4 3.0 3.3

2.1

10 . 12 14 , 13
32

71
52

7~53 .• {31

26

-,:72
86

48

64 105

3. a '. 3.3 3.6 -

2.7

95:c 50 59 150 Rebound

3.9

6.0 13.3 15.9

5.7

5.1 5.4 -

4.2 4.·5 4.8

3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8 : 5.1

3.6

90 52

33 220 Rebound
00 ""'l'

77

73 103 110 200 HeboW1d

.....0 ..... ""'l'

GO

19 15 16 21 33

EE

NO 11
0 ..... vl""l •N 0 II
1-0'

EE

114
9'7 78

71 147

21 28 19 20

27

2G 35 26 32
30

.......

29 2~,
28 35 40
42

35 25 20

'v

.....·0 II I;

103

13.6 -

6.3 6.6
7.2

G.O 6.9

5.4 5.7

II

EE
n

III .... [Il

1-0

.....
E I.0

I-<
Q; n.I

123
E .....
0

45

.... 0
([1-

~
......
0

133 118 11'0

02

54'

.....
(lJ

'r.5 .)),7 13.1 8.7":' 9.0 9.3 9.6 9.9 10.2 10.5 10.8 ILl 11.4 .11 7 .. 12.0 12.3
.,

7.2 -

7.5 7.8
8.1 8.4

.... E o ....
.c ..... .... _.
(lJ

III

oc..

.c .... ~ ..., n. ro

.c: .....
00..
!!.I-

134
130

250 207
~ a.20m

n.<u

174

0.<11

......

B.4 ~ -

:12.9 - 13.2

12.6 - 12.9

9.0 ; 9.3 i 9.,6 : .9.9 10.2 10.~, 10.8 11.1 1l.4 11.7 12.0 12.3 12.6

8.7

Qc..

115 198' 238 140 116 121

121

80
G5

87

80 100

o.~

106 110 121 400

7.4

;.

!.

-_-_ - - --- ---- - - - - - -- - - - - -.- - - - _"_- - - - ....:.·-:··-----~~7~~·~'~~ .. ~·~--····"'"-"REMARKS : WT=FULL HT='FULI, WT=FULL WT=NIL

.13.5 13.8 )3.8 - 14.1 :14.• 1 14.4 .14.• 4 14.7 14.. 7 15.0;

13.2 - 13.5

~.~-~- - --~.~._:;:. .::~-WT=HIL'

"

-..".... "....,.-~,., ,.... , •

"

;(

. ~.

'~

:1

"~.
:c
D..
J
"I"

~i/Ml1~;j

-,

CJ

(")

crj

~-

fl.

0
(/)

0:

<t

o
w

n,
(J)

0 0::

ro

:r:
a .,._

........ ::(\J

--I
Io,

o,

0
JZ ~

w lD

o
<t ....;;:

o
a
C)

~OC'O H3d SMOl8

.:10 1,:EI8V'1nN

,-~~'~~i.~~~f~t~;~:::~ _ ,.:'~-~~:'c~~:~:r~:'_-~:~~':': .,.--.....

_ .. _ u-:7.."";:'7'

__ ... ,,::~;,.~~~~~~:.';;~;~:~:::..'~;:.;.,.;.:;.. :,:.:'

,-:.\-:,-~;.r-:"_'-"~-~"

_~.-c•.•,~r.~+~""_;;"

....

=;:o.::;;:::::~~:c

i:

•
:II

. Plate bearing test on sand Plate bearing test , Residual granite soil

on

:13

f::
C)

,. ,.

/..;1.-

o «

0...

JEW~

19S1.)
/,.

<

Plate beanng tests

P":,.....
/'
/'

...... l:i1i

'" /'

/'

/'

z
w
OJ

a:
w
~

./ _'
Piling
. to be " considered
~~

Soil tests

<C

./

./
... -»

......

DESIGN CURVE

::; 0 ~,

SOlO
...J

20 30
PENETRATION

40 50 60 70 80 30 100
RESISTANCE (Blows/it)

FIG. S2

ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY V.S.'J.K.R. DYNAMIC CONE PENETRATION RESiS7ANCE (AFTER 001 AND TING, 1975)

~.,

~..
"
~.

.... '.~~~':"":::

••••

,~

...

...

"";;.;::""",,~\,.:,"":,::,"

.. -,,-" "j;"

,
f

...•.

COMPARISON

BETWEEN Jl<R PROBE AND SPT

Type of

PenetrOrT18ter

;--------

Cone

VJ(_)·IQ~t; ' WOI"nht,~ !C"orr'l\''J ~n. " ~ ...• I . I,_, \.~ I .J ..:..

II
'-------!

of~

of

! ......

J,",'

lunit
I

Dia
(mrn)
0-

i i

area
._ .;'

!',

Area

(rnrr12) !

ani ill 8

(ken

fall
(mm)!

INrrl/m2

----'7707 J
~ j

JKR probe
SPT

!
I
I

_,_,)

['

280
..l ....

I
I

50

lOG")j

760

246736

,...~()~O I
.J-I./i
I

'l1!'!

-It:,

~'.
f{::
<'!

.
.

86

I'~

..
.io
~
",8

35".:1. #0
..5"tJ

.... 7P

~(
'N '

sf

2"'-

I1

8 ~

.ih'

~ G

.a

LA.

o e:·H·

6 JP

, ;J ( ( ... '- .." :~~

r-,

"

_, ,.:

' ....

'"

o
o

i1
IJ

; ...:..:

,~..;(.

..

.'~~-'...... '-'-~'~..:"-~'''",:.;:.:~
,

,.-.--,-'

.:

...

'_._.

"':'=": ::-::~~':-.... .......:-._.

-~"::"-'

~'-,:;,.:;.:.:..;:~.,.~'-~~::t'\~.~~""

.•".:,.;,.:.::.:.,~~",;,.;~~~;;:;,~:,'-:-;.-:'::-."--<-:.;""'::-~'~'."':";':,,";;:':'.;::._~~!~,~::,.. . .

_ ,.*.
..,--_

---.~-~7':' '.~-_,.~:.:;

.--~~~':.~_:;fJk!:I:.~Z·' ...

...,=~=:~~~:',;..~;~.~~\!~ ~ .
•.,-* .....

:--:~~~~:-=-:.:;~->::::~.
.. .... _. __
._--

88 ...._176 10
...'

-<64 3D

20

.LiD

SJ

SPTIN'

o
Lj

tJ /--/

OP

/4-IJ.'

~.

..

()

.,---~

.................. '- ..

_. ... .,::.. ;~~-;,

• !',

.. '-'

---,.,..-.- ..-......---.....

---...~---.- -------~--.... ----'I...... ~ .,. -.... . .. :i

Number of Blows oer 300 rnrn
I

'_

....

~"

o
0
"4

40

80

120.

160

2
,! ,C)

&l
~

JP1,1.l, + JP'I B
.JP2/\ uJP2B

~
J

..--..
I.... -..-

JP3

I
I

(1)

:2
CD 0
'+-

ill

cu
"-

U) U C
::J

:::J

CJ

10

LL

1-

...c _.

o,
ill

0 12 -

14 ..

~ . ii" r
~.

.....

'

FiG. S3n

= T

~~.:.

I
\
\
0
... &;.1> ....

Shear Strength In kPa

20

40

60

80

•
sa
Undrained Triaxial Geonor Vane 1 Geonor Vane 2 Geonor Vane 3

0
4

-E
'Q)
-<-.J

..--...

18

2
(1)

Q)

c o

ill ..... ~
::J (j)

12

t'2
C
~
~.~

-0
'-

c
::J 0

C9
~
t: 0

16

tt
4-

'"

I,

o r-~

, ... ~
fi:,!'!I'o.

,,+

t~

r.

0-"""

u,

'--

.c ......
Q)

20

o ..

j.
~.
0-

l ~

WO

~ ~ ~

t.
+o
~ II:
Q

0.

... o

24
)

l:a

...

28

II
l1li

FIG. S3b

COMPARISON OF STRENGTH PROFILES

BY GV AND UU

,r'

_,-",

:~

1,

ILl
UJ

o
-'

I .. I

~ n: ., "' ,.. ,_
-s

...
.,(

n
<C

..

".

-'

..

-'

,
1
1
j

E (.., ci

>
> _,..
"'-

,.-...,

~
w

•
w a:
::> _,]
u,

I
~
0:

S
I

o
(f)

1=
ill

w
0)

0 w
u,

W 0

:J
0

/ I /

\) .......
o -l
rJ)

o
-l
(J)

o
Z
<t:
...l W

I./)

w ..J G: 0 a:
0.. 0 Z
::;l

:5
a:
w
UJ 1U.

~-

-r-....._ lu,

<
-'

0
<9

a:

G:
0
Q_

o
W
_.J

0: 0

u..

a w o
Q lU

::>

0:

a:
<9

::> 0

()=

o...'~'

/ 7-..--..--.-.---- ..
,

'.-~~7
(l):~

-_
~
a

<t:
f-

a:
w
I-

« :;..

<>
<.>

0
Z

/~ ./
t

... "

./

a: W >-

(\j

:5

----

..

_ ...

<'l

IJJ
o:f'

rc

;... .J

" ...__--,--'-

'd31.3V1!Nt NOll \f 1\313

.,..",._

~····~="k·"""·' ..,'·, ••,.,._"'· . -:»:

•.._.~

..

.~~
"1~ :, ~~,- ..

j1

'c ,r.••

'..

It Ii rt.

il; ,
~
"; ,

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

A popular test
- useful for pile foundation designs

~ ~ ;~
~-~

. ..

Common errors

It..c.....

W AM

..

WO

>A

loa::;;; _*::214. >..1_ .......'....

4._ ... ,

Factors affecting SI)T~ values (N)

x Inadequate cleaning of borehole x casing driven bottom of
borehole

o 1~'[;ludge s
.(l.

trapped in sampler

I\[ in c 12y

x damage tip of

'::;~Ul1Pling

spoons

if l"-I {}u h~
..... "".... "1 J...

x loose joints on connecting rods

x not using guide rod

x water level in borehole below
01'0111"'".....,. " .......... 0... 1''''],.-.:' \ V,.Io.,
r .
...:. .............

.J.')

cc

tri c b 1("\}.'S
""l.v·\

•.

' , iAV01

bore L

V.A.

110-1':' • 1)1' '-)U: )... rr ,..,..... ~ 1"... t ...... -v Fr'r..,,; _

" ....

.!J. N, using> 1

1/2

turns of rope

'"

.~

Ii
I
I,

v
CY)
(w)

, Corrections Two common corrections to N

Shallow depth ~ 6m
r

SPT 'N' ~ 15 & submerged conditions for very fine sand or silt below water table SPT 'N' corrected
tr
i l .:
"

\.

15 +

L(N Measured -15)

2
j;

1~

Note:
l

In most cases, SPT 'N' values do not need corrections (See Figure)

..i

1
."

.~

o . --1 O~----~
~
'j
.~.',

-~---.:_ ~~~~

: -':.

:" rr: .---:"

..- ~ ·.-:correction factor :~;~::'=:-:;':"":;;~4---:--. -

~2

,4 __

../'
50
/

.. ..-- _, -:' .
,/

.'

.;,:;
Q)

Z
::J

_§

,..,.,. -/ ,

:1 :1
;,;
f

--._
tI) tI) Q)

//
I

;{__

Gibbs and Holtz Thorburn Peck and Bazaraa Peck et al .

100 .
I

.,

/
I

L.. /

L-

;i

0.. "0 L(i)

C <l>

11

II
~J
il I.

::J .D .._

150

I ' /7-1---

>

I
/
•

11 ,< II

If

i\

t> Q)
Q)

.~

<l>

200

/ ,

250

I I
i

I; I:

Various correction factors for influence of overburd~n pressure on SPT N vafue

I.

I:

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I
I

l !

I I I
I

18

· _,-_.

\.

CORRELATIONS
SPT against
Su Su

2
Su Su

Su

- 20N - ·13N
-

kN/m2
kN/m2

7N 4 to 6N

kN/m2 kN/m2

(Meyerhof) (Terzaghi & Peck) (Reese, Touma & O'Neil) (Stroud & Butler)

Ref:

Fleminget al (1985)

I
I

2 s, -

0.1

+ 0.15 N

Kg/cm2

(Fukuoka)

For CH Clays 2 s, 13.7N

} kN/m2 }
} (Sambhandharaksa .
_,.....<

& Pitupakor, 1985)

For CH Clays

}
2 s.:..
II

10.4N

kN/m2

For BANGKOK

CLAY
......:-:-,.:.:....;; ... ,.. •... :,' .
,

•T~:-:;'

~ ~~ ._.... ... :... _ .. : ~. :.

:..

....

/.
/

.;

"

"

,~

..

. ._.,~.,'

..•

a
,

-.~
.j

I -. ~'-'-

30

1- ()

% of Coarse Soils (> O.OGmm)

\ J:~~'.~~.rfjj'
~,

---~ -

DEEP nOiUNtG LOG·

'7~e. ~:.d",_t-_ .:p~:,. i.\.\
··MI;V\~\Si.d",
....

PROJEK

.....Ol:;<... ·~ ~ ('os;.• .{ . .

\{<:~\:$\qb.t\J._\

br:PTH (metre)

a
J.'
·'1

212
i'

,.It
r-

/1-= 8

(;\r; ~{Dt.

°1I
I

. II

Cfr';:
I

,,'

••

rf)

·fO(t.

6] 60nl

10

j 1;";
t-

III

~·1~~\
Ilil. N U/2 PS D • vc. W C nOD M

Ilocovory n"lIo (7.) Wal'Jt Lov"l (W.LJ (Wal;Jr tovot obsorvmlons durlny ;"o,ing t·houl,1 1>0 !J1VUfl on II,,,I".: c.hulll of log rs.: ..

0·5 15·20 3(\

: 5TIFr: Vr;,IlY : HAil!)

Slnndmtl Ponoll'll,CoIl )'0111 (S.P.1') 500 undir.lU.hod samplo f{) H Unclislu'\,,"" p!slD'l &~mplo OI~IIJ1ood snllljllo Vill111 Shoal ~, Tost Wlllnt Sanlfllu CNU $nrnplo F\OC~I QU;lli~1DO~i!ll1"tion

v-

snrr

NQ!:LC.QUa; II!E_~.QJt.(ul
0·4 : "E:tlY LOO~E 4-10 : LOOSE 10·30 . :MI:DiUM D;!NC( ::;0 so : DeilSE :;0 ; IJEIW Ul:NSE;

O·:!. : VEIIY ~OfT

~lli::; :~'l:.!"'&llilil.
2·<1 : COFT
4·G : MCDI\JM~TirF

.: '__ ,,:, ..

.•_.'...

..~:. .

...,

".

Type 01 Drill: Dale:

1--------'--------13t~!.;n

ci

Ii1

Ii

--'_. -----

------1

:..
l:lQ]Q N U/2
nlf Sl~ndard P"nnlmUol) Tosl (S.P.T] 50 121 undlslurbod sampla 50 0 umllslurb9d plston s;.mplo Dislurbod snmpl .. Vnno Shenr & Te$\ Wator !M~l1lplD COle S:lmpl9 R~ Quality DoslgnDllon
M

R"covory

Ralio ('/.)

0·:;
15·30 30 0·4 <1·10 10·30 30·50
(;0

: STIFF

vs
W
C nOD

PS D

--

Walor Lovo1 (W.L.) (Walnr lovnl ob50IValions IIlIrlng borlnQ shoutrl bu glvon on 11mIn~16hDDl (If log

; VEIlY GTII'F
: liARD : VE:'[WLOOGE : LOOSE ; MEDIUM DENSE : DENSE : VERVDENSE

HQ.Il.m!.lE:,:;!JYfJ.lQll.ilil.

...................................

y.t'J.;(~"
M .....................

_ ............

unu.

(I'tW;criJ)

.l:!.Q.uc;lY.t;.:';'QlI..tt:!l
0·2 : V(!RV SOfT
2-4 4·8 : SOFT : MEDIUM STII'F

.......................

{Jurulcra

PIn

········.·'I

--.,
::~

'I

i-: '..:~ ,

-~ ~
'.'.

SUMMARY OF SPT & BORELOGS

i

".~v
.-~,

..

'~~""'.-.-

...,.

-~.':'

. "--""'-'~ -::~~:~:~;~~§:f~~?:::~:;2~~:"::'~:;-""
"

I}~~'="""" 1:1¥\7'~;;'~~~~~~~{}.:tr4;:~~i'pi'N G AN Sr.A.bIUMUoz'<l

','<

ASTRD TURF}

fPof.(

P£'RA.~.
Z/ ~ h1.

\f;~~"-:C7.' .';HUlt"!~}'·~~_~.~s:·b'c!. ..··1-7

""A=C":.",.,,

;.;,,:.

l.·~

RNlucedLevel: +.0. 01:

./

-:SI~r.('r"H). '{i~?T~~.:~ .~,,_~'. __ '

C."'cc.

.·: '.·f..
_ , __

z:

Date:
L[GENI:t-_-r-

DC;au: "fj6
__

,~'-':::

·"r~.~·;~·f. i,..pl..

DESCRIPnON

SAMPLE

;~:~;,c. '4
W

h,m/!

n:::.,
. u.;;"1:

l,:;"~~'n

[\i.~i~~~· ..~,.~-.-.~ ..- -.-.. ~.-1-R-IL-~-.~-B-g-~--jry-~-A-)V-D-Y----~----+~~~Z~~-~~~~-:l--.--~--~--~----~~~~~~.... ... r·-.......

OCplh ;rnj

Type
No.

--i~--,.....,_.,.___I
R/r

FIELD TESTS

SPT

i,~~:~r
IkN/m~

ROD

f-.)I:_:_,...-

I
,
!

- '!:l11f

iI

_.
-:

(5J;Eff7,J'
FINE
:3.0)< •

!it':!?1-/ ~f!'t. .

WHlTI:J.'! c:;, Rc t::< t!. t» .J.;.JlD Yl:

c.o~<:::g-G 0

'[JFtck.1.1=P W
TO

f!1JFF

J.lIGJ{

1-:
I"

:~.lk

I"

.. ~.

'-----._-_._---_ .._-------------------------------------

UUHU PROJECT'

lOLL:. LUG

--,

~--------------~---------1 Borehcle No:

----I

Bcdu(;cd Level:
0

(m} 1

1
I

I~~~--~----------~----~--------~------~--~-----I !" DFSGJl!PT!ON ,_, LEGEND SAMPLE FIELD TESTS Jor-. I, 1,

"O"P\""I

Sr~eet No:

r:

Date:

~~~ 1l:~C

Class'n
--:"-~

"'o-C-P-ti,-r'---j''t-.p-c-'j-n-/r-f

£PTI ~!~~~Ct

~:~~;l! I
I\~

M "'RKS

1.--...

_(m_I_~ __

I__ _.,....---,-~(rn_l+_N-,O-,' ~_I_lQ--,-O 1__

I_lk.._Il_!O_12_1_ ~~~~

__

-1
I
I

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____ _J,

Key: '

0 _ Oiuurucd Sarnpte

~ __ ~ __ ~ __ _L--.----~---L-i------1,
CO NTn ACTO n~§_
, '

UO - Undisturued $.ampl;: Supervisor Sf'f - Standa"rd Penetration Test (mows pcr O.15m/O.1Sm/O.l Sm) -----.-.nlr - Recovery nalio [nginr.c(

---

nQD

~------------------------------------.-----------.-------------"'----"~Enlargod fron;'U::M March HH37

{Nocet: USi!

os 5930

Rock Quality Designation

(or c/~ifiCJc;on ilrld dcscriIJ(j;mJ

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-,

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..:...~. -'.~.'

'_.W_~~:~:~,~,,: _

~_

-; ~.b.~-~.
',nO. • :: ..•

~:z-: _. .
.

Vane Shear Test 1) Vane test in borehole 2) Geonor vane 3) Lab vane

.,

Use - To determine in-situ undrained shear strength (suv) of soft clayey soils

..

'.....•.. "

.. ...

..

..

~ "

Represenrofive
a l30rTTTI
X

results
65mrn

of Held vane C-.eonor vane

tests

using

Legend: Peak

++ _j

Embankment built to fallura Trial' embankments

",-',

,
,

"

L Remoulded
20

FIELD VANE SHEAR STRENGTH (kPa)

+- 2·5

-5

.
0

10
0 0

15

25 .,
e

o(

,+

0 0 0

..
•
0

•
+.
..

4!

00+ 00

••

.
+.

..-

.:.

2-5

"to
0 0

•
~

• •
•

- 5·0
0 0

0 0

--.-f-.
• •
+

•
0

- ,7-5
0

0+

,"
•
0

"

.
-10,0
0 0

+0
0

• • •

+..

"\)
(

• ..

•
(\

0 00

+.

• -

-12,5

:+
DEPTH (mRL)

0 0 0 0

I
_.
0.: ••. ~ •• ,0':.;

.--

of: ..

0 0

1°

. ,.

·'.'.'.:l

"; ... ~_

• ."'~ .•: •

.···:~~;·~;·~:;:··:·~·:·~·-·;~·;:·::;:=·~3;S2:;;Y··:·.'':',,!
·~ .•r'._ .•

... ---.4~~~~,g;,,2·-i£'::4::;

mEt iJP_c:::::: _".

lr~~~~:--'

fi;'~~-. =
If;:~v:::.,:_ ,
l;::;~~·-L
h~:,!~:.:>--'-._' --.. _--- __

'.

i (_~~l:~=_-

Most common errors

- Computation - spring factor - clay with organic materials

Recognise errors
Summarise results with s, from ~., . i !! ! .I uncormneo ccmoress.cn. Uv and .ao vane superimposed Plot s., against PI
J

'

P'o

or s., against Po' then find

~uv

P'
•0

o --i"r;, -;- ..
. --. ~ "( x.:
__ \,"l<..
_ ~:

~:
'.
I

-'-",

-.'X:

\.

,
x

{. [

!t
l

[,

!,

e
Q

Ii
\

r~
'

1.

.-t'.
;

~
.. '~.
L~"

-,".,-.;

'.":~::;";:-'~~.-.'

....

,..•..'

.. _"_--"',

.._-_.

.........

r----,--r-~----.---~----O r-,

,C

-.,._
(J) (f)

to

0 t:
,-

:(j)

l:
I
VI

'"0
I

.cU

c
,-

c: ::l ,_ ,_
0)

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........

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__~ __ ~ __ ~Io ··i.~

Q~~

0...

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I ,

I
!

,I

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0..,

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ill

10)

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(f)

co
c
(1j

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N

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0:.:',
Io(.'J

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0
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I
\

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o
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N

~Cl.
'::l (j) C
0)

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0)

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a,d/nS

0 0

0·.: .. , -.....c ·::.::~-.: ,......

·:··:c
'0
__ 'c'(/)'>:'

0.9,.

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.....
0)

a:

464 ADVANCED SOIL MECHANICS

o
q
\

,
\

r
I

l
j
/ I I

,
1 1

I I

12

;
18

.c-

..
I

a
ill

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i

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t
t
,

i I

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i

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~..........

,'l...

\
\

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3D

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I ,........
~I' __../~"

'\
-,-, I
I

f'-------0

>

:::...
r
"
I

Unconfined comp r es sion

Undrninnd
\rj~xi;)i ~

J'
_
·1'

40.5

L
.

I , 1.-

a...(~:<,
,--L _

"f

.1,-

_,..,....
..:.:,

~.

~ Laborarory
e
__;, __

\.... ,.",
\" ,. _.J_

vane Field ve ne
·'_....I _. __ ~_~

1
1
,'

_.....;, -V->~ .....

..:..I....l\ __ _ '

1000

1500

2000 .

2500

Silcnr strengtl1, Ib/ft~

Fig. 7.60 DGptil vs, Typical undrained shear strength by various test methods fer Morgan City recant alluvium. (Note: 1ft = O.3048m; 1 fMe = 47.88 Nlir{) (Redrawn after A. Arman, J.K. Poplin, and N. Ahmad, Study of 'lane Shear, Proc. Conference on In Situ Measurement of Soil'

Propenios, ASCE,

1101.

1, 1975).

- ..... .. ..

-...,~. - -:~~F~~~~~~~~~~:~_~~:~-ii-~~~-;~~:.~':~~~~'~·· " ~.~~'~':~':'.'~':':".'_~.,.= =._ _~~_ ~~~~ -~• . . ''''''~",:,"_'_;~~::,,:~r::=,::~;~::;:'.-.:os_:~,,::,::~~~_~~-'_,::-.~~'''',~'''''-'-'' ~;'~ ... _,:", .:::.::::'::::
-.',.'~.;:-.o:.:,.-.· ••. -_·.,~.~._.·.·.'.-.--~: .,:.- .. ~.~ .. .;...... _~. .
" c,,'.,_,

~--~--.-~.

=~··":"_;;~7.::~:·~-L~i~~~.o~.~.~;<" ,. _.._".. ·.. -._~-. "'==,' - ~....... . . .~._ ... ::S-.

---.

-~-"

;~.'_,c-.v=,._.- ..'.~: ..' "-,•.•~.~.::.~~._..~ •.••:.:.:",'•..~.:;:'•."..::~ .•','~•.•: •• .••_.•_ :'

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(J)

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co co
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(WIHld3a,.~~i;~£;~;:,~;~}i·:~,~;;:::?:::-= ~~~~~~~~ .. ¥~~.~.~. . v.. .~_;~,-;;:.::.. •.:.:..:.._.:~'."::'_':':":~~~~,...... .,.._~_~~:.: __ 23'7 =.~~ .... _ .. -~ '.-... -

.. ..

~--:-,--:-_._"":~r,_:~<:-

..J _,

?Q

-I
-I

I
.~ '>r.

1>.1

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':>-.

101
-I

'-.',~0' ::

._
~

c......

uc

c
()

j= 1 01

!§I 01
1 0

10>1

... :::
0

(f)

e-,

'" .c:

f-"

n,

:s
Cl

o o -.I
u,

W C)
U) II.
(f)

Z ::J

i=

lU

lU 0.. !l _
_J

n:

o u:

o
UJ

o ;.,: :c

<.(

J-

o tU
('J

.~

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39

,I
N

I ~ll"""

t---

'8

--..
(J)

9
,'10

w a:
I-

~.

-__ __ ----_
.
,

",

LOCAL FRICTION
.'

(j

w
~

zn
3:
0.. l..U 0

1-

:12
f!')

1rf..
'1~
f.5i"

')
.........
__

71

W
r9
CONE RESISTANCE

S!D
21

J---~~), .:------~

l .I

..-~;j

ZZ 23
?.1,

·.. :. ....;......_ ...

..
.

",r~~_.

-~ i:~
•• f ••••.

~:~:. -.,' ::.'-:-:;:~~ .

'..:-' .
'.'

. .' .·1···,-····
I

"'

..... '1"'-:--"''' --.q=..~.... ;

"'j"
I"

- ":--,! .,
... · ..

~$~f3E~~=l=::::.:.:..=:t=.
~!}--I-

"=- -,-~-

"~c--.-t~
·1·
r

I~
I

'r

1 I

··f-··:·..·... ... ~. ... "I' :._.

.,. ... ...

.!:: -:'~::.:'.'.,
...

41

,
~.

i
.

l-

~ ro
Q)

.].

...
::l 0

c,
VI

en c
a,

I f

f:

... 0

~
::J 0 "1:1
<-' !O +-'

";: o

Q.l

... ro

_j_j

i.

;;,0,.=

" .':L-.~

.:i.:

-.~,
• •••• _. __ "._. ---::

,'-~:;._::,;",;::~; ••••• _ c_~ ___. ..•

,._,o.-;:~_ ";

..-..
o
(J)

...-

0>
0)

:3:
01)

o
L-

:0 o
ID

<D

«
t?

;t::

,Q (U

.Q
ill

.~

z o

!~
ill .

g-

ill

o+-__ ~

__ ~

'0.

N ill

o o o

I
~--~~,

-+__

C
:0
ill :t::

--'-ilL

.E
o

u.

... .!:2
(f)

3:
:J

~ c o
(f)

'C

co:

0.

o N
I

.W'l N I

(w) Hld3G

43.

...

...\

"~. Correlation with Undrained Shear

Shear (s)
Su

qc -

avo

--------Nk
or
<.

I:

),;

I;

Su

qr - (Jvo
--------

,
i.
-;

s.

N~t
total overburden pressure
It) {~

cone factor (14 + 4 for Malaysian Clay)

cone resistance

total water pressure

''':.'·:~.2./:~·.:''':",

.;<~~':_~~.~·"·~~">'r.·"';·""'~:,;;,·_:'·~<--. C··;I":-

ratio of the annular area on the back of the cone to the area of the cone tip (/\ = 0.5)

,
f

--.Jf .",-;:1

.:

J
~

,: ...

;.

..: .~,.

'.'~.'

,"."., :..

.~...

\\"".~-~--"""'-'------.--~--.-.

qT~cr,
(MPa)

!
,

~
~

'/
I

/
,

I 1/1

'/'
!

q,-cr.
(IvIPa)

.
i

, ,

! i

0-5

I
I
I
I

,
, ,
I

,
i
I

,
I :~
/_

O'?

-,

.r>

100/ ...

~~i /0,

n;; :

~:

rV
i ~~_
-

PP'ii ..
i,
I

~?,..2II/! I
~""'I

71
I
j

:71
'/ /.

'/

,1'71
I
'

Vi

, I VI I
I

v.~
!

1/

--'

!i , i,

Ii
i

,
.I
I I
I

,,I ! i

,,
I

! !

.I
t

! ,

[
I

I.
I

,I

0-1

.17!
>;_'

'i~~e<i/

.nmu
e upper clay

'
_;_

__

__:_

_;__......:....__:__:_~

lr----------------

I
I

7'"/1
i-

;/

VI j

-, 1/)
I

0'5[

~ f----~-I
~:

4.1§~! ,·---=--()32~

71

~'I!

Iii ! I

!!

-?~)L~ '~~/!
~ 'v

~~ /~WI
'o

II

,
0.,

;Y

'I

ill I _II
I.
I
I
IVU

II,

I
I
j! :i(J,:)v
I

ALOn PONGSU 0 C::.

lower clay upper c!:l)'

10

S•• - VANE SHEAn STRENGTH (kP<l)

Hclationship of correctodcono

resistance to vane shoaf- strength for clays in tho data base (Altor Dobio 8. Wong, 1(90)

••

;:.::~.

.... , .... '.-.r-.-'..'

20

·----r-----.. ,-----T'-----I : I
I
1

16

!,I
I

~r I
..
.

f2----

._- --··--'--:------11-

11-_:

-j

1-0-

1-

8.--

Legend:
-*,I
t

. -···--·-----..--·---·---·..·---r-----..-·

4-

Sq. DUG Upper """\(- Sq. Dua L.ower -)~.- .Juru Upper -$.- /\[ or Pong s.u Upp e r

._.L_.__ . _

-o-

o .+-1-· --o

-9- Singapore
20

-t- Singapore

Alor

Ponqsu

l.ower1

Upper

~------.:p_----..,.......----I
40
GO Plasticity Index

Lower

80

Cone factors related to plasticity . index of the clays (After Dobie .& Wong, '1990)

.
,.

..
.t-.
~"

~~~_qc ..fs and. crvo in bars or tst

I

i,I'· I,
!;.

11
.~_

or
I

bf·:
b

a:

05

(f)

f-

o ~

9
100

-,
I

roo

o
o
'«
...J

w fQ

10 __

~ a:

FRICTION RATtO

10

- ... _-- .... - ..... x 100%

PORE PRESSURE RATIO B

u

1.

2.

Sensitive fine trained

3. -I.
5. 6. 7. B.

Organic soils. pCJ(S Clays. day to silty day Silt mi."lurcs • c!;jYcy sile to silcy clay Sand mix(urcs • silty sand [0 siily sill Sands - c1can sand (0 silty sand Gravelly sand [0 s:tnd Very ,t;[( "nd (0 d'yeY"nd (I>o.w;)y ","O",o[;d"ocl 0' ",",nted) o Very stiff finc gr:tincd (hc:wily overeollsoljd.11Cd or cementecl)

9.

SOIL S EHAVIOU R TYPE -CLASSIFICATION CHARTS (after RObertson, 1990)

FOR CPT

47

1 t ..... , .'

TABLE 1 PIEZOCONE (CPTU)

tc.i. Teh 8t G. T. Houlsby, 1991, Geotechnique

DISSiPATIQN TEST

No.41)

a2"'/!r

where

~r = G
Su a "" radius of cone

T'" = modified

time factors
(i
.I

MODIFIED TIME FACTORS, T* DEGREE OF CONSOLl DATION

---

CONE SHOULDER

20% 30"/" 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%

_l

0.038 0.078 0.142 0.245

0.439

0.804 1.60

.-..".,".

~~---~~:~-~-:_":'~;~ __T:""~~_":;·~.~:::~::~;::=:';7-t;;,;:~
-,",

48

_ ....

_----_ .... _ .._._ .. ...

"

..... ..... -.... ------.-......,....,~'"

,

/, values: 25 to 500

0.. 4

O~-rTT~~·~'i~'~i~f~'-t~I"~~~lr~~~~~~~~~~--~~~ 1 100 10 0·001 0-01 0·1

1000

Time factor T*

Normalised dissipation curves plotted against T*

[After Teh and Houlsby, (1991)]

49

-----------

-----------------

For OC Sand; 0' .,.0'cl1at1- 2° For NC Compressible Sand; 0'

:=

0'churt ~3°

CONE BEAR!!'JG, q, bars

306- -

400

500

0.5

....
(/)

.L:I

at) C/) C/)

cu ,.

..

--

~
11
';

a:
C/)

I-

>
W

2.5

l0

u..

u..

ill ...J

«o
lCC

>

4.0

Proposed Correlation Between Cone Bearing and Peak Friction Angle for' Uncernented Quartz Sands (from Robertson and Campanella, 1983)

..:;:

...- ~'~"""'> .·--~-~~~~2~~.<: ~.;"'~~" .-;.-~~ ..._ .... ~.-":'''::~~ , :':

.~ • .' ': ':'....>.:~·.l" ' .• ;

..... :: ' .. ';-:.~.v..:', ..;:..:-.',:'-,·;;c,:, • :

~_'T"'·_'';'·-:"";,~~_;·-_·::::-~::--~?~·~il'o:.i~~·'lo:'': ..M

':.

-_;~t-0~.-·

50

..

Foundation Design,.
..- Stability/Bearing Capacity - Settlement Prediction

Bearing Capacity
Su

- c' and 0'

Settlement Prediction
- e vsL0910 P' (My, c)

- c, (K)

51

, LABORATOJ1Y TESTS

-Why?
- Types of Tests!

-How?
of

- Specifications? (Load, Pressure, Time)

52

~ ."'"-.

";

"

.,

Specifications 1) Which samples are appropriate and suitable for these test? 2) For consolidation test
Load increment Pressure } } }

0.5 Po' - 8Po' . arta e ~ 0.428

0

3) For triaxial tests

Strain rate Back pressure

51

..

Q
)

)
,
'.'

I
r

..-~-x~;~:~~'~~~' ,.r ."~;~--..•.:...- ...

_....

:'_ ~-:.,,-,--.,-

. ....

.,,~~-.

.,. _ ..-~._._."_

Test to obtain Consolidation Parameters

. (Direct) Oed6meter

Test

(Indirect) c, = 0.009 (LL - 10%)

Skempton (1944)

'.

For Remouided Clay c, = 0.007 (LL - 10%)

Terzaghi + Peck, (1967)

!Caution! Cc can only be used for n.c. clay

55

.Q

0:

1U

"0

!
i'

.., !
i

~ ~

0;1

i:
'1
!

1\, ,
1

Ii "

I !

1
I

]1J:!

,
I

I
I

i
!

:, , i
I i
I

.,

I 111

.-

~
I

j I
i

I
I
I I I

I ;

II I

II
i

I
I

I
,

li ,
~

I I ,

;I

!i

!
. !>

l
.~

·1

I
i

r.
I

~ ..2m

4m ..

Axial Pres.$urc~:vi:i:{

5'5

Compression

Index t C •
I-S

OJ

o-~

o-s

1-2,

2-0

·1' .-.:
2.)

~
\.'

..

oil

"1

~I cl
I
I
I , 6-

I'
I

E
~

a.
o
!])

I ,

,I I
I

I,

'10,

12

14

!
I

symbol

pressure, rJm~

o·
L..

16-

rI
I

18------------------:-'
Compression Index vs Depth

_I_:-::_:-:~

-::.,~~~:;.;~~~'"
.~'. L •. _. " :~_"" ~ .• - •• ~~-:'-',

.~

57

I
Coefficient of Consolidation, Ch m2/yr

.; ~------I-·-----"------------------~~----~
S .1 Z 16 . ZO 24-

I I I I I

E
0.
U>

:; 8I

_j

o
10

DO

6 ·1
f
(

J
\ ....!,

12

14

le~
variation

I[ ,_. -- t II It 91 ~I~o------------------~----------~
~ ~ iog
C--:J

cal

Fi

of Coattlclent of Consolidation (Horizontal) with Depth

I I I I I I

~..
~l •

:·~l------~------~------~----------------------------------N-::-_-N-:,-'-~-~-~----

....
-~

-,

\
.. _..--- .,.--,--_.-;..- ----,....

__ -

------o

..-..

ro o
<D

>
c:

o
(f)

(w) 1I1daa

:g
(5

C,)

c o

_0-' U· 0):"'_0 0::::'

.g'~. c·

0.- "0 -0

r::

~..c:

...--~.~~_,._.~.,",".~--~ ~---.---..• '---;-:--:-:-:-':-:-;--:::---:0:-

·0 !E
Q) ~>~~f"S.--::-'~' f·-'~·:·· :._,._.~ ..:-:-:--nc .._,~,._ _

c
Q)

A:'~

~...'¥'.;I(--~~-.~"~--:".'.

__ -v-r-

~ .

._.,----,'

59

":J
U) (J) (l)

I])

c.. c 0" ......

0 :)
LL

._
<U

'U ..-.
0..

CO

0
W

CJ Z

w
~
W

a:

c:

co

o
ro
ill

o en c o

[
()l

c:

II:

(f) (f)

E
::J
,1,..

en en

I
···.·····.·-·.··1··.···

(1).0""'''-

>:~t'
_I

.~.s:.~. .
..~ ..?~
.,.i_~

o (f)
'Z
'.;:
:.-

0': ._ ..... avO'

. "0;,:,.0)
,. II :....o-·.·~;·:·-··'.Q') .. _.. __;_:,_';: •.•

ex

o o

z « w

w· _.. e

o co
-0) .....

:z

0 .....

oc

00:: ._

.2!

cE
00 '
So.

00

'J. .

~r, ...;
I

,-

-(1) 0) ......

-r

I ;

'0 0« _..

;/..1<:w

uogcPl]OSUO JO lU0!J!JJ008 · .. '.8

I I I·

I
_~i:i~~~~i""'~;;-" ..

_:_ol

-0., ••. - ..••

:}j.:::';;':~~~:-':":=:.

_-

~/l
corractod zaro

l1)oorotic<l1 relation

"

c '5,
<II' <1). <II

,~~,

!: g';
, 0> ,

""iii: '61

--

,,::,

...,~__........:........ ,. ".,

',

90% Contio! . , Test curve

---

0-25

0.5

0.15

1.0

. ..,,. .~~

Square roo I oturno [<IcW

-JT

Square - root of time fitting method

....

~~~
.•..
....

Tlme_f'actorT

i'CC~'~'
.i

.T

.r.~_._~

..

..

(;Ime. (m,n)

LOJ scale

:.

,-.- .... "'",~,..

'

..

•L09.o,[ithrn '.of::tif!1:c:f_it}!l}g;!!le thad.

61

==="",,!~..__,.~

-=:.... ~:::::::=:::=.::~~~~""""~~
\

;:.:

.--...

co co Q) cu
Q)

I
Ii

or-

I. I I I I I I
J

....... c: ..m: c: ~
ill
''cu
Q)

J
£':! E

::::l

---

,
I
(

I I I 1

l.....

E
0

" ,~4
..·",:,';'_~. __ ~.·,w., -

f I

....

-.':.

..':.

._~~_~_:--._rc --- .. .. -..."" .....

,

~--

~ ~----

_-_.

{:
\\

I,~

~1:'

..
.

.:

[I
,,(.

.&,
~.
~~-

Test to obtain su

ll

C'II

0'

s, (direct)

_ ... ,.-.- ..._.-.

" ." . ,- ~.~'c-- :':::

.....

_-

","

~....

... ,.- - ..
,

I.

1·:;:<~-

l~;:-\=-.- . --:P" 0.11.:': --~.: 0~00371p-----{i~~~t9_~0~¥d_-,,;;=-~= -> ---: -+ ------------------; . -.-.H __

...

.---'-

I
'~.,

... .' ... :.C"_,< .. _.. '.'_. .. -.-

fp ::: LL - PL ::: PI .
... '.-' : .• ,_
." '.-.• ~.'L'~ ',_ ." .•. _ _ ",'J' • -

'·,-···-,'.-F·.·:,.· ..";·· .."~."_·~.·,·

•.

Sur

= 170 exp (- 4.5 U)kN/ITl

..... "---"2

...-

....

LI

W - PL PI

(WrothC~)'Wood 1978)

..

63

c' and gr_ (Di.rect) . - Triaxial (CD, CU + {Jnd-lrect)

,_
---~,-

lJ)

.... - .-,,~-,..,.__.--~ ,_. ~.

Jam iI) Ikowskj-_~:_~~~~~~~:~:·~~,ti'"f~;,Q2:H."~~~¥~-...:~::-')~~=

_co

"_.~r'-,,"

~c~_".

,~,

.•

'.

.._

.~_~.~

••

__ "".

',_"._,.

~-'-·-7·~

-.. :.-:'".'..... ", ..• :•.::".- '> '., ,~' .

- ..... ---,~...;...:..:.::..-.: .. ':

"

;;-

. -7.
~'¢ ,
f"i

i'. i.:. .:c•.•... '

64

(J)
'(/

z: 0

f'

_r

(J. _ fro
I

~3

'"i

(Deviator stress}

UNCONSOLIDATED

UNDRAINED TEST

T01AL

"'~--:,:-r

I ------

I'

I~
1
EFF~CTJVE

I
-- f

-----1--

-----¥-r

........••.•. ' . I..

.......~~.;;: ... ..
,

THE DEFORMATION

OF SOIL ELEMENT

Undrained tests on independent

samples of undisturbed clayey soil

'~~;_;~';~~~~:~'~., ..
Drained tests onlndependent ~ ,samples ofunajst~r.QE1q_ClayeY~sc:>il~.-: ,.
'~.'

:",~.;~'
-~i
... _.~"c,._
""

:::::.::":-,_":'.:':'::'

.. .. ..
' ,

~...
,~

'. - .-, ..

••

"

'W

.-"",,""_

jJ
;

...:' ......-.-;-

"_'"_"',.'

... -.-~

.~~.,:~,. ~.::
..... _,.

..

saturated
,', ,c; , ",

"':~:.::::,;:. ·'---'---·.-~2~=~;~Ji

__~_-~·.,-;.:::0:=_"'.;'"'::;:,;.· - -.--",-,--

"':':'1

tr--~---r~---r----+-~~-------+-~ a:

Nominally undrained tests on samples ot clayey soil

compacted

at a;unlque

.._-___,... ... _., ~

• ···::,1
" >-~.. .
~~:;;:~;;:.

moisture content

":'~~:"""'-'

"_-_"'-'''-''_.'

66

40rr--..--s-a-n-d--Ir----------.---~------~r-~------~---------~¢~ -

L __/__--30 -.......
<,:

...
"

-,

"<'
<,

• Sclsat '"

-, <,

.\

t. Wienor

Tegal

<, ""

"<,
................
<, ...........

en <J.)
'D

quartz

20

\
\.

Jacktlnld '\.
'\.

• Jeri "",. "Oxford ,,-cloy '"

........ • London cloy

.....

<, __

·10

'-..
<,
..:

__' • Walton'~ Wood . Wosser-Elba - lIttlo

--r -~]
Tal: .
Blotl to
.

.:: ~.".,.: , :

--- - ,

Hen~. .

..

':)

''0'"''

0~--------~2~O~--~----4~O-----------6LO~~~----~80L-==~-----lJOO
Clay fraction «2p)

,%
.......
,.,

. Fig.7.39 Variational $Uit with percentage of c1ay·contentL(8edraw"n~·after'A.W.$kemptonr Long Term Stability of ClaySJopes, Geotecl1nique •.voLt4;~nQ:-:c.1:;::..1.964;:BYJlermjs.sion~otlll.e:::.: . ... u blishar, The Inst itution of Civil Engineers ) p ·-,;,,,:.~:··::·~:~~::~-::'c~O:;;:;:c::':·::::··'···: .:.·:~:::c::::::.'.,=;CCC.::':;~c:."::·:';:":~·::--·..

67

I nterpretation of CI U
Advantages of interpreting from Stress Paths Enables the field stress changes to be presented more realistically indicating the characteristic of subsoils. Generally plotted in Total Stress (Total Stress Path, TSP) and effective stress (Effective Stress Path, ESP).

IY.Q.esof Plot A} MIT Stress Path Plot developed by professor T. W. Lambe of the Massachusetts Technology (1967), USA Horizontal axis s Institute of

+ 0'3 --------0'1

&

s'

0'1 '+0"3

----------2

Vertical axis

,-- '_T··~'C··_. _.

. .~~ ". __ ~_;rio:;'.<"'ii; . -;;.

0'1 - 0'3

0'1 - 0"3

--------2

---------2
···.·~f .,

---

B'
I

Cambridge Stress Path Plot Developed by Roscoe, Schofield and Wroth (1958) at the University of . Cambridge, England . . ._~ __ _..... ,.... ..... - ->-,,=--c-----,·,·· -... Horizontal axis

e1:

".

=
3

&

p'

=
3

.• ;.; _,'

':.~":. .:
-

'.;-r'r

~~:: .. :_ ~"':,....;

;:~~-:-_._":p::-:,
.':.:,.~~~-'

~""»' :,".+r

~?~~~

~.:,,~,-'~. '

: :,

~.

~ ~

·c:~~~:;'~~~
.....•.

'~.~~"
.

.---.----.--->~ ._,...._;:.=...-r--~.~_" ...

"~: .. ,-. '-.:;.,_-!,:':;!',:":,:,':"'.,,:,,"":"~'.'~~~"f"""::.

.. .

•. __ .•
, .

''"''';':'::~''':'';'''',",,,,.~

L_"~

__';'_~_""""

68

...

.. _,.'"
".,.-

.. ,.

..... ,'~-.---.,....

-,:;.c.:>;C:.-C::::-~.:':':~~::':>.-; .r. -.'_. _. _~~ ._:_ ••• '-.".-t.-"-h-'-..:....;o:'-:-~.-~ ....

._-.

::::-::;:;=_

_ ....

~~-

- ':: ".'::....:-:'~.-.:..:...:..~-:

:~£i~:~~_,.

}.~
..
'-

.":

For triaxial test, two of the principal effective stress are ec;ual to the horizontal effective stress, therefore can be expressed as p

&

p'

Vertical axis

q=cr

-(5 3 =(5 , '-cr'

STRESS PATHS IN TnIXIi\L

TESTING

MIT Stress Field

peak

--

--

-- -----;r peak p/
.1

Cambridge Stress Field

/1 ;j/ ~
~l

I-Ub-I p

hJ3 LJo
1
}..;..

0/
p,p'

$,S'
03 03 test

Stress paths of total and etlectivo stresses for a drained triaxial compression

Where.;' "~'"'-""":', ESP = Effective Stress Path -:"::';~':-TSP'=TotaIStress'Palh' ·--·.:.-.,"'U~·.oi:. BackPressure:~··,

.D. __ • _,

69

Mohr - Coulomb Failure Envelope in Compression

A)

*-1

,From

MIT Stress Path Plot tan

e == e=
cos $'

s' Sin $'

tan

5'

= c'

8)

From Cambridge Stress Path Plot tan n

q p'
tan

T1 = 6 sin 41

r ==

6eas <p' ___.. . ·_c ~ 3-sinq{

c)

For Critical State Concept

.a;

._----_. .. _.
.. ,.

-:- )

1.'7_1

'I.

Critical $tate Concept introduced by Roscoe, Schofield & Wroth (1958), relates effective stresses and voids ratio. From the Stress Field, the surface where all effective stress paths reached or approach a line/surface, the "Critical State Line (CSL)" which is ultimate condition of soil (as in Critical Concept) in which the material deform (plastic shearing) at constant volume under constant effective stresses. For highly overconscndatso material (as from point A of the following figure), the failure (peak strength) follow the relationship found by Hvorslev (1937) and can.be term as ."Hvorstev failure surface/line"

A: heavily oVerconsofid<1ted H: Jightlyoverconsolidated

. 9 .\\)19 \\n \9\1 \3\ -

f\'Jo'S

EB

normal consolidated line

", (c)

.':".".~'.:. c,mllanollective "

, ..···:',clays: stresspaths inM:I.T. field.(b) stress-straincurves(I (<1) stresSf..!;'w~,b·projoctad stresslpalhs,(d) Idealisedstresspathsrelatedlocrilical~IOIeinolot und::1:in:Cd:~~~~~~~~~~~~;~~~li;~"~:"~'~

::::::'::,_>M""'"

Ide~Jised stre~spaths related tocr.itjcalstat~Jin·efor ·~Glays:· ~~~~.~.pathS"jnM ,I. ·~effectivestr~ss:'s.'. ith prQlecied~mr~~s".Qath~; w (d)Void~

(~I

T.1J~l~tSft~ss~Sttain
"":'" ;'.:.... ..'.~' .•;-""""'If.: ~·~._
.. _~w"·
•
L" _", .'.

.,,,".

..,-,;:~,,:~,.;.

... ,~-_,.-_~::~~~.~: ~

:_: ::;, ......... _ _

•••

...-v-, _-r.

1.

Normally Consolidated Material

CHAnATErl.ISTlCS OF STm:::S::: r/',TH PLOTS

normally' consolidated

i; !:

s.s'
Strp-t.s paths lola I and o Ucctivo stresses for an undrained Iriilxial compression los( 011 norrncuy- consolidated clay

/ \.

0'

Pore pressure increases as the deviator stress is applied:

Overconso!idated

Material

U. ., 8ack.~F:ressure

Un

Stress pauis tor undrainm.i restson heavily ovcrconsoudntcd, and compacted clay samples
~'"':';':'·';-""'=:·:'-'"""'::.~.cP;ClT't:l:-n·l'"oc:~~nro

ligl1l1y ovc(cansoridtllcd ..... ,

''""_·_·":.to curve ..·.. ,

to the right.

b'ggins'to decrease due to the~rt~~f-dRifrfi:ttanci-resUltfng ". .:'_,"",~-~~~~;:._. __ -_ .... .·.r~·c .•;:_~:':;:-,c. ~

slrei~~path-·=: "_-_'.':_'. .::-,

_

'7 ..)

-~

_e

I
)

CSL
p .'.

SPCl
[np'

Contraction after yielding

73

Sample No: dH l_)it/iviS J (I O,!)U-!

{ ,:..JUjlii

DEV.smr:ss

s EXCESS PWP Vs, PERCENT Srry.,IN

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

---------------------------------------------------------~--------~
r
~~_""_""'_"'

PERCENT STRA.IN (%)

1000

r-----------~----~----~--~~
__ "9 ...... ':""

IT,STRESS Vs,S,STRE.~~

I
.

--.-l--J-j_j·-L_-j_~--~-J.--l
I
I

:
;

.-

BOO

'0

\0 \..,'
11 f.-4
""-'

'''}

N
-;:

---

i. iii __ ;_~ j__ . L_~ __ i !i!:

!

l'

_-~----'-----.------

I i
I

i I .

" I I

: I

.L__~__.,'.
I . :

----

J__
I
~_..f__
;

tan 0 '"'sin 0'

(MIT Stress Path)

e = 23°:,;

z
~
IJ)

600

(I)

~ l .--~:-1 400 ..

! 1 ; i ; i --t---r-:----j--,.-l-'-, :., -1- . ---:

!
,i

Ij.'
.~ ;

:
~

I
I

. 11J I.t: 1-

o» ,...:

I . "-r r--'I. -l----~:.--~~t~'··-'" :'--1- --.... Critical _...-CT·-....;,.-.. . ,

I

L .-i._H~Or$I~':!aj-~~_;~ine~.--;---LJ , I II;

'

c' =

0' =25°
0

Interpreted based. "" on critical"tate concept s ( State Une

I

' _'

::p.
I

...;-,.---!.I

_.......-I'

200

--_'"

o
"

-~-:¥ l~ll--r-~·--j/-i-,l----i-::-::j
II ~

--~-

If(-r-

l\'~____"'--:Il!': ~ ~)-.---,-

i!3'

.--~~--

1 1

Q/-L-G-

Ii: "

200

BOO

s( ,

74

._".,'

..

01 01 01

.,..-.

500

BoreHole: 8H012 Shear

Triaxial Undrained Sample:MS4 Depth:22.5-23.5 Stress v Mean Stress

j

Shear

-,

0.

ro

'-' U)
(f)

QJ

c,

e = 18.7° tan 0 =- sin $' = 19.7() c' = 0

q.' (MIT Stress Path)

.}

Interpreted based on Critical State Concept

(f)

c,

ru
!U

.C UJ

t
.--/.-

_____ -'
Critical State Line

-----..

\..

........ - ..

.-~, n

( ~J_A··-J

·-··l~--·J"-12· ......

L-'1h·""'·}'·"·:~O-_·L_~~'.i __ ··'_:~L· .
Axln] !.:trHII>

(:I:

EXAMPLE2.

76

.. :-_ ..._
,'.

.. .. "...... :,~ ... .~--.

.'~

"

References
ASTM, (1986) Standard Test Method for Deep Quasi-static, Cone and Friction Cone Penetration Tests of Soil, D3441-86, A.STM Committee 0-18 on son and Rock, USA
...... M.. .,------ ..-- .....

~-'-'Dobie, M.J~D.,&·-·Wong~cJ·:T. . (1990) F

"Piezocone testing-; Interpretation in Malaysia .

Alluvial Clays'tGeotechnical Aspects of the North-South Expressway, PLUS & PL, Kuala
Lumpur

Fleming, W.G.K. etal (1985) Piling Engineerin§F$urvey - Glasgow'

University Press,

. :

International Society for Soil Mechanics and

Foundation (1988) . International Reference Test Procedure, ISSfv1FE Technical Committee on Penetration Testing, Proposal to ISSMFE, Orlando, USA

77

Meigh, A.C. (1987) Cone Penetration Testing: Methods and' Interpretation, Construction Industry Research and lnformation Association, CIRrA Ground Engineering. Report: In-situ Testing, London
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Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Penetration Testing/lSOPTI/FIorida USA, 1988

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Proceedings of 2nd European Symposium on Penetratio~:_.J~~~g.tE.S9PT~ Il/Amsterdarn/Mav 1982 " .... -., ••••• •• < • __ ._ •••••• -

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Robertson, P.i{. and CampanellaJ·-rt{~:.-{t988) Guidelines for using the CPT, CPTU and Marchetti DfVlT for Geotech'nlc'al'Oesififi, U~S.

Department of TransportaticnFeoeralHlqhwey
.Administration, Office of

Be$~,~:kctJ:·an.d::Sp~.gf~I: .. ,":

Studies

Report No. Ff-:1VVA-P A-87 -0.23+84-24

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Sanqlerat, G, (1972) .. The Penetrorneter and soir''r~:rJZ1JI6ration,El'sevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, Netherlands .

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An Analytical Study of the Cone Penetration

.i~ Clay, Geotechnique,

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LECTURES

Design & Construction of Pile Foundations In Limestone Formation

Jr. Neoh Cheng Aik

FOUNDATIONS IN U1'1E5TONE FORMATION

DESIGN ~"[CONSTRUCTION

OF PILE

By
II' Neoh Cheng Alk 1. INTRODUCTION Limestone formations are widespread in Pulau Langkawi, Kinta Valley, Gua Husang and K.L areas. The treacherous and almost unpredictable karstlc bedrock conditions coupled with extremely variable overburden soil properties are typlcai features of limestone formation, which is also prone to hazardous subsidence problems i.e, caving & sink holes. These give foundation designers and contractors tremendous problems in aspects such as high risk 8C high cost in foundation construction, excessive pile depth variations, pile damages/failures, change of piling systems during construction stage, construction delay and disputes etc, At thorough understanding of the complex subsoil conditions coupled with knowledge of suitable foundation systems is crucial to produce pile foundation design which is neither unnecessarily overdesigned nor dangerously inadequate. This paper intends to provide some guidance for the design and construction foundations in Ilmestone formation. of pile

Scope of discussion will focus on typical 0;< generalized subsoil conditions of limestone formation, piling problems, design & construction practice and case histories.

2.

TYPiCAL SUBSOIL CONDITIONS

&

PiLING PROnLEl'1S

Essentially limestone consists of ca!cium carbonate with some magnesium carbonate and slilceous matters. Limestone formation especially those in. ex-mining areas is characterized by highly variable but usually weak and complex overburden soils overlying highly erratic and Irregular bedrock profile with karstlc features such as cavltles, pinnacles, amens, solution channels: overhang rock and some disconnected blOCKS in residuum called floaters. Drastic changes in rock conditions such as RQD I rock strength, orientation and spacing of joints and discontinuities etc. are not only common among adjacent boreholes in the same project area but also in the same' borehole at different depths. These karstic characteristics present formidable risk and uncertainties for pile foundation safety. Fig. 1 shows tYPic(1 subsoil conditions of I limestone formation while Fig. 2 shows the generalized subsoil and limestone rock profife together with installed mkroplle depths for Bridge 2 of Kuala lumpur Middle Ring Road 2 Project (Package 7).

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Usual piling problems in limestone formation (a)

arei-

Common problems of driven piles are excessive tlltlng, deviation, rotatlon buckling,and distortion that can be well exceeding tolerable limits specified in JKR specification. Structural damages and loss of capacity are also not uncommon especially when precast concrete piles are used. Chan s: Hong (1985) have described various field/construction problems and solution for piling in limestone area. OrnarI 1981) observed that when resistance increases and then falls again, the indication is that the pile (RC) has been damaged though the pile sets at deeper penetration. RC piles damages can be 25%> " 40%. Difficulty to predetermine pile penetration depth. resulting significant wastaze especially when precast concrete piles are used.
Neoh (1991) also reported that excessive deflection and breakage (30%) were

(b) (c)

encountered when 8 inches square precast RC piles (20 ton/pile) were jacked in for a Ipoh Mosque Project. Cost overrun including additional piles and pile caps modification was about 30%. (d) When driven piles are designed as end bearing on or in the limestone bedrock there is a high degree of uncertainty in capacity especially when the bedrock is highly fractured, cavities are abundant, presence of floaters and serious pinnacles. This is because the driven piles that have properly set.or keyed into bedrock may be disturbed or moved from the initial area of contact by the subsequent pile driving of adjacent piles. Various points of uncertainty and problems of pile foundation in limestone areas and design guidelines have been described by Omar & Hon (i 985) and one of the recommendation to account these uncertainties is to downgrade pile capacity (as much as 30% as usually practised by PWP Malaysia).
End bearing capacity of bored piles socketed in limestone bedrock is low and unreliable. This is because of construction difficulty and i. mcertalnty to form sound socket. Neoh (1995) reports that instrumented 1000 mm diameter bored piles socketed 1 m in highly weathered limestone for Project Package I J KL Middle Ring Road 2 show that the ultimate bond stress is about 280 kN/rn2 while in slightly weathered limestone has ultimate bond stress of about 800 kN/m2• It is strongly believed that the low end bearing capacity of bored pile socketed in limestone are:-

(e)

the debris, loose sediment and rock fragments at base are difficult to be cleansed satisfactorily by boring bucket. This may result in weak or soft pile toe. In fact Mitchell· (1985) has also reported that borings (coring) have established that debris was present beneath the majority of the bored piles socketed in limestone. It could be 1m thick of debris but

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typically 75 mm to 300 mm. Presence of soft toe/base for bored piles during load testing was also observed by r-lltchell (J 985) when there was a abrupt settlement {I 00 mrn) followed by reduction of test load. usually the top few metres of limestone bedrock are weathered and fractured with some extent of discontinuities. The drilling and chiselling of bedrock will loosen or shatter the fractured bedrock around and at the base resulting in excessive loss of end capacity.

The possible presence of cavltles, floaters or overhung rock also create some uncertainties of end bearing piles. Fig. 3 shows some of the common piling
problems in limestone formation.

3.

DESIGN s: CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICE

Construction problems of pile foundation in limestone areas & design guidelines have been described by Omar 19: Hon (1985) and Chan SF & Hong LP (t 985). Design practice by JKR for pile foundations in limestone areas is as fol!ows:~' more extensive site lnvestlgatlom usually at least 3 boreholes per block or minimum one borehole per pier/abutment with min. 3 m but preferable 6 m or more continuous reck coring excludIng cavities. Geophysical methods to detect cavities or solution channels in limestone formation are not reliable. The more reliable method is conventional boreholes. It is important to treat 51 results statistically and not by simple linear interpolation between boreholes. pile groups of at least .2 piles are preferred. pile canaclty should be downgraded by 15% ~ 35% depending on bearing conditions & designer's experiences. for bu!lding projects, provide stronger ground beams in both directions as tie beams to pile caps. control driving by drop hammers & close supervision by experienced engineers. when driven piles (concrete or steel) are used 15% ~ 30% allowance for pile deviations shall be provided. carry out more load zests on single pile or pile groups. PDA tests are useful to check driving stresses and structural integrity.

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The above design & construction guidelines are discussed in detall in Appendix 4. Driven R.C piles or pretensloned Spun piles have been successfully installed for cases where the overburden soils are reasonably strong to provide adequate frictional resistance (Qs) up to about the design pile load, Preferably the slenderness ratio (II,,) shall be limited to 80 and strict driving control is adhered l.e. use drop hammer & when the bedrock level approaches (based on nearest 51 results), the height of drop should be about O.3m. As soon as the pile strikes bedrock, driving should be stopped. Set of last 5 blows at less than 0.3 m may be taken. Frictional resistance can' be . estimated by empirical formula fs =N/SO (TsO and allowable end bearing pressure

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