[NEW TOEIC] - Cch "chinh phc" Part 5 Khng c thay i g So vi bi thi TOEIC c, Part 5 ca New TOEIC hon ton

khng c g thay i. phn ny, bn ch nn c gng luyn tp t hiu qu tt nht v gim bt thi gian tr li cu hi. Ch dnh 5 giy cho cu hi v v tr t loi Khi tr li cu hi Part 5, bn nn hc cc la chn tr li trc khi dch ngha cu hi. Nu la chn tr li l cc hnh thi khc nhau ca cng mt t (V d: (A) proposed (B) propose (C) proposal (D) proposing) th y chnh l cu hi v v tr t loi. Vi loi cu hi ny, bn khng cn phi dch ngha, m ch cn nh rng: +Danh t ng sau tnh t, sau gii t, sau mo t the + Tnh t ng trc danh t, vs sau trng t + Trng t ng trc tnh t vs sau ng t +Gia be v p.p/ V-ing l trng t Nhng quy tc ny s gip bn gim thi gian tr li cu hi v tng thi gian bn lm phn Double Pasage Part 7. T mt cu hi c th suy lun thm nhiu cu hi khc Cu hi trong bi thi TOEIC thng c cu trc ng php cht ch v ngha thc t, sc tch. luyn tp, bn nn suy lun thm cc cu hi khc nhau t mt cu c sn. Xem v d di y. ex 1) The diversity of customer' s tastes has led to a ------- demand for a number of diffrent clothing styles. (A) greater (C) greatly (B) greatest (D) greatness

cu ny, ch trng ng trc danh t chc chn cn mt tnh t hon chnh cu. Trong s 4 la chn tr li, (A) v (B) u l tnh t nhng (A) l la chn ng v y l

cch dng so snh thch hp v ngha ca ton b cu. Hc vin bnh thng ch c th hiu c cch chn cu tr li nh vy, nhng hc vin c kin thc su hn s to ra t nht 3 -4 cu hi t cu hi ny. ex 2) The ------ of customer' s tastes has led to a greater demand for a number of different clothing styles. (A) diverse (C) diversity (B) diversely (D) diversed

Ngay sau mo t The l ch trng, v vy la chn tr li ng phi l (C), danh t. ex 3) The deversity of customer' s tastes has led to a greater ----- for a number of different clothing styles. (A) technology (C) elevation (B) demand (D) election

Cu hi ny yu cu bn chn t ph hp v mt ngha vi ton b cu. Xt v ngha, la chn (B) l la chn ph hp nht.

Chin lc lm bi Part 5 ( Incomplete Sentences) Part 5 Incomplete Sentences 1. Ch dn v cc chin lc lm bi - y l nhng li ch dn cho Part 5 ca bi thi TOEIC mi. Bn hy c k chng. Nu by gi bn hiu r ch dn, bn s khng phi c li chng trong bi thi tht. Section II: Reading In the Reading test, you will read a variety of texts and answer several different types of reading comprehension questions. The entire Reading test will last 75 minutes. There are three parts, and directions are given for each part. You are encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the time allowed. You must mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not write your answers in your test book. Part 5: Incomplete Sentences

Directions: A word or phrase is missing in each of the following sentences. Four answer choices are given below each sentence. Select the best answer to complete the sentence. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet.

Trong bi ging ny bn s hc v nhng kiu loi ph bin nht trong Part 5: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. T cng h (Word families) T ging nhau (Similar words) Gii t (Prepositions) Lin t (Conjunctions) Trng t ch tn xut (Adverbs of frequency) ng t cu khin (Causative verbs) Cu iu kin (Conditional sentences) Th ca ng t (Verb tense) Cm ng t (Two-word verbs)

a. T cng h (Word families) - T cng h l nhng t trng ging nhau nhng c phn cui khc nhau. T GC: PHN CUI: H T: nation -al national -ize nationalize -ly nationally -ity nationality

- Nhng phn cui ny (-al, -ize, -ly, -ity, -ful, -sion, v.v) bin t gc thnh danh t (noun), hoc ng t (verb), hoc tnh t (adjective), hoc trng t (adverb). V d, t care c th c bin thnh mt tnh t (cafeful) hoc mt trang t (carefully).

CHIN LC CHO CC KIU T CNG H Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Bn c cn danh t khng? Nu c, th phn cui c lm t thnh mt danh t khng?

Phn cui ca danh t l: -ance, -ancy, -ence, -ation, -dom, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, or, -er, -ion. SAI: NG:

[I was happy to hear about his achieve.] I was happy to hear about his achievement.

Bn c cn tnh t khng? Nu c, th phn cui c lm t thnh mt tnh t khng?

Phn cui ca tnh t l: -able, -ible, -al, -ful, -ish, -ive SAI: NG:

[It is a child idea.] It is a childish idea.

Bn c cn trng t khng? Nu c, th phn cui c lm t thnh mt trng t khng?

Phn cui ca trng t l: -ly, -ward, -wise SAI: NG:

[She drives very careful.] She drives very carefully.

Bn c cn ng t khng? Nu c, th phn cui c lm t thnh mt ng t khng? Phn cui ca ng t l: -en, -ify, -ize SAI: NG: [The government has been trying to modern the car industry.] The government has been trying to modernize the car industry.

b. T ging nhau (Similar words): - T ging nhau thng gy bi ri nu chng c ngha tng t nhau nhng khng th thay th cho nhau. i khi chng c cng chung t gc, cng tin t hay hu t. i khi chng c cng cch vit. Cu trc ng php v ngha ca cu s gip bn xc nh c t no l ng.

CHIN LC CHO CC KIU T GING NHAU Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Nhiu t c v ging nhau v chng bao gm nhng ch ci ging nhau. Nhng t khc trong cu c gip bn hiu c ngha ca t khng? SAI NG [The manager will except the gift.] The manager will accept the giff.

Mt vi t c th c lin quan ti cng mt ch nhng c nhng ngha khc nhau. Bn c bit nhng ngha khc ca t?

SAI: NG:

[Do you have change for a ten-dollar currency?] Do you have change for a ten-dollar bill?

Mt vi t c cch vit gn ging nhau nhng chng c nhng ngha khc nhau hoc l nhng phn khc nhau ca cu ni. Bn c ch ra c s khc bit khng? SAI: [The athlete does not want to loose the race.] NG: The athlete does not want to lose the race.

c. Gii t (Prepositions) - Gii t l nhng t ngn i trc cc cm t ch thi gian, a im, phng hng, nguyn nhn v v tr. CHIN LC CHO CC KIU GII T Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Bn c cn ni n mt thi im nht nh khng? Nu c, th bn thy c gii t at khng? SAI: NG: [The morning shift starts on 9:00.] The morning shift starts at 9:00.

Bn c cn ni n mt ngy nht nh khng? Nu c, th bn thy c gii t on khng? SAI: [The conference will be held at Friday.] NG: The conference will be held on Friday.

Bn c cn ni n mt ngy thng nht nh khng? Nu c, th bn thy c gii t on khng?

SAI: NG:

[The contract deadline is in February 10.] The contract deadline is on February 10.]

Bn c cn ni n mt thnh ph nht nh khng? Nu c, th bn thy c gii t in khng? SAI: [Our headquarters are at Baltimore.] NG: Our headquarters are in Baltimore.

Bn c bit cc ngha ca gii t khng? Gii t c logic khng?

SAI: NG:

[The letter was written from his secretary.] The letter was written by his secretary.

d. Lin t (Conjunctions) - Lin t l nhng t ni kt cc mnh , cc cm t, hoc cc t vi nhau. Lin t ngang hng dng kt ni 2 t tng ng. Chng l: and, or, nor, but. Lin t ph thuc dng kt ni 2 mnh . Chng l: although, since, because, when, before, v.v CHIN LC CHO CC KIU LIN T Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Bn c cn ni 2 danh t, 2 tnh t, 2 cm gii t hay bt c cc t no ngang hng khng? Nu c, th bn thy c lin t no ni chng khng?

SAI: NG:

[The president also his assistant are coming.] The president and his assistant are coming.

Bn c thy cn phi ni 2 cu vi nhau khng? Nu c, th bn thy c lin t ngang hng no kt ni chng khng? SAI: [I can make the copies too John can collate the pages.] NG: I can make the copies, and John can collate the pages.

Bn c thy cn phi ni mt mnh c lp vi mt mnh ph thuc khng? Nu c, th bn thy c lin t ph thuc no kt ni chng khng? [But he had a suggestion, he didnt raise his hand.] Although he had a suggestion, he didnt raise his hand.

SAI: NG:

Bn c hiu cc ngha ca cc lin t v ca nhng t khc trong cu? Cu c ngha v logic khng? SAI: [I know him but his wife.] NG: I know him and his wife.

e. Trng t ch tn xut (Adverbs of frequency) - Trng t ch tn xut c th c chia thnh 2 nhm: trng t ch tn xut r rng chng hn nh every day, annually, twice a week v trng t ch tn xut khng r rng, chng hn nh always, rarely, never. CHIN LC CHO CC KIU TRNG T CH TN XUT Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Bn c chc chn v v tr ca trng t khng? Bn c thy trng t ch tn xut r rng no khng? Nu c, th hy nh rng trng t ch tn xut r rng thng ng u hoc cui cu.

SAI: NG:

[Mr. Long walks every day to work.] Mr. Long walks to work every day.

Bn c chc chn v v tr ca trng t khng? Bn c thy trng t ch tn xut khng r rng no khng? Nu c, th c 3 kh nng nh: trng t ng sau ng t to be (He is alwaysbusy.); trng t ng trc tt c cc ng t thng khc (He always eats lunch.); trng t ng gia tr ng t v ng t chnh (He has always liked you.).

SAI: NG:

[He always is working late.] He is always working late.

Bn c hiu cc sc thi ngha khc ca trng t khng? Bn c thy cu logic khng? SAI: [There is yet time before the seminar begins.] NG: There is still time before the seminar begins.

f. ng t cu khin (Causative verbs) - Khi ai lm iu g cho bn, bn dng ng t cu khin th hin iu ny. Hy nhn cn thn vo dng ca ng t trong mnh theo sau ng t cu khin. Mt s ng t cu khin l get, make, have, order, want. CHIN LC CHO CC KIU NG T CU KHIN Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Ch th ca mnh theo sau ng t cu khin c thc hin hnh ng khng? Nu c, th ng t trong mnh dng nguyn th hay dng qu kh phn t?

SAI: NG:

[I had my coworker helped me.] I had my coworker help me.

SAI: NG: SAI: NG:

[I got my coworker help me.] I got my coworker to help me. [The supervisor had him stocked shelves all day.] The supervisor had him stocking shelves all day

Ch th ca mnh theo sau ng t cu khin c tip nhn hnh ng khng? Nu c, th ng t trong mnh c dng qu kh phn t khng? SAI: [Mr. Watson wants the report rewrote soon.] NG: Mr. Watson wants the report rewritten soon.

g. Cu iu kin (Conditional sentences) - C 2 phn cho mt cu iu kin: iu kin (if) v kt qu. Cng c 2 loi cu iu kin: c tht v khng c tht. IU KIN C THT KT QU

If you come before the meeting, we will have time to talk. IU KIN KHNG C THT KT QU

If my windows were larger, I would get more light. CHIN LC CHO CC KIU CU IU KIN Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

y c phi l iu kin c tht khng? Nu c, th ng t trong mnh if dng hin ti n gin hay dng hin ti tip din? ng t trong mnh kt qu dng hin ti, tng lai, hay dng cu khin? SAI: NG: [If Gianni will be there, well give him the message.] If Gianni is there, well give him the message.

y c phi l iu kin khng c tht hin ti, s dng ng t to be? Nu ng, th ng tto be c c s dng dng was/were khng?

SAI: NG:

[If she is the boss, she would hire him.] If she was/were the boss, she would hire him.

y c phi l iu kin khng c tht th hin ti hoc tng lai khng? Nu ng, th ng t mnh iu kin c th hin ti gi nh khng? ng t mnh kt qu c phi l dngwould/could + ng t nguyn th khng? [If humans have two heads, they couldnt make decisions easily.] If humans had two heads, they couldnt make decisions easily.

SAI: NG:

h. Th ca ng t (Verb tense) - Hy tm nhng t din t thi gian trong cu gip bn quyt nh th ca ng t. V d: every day, last week, tomorrow, v.vMt u mi khc l nhn vo th ca nhng ng t khc trong cu. Nh rng mt vi ng t ch c th dng trong nhng th nht nh. CHIN LC CHO CC KIU TH CA NG T Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

C t din t thi gian trong cu khng? Nu c, th th ca ng t c tng ng vi thi gian khng?

SAI: NG:

[I work in this department since 1994.] I have worked in this department since 1994

Cu c hai mnh khng (mt mnh c lp v mt mnh ph thuc)? Nu c, th th ca ng t trong mnh ph thuc c ng khng?

SAI: NG:

[Ms. Lan tested the copying machine before she buys it.] Ms. Lan tested the copying machine before she bought it.

ng t c c dng lm mt ng t biu hin trng thi khng? Ngha l, n c miu t mt trng thi hn l mt hnh ng khng? Nu c, bn hy kim tra chc chn l ng t khng dng tip din (-ing). Lu : Seem, know, v nhng ng t khc lun lun biu hin trng thi. Become, be, v nhng ng t khc c th miu t mt trng thi hoc mt hnh ng. [I am understanding what hes saying.] I understand what hes saying.

SAI: NG:

i. Cm ng t (Two-word verbs) - Cm ng t, chng hn nh look at, get by, take in, thng thng l nhng ng t c kt hp vi nhng t khc, thng l gii t (at, by, in, from, out, v.v). CHIN LC CHO CC KIU CM NG T Hy t hi mnh nhng cu sau:

Bn c chc chn v ngha ca chng? Nu khng th hy tra t in. Khng c quy lut no v nhng cm ng t gip bn d on ngha ca chng.

2. n tp chin lc a. n li nhng chin lc sau cho Part 5 ca thi TOEIC mi.

Vi cc kiu t cng h, hy t hi bn:

- Bn cn mt danh t, tnh t, ng t, hay trng t?

Vi cc kiu t ging nhau, hy t hi bn:

- Nhng cu tr li la chn c bao gm nhng ch ci ging nhau, hoc c cch vit ging nhau khng?

- Nhng cu tr li la chn c lin quan ti cng mt ch , nhng c cc ngha khc nhau khng?

Vi cc kiu gii t, hy t hi bn: - Bn c cn ni v mt thi im, mt ngy, ngy thng, hay mt thnh ph nht nh khng? - Nhng gii t la chn c logic khng?

Vi cc kiu lin t, hy t hi bn:

- Bn cn ni nhng g v cn dng lin t g? - Nhng la chn v lin t c logic khng?

Vi cc kiu trng t ch tn xut, hy t hi bn: - V tr ca trng t c ng khng? - Nhng la chn v trng t c logic khng?

Vi cc kiu ng t cu khin, hy t hi bn: - Dng ca ng t trong mnh theo sau l g? - Ai thc hin hnh ng?

Vi cc kiu cu iu kin, hy t hi bn: - iu kin l c tht hay khng c tht? - iu kin l hin ti, qu kh hay tng lai?

Vi cc kiu th ca ng t, hy t hi bn: - Nhng t din t thi gian trong cu l g? - Nu c 2 mnh trong cu, th cc th ca ng t c thch hp khng?

- C ng t biu hin trng thi khng?

Vi cc kiu cm ng t, hy t hi bn: - Ngha ca cm ng t c logic khng? =============================================================== CC T LOI TRONG CU!!! A/ GI T - PREPOSITION 1) Gii t ch thi gian: * Mt s trng hp c bit: - Bui th dng in, Gi th dng at, Ngy th dng on. - On/ at the weekend - Cn li cc thi gian di t thng tr ln u dng in (thng, ma, nm, th k, &hellip *Trng hp c nhiu mc thi gian khc nhau th p dng theo ci ngn nht (ngoi tr bui). hu r hn cu ny, xem v d bn di: v d: Ngy + thng + nm => tnh theo ngy Thng + ngy + gi => tnh theo gi Nhng: Ngy + buI => vn tnh theo ngy B/ TNH T - ADJECTIVE 1) Adjective b ngha cho noun nn phi ng trc noun: Nhng cng c mt s trung hp ngoi l - Mt st adjective khng th ng trc noun (m ng sau be): glad, pleased, certain v nhng adjective bt u vi ch a- nh: awake, asleep, afraid, alone v alike. - Mt s adjective ch c th ng trc noun: main, chief, principal, same, only, future, former, v previous

- Hu ht cc tnh t c able, -ible c th ng trc hoc sau noun m khng thay i ngha 2) V tr ca Adjective: - ng sau linking verb nh: to be, become, feel, seem, look, sound, prove, appear, taste, smell, get, go grow, remain, say, stay, turn, - ng sau n v o lng (nouns of measurement) - ng sau indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronoun l: anybody, anything, somebody, something, everybody, everything, neither, none, each, either, - Th t ca adjective trong cu: Quality Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Kin 3) Cc dng thc ca Adjective: * Nhng ui thng c ca tnh t: _ able (fashionable); _ish (foolish); _ic (workaholic); _est (best); _ent (diligent); _(i)ous (delicious); _y (healthy); _ful (successful); _ible (invisible); _ant (important); _al (natural); _ive (active); _less (homeless); _ar (familiar). * Adjective c ui l _ing: +Tnh t l nguyn nhn gy ra cm xc V d: frightening boy: cu b ng s = cu b gy ra s s hi cho ngi khc. +Adjective c ui l _ed: b gy cm xc V d: frightened boy: thng b b lm cho s hi. * Compound noun (danh t ghp): a wool sweater. Mt s adjective kt thc bng _ly (ging dng thc ca adverb nhng khng phi l adverb): friendly, ugly, lonely, lovely, early, likely, manly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly.

C/ TRNG T - ADVERB I) POSITION: 1. Adverbs of possibility (ni v mt s chc chn hoc khng chc v mt iu g ), gm: certainly = definitely: chc chn; probably: c th; maybe v perhaps. 2. Adverbs of opinion (ni v cm gic ngc nhin ca mnh ), gm: fortunately: may mn thay; happily; incredibly: khng th tin c; luckily; obviously: mch lc, r rng; strangely: chong ngp; v surprisingly: kinh ngc. 3. Adverbs of time (l nhng adverb dng biu l thi gian ): yesterday; today; tomorrow; now; recently; soon; fortnightly: na thng nay. 4. Adverbs of manner: dng miu t cch thc mt iu g xy ra/ cch m mt ngi no lm mt iu g . V n c dng tr li cho cu hi How, gm: unexpectedly; quietly; carefully; slowly; enthusiastically. 5. Adverbs of Degree (ng trc cc adjective v adverb khc ) - Nhng adverbs lm cho ngha ca adjective v adverb khc mnh hn: extremely, quite, really, v very. - Nhng adverbs lm cho ngha ca adjective v adverb khc yu hn: fairly, pretty, v somewhat. 6. Adverbs of indefinite Frequency (trng t ch tn sut ) Theo chiu: xy ra thng xuyn -> khng xy ra: Always -> almost always -> frequently -> usually -> generally -> often -> sometimes -> occasional -> rarely -> seldom -> hardly ever -> almost never -> never. - Trong tnh hung khng nh, trng t ch tn sut thng ng sau be v ng trc ng t thng. - Trong tnh hung ph nh, hu ht cc Adverbs of Frequency ng trc be + not hoc do/ does + not 6. Adverbs of definite Frequency: cho ta bit khi no mt iu g xy ra. V tr: c th ng u v cui u c nh: yesterday, last year, tomorrow, daily, lately, Ngoi tr: Still v Just ch c th ng v tr gia cu. Tc l: ng sau tr

ng t v trc nhng ng t khc trong cu. Ngoi ra cn c: Finally, already, soon, v last cng c th ng gia cu. Ghi ch: Nu nh trong cu c n 2 tr ng t th adverb thng ng sau tr ng t u tin

D/ DANH T - NOUN A- Nguyn tc thm s v es (ca ng t s t v danh t s nhiu ): 1) Hu ht cc ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v danh t s nhiu thng thm s pha sau. 2) Thm es sau nhng danh t tn cng l: o, s, x, z, ch, sh, ss, ce, ge. ex: miss -> misses (verb) Box -> boxes (noun) 3) * Nguyn y (nguyn m i vi y) th: gia nguyn y v thm s ex: obey -> obeys toy -> toys * Ph -y (ph m i vi y) th: i y thnh i v thm es. ex: try -> tries baby -> babies 4) * Nguyn o: gia nguyn o v thm s * Ph -o: thm s hoc es u c (Lu : khng b o) tornado -> tornadoes/ tornados volcano -> volcanoes/ volcanos zero -> zeros/ zeroes

5) Ch tn cng l f hoc fe, ta i f hoc fe thnh v v thm es Calf -> calves Shelf -> shelves * Trng hp ngoi l: mt s danh t cng kt thc bng ch f hoc fe nhng ch thm s vo sau n: belief -> beliefs chief -> chiefs roof -> roofs scarf -> scarfs/ scarves B- Trng hp ngoi l ca danh t s nhiu (Irregular plurals noun ): 1) Vowel change: Man -> men Woman -> women Foot -> feet Tooth -> teeth Goose -> geese Mouse -> mice 2) Add en: Child -> children Ox -> oxen 3) is -> -es: axis -> axes parenthesis -> parentheses

4) um -> -a: bacterium -> bacteria datum -> data 5) on -> a: phenomenon -> phenomena criterion -> criteria 6) us -> -i: cactus -> cati radius -> radii fungus -> fungi syllabus -> syllabi 7) Irregular plural same as singular: Deer -> deer Fish -> fish Salmon -> salmon Sheep -> sheep Trout -> trout C- * Key words for singular and plural nouns: - For singular nouns: the number of , each, every, single, one, a - For plural nouns: A number of , both, two, many, several, various. * Key words for countable and uncountable nouns: - For countable nouns: many, number, few, fewer, a few, several

- For uncountable nouns: much, amount, little, less, a little, a great deal of. D- Cc dng thc ca noun: I) Noun clause: - C chc nng nh mt Subject, Object, hoc Complement. - L mt mnh c lp, c ch nng nh mt danh t. 1. Cc dng ca Noun Clause: a) WH clause: ex: What she said is right? (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Subject) I understand what she said. (Noun clasue ng vai tr nh mt Object) b) If/ Whether clause: ex: I wonder if he comes her or not. (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Object) c) That clause: ex: I think that hell come here. (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Object) That is what I want to tell you. (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Complement) 2.Cch hnh thnh mt Noun Clause: a) WH + clause: What she does for the poor impresses him a lot. b) If/ whether + clause: I wonder whether you go to school or stay at home. c) That + clause: The important thing that I want to told you is that I miss. you so much. d) , which + clause: He passed the exam, which surprised me. II) Noun clause: * nh ngha: cm danh t l cm t trong c 1 danh t chnh v cc yu t b ngha, n lm chc nng ca mt danh t. * Cch hnh thnh mt Noun Phrase:

1. a) To infinitive phrase: ex: My mother wants me to be a good student. b) V_ing phrase: ex: I enjoy driving in the ocean. c) Bare infinitive phrase: (**************) 2. Whether + to infinitive: ex: I wonder whether to go overseas. 3. WH word + to infinitive: ex: I do not know what to do for him. E- Ch t: c th l: Noun, Pronoun, V_ing, to Verb, Noun Clause hoc Noun Phrase. I) Ch t l danh t (noun): That guy is nice to me. II) Ch t l i t (pronoun): He is nice to me. III) Ch t l V_ing: Singing is my favorite. Playing football helps you to be health. * Lu : V_ing lm ch t th ng t theo sau n lun chia s t. IV) Ch t l to Verb: To sing is my favorite. To sing makes me happy.

To see is believe. V) Ch t l Noun Clause: That you hate me makes me unhappy. That he doesnt like to study English doesnt matter to me. * Ghi ch: Nu mun 1 cu bin thnh ch t th thm that vo u cu. ng t theo sau that + 1 cu no th lun chia s t. V d: You hate me: y l mt cu Thm that vo: That you hate me: y l mt ch t => cn c ng t v tc t pha sau thnh E/ NG T - VERB I) Phn loi Verb: (Phn lai theo cu trc: gm 3 lai ) - Linking Verb: become, look, sound, get, feel, go, turn, appear, + Adjective. - Transitive Verb: c gi l tha ng t hoc ngai ng t. N cn c tc t (object) theo sau: Verb + Object Verb + Object1 + Object2 hoc Verb + Object1 + giI t + Object2 - Intransitive Verb: c gi l t ng t hoc tha ng t. N khng cn c tc t m cu vn c ngha han chnh. Ex: Birds sing. II) Object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them. III) Direct objects and Indirect objects: a) Gin - trc: * Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object

* Chng ta c th s dng cu trc trn vi nhng ng t sau: bake, bring, build, buy, cook, do, get, give, leave, mail, make, offer, owe, read, save, sell, send, show, tell, write. * Indirect object tr li cho cu hi to whom/ for whom. Ex: Whom did he send the check to? = To whom did he send the check? Whom did you buy a book for? = For whom did you buy a book? * Lu khng bao gi chn gii t gia ng t v tc t trc tip. b) Trc - gii gin: * Subject + Verb + Direct object + to/ for + Indirect object * Chng ta c th s dng cu trc trn vi nhng ng t sau: - To + indirect object: bring, describe, explain, give, mail, offer, owe, repeat, tell, say, sell, send, show, teach, write, - For + indirect object: bake, build, buy, cook, do, fix, get, leave, make, prepare, * Direct object tr li cho cu hi Who/ Whom hoc What. * Mt s ng t lun phi c direct object nu khng n s khng han tt v ngha: bring, buy, get, have, like, make, need, say, take, turn on, turn off, want, * Lu : Ch c tell mi c th c tc t gin tip trc tc t trc tip mc d say v tell c ngha tng t nhau. Vd: He told his name to the teacher (trc - gii gin ) He told the teacher his name (gin - trc ) He said his name to the teacher (trc - gii gin ) * Cng thc chung: tell/ told + Indirect object + Direct object say/ said + Indirect object + Direct object (b). * Lu : khng bao gi dng someone sau say.

Say something to someone Tell something to someone Tell someone something. * Cch nh khi no dng for khi no dng to trong cng thc: Subject + Verb + Direct object + to/ for + Indirect object For: lm dm ngi khc To: tc ng thng ln ngi . Nu khng cn ngi kia m mnh vn thc hin hnh ng c th dng for, ngc li th dng to. ---------------------------* S khc bit gia: say, speak, tell, v talk. - Speak: Dng trong trng hp pht biu (hoc: trong ngn ng ni ) - Talk: Dng trong trng hp ni chuyn, i thai, m thai - Say: say something to somebody: ni iu g vi (ai) - Tell: tell someone something: k vi ai/ bo ai lm iu g . =============================================================== Bi 1: MI QUAN H GIA: adjective, noun, verb, preposition v adverb. (hnh 1: S th hin mi lien h gia cc t loi trong cu)

(1) danh t theo sau giI t gI l tc t ca giI t (2) ex: I like chocolate cake. (3) ex: She is a beautiful girl. (4) ex: I love music. (5) ex: Jane is very nice. (6) ex: He runs quickly to place date. (7) ex: I like sleep. ( ex: She sings very beautifully. (*) MI quan h gia Adjective v Verb l mI quan h t gy. V Adjective ch b ngha cho linking verb(ng t trng thi): become, look, sound, get, feel, go, turn, appear, ex: I finished my exercises easily (Adverb modify for Verb) Phn tch: Kt thc bi tp mt cch nh th no-> tr lI: mt cch d dng (easily) Ch thch: Note: * Thng thng (97%) cc t b ngha ng trc t c b ngha. * Tt c cc t tr lI cho cu hI How c tc dng lm b ng. * Cc trng hp t b ngha ng sau t c b ngha (cc tnh t ch kch thc u t theo sau s n v ) gm 3 trng hp: + Trng hp 1: I am 18 years old (tnh t old t sau s nm )

+ Trng hp 2: This tree is 1,7 meters long/ wide/ high/ tall/ deep + Trng hp 3: Cc I t bt nh thng ng trc Adjective v Adjective c vai tr lm r ngha cho cc I t bt nh y. (hnh 2: i t bt nh v Adjective)

ex: I need find somewhere interested for my holiday. * Khong 99% ng t theo sau giI t bt buc phI them ing. Khi Verb_ing c gI l gerund (danh_ng t) => giI t (preposition) c b ngha bI danh_ng t Ex1: Ban u gio vin cho lm bi tp trong sch, ngh gia gi, rI tip tc lm bi tp trong sch We go on doing exercise. * Cn lI 1% Ex2: Ban u gio vin cho lm bi tp trong sch gio khoa, ngh gia gi, tip tc lm bi tp nhng trong sch bi tp. We go on to do exercise. (hnh 3: V d )

Phn tch: 1) duyn dng {charming} nh th no?-> tr lI: cc k {terribly } duyn dng. Adverb {ph t} b ngha cho tnh t charming 2) Mt c gi {girl} nh th no -> tr lI: duyn dng {charming} v hin I (model). Adjective (tnh t) b ngha cho danh t girl. 3) girl l tc t sau giI t at

4) poor l tnh t, b ngha cho danh t country. Mt t nc nh th no -> tr lI: t nc ngho nn poor 5) country l tc t sau giI t from 6) C y nhn n {looking at} mt cch nng nhit, say m {passionately}. Adverb b ngha cho Verb look. Bi 2: GI T - PREPOSITION 1) GiI t ch thI gian: * Mt s trng hp c bit: BuI th dng in, Gi th dng at, Ngy th dng on. On/ at the weekend Cn lI cc thI gian di t thng tr ln u dng in (thng, ma, nm, th k, &hellip *Trng hp c nhiu mc thI gian khc nhau th p dng theo ci ngn nht (ngoI tr buI). hu r hn cu ny, xem v d bn dI: v d: Ngy + thng + nm => tnh theo ngy Thng + ngy + gi => tnh theo gi Nhng: Ngy + buI => vn tnh theo ngy 2) GiI t ch ni chn: Cc im nh th dng at (sn bay, trm xe but, ) T lng x tr ln u dng in (qun, thnh ph, tnh, quc gia, chu lc, th giI, th trn, &hellip Ring vI hnh tinh th dng on. Ex: On the earth

Bi 3: TNH T - ADJECTIVE 1) Adjective b ngha cho noun nn phi ng trc noun: Nhng cng c mt s trung hp ngoi l Mt st adjective khng th ng trc noun (m ng sau be): glad, pleased, certain v nhngadjective bt u vi ch anh: awake, asleep, afraid, alone v alike. Mt s adjective ch c th ng trc noun: main, chief, principal, same, only, future, former, v previous Hu ht cc tnh t c able, -ible c th ng trc hoc sau noun m khng thay i ngha

2)

V tr ca Adjective: ng sau linking verb nh: to be, become, feel, seem, look, sound, prove, appear, taste, smell, get, go grow, remain, say, stay, turn, ng sau n v o lng (nouns of measurement) ng sau indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronoun l: anybody, anything, somebody, something, everybody, everything, neither, none, each, either, Th t ca adjective trong cu: Quality Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Kind

* _ able (fashionable); _ish (foolish); _ic (workaholic); _est (best); _ent (diligent); _(i)ous (d elicious); _y (healthy); _ful(successful); _ible (invisible); _ant (important); _al (natural); _ive (active); _less (homeless); _ar (familiar). * Adjective c ui l _ing: Tnh t l nguyn nhn gy ra cm xc V d: frightening boy: cu b ng s = cu b gy ra s s hi cho ngi khc. Adjective c ui l _ed: b gy cm xc V d: frightened boy: thng b b lm cho s hi. * Compound noun (danh t ghp): a wool sweater. * Mt s adjective kt thc bng _ly (ging dng thc ca adverb nhng khng phi l adverb): friendly, ugly, lonely, lovely, early, likely, manly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly. Ghi ch: Nhng t va l adjective va l adverb: wrong, long, late, last, kindly, hard, free, fast, daily, best, all day, early, well. u hn: fairly, pretty, v somewhat. 6. Adverbs of indefinite Frequency (trng t ch tn sut ) Theo chiu: xy ra thng xuyn -> khng xy ra: Always -> almost always -> frequently -> usually -> generally -> often -> sometimes -> occasional -> rarely -> seldom -> hardly ever -> almost never -> never.

3) Cc dng thc ca Adjective: Nhng ui thng c ca tnh t:

- Trong tnh hung khng nh, trng t ch tn sut thng ng sau be v ng trc ng t thng. - Trong tnh hung ph nh, hu ht cc Adverbs of Frequency ng trc be + not hoc do/ does + not 6. Adverbs of definite Frequency: cho ta bit khi no mt iu g xy ra. V tr: c th ng u v cui u c nh: yesterday, last year, tomorrow, daily, lately, Ngoi tr: Still v Justch c th ng v tr gia cu. Tc l: ng sau tr ng t v trc nhng ng t khc trong cu. Ngoi ra cn c:Finally, already, soon, v last cng c th ng gia cu. Ghi ch: Nu nh trong cu c n 2 tr ng t th adverb thng ng sau tr ng t u tin. II) TH T CA CC ADVERB: Manner + place + time (how/ where/ when) Ex: She read quietly in the library all afternoon.

Bi 5: DANH T - NOUN A- Nguyn tc thm s v es (ca ng t s t v danh t s nhiu ): 1) Hu ht cc ng t chia ngi th 3 s t v danh t s nhiu thng thm s pha sau. 2) Thm es sau nhng danh t tn cng l: o, s, x, z, ch, sh, ss, ce, ge. ex: miss -> misses (verb) Box -> boxes (noun) 3) * Nguyn y (nguyn m i vi y) th: gia nguyn y v thm s ex: obey -> obeys toy -> toys * Ph -y (ph m i vi y) th: i y thnh i v thm es. ex: try -> tries baby -> babies 4) * Nguyn o: gia nguyn o v thm s * Ph -o: thm s hoc es u c (Lu : khng b o) tornado -> tornadoes/ tornados

5)

volcano -> volcanoes/ volcanos zero -> zeros/ zeroes Ch tn cng l f hoc fe, ta i f hoc fe thnh v v thm es Calf -> calves Shelf -> shelves * Trng hp ngoi l: mt s danh t cng kt thc bng ch f hoc fe nhng ch thm s vo sau n: belief -> beliefs chief -> chiefs roof -> roofs scarf -> scarfs/ scarves

B- Trng hp ngoi l ca danh t s nhiu (Irregular plurals noun ): 1) Vowel change: Man -> men Woman -> women Foot -> feet Tooth -> teeth Goose -> geese Mouse -> mice 2) Add en: Child -> children Ox -> oxen 3) is -> -es: axis -> axes parenthesis -> parentheses 4) um -> -a: bacterium -> bacteria datum -> data 5) on -> a: phenomenon -> phenomena criterion -> criteria 6) us -> -i: cactus -> cati radius -> radii fungus -> fungi syllabus -> syllabi

Irregular plural same as singular: Deer -> deer Fish -> fish Salmon -> salmon Sheep -> sheep Trout -> trout C- * Key words for singular and plural nouns: - For singular nouns: the number of , each, every, single, one, a - For plural nouns: A number of , both, two, many, several, various. * Key words for countable and uncountable nouns: - For countable nouns: many, number, few, fewer, a few, several - For uncountable nouns: much, amount, little, less, a little, a great deal of. D- Cc dng thc ca noun: I) Noun clause: C chc nng nh mt Subject, Object, hoc Complement. L mt mnh c lp, c ch nng nh mt danh t. 1. Cc dng ca Noun Clause: a) WH clause: ex: What she said is right? (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Subject) I understand what she said. (Noun clasue ng vai tr nh mt Object) b) If/ Whether clause: ex: I wonder if he comes her or not. (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Object) c) That clause: ex: I think that hell come here. (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Object) That is what I want to tell you. (Noun clause ng vai tr nh mt Complement) 2.Cch hnh thnh mt Noun Clause: a) WH + clause: What she does for the poor impresses him a lot. b) If/ whether + clause: I wonder whether you go to school or stay at home. c) That + clause: The important thing that I want to told you is that I miss. you so much. d) , which + clause: He passed the exam, which surprised me. II) Noun clause: * nh ngha: cm danh t l cm t trong c 1 danh t chnh v cc yu t b ngha, n lm chc nng ca mt danh t.

7)

* Cch hnh thnh mt Noun Phrase: 1. a) To infinitive phrase: ex: My mother wants me to be a good student. b) V_ing phrase: ex: I enjoy driving in the ocean. c) Bare infinitive phrase: (**************) 2. Whether + to infinitive: ex: I wonder whether to go overseas. 3. WH word + to infinitive: ex: I do not know what to do for him.

III) Pronoun: (hnh: Proun )

* Ghi ch: Possessive pronoun (i t s hu ) theo sau of thi n c ngha l One of my ex: A script of mine = One of my script

E- Ch t: c th l: Noun, Pronoun, V_ing, to Verb, Noun Clause hoc Noun Phrase. I) Ch t l danh t (noun): That guy is nice to me. II) Ch t l i t (pronoun): He is nice to me. III) Ch t l V_ing: Singing is my favorite. Playing football helps you to be health. * Lu : V_ing lm ch t th ng t theo sau n lun chia s t. IV) Ch t l to Verb: To sing is my favorite. To sing makes me happy. To see is believe. V) Ch t l Noun Clause: That you hate me makes me unhappy. That he doesnt like to study English doesnt matter to me. * Ghi ch: Nu mun 1 cu bin thnh ch t th thm that vo u cu. ng t theo sau that + 1 cu no th lun chia s t. V d: You hate me: y l mt cu

Thm that vo: That you hate me: y l mt ch t => cn c ng t v tc t pha sau thnh mt cu hon chnh.

That + a sentence + V_s/ V_es/ is/ am/ was/ does (not)

Bi 6: NG T - VERB I) Phn loi Verb: (Phn lai theo cu trc: gm 3 lai ) Linking Verb: become, look, sound, get, feel, go, turn, appear, + Adjective. Transitive Verb: c gi l tha ng t hoc ngai ng t. N cn c tc t (object) theo sau: Verb + Object Verb + Object1 + Object2 hoc Verb + Object1 + giI t + Object2 Intransitive Verb: c gi l t ng t hoc tha ng t. N khng cn c tc t m cu vn c ngha han chnh. Ex: Birds sing. II) Object pronoun: me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them. III) Direct objects and Indirect objects: a) Gin - trc: * Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object * Chng ta c th s dng cu trc trn vi nhng ng t sau: bake, bring, build, buy, cook, do, get, give, leave, mail, make, offer, owe, read, save, sell, send, show, tell, write. * Indirect object tr li cho cu hi to whom/ for whom. Ex: Whom did he send the check to? = To whom did he send the check? Whom did you buy a book for? = For whom did you buy a book? * Lu khng bao gi chn gii t gia ng t v tc t trc tip. b) Trc - gii gin: * Subject + Verb + Direct object + to/ for + Indirect object * Chng ta c th s dng cu trc trn vi nhng ng t sau: - To + indirect object: bring, describe, explain, give, mail, offer, owe, repeat, tell, say, sell, send, show, teach, write,

- For + indirect object: bake, build, buy, cook, do, fix, get, leave, make, prepare, * Direct object tr li cho cu hi Who/ Whom hoc What. * Mt s ng t lun phi c direct object nu khng n s khng han tt v ngha: bring, buy, get, have, like, make, need, say, take, turn on, turn off, want, * Lu : Ch c tell mi c th c tc t gin tip trc tc t trc tip mc d say v tell c ngha tng t nhau. Vd: He told his name to the teacher (trc - gii gin ) He told the teacher his name (gin - trc ) He said his name to the teacher (trc - gii gin ) * Cng thc chung: tell/ told + Indirect object + Direct object say/ said + Indirect object + Direct object (b). * Lu : khng bao gi dng someone sau say. Say something to someone Tell something to someone Tell someone something. * Cch nh khi no dng for khi no dng to trong cng thc: Subject + Verb + Direct object + to/ for + Indirect object For: lm dm ngi khc To: tc ng thng ln ngi . Nu khng cn ngi kia m mnh vn thc hin hnh ng c th dng for, ngc li th dng to. ---------------------------* S khc bit gia: say, speak, tell, v talk. Speak: Dng trong trng hp pht biu (hoc: trong ngn ng ni ) Talk: Dng trong trng hp ni chuyn, i thai, m thai Say: say something to somebody: ni iu g vi (ai) Tell: tell someone something: k vi ai/ bo ai lm iu g .

3)

Be + Adjective + preposition + gerund

Mot so dong tu phai co gioi tu di cung. Dong tu theo sau nhung dong tu nay la V_ing.

BE + accustomed to, afraid of, angry, (at someone) about, ashamed of, capable of, certain of/ about, concerned with, critical of, discouraged from, enthusiastic about, familiar with, famous for, fond of, glad about, good at happy about, incapable of, interested in, jealous of, known for, nervous about, prefer for, proud of, responsible for, sad about, successful in, suitable for, tired of, tolerant of, upset about, used to, useful for, worried about, + doing something.

II- Infinitives (to Verb): 1) Verb + to Verb:

Agree, aim, appear, arrange, attempt, care, claim, consent, decide, decline, demand, desire, expect, fail, guarantee, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, pledge, refuse, resolve, seem, struggle, swear, tend, volunteer, wait, want, wish, + to do something. 2) Verb + object + to Verb:

Advise, command, convince, force, get, hire, invite, order, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, trust, urge, warn, + someone + to do something. 3) Verb + (object) + to Verb:

Ask, beg, choose, dare, desire, expect, help, know, need, offer, pay, prepare, promise, want, wish would like, + (object) + to do something. 4) Adjective + to Verb:

Afraid, alarmed, amazed, anxious, astonished, careful, curious, delighted, depressed, determined, difficult, disappointed, distressed, disturbed, eager, easy, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, fortunate, frightened, glad, happy, hard, hesitant, impossible, interested, likely, lucky, necessary, pleased, possible, prepared, proud, ready, relieved, reluctant, right, sad, scared, shocked, sorry, surprised, unlikely, unnecessary, willing, wrong, + to do something. * Nhung Adjective sau khong di voi to Verb:

Be busy, have a good time, have trouble, its no use, its (not) worth, have fun, spen, an hour, spend time, waste time.

III- Nhung dong tu ma theo sau co the dung TO VERB hoac V_ING la:

Attempt, begin, cant bear, cant stand, cease (= stop), continue, forget, hate, like, love, neglect, prefer, propose, regret, remember, start, stop, try. + to do something/ doing something.

IV- Verb used with Gerund and Infinitives: Begin/ Start/ Continue: - Di voi Infinitive hoac Gerund deu duoc - Neu dong tu chia o thi tiep dien thi chi duoc dung to Verb. Like/ love/ hate/ prefer: - Dung to Verb hoac V_ing deu duoc. - To verb: xuat phat tu mot hoan canh dac biet nao do. Co thoi gian xac dinh. (vi du: Troi nong qua, tuithich di boi ngay bay gio. )

- V_ing: noi ve so thich. Khong co thoi gian xac dinh. (Vi du: Tui thich nghe nhac do la so thich, thoi quen cua tui)

Try + to Verb: co gang/ Try + V_ing: thu. Remember/ Stop/ Forget/ Regret: - To Verb: de dien ta mot hanh dong xay ra sau hanh dong cua dong tu chinh. - V_ing: de dien ta 1 hanh dong xay ra truoc hanh dong cua dong tu chinh. Luu y: - Forget thuong dung voi to Verb. Khi dung voi V_ing thi phai co will never di kem: will never forget + V_ing. - Regret thuong dung voi V_ing. Ngoai tru nhung dong tu sau: inform, tell, say va announce co the dung to Verb va V_ing.

Tom lai: Nguyen ly chia dong tu phia sau nhung dong tu: remember/ stop/ forget/ regret/ noi rieng va da so nhung dong tu khac noi chung: xem xet coi luc nguoi do nho/ quen/ ngung/ thi cai hanh dong di sau da thuc hien hay chua. - Neu roi: dung V_ing - Neu chua: dung To Verb.

Phn tch phn: Some nouns can be either countable or uncountable, depending on their meaning cathuytien90. 1) i khi danh t s l Noncount Noun khi khi n mang ngha tp hp nhm ca s vt hoc ni chung chung (a class of objects). Count Noun ni n mt v d c th (a particular example of something): Count Nouns > Noncount Noun

An apple kiwi, )

>

fruit (tri cy ni chung gm: star fruit, apple, banana,

A job > work (Ci ny em cng khng r: work l cng vic ni chung gm c: homework, housewifery, needlework; job cng l cng vic v cng c th trin khai ra thnh nhiu ci lin quan ti job m: part-time job, errands, odd jobs, ). A trip > travel (i du lch travel khng hn l i chi vng vng [du ngan] nh trip m c th l i cm tri - camp, i leo ni, i tm bin, Ni chung, em hiu ngha ca ch trip l: i lng vng ht ni ny n ni khc cntravel: (1) c th i ht ni ny n ni khc dng: Ty ba l, du thuyn, p xe p t Bc ch Nam, hoc (2) cng c th i n mt ni th v no ri ngi chi: ln ni cm tri, i v rng, leo ni, tm bin, ). A dollar bill > money (Tin money l tin bc, ca ci cn Dollar, Euro, Vnd, Rupiah, ch l n v tin t. Bill, cash, credit card, coin, gold, ch l mt phn ca tin bc, c th ni ti n l i din cho mt ci g m ngi ta c th dng trao i hng ha thay cho hnh thc trao i nh thi tin s vn khng tng quan v gi tr cho lm [1 kg tht = 1 kg mui chng hn => b h]. Nhng ci i din c gi chung l: Money). A suitcase > luggage (Suitcase ch l ci vali ni ring, ch l mt vt cha ngi ta b ci g cn thit vo ri xch i. Luggage l hnh l = dng mang theo khi i xa. M hnh l th khng hn ch l va-li thi, khng ch va-li mi c th cha m cn c: package, chest, hoc nhng th cha trong va-li nh: qun o, giy dp, kem nh rng, n thc ung, Vit Nam hnh l cn c th l: mm, tri cy, c sn lm qu cho ngi thn, con g, con heo cn sng, ) A necklace > jewelry (N trang, trang sc, hoc ci g gn ln ngi m lm p c jewelry th bao gm: dy chuyn, vng tay, trm ci tc, ng h, ) Phn tch v d: * Life is complicated sometime. (uncountable - general) => Cuc sng i khi lm lc phc tp: ni chung chung: khng ni c th v cuc sng ca ai c. Nh ni trn: Noncount Noun dng ni v mt ci g chung -

> Life trong cu ny l danh t khng m c. M ca em khng phi l: lc no danh t th hin chung chung cng l Noncount Noun u nha! V d nh: animal cng l ni chung chung v lai ng vt: ch, chim, heo, g, mo, voi, nhng animal vn l danh t m c. Uncle Ho had an interesting life. (countable - individual) => Life trong ny ni c th cuc sng ca ai, mt cuc sng nh th no -> N l danh t m c * Wine is produced in France. (uc - general) => Ru c sn xut ti Php -> ni chung chung, chng bit ru no > Wine trong cu ny l Noncount Noun. Champagne is a wine produced in France, (c - individual) => Champagne l lai ru c sn xut ti Php: Ru Champagne ni ring -> xc nh c th l lai ru no ri ->Ru trong cu ny l danh t m c. 2) Noncount Noun l nhng danh t dng ni v: Solids (Cht rn nh: , thu tinh, ); Liquids (Cht lng: nc, du n, thu ngn, ); Gases (Cht kh nh: khng kh, &hellip ; Grains and Powders (Vt th dng bt, bi: ng, mui, bt ngt, ct, ); Material (Cht liu: len, t tm, g, nha, polime, ); Feeling and Ideas (Ni v tnh cm, t tng: tnh yu, s hiu bit, hai bo, nim hi vng, ); School Subjects (Cc mn hc: sinh hc, vt l, tan, vn, ); v Activities (Cc hat ng, vui chi, gii tr nh: swimming, working, fishing, football, ) * We love cake. My mom baked a walnut cake for dessert. => Cake: bnh ngt ni chung -> Noncount Noun. A walnut cake: ni c th bnh ngt lai no, mi v no, lm t ci g -> Count Noun. * Lamb is good in stew. A lamb is a young sheep. => Lamb: trong cu ny ngha l tht cu non, m tht l mt nguyn liu (raw material) lm ra mt mn n ging nh cht liu (material) lm ra mt ci ly, ci chn, -> Theo nh ngha trn, material khng m c -> Lamb trong cu ny l danh t khng m c.

* The shop nearby sells thirty different cheeses but I hate cheese. => Ca hng gn nh tui bn n 30 lai ph mai nhng [xui ci l] tui li ght n ph mai.. Theo em thy: ci no dch ra m c lai + danh t th n l danh t m c. * There are carbonated and uncarbonated waters and we need to take water along on the camping trip. => Ci ny em khng bit ni sao. Hnh nh waters trong cu ny ngha l nhng chai nc. Cn water pha sau ngha lnc - cht lng khng mu, khng mi, khng v, dng ung. Ci ny hnh nh cn gi l danh t tp hp phi khng h ???? loi danh t ny ph thuc vo d tng n ch chia s t hoc s nhiu. => Theo nh trang ny http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/collectivenoun.htm th my ci tui ni trn khng phi danh t tp hp. Danh t tp hp l danh t c dung ni v (1) mt nhm hoc (2) nhng thnh vin trong mt nhm. Xc nh danh t tp hp l lai (1) hay lai (2) mnh chia ng t theo sau thi.

Vy khi no danh t tp hp collective noun dung m ch:

* (1) Mt nhm, mt tp th (s t ) => Khi tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm cng thc hin mt hnh ng -> Lc ny dnh t tp hp s c xem nh l mt c th -> ng t chia s t. V d: Lp chng ti ty chay nh xuyn tc ly ging . => C lp, ai cng u khng mun chi vi ci bn hay ni xu ngi khc gy mt an kt ht -> Lp chng ti tr thnh mt khi, mt c th -> ng t ty chay s chia s t.

* (2) Cc thnh thnh vin trong tp th (s nhiu ) => Khi m cc thnh vin ng l c trong mt tp th nhng h li ang lm nhng hnh ng khc nhau, nhng cng vic khc nhau.

V d: Gi ra chi, lp ti thng tm nm tm by li bn v cc din vin Hn Quc, hc nhm v gip nhau lm bi tp. => Ci ny th khng phI c lp u lm ht mt lt m mt nhm s lm ci ny, nhm khc lm chuyn khc -> Lp ti m ch n cc hc sinh trong lp ca ti -> danh t s nhiu -> ng t tm nm tm by chia theo danh t s nhiu. --------------------------------------------------Tm li: Danh t tp hp l: Mt t c th mang ngha s nhiu cng c th mang ngha s t. V ci Count noun v Non count noun tui cp trn l mt t c th mang ngha m c v cng c th mang ngha khng m c (Da vo nhng g gii thch bn trn )

=> T suy ra, Ci ny hnh nh cn gi l danh t tp hp phi khng h ???? -> Khng phi => iu phi chng minh